Search

Management of construction waste that was generated by earthquakes and reconstruction of damaged facilities requires good prior planning of options, as well as good coordination of all institutions during the reconstruction period. The planning should include three main levels: 1 – waste handling in a safe manner, with fast education of persons working on clearing and distribution of means for protection ; 2 – planning of the logistics and temporary storage areas ; 3 – analyses of the shortcomings of the existing legal framework for future waste management in crisis and issue instructions on crisis management of construction and demolition waste. This paper provides an overview of the current crisis management of construction and demolition waste after Zagreb earthquake in March 2020 , identifies challenges with management of such waste, and shows the la test advances in recycling of the problematic streams as an opportunity to advance both, emergency – and usual waste management. In c onclusion it provides recommendations to take following course od actions: 1 - increase of the capacity to recycle, treat and temporarily store construction and demolition waste ; 2 – improve the separation (recycling)process to allow the removal of other wastes and to separate the construction and demolition waste by category ; 3 – focus the activities on research and development of the products from recycled construction and demolition waste (upgrade), especially from the mixed construction and demolition waste ; and 4 – make possible the use of recycled materials in public procurement (including construction and reconstruction of public buildings and infrastructure), prioritise use of construction and demolition waste to stabilize the existing landslides and ground disturbances caused by the earthquakes, facilitate and stimulate the abolition of waste status of materials produced from the construction and demolition waste. Control, separation and/or immobilization of hazardous waste should not be overlooked, as well as the safety of people who handle construction and demolition waste in emergency and afterwards. Legal framework and procedures should be planned and prioritized in advance, thus preventing bottlenecks in communication a nd coordination of regulatory bodies of different levels in the time of emergency.

Faster technology development, increasing of living standard and market availability are the main causes of faster obsolescence of electronic devices. Each electronic device contains printed circuit boards that are a valuable source of metal. The paper presents the results of preliminary research of the possibility for using various mineral processing methods in recycling of waste printed circuit boards. The gravity concentration (concentration table and Humphreys spiral concentrator), electrostatic separation and wet magnetic separation were used in this preliminary research and the obtained results were presented in the article., Szybki rozwój technologii, podwyższenie standardu życia i dostępność na rynku to główne przyczyny szybszego starzenia się urządzeń elektronicznych. Każde urządzenie elektroniczne zawiera płytki drukowane, które są cennym źródłem metalu. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki wstępnych badań możliwości zastosowania różnych metod przeróbki surowców w recyklingu zużytych obwodów drukowanych. W tych wstępnych badaniach wykorzystano wzbogacalnik grawitacyjne (stół wstrząsany i wzbogacalnik spiralny Humphreya), separację elektrostatyczną i separację magnetyczną na mokro, uzyskane wyniki przedstawiono w artykule.

Quartz sand deposit Ravno is the biggest quartz sand deposit in the Dolenjska region in Slovenia with an area of 1.25 km2. Quartz sand at the site is selectively excavated using mechanical methods. Presently, at the processing plant near the deposit, the main final mineral processing technique is flotation. Prior to the flotation, quartz sand undergoes classification and attrition. Final products produced at the plant are natural sand, washed sand and floated sand. Recently, mining companies have been turning to simpler processing systems, such as gravity concentration, due to the price increase of floatation reagents, simplicity of the process and lower environmental impact. Overview of the deposit and current methods used in the processing plant are presented, as a prologue to further work on the process alteration possibilities – a change from flotation to gravity concentration.

Pozvano predavanje obuhvatilo je tematiku značaja EE otpada, gospodarenja EE otpadom i dobrobitima recikliranja električnog i elektroničkog otpada. Dan je pregled tehnologija za recikliranje, napose pri mehaničkom recikliranju te pregled dugogročnih trendova koji se mogu očekivati u budućnosti.

Značaj građevinskog otpada proizlazi iz velikih masa i visokog potencijala za recikliranje. S obzirom na količinu građevinskog otpada i cijenu recikliranog otpada, recikliranje mobilnim postrojenjima nameće se kao prihvatljivije rješenje od izgradnje stacionarnih postrojenja za recikliranje. U članku se razmatra mogućnost primjene mobilnih postrojenja za recikliranje građevinskog otpada u Hrvatskoj temeljem usporedbe prihoda i rashoda koji se pri tome javljaju. Pokazalo se da na mogućnost primjene mobilne čeljusne drobilice najviše utječu trošak zbrinjavanja otpada koji ostaje nakon recikliranja i trošak transporta.

Construction and demolition waste (C&D waste) is one of the most relevant waste types primarily due to large quantities and a high potential for re-use and recycle. This paper discusses the issues related to C&D waste management in the Republic of Croatia. It presents the overview of legislative changes and its impact on the C&D waste management in Croatia. C&D waste quantities per county in the period from 2001 to 2015 are given as well as the expected C&D waste quantities in the future. It is concluded that the legal framework is well established, but it is not implemented consistently. Therefore, it is necessary to plan certain activities and additional resources in order to make the C&D waste management more efficient. The paper also presents the options of C&D waste recycling and describes the recycling technology in a C&D waste recycling plant in the Republic of Croatia. Taking into account the relatively low price of recycled aggregate, long distance transport is not profitable. It is concluded that the use of mobile treatment facilities would be a good practical solution taking into account the underdeveloped infrastructure for C&D waste management.

In the paper, mineral raw materials and waste management policies of the Republic of Croatia are elaborated and compared to European standards and directives. The origin, composition and quantities of waste are provided together with a current status in waste management. Mineral raw materials production and proven reserves are also listed. Waste and mineral raw materials management is commented from the sustainability point of view. Some conclusions are given for the country with a limited mineral raw material resources and potential use of secondary sources.

