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1. Weekly Formative Exams and Creative Grading Enhance Student Learning in an Introductory Biology Course

Author

Bailey, E. G., Jensen, J., Nelson, J., Wiberg, H. K., and Bell, J. D.

Abstract

First-year students often become discouraged during introductory biology courses when repeated attempts to understand concepts nevertheless result in poor test scores. This challenge is exacerbated by traditional course structures that impose premature judgments on students' achievements. Repeated testing has been shown to benefit student ability to recognize and recall information, but an effective means to similarly facilitate skill with higher-order problems in introductory courses is needed. Here, we show that an innovative format that uses a creative grading scheme together with weekly formative midterm exams produced significant gains in student success with difficult items requiring analysis and interpretation. This format is designed to promote tenacity and avoid discouragement by providing multiple opportunities to attempt demanding problems on exams, detailed immediate feedback, and strong incentives to retain hope and improve. Analysis of individual performance trajectories with heat maps reveals the diversity of learning patterns and provides rational means for advising students.

Published
2017

2. Selective induction of senescence in cancer cells through near‐infrared light treatment via mitochondrial modulation.

Author

Kalampouka, I., Mould, R. R., Botchway, S. W., Mackenzie, A. M., Nunn, A. V., Thomas, E. L., and Bell, J. D.

Abstract

Photobiomodulation, utilising non‐ionising light in the visible and near‐infrared (NIR) spectrum, has been suggested as a potential method for enhancing tissue repair, reducing inflammation and possibly mitigating cancer‐therapy‐associated side effects. NIR light is suggested to be absorbed intracellularly, mainly by chromophores within the mitochondria. This study examines the impact of 734 nm NIR light on cellular senescence. Cancer (MCF7 and A549) and non‐cancer (MCF10A and IMR‐90) cell populations were subjected to 63 mJ/cm2 NIR‐light exposure for 6 days. Senescence levels were quantified by measuring active senescence‐associated beta‐galactosidase. Exposure to NIR light significantly increases senescence levels in cancer (10.0%–203.2%) but not in non‐cancer cells (p > 0.05). Changes in senescence were associated with significant modulation of mitochondrial homeostasis, including increased levels of reactive oxygen species (p < 0.05) and mitochondrial membrane potential (p < 0.05) post‐NIR‐light treatment. These results suggest that NIR light modulates cellular chemistry, arresting the proliferation of cancer cells via senescence induction while sparing non‐cancer cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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5. Oceans and Coastal Ecosystems and Their Services

Author

Cooley, S., Schoeman, D., Bopp, L., Boyd, P., Donner, S., Ito, S. i., Kiessling, W., Martinetto, P., Ojea, E., Racault, M. F., Rost, B., Skern-Mauritzen, M., Ghebrehiwet, D. Y., Bell, J. D., Blanchard, J., Cheung, W. W., Bolin,J., Dupont, S., Cisneros-Montemayor, A., Frölicher, T., Dutkiewicz, S., Molinos, J. G., Gaitán-Espitia, J. D., Henson, S., Gurney-Smith, H., Holland, E., Hidalgo, Manuel, Kordas, R., Kopp, R., Le Bris, N., Kwiatkowski, L., Mark, F. C., Mgaya, Y., Lluch-Cota, S. E., Logan, C., Randin, G., Raja, N. B., Moloney, C., Muñoz Sevilla, N. P., Roe, S., Ruiz Diaz, R., Rajkaran, A., Richardson, A., Scales, K., Scobie, M., Salili, D., Sallée, J. B., Yool, A., Torres, O., Simmons, C. T., Cooley, S., Schoeman, D., Bopp, L., Boyd, P., Donner, S., Ito, S. i., Kiessling, W., Martinetto, P., Ojea, E., Racault, M. F., Rost, B., Skern-Mauritzen, M., Ghebrehiwet, D. Y., Bell, J. D., Blanchard, J., Cheung, W. W., Bolin,J., Dupont, S., Cisneros-Montemayor, A., Frölicher, T., Dutkiewicz, S., Molinos, J. G., Gaitán-Espitia, J. D., Henson, S., Gurney-Smith, H., Holland, E., Hidalgo, Manuel, Kordas, R., Kopp, R., Le Bris, N., Kwiatkowski, L., Mark, F. C., Mgaya, Y., Lluch-Cota, S. E., Logan, C., Randin, G., Raja, N. B., Moloney, C., Muñoz Sevilla, N. P., Roe, S., Ruiz Diaz, R., Rajkaran, A., Richardson, A., Scales, K., Scobie, M., Salili, D., Sallée, J. B., Yool, A., Torres, O., and Simmons, C. T.