Elektronički otpad danas je jedan od najbrže rastućih tokova otpada. Njegov značaj proizlazi kako iz količina otpada, tako i zbog sadržaja vrijednih metala koje sadrži. Danas gotovo svi elektronički uređaji sadrže integrirane krugove. Ovaj rad prikazuje rezultate istraživanja s ciljem separacije metala iz otpadnih elektroničkih krugova. U tu svrhu korištene su metode koje se tradicionalno koriste u oplemenjivanju mineralnih sirovina: elektrostatička separacija, gravitacijska koncentracija i zračna separacija. Rezultati su pokazali da je moguće izdvajati metale ovim koncentracijskim metodama iz otpadnih integriranih krugova.

Waste electric and electronic equipment (WEEE) has the fastest growth compared to other types of waste due to the amount and thus increasing the need for its care about it. Disposal at landfills is not desired by the fact that this type of waste contains a number of useful materials that can be used again, as well as dangerous substances for which disposal is not desirable. This paper presents laboratory tests of separating copper from telephone (UTP and STP) cables that are an integral part of electronic equipment. Testing were carried out by method of gravity concentration using Wilfley shaking table and Humphreys spiral concentrator. The results showed that these devices can be used successfully to obtain copper concentrate whereby better results were obtained at a shaking table., Zużyty sprzęt elektryczny i elektroniczny (WEEE) to najszybciej rosnący strumień odpadów w porównaniu do innych rodzajów odpadów, a tym samym powstaje zapotrzebowanie na jego skuteczne zarządzanie. Unieszkodliwianie odpadów na składowiskach odpadów nie jest pożądane z uwagi na to, że ten rodzaj odpadów zawiera wiele użytecznych materiałów, które można wykorzystać ponownie, a także substancje niebezpieczne, których składowanie wymaga spełniania rygorystycznych wymagań. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań laboratoryjnych separacji miedzi z kabli telefonicznych (UTP i STP), które stanowią integralną część sprzętu elektronicznego. Separację przeprowadzono metodą wzbogacania grawitacyjnego na stole wytrząsającego Wilfley i Humphreys oraz separatorze spiralnym. Uzyskane wyniki wykazały, że te urządzenia mogą być z powodzeniem stosowane do uzyskania koncentratu miedzi.

Crushed stone is the most important type of mineral resource in the Republic of Croatia and is mined in more than 350 exploitation fields. Crushed stone is most often used as aggregate for the production of concrete and asphalt, for which it must satisfy high standards, and thus it is necessary to process it. The wet processing technology in semi-mobile plants, which is increasingly frequent in Europe, has thus far not been used in the Republic of Croatia. This paper provides a comparison of the wet processing technology on an older, stationary and a newer, semi-mobile processing plant in the “Oršulica kosa” exploitation field. It also describes the process of waste washwater treatment and the newer high-pressure pre-washing chamber technology. The costs of extracting stone from a stone massif are the same in both cases ; therefore, in comparing the two plants, the effect of the cost of transportation and stone processing was also taken into account. An analysis of the cheapest possible transportation showed that for a stationary plant, located at a distance of 1950 m from the active worksite, the cost of transport was 4.01 kunas per tonne, or 1.7 million kunas per annum, while in the case of a semi-mobile plant this cost was non-existent. As for processing, it appears that the electric energy consumption of a stationary plant is three times greater than that of a new semi-mobile plant, which amounts to a difference of 0.85 million kunas per annum. As for water consumption, it appears that the water consumption of an old stationary plant is approximately ten times greater than that of a new semi-mobile plant, which amounts to a difference of 0.23 million kunas per annum. Taking into account the potential savings of around 2.1 million kunas per annum, the return of the total investment in a new semi-mobile plant should be realized in the relatively short period of 3.5 years. Beside the economic benefit, we should also emphasize the smaller environmental footprint of the new plant, which is evident in the decreased need for adding fresh water to the process, as well as the significantly decreased need for occupying space with settling basins, seeing as the new semi-mobile plant, as opposed to the old stationary one, purifies and recycles wastewater.

The effect of air flow rate, pulp density and particle size was studied using central composite design for coal samples from the Lazy mine. Evaluation of column flotation tests was based on two dependant variables such as ash content and combustible matter recovery in the concentrate. The ash content in the concentrate was from 4.61 to 9.62% with the recovery of combustible matter from 17.43 to 81.98%. The ANOVA statistical analysis showed that the main effect of air flow rate has a significant impact on the combustible matter recovery and ash content in the concentrate. The main effect of pulp density on the combustible matter recovery is significant, whereas for the ash content it is not seen. There is a strong effect of the particle size on the ash content and combustible matter recovery in the concentrate. The interaction of the effect of the pulp density and particle size has a significant impact on the ash content in the concentrate.

Republika Hrvatska, kao i Europa suočavaju se s nedostatkom mineralnih sirovina i problemom gospodarenja otpadom. Urbano rudarenje nameće se kao neizbježni postupak kojim se racionalno gospodari prirodnim resursima. Iskorištavanje vrijednih sirovina zarobljenih u električnom i elektroničkom (EE) otpadu iziskuje poznavanje sastava otpada i proizvoda nastalih oporabom. Da bi se došlo do novih spoznaja nezaobilaznoje korištenje analitičkog laboratorija i laboratorija za oplemenjivanje i ispitivanje mineralnih sirovina. Rad se bavi aktualnim problemom iskorištavanja i zbrinjavanja otpadnih tiskanih pločica (TP) sakupljenih na prostoru Republike Hrvatske (RH). Obrazlaže svrhu i provođenje ispitivanja sadržaja najznačajnijih metala i ispitivanja mogućnosti iskorištavanja nemetalne frakcije (NMF) TP. Prezentira i okvirne rezultate ispitivanja, kao i ulogu laboratorijskih ispitivanja.