Abstract

Ocean and coastal ecosystems support life on Earth and many aspects of human well-being. Covering two-thirds of the planet, the ocean hosts vast biodiversity and modulates the global climate system by regulating cycles of heat, water and elements, including carbon. Marine systems are central to many cultures, and they also provide food, minerals, energy and employment to people. Since previous assessments1 , new laboratory studies, field observations and process studies, a wider range of model simulations, Indigenous knowledge, and local knowledge have provided increasing evidence on the impacts of climate change on ocean and coastal systems, how human communities are experiencing these impacts, and the potential solutions for ecological and human adaptation.

Published
2023

11. Defining the stock structures of key commercial tunas in the Pacific Ocean II : sampling considerations and future directions

Author

Moore, B. R., Adams, T., Allain, V., Bell, J. D., Bigler, M., Bromhead, D., Clark, S., Davies, C., Evans, K., Faasili, U., Farley, J., Fitchett, M., Grewe, P. M., Hampton, J., Hyde, J., Leroy, B., Lewis, A., Lorrain, Anne, Macdonald, J. I., Marie, A. D., Minte-Vera, C., Natasha, J., Nicol, S., Obregon, P., Peatman, T., Pecoraro, C., Phillip, N. B., Pilling, G. M., Rico, C., Sanchez, C., Scott, R., Phillips, J. S., Stockwell, B., Tremblay-Boyer, L., Usu, T., Williams, A. J., and Smith, N.

Subjects
Pacific Ocean, Tuna, Fisheries management, Movement, Spatial dynamics, Stock structure
Abstract

Delineating the stock structure of highly-mobile, wide-ranging fishes subject to exploitation is a challenging task, yet one that is fundamental to optimal fisheries management. A case in point are stocks of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis), yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares), bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) and albacore tuna (Thunnus alalunga) in the Pacific Ocean, which support important commercial, artisanal, subsistence, and recreational fisheries, and contribute roughly 70 % of global commercial tuna catches. Although some spatial and temporal structuring is recognised within these stocks, growing evidence from a range of approaches suggests that the stock structure of each tuna species is more complex than is currently assumed in both stock assessment and climate change models, and in management regimes. In a move towards improving understanding of the stock structure of skipjack, yellowfin, bigeye and South Pacific albacore tunas in the Pacific Ocean, an international workshop was held in Noumea, New Caledonia, in October 2018 to review knowledge about their movement and stock structure in the region, define and discuss the main knowledge gaps and uncertainties concerning their stock structure, and develop biological sampling approaches to support the provision of this information. Here, we synthesise the discussions of this latter component. For each tuna species, we identify several general sampling considerations needed to reduce uncertainty, including i) the need for broadscale sampling in space, ideally covering each species' distribution, targeting adults in spawning condition and adopting a phased approach; ii) the need for temporally-repeated sampling of the same geographical areas to assess stability in observed patterns over time; iii) the need to resolve patterns in spatial dynamics, such as those resulting from movements associated with the seasonal extensions of poleward flowing currents, from underlying stock structure, iv) the importance of adopting a multidisciplinary approach to stock identification, and v) the need for careful planning of logistics and coordination of sampling efforts across agencies. Finally, we present potential sampling designs that could be adopted to help overcome uncertainties around the initial identification of stocks and the provenance, mixing and proportional contributions of individuals in harvested assemblages, as well as how these uncertainties could be accounted for in fisheries management via the use of management strategy evaluation.

Published
2020

12. The role of physical activity in metabolic homeostasis before and after the onset of type 2 diabetes : an IMI DIRECT study

Author

Koivula, R. W., Atabaki-Pasdar, N., Giordano, G. N., White, T., Adamski, J., Bell, J. D., Beulens, J., Brage, S., Brunak, S., De Masi, F., Dermitzakis, E. T., Forgie, I. M., Frost, G., Hansen, T., Hansen, T. H., Hattersley, A., Kokkola, T., Kurbasic, A., Laakso, M., Mari, A., McDonald, T. J., Pedersen, O., Rutters, F., Schwenk, Jochen M., Teare, H. J. A., Thomas, E. L., Vinuela, A., Mahajan, A., McCarthy, M. I., Ruetten, H., Walker, M., Pearson, E., Pavo, I., Franks, P. W., Consortium, for the IMI DIRECT, Koivula, R. W., Atabaki-Pasdar, N., Giordano, G. N., White, T., Adamski, J., Bell, J. D., Beulens, J., Brage, S., Brunak, S., De Masi, F., Dermitzakis, E. T., Forgie, I. M., Frost, G., Hansen, T., Hansen, T. H., Hattersley, A., Kokkola, T., Kurbasic, A., Laakso, M., Mari, A., McDonald, T. J., Pedersen, O., Rutters, F., Schwenk, Jochen M., Teare, H. J. A., Thomas, E. L., Vinuela, A., Mahajan, A., McCarthy, M. I., Ruetten, H., Walker, M., Pearson, E., Pavo, I., Franks, P. W., and Consortium, for the IMI DIRECT

Abstract

Aims/hypothesis: It is well established that physical activity, abdominal ectopic fat and glycaemic regulation are related but the underlying structure of these relationships is unclear. The previously proposed twin-cycle hypothesis (TC) provides a mechanistic basis for impairment in glycaemic control through the interactions of substrate availability, substrate metabolism and abdominal ectopic fat accumulation. Here, we hypothesise that the effect of physical activity in glucose regulation is mediated by the twin-cycle. We aimed to examine this notion in the Innovative Medicines Initiative Diabetes Research on Patient Stratification (IMI DIRECT) Consortium cohorts comprised of participants with normal or impaired glucose regulation (cohort 1: N ≤ 920) or with recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes (cohort 2: N ≤ 435). Methods: We defined a structural equation model that describes the TC and fitted this within the IMI DIRECT dataset. A second model, twin-cycle plus physical activity (TC-PA), to assess the extent to which the effects of physical activity in glycaemic regulation are mediated by components in the twin-cycle, was also fitted. Beta cell function, insulin sensitivity and glycaemic control were modelled from frequently sampled 75 g OGTTs (fsOGTTs) and mixed-meal tolerance tests (MMTTs) in participants without and with diabetes, respectively. Abdominal fat distribution was assessed using MRI, and physical activity through wrist-worn triaxial accelerometry. Results are presented as standardised beta coefficients, SE and p values, respectively. Results: The TC and TC-PA models showed better fit than null models (TC: χ2 = 242, p = 0.004 and χ2 = 63, p = 0.001 in cohort 1 and 2, respectively; TC-PA: χ2 = 180, p = 0.041 and χ2 = 60, p = 0.008 in cohort 1 and 2, respectively). The association of physical activity with glycaemic control was primarily mediated by variables in the liver fat cycle. Conclusions/interpretation: These analyses partially support the mechanis, QC 20200626

Published
2020
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14. Genetic studies of abdominal MRI data identify genes regulating hepcidin as major determinants of liver iron concentration