The aim of this paper was to determine the impact of physical and mechanical properties of rocks on the electricity consumption of a jaw crusher during crushing. This paper presents a different approach to determine the energy consumption during comminution. The energy required for crushing rocks was obtained by direct measurement of crusher's motor power during the crushing of samples. Laboratory tests were used to determine the following physical and mechanical properties of the tested samples: bulk density, compressive strength, tensile strength, hardness, and fracture toughness. After that, the laboratory jaw crusher crushing tests were conducted. In the first part of the study, the individual rock samples were crushed one by one. In the second part of the test, multiple samples were crushed simultaneously. By measuring the energy consumption for crushing rocks with different physical and mechanical properties, we explored the dependence of energy required for crushing on individual mechanical properties of rocks and the simultaneous effect of the properties. Using statistical analysis of the influence of individual mechanical properties we found that the greatest influence on energy consumption for crushing was compressive strength. Fracture toughness and tensile strength of the rocks had a significant impact on the crushing energy. The effect of bulk density was not large while for the hardness could not be stated that it had influence. By the analysis of deviations of specific crushing energy calculated using equations obtained by multiple regression analysis of simultaneous influence of multiple mechanical properties of rocks and from the measured values, it was found that the dependence obtained on the basis of all investigated properties showed the smallest deviation and dependence obtained by compressive strength, fracture toughness, and hardness showed significantly smaller deviation. By examining the influence of mechanical rock properties on particle size of crushed material it was found that the increase in compressive strength increased the proportion of larger particles while other properties showed no effect.

The article related to the journal cover is dealing with the legend of the Saint Kinga, the patroness of Krakow miners