Author

Wilman, H. R., Parisinos, C. A., Atabaki-Pasdar, N., Kelly, M., Thomas, E. L., Neubauer, S., Jennison, C., Ehrhardt, B., Baum, P., Schoelsch, C., Freijer, J., Grempler, R., Graefe-Mody, U., Hennige, A., Dings, C., Lehr, T., Scherer, N., Sihinecich, I., Pattou, F., Raverdi, V., Caiazzo, R., Torres, F., Verkindt, H., Mari, A., Tura, A., Giorgino, T., Bizzotto, Froguel, P., Bonneford, A., Canouil, M., Dhennin, V., Brorsson, C., Brunak, S., De Masi, F., Gudmundsdóttir, V., Pedersen, H., Banasik, K., Thomas, C., Sackett, P., Staerfeldt, H. -H, Lundgaard, A., Nilsson, B., Nielsen, A., Mazzoni, G., Karaderi, T., Rasmussen, S., Johansen, J., Allesøe, R., Fritsche, A., Thorand, B., Adamski, J., Grallert, H., Haid, M., Sharma, S., Troll, M., Adam, J., Ferrer, J., Eriksen, H., Frost, G., Häussler, Ragna S., Hong, Mun-Gwan, Schwenk, Jochen M., Uhlén, Mathias, Nicolay, C., Pavo, I., Steckel-Hamann, B., Thomas, M., Adragni, K., Wu, H., Hart, L., Roderick, S., van Leeuwen, N., Dekkers, K., Frau, F., Gassenhuber, J., Jablonka, B., Musholt, P., Ruetten, H., Tillner, J., Baltauss, T., Bernard Poenaru, O., de Preville, N., Rodriquez, M., Arumugam, M., Allin, K., Engelbrechtsen, L., Hansen, T., Forman, A., Jonsson, A., Pedersen, O., Dutta, A., Vogt, J., Vestergaard, H., Laakso, M., Kokkola, T., Kuulasmaa, T., Franks, P., Giordano, N., Pomares-Millan, H., Fitipaldi, H., Mutie, P., Klintenberg, M., Bergstrom, M., Groop, L., Ridderstrale, M., Atabaki Pasdar, N., Deshmukh, H., Heggie, A., Wake, D., McEvoy, D., McVittie, I., Walker, M., Hattersley, A., Hill, A., Jones, A., McDonald, T., Perry, M., Nice, R., Hudson, M., Thorne, C., Dermitzakis, E., Viñuela, A., Cabrelli, L., Loftus, H., Dawed, A., Donnelly, L., Forgie, I., Pearson, E., Palmer, C., Brown, A., Koivula, R., Wesolowska-Andersen, A., Abdalla, M., McRobert, N., Fernandez, J., Jiao, Y., Robertson, N., Gough, S., Kaye, J., Mourby, M., Mahajan, A., McCarthy, M., Shah, N., Teare, H., Holl, R., Koopman, A., Rutters, F., Beulens, J., Groeneveld, L., Bell, J., Thomas, L., Whitcher, B., Hingorani, A. D., Patel, R. S., Hemingway, H., Franks, P. W., Bell, J. D., Banerjee, R., Yaghootkar, H., Wilman, H. R., Parisinos, C. A., Atabaki-Pasdar, N., Kelly, M., Thomas, E. L., Neubauer, S., Jennison, C., Ehrhardt, B., Baum, P., Schoelsch, C., Freijer, J., Grempler, R., Graefe-Mody, U., Hennige, A., Dings, C., Lehr, T., Scherer, N., Sihinecich, I., Pattou, F., Raverdi, V., Caiazzo, R., Torres, F., Verkindt, H., Mari, A., Tura, A., Giorgino, T., Bizzotto, Froguel, P., Bonneford, A., Canouil, M., Dhennin, V., Brorsson, C., Brunak, S., De Masi, F., Gudmundsdóttir, V., Pedersen, H., Banasik, K., Thomas, C., Sackett, P., Staerfeldt, H. -H, Lundgaard, A., Nilsson, B., Nielsen, A., Mazzoni, G., Karaderi, T., Rasmussen, S., Johansen, J., Allesøe, R., Fritsche, A., Thorand, B., Adamski, J., Grallert, H., Haid, M., Sharma, S., Troll, M., Adam, J., Ferrer, J., Eriksen, H., Frost, G., Häussler, Ragna S., Hong, Mun-Gwan, Schwenk, Jochen M., Uhlén, Mathias, Nicolay, C., Pavo, I., Steckel-Hamann, B., Thomas, M., Adragni, K., Wu, H., Hart, L., Roderick, S., van Leeuwen, N., Dekkers, K., Frau, F., Gassenhuber, J., Jablonka, B., Musholt, P., Ruetten, H., Tillner, J., Baltauss, T., Bernard Poenaru, O., de Preville, N., Rodriquez, M., Arumugam, M., Allin, K., Engelbrechtsen, L., Hansen, T., Forman, A., Jonsson, A., Pedersen, O., Dutta, A., Vogt, J., Vestergaard, H., Laakso, M., Kokkola, T., Kuulasmaa, T., Franks, P., Giordano, N., Pomares-Millan, H., Fitipaldi, H., Mutie, P., Klintenberg, M., Bergstrom, M., Groop, L., Ridderstrale, M., Atabaki Pasdar, N., Deshmukh, H., Heggie, A., Wake, D., McEvoy, D., McVittie, I., Walker, M., Hattersley, A., Hill, A., Jones, A., McDonald, T., Perry, M., Nice, R., Hudson, M., Thorne, C., Dermitzakis, E., Viñuela, A., Cabrelli, L., Loftus, H., Dawed, A., Donnelly, L., Forgie, I., Pearson, E., Palmer, C., Brown, A., Koivula, R., Wesolowska-Andersen, A., Abdalla, M., McRobert, N., Fernandez, J., Jiao, Y., Robertson, N., Gough, S., Kaye, J., Mourby, M., Mahajan, A., McCarthy, M., Shah, N., Teare, H., Holl, R., Koopman, A., Rutters, F., Beulens, J., Groeneveld, L., Bell, J., Thomas, L., Whitcher, B., Hingorani, A. D., Patel, R. S., Hemingway, H., Franks, P. W., Bell, J. D., Banerjee, R., and Yaghootkar, H.