Sve kraći uporabni vijek elektroničkih uređaja i opreme posljedica je sve bržeg razvoja i usvajanja novih tehnologija, te uzrok eksponencijalnog rasta količina električnog i elektroničkog otpada, kako na globalnoj razini, tako i u RH, a isti trendovi mogu se očekivati i u budućnosti. Recikliranje kao integralni dio suvremenog sustava gospodarenja otpadom omogućava dobivanje sekundarnih sirovina, čime se smanjuje količina otpada i prostor potreban za njegovo odlaganje, štede se primarne sirovine i smanjuju emisije u okoliš pri proizvodnji novih proizvoda, itd. Osnovni cilj kojem se teži u recikliranju je separirati različite materijale sadržane u otpadu u zasebne produkte koji se mogu upotrijebiti kao sekundarna sirovina i koji kao takvi imaju određenu tržišnu vrijednost. Preduvjet uspješne separacije je postizanje raščina, tj. oslobađanje međusobno (mehanički, kemijski ili termički) spojenih različitih materijala. Uspjeh recikliranja električnog i elektroničkog otpada ovisi o značajkama otpada, separacijskih postupaka i uređaja koji se pri tome primjenjuju, te naravno uvjetima (vrijednosti radnih varijabli uređaja) u kojima se separacija izvodi. Prva faza procesa recikliranja sastoji se od ručne demontaže i izdvajanja krupnijih dijelova otpadnih uređaja, pri čemu se izdvaja veći udio željeza, bakra, stakla i plastike. Ostale dijelove potrebno je usitniti zbog postizanja raščina, a zatim prikladnim separacijskim postupcima izdvajati pojedine vrste materijala. U ovom radu su iz televizijskih aparata ručnom demontažom izdvojeni uz kučište i veliki kondenzatori i katodne cijevi koje sadrže fosforni prah i kadmij, te su zbog nemogućnosti sigurnog ispitivanja isključene iz daljnjeg ispitivanja. Izdvojena drvena kučišta isključena su iz daljnjeg ispitivanja jer je s vremenom došlo do kontaminacije štetnim tvarima kao što su krom, olovo, živa, sumpor, nikal, cink i sl., a u plastična kučišta umiješani su bromirani inhibitori gorenja koji, i u vrlo malim količinama, kontaminiraju plastiku čineći je nepogodnom za dobivanje nove plastike. Ostali materijal je, s obzirom na svoje značajke, podijeljen u tri grupe koje su ispitivane zasebno. Grupa nazvana „Zvučnici“ sastavni je dio audio sustava, a sadrži najviše željeza i nešto manje bakra u svitcima, uz plastiku, karton i tekstil. Grupa „Otklonski svitci, kabeli, konektori i žice“ ima veliku zastupljenost bakra, a treća grupa „Tiskane pločice“ uz vodljivu bakrenu strukturu sadržava i mnoštvo rijetkih metala na nevodljivoj osnovi (vitroplast, pertinks). Za svaku od prethodno navedenih grupa sastavljen je zaseban plan istraživanja. Za sve grupe prvo je provedeno sitnjenje u cilju postizanja raščina, zatim sijanje za dobivanje klasa pogodnih za testove u pojedinim separatorima. Plan testiranja separacije u zračnoj struji i elektrostatičke separacije sastavljen je uz upotrebu statističkog planiranja eksperimenata u programskom sustavu Statistica (Version 8, tvrtke StatSoft) prema centralno složenom dizajnu (Central Composite Design) koji uključuje 17 pokusa za svaku klasu na pojedinom uređaju. Analizom varijance utvrđen je utjecaj pojedine nezavisne varijable odnosno utjecaj međudjelovanja po dvije (od tri testirane) nezavisne varijable na jednu od dvije zavisne varijabli (kvaliteta koncentrata ili maseno iskorištenje) uz procjenu veličine tog utjecaja. Utjecaj pojedinih varijabli u gravitacijskoj i magnetskoj separaciji testiran je na način da je mijenjana vrijednost jedne varijable, dok su sve ostale držane konstantnim. Testovi separacije u zračnoj struji pokazali su da na kvalitetu koncentrata najveći utjecaj ima visina pregrade, a najmanji brzina zračne struje, a od međudjelovanja varijabli najviše utječe visina pregrade i položaj ulaznog otvora. Visina pregrade u svim slučajevima imala je najveći utjecaj na iskorištenje. Najbolji rezultati (kvaliteta koncentrata od 99 % do 100 % uz iskorištenja od 80 % do 99 %) postizani su separacijom zrna većih od 2 mm (klase 4/2 mm i 3,15/2 mm), a sa smanjenjem veličine zrna smanjivala se i efikasnost separacije. Elektrostatičkom separacijom postizala se visoka kvaliteta koncentrata u svim klasama, a najbolji rezultati dobiveni su u testovima s najkrupnijom klasom (4/2 mm). U svim testovima najveći utjecaj imao je položaj separacijskog noža. Kada se razmotre međudjelovanja varijabli, najveći utjecaj imalo je međudjelovanje položaja separacijskog noža s naponom ionizacijske elektrode i s brzinom okretanja bubnja. Rezultati dobiveni magnetskom separacijom pokazali su da je u najvećem broju slučajeva (pogotovo za krupnije klase) mokra separacija bolja od suhe, dok su se razlike smanjivale sa smanjenjem veličine zrna. Najbolji rezultati i mokre niskointenzivne i suhe visokointenzivne magnetske separacije postignuti su s najsitnijom klasom, -0,5 mm. Testovi gravitacijske koncentracije pokazali su da je za kvalitetniji koncentrat potrebno raditi s manjim nagibima ploče koncentracijskog stola. Temeljem dobivenih rezultata predložena je segregacijska shema recikliranja elektroničkog otpada. Osnovna hipoteza ovog rada, da se uređaji i postupci koji se koriste u oplemenjivanju mineralnih sirovina mogu koristiti i za recikliranje električnog i elektroničkog otpada potvrđena je temeljem rezultata provedenih ispitivanja., The ever shorter life cycle of electronic devices and equipment is a consequence of increasingly quick development and adoption of new technologies, and a reason for exponential growth of the quantity of electrical and electronic waste, both at the global level and in the Republic of Croatia, and identical trends can be anticipated also in the future. Recycling as an integral part of the contemporary waste management system enables obtaining of secondary raw materials, whereby the quantity of waste and the space necessary for its disposal are reduced, primary raw materials are saved and environmental emissions occurring at manufacturing of new products are reduced. The basic goal striven for in recycling is to separate the different materials contained in waste into separate products which can be used as secondary raw material and which as such have a certain market value. A precondition for successful separation is to achieve liberation of different mutually (mechanically, chemically or thermally) connected materials. The success in recycling electrical and electronic waste depends on the characteristics of waste, the applied separation procedures and devices, and of course on the conditions (values of operating variables of the devices) in which separation is carried out. The first phase of the recycling process consists of manual dismantling and separation of larger parts of waste devices, whereby a larger share of iron, copper, glass and plastic materials is separated. The remaining parts need to be shredded in order to achieve liberation, and thereupon, by appropriate separation procedures, the single types of material shall be separated. In this dissertation beside enclosures and large condensers and cathode tubes containing phosphorus powder and cadmium have been manually separated from TV sets, and due to the impossibility of their save testing have been excluded from further testing. The separated wooden enclosures have been excluded from further testing, since over time contamination has occurred by harmful substances such as chrome, lead, mercury, sulphur, nickel, zinc, etc., whereas plastic enclosures contain brominated burning inhibitors, which even in very small quantities contaminate plastic materials rendering them inappropriate for obtaining new plastic. The remaining material has been divided according to its characteristics into three groups which have been tested separately. The group called „Loudspeakers“ is an integral part of the audio system and it contains the highest quantity of iron and somewhat less copper in yokes, as well as plastic, cardboard and textile. In the group „Yokes, cables, connectors and wires“ copper is represented to a high degree, and the third group of „Printed circuit boards“ contains, in addition to the copper conductor structure, also a lot of rare metals on a nonconductor basis (vitroplast, pertinax). For each of the previously indicated groups a separate test plan has been developed. For all groups shredding has been carried out first, in order to achieve liberation, followed by sieving in order to obtain classes appropriate for tests in individual separators. The test plan for air and electrostatic separation has been developed by using statistical planning of experiments under application of the programme system Statistica (Version 8, StatSoft) according to a central composite design (Central Composite Design), including 17 tests for each class on the individual device. By analysing the variance, the impact of the individual independent variable as well as the impact of the interaction of two (out of the three tested) independent variables on one (out of the two) dependent variables (concentrate quality or mass recovery), along with the assessment of this impact, has been determined. The impact of individual variables in gravitation and magnetic separation has been tested in such a way that the value of one variable was changed, while all the other variables were kept constant. Air separation tests have shown that the height of the compartment barrier has the highest impact on the quality of the concentrate, and airstream speed has the least impact, whereas with regard to the interaction of the variables, the barrier height and the position of the inlet have the highest impact. In all cases the barrier height had the highest impact on recovery. Best results (concentrate quality from 99 % to 100 % with recovery from 80 % to 99 %) were achieved at separation of grain larger than 2 mm (class 4/2 mm and 3,15/2 mm), whereas with reduced grain size separation efficiency decreased as well. By electrostatic separation high quality of concentrate has been achieved in all classes, and best results have been obtained in tests with the coarsest grain class (4/2 mm). In all tests the position of the separation knife had the largest impact on concentrate quality. Regarding interactions of the variables the interaction of the separation knife position with the voltage of the ionising electrode and the drum rotation speed had the highest impact. The results obtained by magnetic separation have shown that in most cases (in particular for coarser grain classes) wet separation is better than dry separation, whereas differences decreased with the decrease in the grain size. Best results of both the wet lowintensity and dry high-intensity separation were achieved with the smallest class, -0,5 mm. Tests of gravity concentration have shown that in order to achieve a better quality of the concentrate of better quality, concentration table should operate with smaller inclinations of the plate. Based on the obtained results a segregation scheme for electronic waste recycling has been proposed. The basic hypothesis of this dissertation, namely that the devices and procedures used in mineral processing can also be used for recycling electrical and electronic waste, has been confirmed by the results of the testing carried out.

U ovom završnom radu predstavljena je problematika crvenog mulja kao odloženog industrijskog otpada velikih količina, ali i velikih potencijala za iskorištavanje kao sekundarne sirovine. Prikazani su primjeri današnje primjene i tehnologije u razvoju, skupa s njihovim nedostatcima i preprekama.

Električni automobili smatraju se ekološkom alternativom automobilima s motorom s unutarnjim izgaranjem zbog smanjenih emisija ispušnih plinova i povoljnijeg utjecaja na okoliš. Iako ovakva vozila nemaju direktne emisije, u pitanje se dovode načini dobivanja električne energije za napajanje vozila, kao i pitanje utjecaja njihovih baterija na okoliš. Recikliranjem baterija dodatno se umanjuje onečišćenje planete i brzo iscrpljivanje sirovina potrebnih za njihovu izradu, stoga je od iznimne važnosti pravovremeno razvijati kvalitetne metode i tehnologiju. Cilj ovog diplomskog rada je prikazati na koji način se postupa s baterijama električnih vozila u Republici Hrvatskoj i u svijetu, postupak i metode recikliranja uz uspješne primjere u inozemstvu te mogućnosti njihove ponovne uporabe. Rad je napravljen uz pomoć tvrtke Rimac Automobili d.o.o., Electric cars are considered to be an environmentally friendly alternative to cars with an internal combustion engine due to reduced exhaust emissions and a more favorable environmental impact. Although such vehicles do not have direct emissions, the ways of obtaining electricity to power vehicles, as well as the issue of the impact of their batteries on the environment, are still questionable. Recycling batteries further reduces planetary pollution and the rapid depletion of the raw materials needed for their production, so it is extremely important to develop quality methods and technology in a timely manner. The aim of this thesis is to show how electric vehicle batteries are handled in the Republic of Croatia and the world, the procedure and methods of recycling with successful examples abroad and the possibilities of their reuse. The thesis was made with the help from Rimac Automobili d.o.o.

Električni i elektronički (EE) otpad predstavlja sve veći problem za sustav gospodarenja otpadom. Recikliranje EE otpada se nameće kao rješenje tih problema. Recikliranjem, osim što se smanjuju količine otpada i štetnost za okoliš, dobivaju se i vrijedne sekundarne sirovine. Litij-ionske baterije čine značajan udio u ukupnim količinama EE otpada s tendencijom povećanja zbog sve raširenije primjene, ponajprije u pametnim telefonima, prijenosnim računalima te električnim i hibridnim vozilima. Postojeće tehnike i tehnologije recikliranja Li-ionskih baterija ostavljaju prostora za napredak, ponajprije u pogledu utjecaja na okoliš. Stoga je u ovome radu ispitana učinkovitost oslobađanja elektrodnog materijala (litij-kobalt oksida i grafita) iz litij-ionskih baterija, kao jednog od segmenata reciklažnog procesa, primjenom atricijskog čišćenja pri različitim vrijednostima radnih parametara. Usitnjeni materijal je preduvjet za primjenu atricijskog čišćenja. Stoga je ispitana i učinkovitost oslobađanja elektrodnog materijala uslijed sitnjenja u reznom mlinu te je određena ukupna učinkovitost reciklažnog procesa koji uključuje oba postupka. Rezultati ispitivanja ukazuju da atricijsko čišćenje elektroda Li-ionskih baterija, kao postupak oslobađanja elektrodnog materijala, ima značajno manji štetan utjecaj na okoliš i manje pogonske troškove u odnosu na konkurentske postupke uz relativno visoku učinkovitost. Obzirom na takve rezultate postoji potencijal za primjenu atricijskog čišćenja u procesima recikliranja litij-ionskih baterija., Electrical and electronic (EE) waste is a growing problem for the waste management. Recycling of EE waste is a solution for these problems. In addition to reduce waste and environmental damage, recycling also provides valuable secondary raw materials. Lithium-ion batteries make a significant share of total EE waste with a tendency to increase. Existing techniques and technologies for recycling Li-ion batteries leave room for improvement, primarily in terms of environmental impact. Therefore, the separation efficiency of electrode material (lithium-cobalt oxide and graphite) from lithium-ion batteries is determineted in this paper, as one of the segments of the recycling process, by using attrition scrubbing. Shredded material is a prerequisite for the application of attrition scrubbing. Therefore, the separation efficiency of electrode material due to grinding in a mill to the class of -8 mm was examined and the overall efficiency of the recycling process, which involves both procedures, was determined. Test results indicate that attrition scrubbing of the electrodes of Li-ion batteries, as the process of the separation of electrode material from metal foils, has significantly lower negative impact on the environment and lower operating costs compared to competing processes with relatively high efficiency. Given such results, there is potential for the application of attrition scrubbing in lithium-ion battery recycling processes.

U današnje, moderno doba, bakar se koristi u kablovima i svim električnim i elektronskim uređajima. Danas gotovo da i ne postoji električni uređaj koji ne sadrži bakar u sebi. Sve više se bakar iz otpadnih kabela reciklira i skoro polovica bakra u novim kabelima ili elektroničim uređajima je dobivena kao sekundarna sirovina recikliranjem. U radu je dan pregled i opis vrsta kabela u kojima se koristi bakar te je ispitana mogućnost recikliranja licnastih bakrenih kabela na elektrostatičkom separatoru., In today's modern age, copper is used in cables and all electrical and electronic devices. Today, there is almost no electrical device that does not contain copper. Copper is increasingly being recycled from waste cables and almost half of the copper in new cables or electronic devices is obtained as a secondary raw material by recycling. The thesis gives an overview and description of cable types in which copper is used and examines the possibility of recycling thin copper cables by an electrostatic separator.