Abstract

Background & Aims: Excess liver iron content is common and is linked to the risk of hepatic and extrahepatic diseases. We aimed to identify genetic variants influencing liver iron content and use genetics to understand its link to other traits and diseases. Methods: First, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in 8,289 individuals from UK Biobank, whose liver iron level had been quantified by magnetic resonance imaging, before validating our findings in an independent cohort (n = 1,513 from IMI DIRECT). Second, we used Mendelian randomisation to test the causal effects of 25 predominantly metabolic traits on liver iron content. Third, we tested phenome-wide associations between liver iron variants and 770 traits and disease outcomes. Results: We identified 3 independent genetic variants (rs1800562 [C282Y] and rs1799945 [H63D] in HFE and rs855791 [V736A] in TMPRSS6) associated with liver iron content that reached the GWAS significance threshold (p <5 × 10−8). The 2 HFE variants account for ∼85% of all cases of hereditary haemochromatosis. Mendelian randomisation analysis provided evidence that higher central obesity plays a causal role in increased liver iron content. Phenome-wide association analysis demonstrated shared aetiopathogenic mechanisms for elevated liver iron, high blood pressure, cirrhosis, malignancies, neuropsychiatric and rheumatological conditions, while also highlighting inverse associations with anaemias, lipidaemias and ischaemic heart disease. Conclusion: Our study provides genetic evidence that mechanisms underlying higher liver iron content are likely systemic rather than organ specific, that higher central obesity is causally associated with higher liver iron, and that liver iron shares common aetiology with multiple metabolic and non-metabolic diseases. Lay summary: Excess liver iron content is common and is associated with liver diseases and metabolic diseases including diabetes, high blood pressure, and heart di, QC 20191128

Published
2019
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16. Reference range of liver corrected T1 values in a population at low risk for fatty liver disease—a UK Biobank sub-study, with an appendix of interesting cases

Author

Mojtahed, A., primary, Kelly, C. J., additional, Herlihy, A. H., additional, Kin, S., additional, Wilman, H. R., additional, McKay, A., additional, Kelly, M., additional, Milanesi, M., additional, Neubauer, S., additional, Thomas, E. L., additional, Bell, J. D., additional, Banerjee, R., additional, and Harisinghani, M., additional

Published
2018
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19. Diversifying the use of tuna to improve food security and public health in Pacific Island countries and territories

Author

Bell, J. D., Allain, V., Allison, E. H., Andréfouët, Serge, Andrew, N. L., Batty, M. J., Blanc, M., Dambacher, J. M., Hampton, J., Hanich, Q., Harley, S., Lorrain, Anne, McCoy, M., McTurk, N., Nicol, S., Pilling, G., Point, David, Sharp, M. K., Vivili, P., and Williams, P.