U ovom radu pod otpadom se podrazumijeva plastični otpad (lampioni). Ako se otpadom ne gospodari kako treba ili ga se nekontrolirano odlaže, on će onečistiti okoliš. Mnoge vrste plastike nisu biorazgradive bez obzira na uvjete u okolišu, barem ne u značajnoj mjeri, dok se neke vrste razgrađuju, ali sporo, pod uvjetom da su izložene povoljnom djelovanju zraka, vode i svjetla. Lampioni nisu biorazgradivi jer ni metal, niti plastika, niti parafin od kojih se sastoji lampion nisu biorazgradivi. Uzorak u provedenim ispitivanjima se sastoji od lampiona koji su izdrobljeni, prosijani i atrirani. Krupnije klase ne odgovaraju jer su prevelike za atricijsku ćeliju, a kod sitnijih klasa postoji velika mogućnost gubitaka materijala tijekom daljnih ispitivanja. Nakon postignutog raščina drobljenjem i odvajanja parafina i plastike pliva-tone separacijom na zrnu plastike zaostaje tanak sloj parafina. Hipoteza ovog rada je uklanjanje tog sloja parafina atriranjem. Uspješnost atricije razmatra se preko smanjenja sadržaja parafina. U svim pokusima došlo je do smanjenja masenog udjela parafina u koncentratu nakon atricije što nam govori da je hipoteza ovoga rada potvrđena., Under the term waste in this thesis, we assume plastic waste (lanterns). If waste is not properly managed or it is discarded it can pollute the environment. Regardless of environmental conditions a lot of plastic is not biodegradable, however, some types are degradable with favorable effects of air, water and light. Since metal, paraffin and plastic are not biodegradable, neither are lanterns. Used test sample is composed of crushed, sieved and attritioned lanterns. Coarse fractions are too big for atrittion cell so they don´t fit while smaller classes result in material loss during further testing. After liberation by crushing and separation of paraffin and plastic by sink and float process, a thin layer of paraffin remains on plastic grains. Attrition efficacy is considered through reduced content of paraffin. In all tests, decrease in mass portion of paraffin in concentrate after the attrition is determined, which tells us that the hypothesis of this thesis is accurate.

U ovom radu prikazani su rezultati ispitivanja koncentracije kvarcnog pijeska postupcima gravitacijske koncentracije (koncentracijskim stolom i spiralnim žlijebom – Humphreysovom spiralom). Cilj rada je ispitati mogućnost koncentracije kvarcnog pijeska gravitacijskom koncentracijom uz postizanje kvalitete koncentrata koji zadovoljava uvjete kvalitete za plasiranje na tržište. Provedena su dva seta ispitivanja na koncentracijskom stolu pri različitim nagibima koncentracijskog stola (3°, 6° i 9°), jedan s ciljem postizanja što veće kvalitete koncentrata i jedan s ciljem postizanja što većeg masenog iskorištenja. Ukupno je napravljeno ispitivanje na 6 uzoraka kvarcnog pijeska na koncentracijskom stolu. Na spiralnom žlijebu provedena su 4 ispitivanja pri različito podešenim parametrima (otvori ispusta za tešku frakciju, gustoća suspenzije i protok ispirne vode). Uspoređeni su tehnološki pokazatelji uspješnosti koncentracije pojedinih ispitivanja, odnosno postignuta kvaliteta koncentrata utvrđena kemijskom analizom uspoređena je s uvjetima kvalitete za plasiranje na tržište., This thesis presents the results of concentration tests carried out on quartz sand using gravity concentration methods (shaking table and spiral concentrator – Humphreys spiral). The aim of the thesis is to examine the possibility of concetrating quartz sand using gravity concentration methods to achieve concentrate quality that satisfies the quality requirements of the marketplace. Two sets of tests were carried out using a shaking table at different shaking table inclination (3°, 6° i 9°), one set aiming to achieve higher concentrate quality and the other set aiming to achieve higher recovery. Tests were carried out on 6 samples of quartz sand using shaking the table. Using a spiral concentrator, 4 tests were carried out with different parameter (heavies openings, slurry density and wash water flow) adjustment. The concentration efficiency indicators of each test were compared i.e. achieved concentrate grades determined by chemical analysis were compared with the quality requirements for market placement.

Građevinska industrija je najveći proizvođač građevinskog otpada. Procjenjuje se da u Hrvatskoj nastaje oko 2,5 milijuna tona građevinskog otpada i samo se 7% od toga reciklira. Postrojenje Prudinec koje se nalazi na Jakuševcu je jedino stacionarno postrojenje za recikliranje građevinskog otpada u RH. Europske direktive nalažu da se do 2020. godine oporabi do 70% građevinskog otpada. U ovom diplomskom radu su provedena laboratorijska istraživanja koja su provedena na otpadu uzorkovanom na postrojenju za obradu građevinskog otpada Prudinec. Otpad koji je ispitan bio je asfalt i beton klase -63 mm. Ispitivanje je pokazalo da je najzastupljenija klasa 63/32 mm s masenim udjelom od 43,13%, te da nema značajne razlike u gustoći lake i teške frakcije dobivene gravitacijskom koncentracijom., Construction industry is the biggest producer of construction and demolition waste. In Croatia, it is estimated that around 2.5 million tonnes of construction waste is produced yearly and only 7% is recycled. Plant Prudinec, placed on Jakuševac, is the only one stationary plant for recycling construction and demolition waste in Croatia. European directives require that the construction and demolition waste must be recycled up to 70% by the year 2020. In this master’s thesis laboratory tests were made on waste material from stationary plant Prudinec. Material consisted of asphalt and concrete, grain size of -63 mm. Test results showed that dominant grain size was 63/32 mm with mass fraction of 43,13% and that there is no significant difference in density between light and heavy fraction obtained with gravity separation.