Subjects
Tuna, Population growth, Food security, Non-communicable diseases, Pacific Islands
Abstract

The large tuna resources of the Western and Central Pacific Ocean are delivering great economic benefits to Pacific Island countries and territories (PICTs) through sale of licences to distant water fishing nations and employment in fish processing. However, tuna needs to contribute to Pacific Island societies in another important way by increasing local access to the fish required for good nutrition to help combat the world's highest levels of diabetes and obesity. Analyses reported here demonstrate that coastal fisheries in 16 of the 22 PICTs will not provide the fish recommended for good nutrition of growing Pacific Island populations, and that by 2020 tuna will need to supply 12% of the fish required by PICTs for food security, increasing to 25% by 2035. In relative terms, the percentages of the region's tuna catch that will be needed in 2020 and 2035 to fill the gap in domestic fish supply are small, i.e., 2.1% and 5.9% of the average present-day industrial catch, respectively. Interventions based on expanding the use of nearshore fish aggregating devices (FADs) to assist small-scale fishers catch tuna, distributing small tuna and bycatch offloaded by industrial fleets at regional ports, and improving access to canned tuna for inland populations, promise to increase access to fish for sustaining the health of the region's growing populations. The actions, research and policies required to implement these interventions effectively, and the investments needed to maintain the stocks underpinning the considerable socio-economic benefits that flow from tuna, are described.

Published
2015

22. Effects of elevating colonic propionate on liver fat content in overweight adults with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a pilot study

Author

Chambers, E. S., primary, Viardot, A., additional, Psichas, A., additional, Morrison, D. J., additional, Murphy, K. G., additional, Zac-Varghese, S. E. K., additional, MacDougall, K., additional, Preston, T., additional, Tedford, M. C., additional, Bell, J. D., additional, Thomas, E. L., additional, Mt-Isa, S., additional, Ashby, D., additional, Dhillo, W. S., additional, Bloom, S. R., additional, Morley, W. G., additional, Clegg, S., additional, and Frost, G., additional

Published
2015
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23. The effects of exercise-induced muscle damage with or without omega-3 supplementation on inflammation, muscle function and recovery in healthy physically active younger and older adults

Author

Kyriakidou, Yvoni, Elliott, B., Bell, J. D., and Wood, C.

Abstract

Unaccustomed eccentric exercise is associated with reductions in muscle force output, muscle pain, avoidance of repeated loading and a transient inflammatory response. Whilst exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) is well defined in the literature in healthy younger populations, research into older individuals is lacking. The diversity of exercise protocols used also for younger populations may not be suited to older adults. Omega-3 (n-3) supplementation may minimise EIMD via its anti-inflammatory properties, however, its efficacy remains unclear. All studies induced mild to moderate EIMD either via downhill running (Study 1 and Study 3) or resistance exercise models (Study 2 and 3), and examined the effect of n-3 supplementation (Study 1), age (Study 2), and EIMD protocols (Study 3). Venous plasma was collected for plasma creatine kinase (CK), interleukin (IL)-6, and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, prior, immediately after, and 1-to-72 hours post-EIMD. In addition, at the same time points in Study 2, extracellular vesicles (EVs) were assessed. In all studies, functional measures included maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), peak power, countermovement jump, range of motion (ROM), delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) and thigh circumference. Key results from Study 1 included DOMS being significantly lower in omega-3 vs placebo group (p = 0.034), and peak power significantly suppressed in placebo relative to pre-EIMD but not in omega-3 group, both at 24 hours post-EIMD. IL-6 was increased in placebo (p = 0.009) but not in omega-3 (p = 0.434) post-EIMD. However, no significant differences in peak power output and IL-6 were observed between groups. In Study 2, post EIMD, both CK and TNF-α concentrations were increased in the older group relative to the younger at 72 hours (CK, p = 0.042; TNF-α, p = 0.042). Both younger and older groups showed a significant reduction in MVIC immediately post-EIMD. EIMD did not substantially alter EV modal size or count in younger or older participants, however, the alteration in EV concentration (ΔCount) and EV modal size (ΔMode) between post-EIMD and preEIMD negatively associated with CK activity. In Study 3, a significant increase (p < 0.05) in CK was recorded in the downhill running compared with two different resistance exercise groups. Downhill running group showed greater decrements on MVIC and jump height than both resistance exercise groups post-EIMD. All groups showed a significant increase in muscle soreness post-EIMD (p < 0.001). This thesis showed that 4 weeks supplementation with 3 g/day of n-3 PUFA offsets the EIMD induced pain response following a single bout of moderate intensity exercise. Older individuals showed a blunted resolution in muscle damage and inflammation relative to their younger counterparts. However, a similar response in muscle function in both groups following EIMD was observed. The combination of the leg press and leg extension protocol with moderate intensity could be used as a muscle-injury inducing model in naive-exercised or older population in future studies.