Diplomski rad napisan je s ciljem da se da uvid u način gospodarenja građevinskim otpadom u Republici Hrvatskoj, prepoznaju primjeri dobre prakse te da se skrene pozornost na probleme u dosadašnjim ekonomskim, zakonskim i tehnološkim procesima upravljanja građevinskim otpadom. Stopa oporabe građevinskog otpada u Republici Hrvatskoj je 39,8 %, gdje je samo 7 % reciklirano, a do 2020. godine trebalo bi postići 70 % materijalne oporabe. Glavni proizvod građevinskog otpada i otpada od rušenja je reciklirani agregat. Kao dobar primjer prakse u radu je naveden način postupanja građevinskim otpadom nakon rušenja pod vodstvom tvrtke EURCO d.d., This master thesis was designed with the aim of examining the management of construction waste in the Republic of Croatia; of identifying examples of good practice and drawing attention to issues in the existing economic, legal and technological processes of the construction waste management. The rate of construction waste recovery in the Republic of Croatia is 39.8%, out of which only 7% is recycled, whereas by 2020, the Republic of Croatia should achieve 70% of material waste recycled. The main product of construction waste and demolition waste is a recycled construction aggregate. As a good practice example, the method of treatment of construction waste after the demolition by the EURCO d.d.

U diplomskom radu opisane su vrste otpada i odlagališta. Dan je pregled stanja u Hrvatskoj, od osamostaljenja pa do danas. Prikazan je utjecaj odlagališta otpada na okoliš. Objašnjeni su temeljni i pokrivajući zaštitni slojevi, funkcije slojeva te materijali koji se ugrađuju. Navedene su metode sanacija odlagališta otpada i monitoring koji traje tijekom i nakon zatvaranja odlagališta., In this master’s thesis the classification of waste and landfills are explained. Thesis describe summary of conditions of Croatian landfills, from independence to today. The impact of the landfill on the environment is presented. The basic and covering layers, layer functions and embedded materials are explained. Waste disposal methods have been identified and monitoring is ongoing during and after the landfill closure.