Published
2022
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24. The role of advanced training in family planning and reproductive health in a low-income country; the experience of Ethiopia.

Author

Tufa, TH, Abubeker, FA, Prager, S, Tolu, LB, Grentzer, J, Surur, F, Bell, JD, Tufa, T H, Abubeker, F A, Tolu, L B, and Bell, J D

Subjects
*FAMILY planning, *REPRODUCTIVE health, *LOW-income countries, *REPRODUCTIVE health services
Abstract

Low- and middle-income countries continue to experience high fertility rates and unsafe abortion. Increased access to safe abortion services and family planning are cost-effective ways to reduce maternal morbidity and mortality. With a vision of improving the reproductive health workforce of the country, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, in partnership with a university in the United States (U.S.), launched the first family planning and reproductive health fellowship program in Ethiopia. As the premier program in the country, the fellowship has introduced several new initiatives and skills to the existing reproductive health care training options. This program is a stirring example of successful collaboration between a U.S. university and a college in a low- or middle-income country. We have summarized the process of establishing the fellowship program as the first experience in Ethiopia and East Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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26. Inferring diet, feeding behaviour and causes of mortality from prey-induced injuries in a New Zealand fur seal.

Author

Hocking DP, Marx FG, Parker WMG, Rule JP, Cleuren SGC, Mitchell AD, Hunter M, Bell JD, Fitzgerald EMG, and Evans AR

Subjects
Animal Feed, Animals, Diet, Feeding Behavior, New Zealand, South Australia, Fur Seals
Abstract

New Zealand fur seals Arctocephalus forsteri are the most abundant of the 4 otariid (eared seal) species distributed across Australasia. Analyses of stomach contents, scats and regurgitates suggest a diet dominated by bony fish and squid, with cartilaginous species (e.g. sharks and rays) either absent or underrepresented because of a lack of preservable hard parts. Here we report on a subadult specimen from south-eastern Australia, which was found ashore emaciated and with numerous puncture wounds across its lips, cheeks, throat and the inside of its oral cavity. Fish spines embedded in the carcass revealed that these injuries were inflicted by chimaeras and myliobatiform rays (stingrays and relatives), which matches reports on the diet of A. forsteri from New Zealand, but not South Australia. Shaking and tearing of prey at the surface may help to avoid ingestion of the venomous spines, perhaps contributing to their absence from scats and regurgitates. Nevertheless, the number and severity of the facial stab wounds, some of which led to local necrosis, likely affected the animal's ability to feed, and may account for its death. Despite their detrimental effects, fish spine-related injuries are difficult to spot, and may be a common, albeit cryptic, type of trauma. We therefore recommend that stranded seals be systematically examined for this potentially life-threatening pathology.

Published
2020
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27. Response of a seagrass fish assemblage to improved wastewater treatment.

Author

Ourgaud M, Ruitton S, Bell JD, Letourneur Y, Harmelin JG, and Harmelin-Vivien ML

Subjects
Alismatales physiology, Animals, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Food Chain, Population Density, Fishes physiology, Sewage analysis, Wastewater chemistry, Water Purification methods
Abstract

We compared the structure of a seagrass fish assemblage near a sewage outlet before and after improvements to wastewater treatment. To determine whether responses by the fish assemblage were due to changes in water quality or to other factors, comparisons were made with the structure of a fish assemblage from a nearby site unaffected by sewage effluent. Total species richness, density and biomass of fish, decreased at both sites over the 30-year period. An increase in mean trophic level near the sewage outlet following improvements in water quality indicated that wastewater treatment had another important effect. This result is consistent with the reductions in food webs supporting pelagic and benthic fishes that typically accompany decreases in nutrient inputs. Although improvements to wastewater treatment explained much of the variation in the structure of the fish assemblage at PC, our results also suggest that fishing and climate change, at both sites., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Published
2015
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