Kvarcni pijesak je sirovina sa širokim spektrom primjena od kojih su najpoznatije primjene u industriji stakla i građevinarstvu. Republika Hrvatska raspolaže s potvrđenim rezervama od oko 40 milijuna tona i dugom tradicijom eksploatacije koja se posljednjih godina odvija smanjenim kapacitetom. Prosječna godišnja proizvodnja rovnog kvarcnog pijeska u Hrvatskoj iznosi oko 150 tisuća tona. Eksploatacija kvarcnog pijeska sastoji se od dobivanja rovnog kvarcnog pijeska strojnim iskopom na površinskim kopovima te oplemenjivanja u oplemenjivačkom postrojenju u svrhu daljnjeg plasmana na tržište (industriju). U ovom radu analizira se životni ciklus kvarcnog pijeska od dobivanja na površinskom kopu do ulaza u tvornicu stakla. U tu svrhu dizajnirano je sedam varijanti (alternativa) eksploatacije kvarcnog pijeska s razlikama u oplemenjivačom procesu, dok je osma varijanta generička, kreirana isključivo korištenjem Ecoinvent baze podataka. Za potrebe projektiranja varijanti generirana je baza podataka s kapacitetima rudarskih strojeva i opreme korištenjem kataloga i specifikacija proizvodača koji su postavljeni na Internetu. Dobiveni rezultati i normativi varijanti uspoređeni su s podacima na terenu kako bi se provjerila njihova reprezentativnost. Procjena utjecaja i grafički prikaz podataka provedeni su uz pomoć programa Sima Pro. Za procjenu utjecaja odabrana je metoda ReCiPe u kojoj se utjecaji na okoliš izražavaju pomoću osamnaest indikatora srednje točke koji se zatim preko mehanizama okoliša prevode na razinu krajnje točke utjecaja, a to su štetni utjecaji na ljudsko zdravlje, ekosustave i troškove proizvodnje resursa (zbog npr. smanjenja njihove dostupnosti). Rezultati indikatora krajnje točke za kategorije utjecaja na ljudsko zdravlje, ekosustave i povećanje ukupne godišnje cijene resursa su pokazali kako u oplemenjivanju kvarcnog pijeska najjednostavniji postupci kao što su pranje i klasiranje imaju najmanje utjecaje. Uz uvjet da su ispuštanja toksičnih tvari iz procesa oplemenjivanja u sastavnice okoliša onemogućena ili svedena na minimum, presudan utjecaj na okoliš medu alternativama ima potrošnja vode. Promatrano od dobivanja rovnog pijeska na površinskom kopu, preko transporta i oplemenjivanja kvarcnog pijeska, korištenje fosilnih goriva pokazalo se kao najvažniji čimbenik utjecaja na okoliš cradle-to-gate dijela životnog ciklusa kvarcnog pijeska. Korištenje električne energije nije se pokazalo značajnim u pogledu izravnih utjecaja, ali svakako doprinosi utjecajima neposredno, preko proizvodnje električne energije. Transport mokrog pijeska vlažnosti 6% (mas.) i sušenje otpadnom toplinom u tvornici stakla pokazala se kao bolja opcija nego sušenje pijeska do vlažnosti manje od 1% u pogonu za oplemenjivanje i transport do tvornice stakla., Introduction: Silica sand or quartz sand is mineral resource with wide varieties of applications; glass industry and construction are the most common example. Republic of Croatia has confirmed reserves of 40 million tons and long tradition of exploitation and processing. Average production of raw silica sand in Croatia is 150 thousand tons. This paper defines the procedure for life cycle assessment of silica sand exploitation and processing and gives a model of quartz sand life cycle. Environmental profiles of different processing options are calculated, and included in cradle to gate life cycle study of silica sand for glassmaking industry. Based on environmental profiles of different options, key segments of production process are identified and ranked. A guideline for choice of technology that includes direct and indirect environmental impacts at design level is given. Materials and methods. In this research eight alternatives of silica sand production process are designed. For the purpose of design, equipment and machinery database is generated. Designed inputs and outputs in production processes are checked for consistency with industry data. Life cycle assessment is performed using Sima Pro software. Life cycle impact assessment is performed using ReCiPe midpoint and endpoint method. Analyzed alternatives are: • Alternative 1: Surface exploitation (excavation) using bulldozers; transportation from excavation site to processing plant (3 km) using dumpers; washing and sizing; drying; electrostatic separation of feldspar, magnetic separation of magnetic minerals; road transport of dried silica sand (water content less than 1% mass) using lorry (truck) on transporting distance 100 km. • Alternative 2-1: Surface exploitation (excavation) using bulldozers; transportation from excavation site to processing plant (3 km) using dumpers; washing and sizing; road transport of wet silica sand (water content 6% mass) using lorry (truck) on transporting distance 100 km; drying in glass plant using waste heat. • Alternative 2-2: Surface exploitation (excavation) using bulldozers; transportation from excavation site to processing plant (3 km) using dumpers; washing and sizing; drying; road transport of dried silica sand (water content less than 1% mass) using lorry (truck) on transporting distance 100 km. • Alternative 3-1. Surface exploitation (excavation) using bulldozers; transportation from excavation site to processing plant (3 km) using dumpers; washing and sizing; flotation of mica, heavy minerals and feldspar; road transport of wet silica sand (water content 6% mass) using lorry (truck) on transporting distance 100 km; drying in glass plant using waste heat. • Alternative 3-2. Surface exploitation (excavation) using bulldozers; transportation from excavation site to processing plant (3 km) using dumpers; washing and sizing; flotation of mica, heavy minerals and feldspar; drying; road transport of dried silica sand (water content less than 1% mass) using lorry (truck) on transporting distance 100 km. Alternative 4-1. Surface exploitation (excavation) using bulldozers; transportation from excavation site to processing plant (3 km) using dumpers; washing and sizing; gravitation concentration of quartz; road transport of wet silica sand (water content 6% mass) using lorry (truck) on transporting distance 100 km; drying in glass plant using waste heat. • Alternative 4-2. Surface exploitation (excavation) using bulldozers; transportation from excavation site to processing plant (3 km) using dumpers; washing and sizing; gravitation concentration of quartz; drying; road transport of dried silica sand (water content less than 1% mass) using lorry (truck) on transporting distance 100 km. • Alternative 5. Simulation of surface exploitation and mineral processing outside the Croatia (data for sand production in Switzerland) and silica sand import by railroad transport on distance 700 km using EcoInvent database Among the analyzed alternatives the following alternatives have shown the smallest impact: “5” (simulation based on Ecoinvent data); “2-1” (silica sand production from high quality raw sand utilizing simple processing techniques such as sizing and washing ); “2-2” (silica sand production from high quality raw sand utilizing simple processing techniques such as sizing and washing plus drying in the rotary drier); “4-1” (silica sand production utilizing processing techniques such as sizing, washing and gravity concentration); “3-1” (silica sand production utilizing processing techniques such as sizing, washing and froth flotation). Intermediate impact have shown the alternatives “1” (silica sand production utilizing processing techniques such as sizing, washing, drying with grain surface conditioning using hydrofluoric acid, and electrostatic separation) and “4-2” (silica sand production utilizing processing techniques such as sizing, washing, gravity concentration and drying). The highest impact has shown the alternative “3-2” (silica sand production utilizing processing techniques such as sizing, washing, flotation and drying). Process contribution analysis has shown the major contribution following from using fossil fuels and water. Conclusion and recommendations. In silica sand processing the simplest mineral processing methods such as sand washing and classifying have the smallest impacts. When emissions of chemicals to environment are prevented or minimal, deciding factor between the processing alternatives has the water consumption. Second factor affecting significantly the environmental performance in silica sand processing is the fossil fuel use. In cradle-to-gate production process (including silica sand exploitation, processing and transportation) the fossil fuel use (and production) has the major impact on environment. Damage from electricity use (and production) is considerably lower. Transportation of naturally dried wet sand (w=6%) and drying using waste heat in glass factory is better option than drying in processing plant and then transporting it into the glass factory. Recommendations for lowering the environmental impact of silica sand at different production stages: • In surface mining: lowering the diesel consumption using mining machinery with good fuel efficiency per ton of produced sand and utilization of mining machinery with continuous working regime instead of cyclic (e.g. rotary or bucket excavator instead of bulldozer); • In sand washing and wet classifying: the use of efficient water collection, regeneration and recirculation systems • In flotation: the use of flotation reagents that can be easily separated from water (based on their phase) and/or recirculated back into the process. • In electrostatic separation: the use of highly efficient drying system. • In drying: lowering the fossil fuel consumption; utilizing as much as possible the gravitational dewatering and natural evaporation; drying using waste heat or other heat sources that cause less damage than fossil fuels.

Lančane sjekačice se koriste za izradu vertikalnih ili horizontalnih rezova, a primjenu su našle u površinskoj i podzemnoj eksploataciji arhitektonsko-građevnog kamena. Učinkovitost sjekačica može se izraziti kroz učinak, potrošnju reznih elemenata i utrošak energije. Glavni čimbenici koji utječu na učinkovitost sjekačice su: konstrukcija sjekačice, radne veličine, fizikalno - mehaničke značajke stijenske mase i stupanj istrošenosti reznih elemenata. Radne veličine kojima upravlja rukovatelj sjekačice su brzina posmaka sjekačice i brzina lanca. Vrijednosti radnih veličina temelje se na preporuci proizvođača i/ili iskustvu rukovatelja sjekačice. Konstrukcijom sjekačice određene su geometrijske veličine reznih pločica odnosno položaj reznih pločica na lancu sjekačice, koje se razlikuju ovisno o proizvođaču. Cilj ovog istraživanja je na znanstveno utemeljenom pristupu analizirati utjecaj radnih i konstrukcijskih veličina na učinak lančane sjekačice. Istraživanja su provedena sa svrhom definiranja smjernica za povećanje učinkovitosti lančanih sjekačica. U skladu s predmetom i ciljem istraživanja postavljena je hipoteza da se primjenom uređaja za pravolinijsko rezanje može simulirati proces rezanja stijena lančanom sjekačicom, a na temelju analize dobivenih rezultata moguće je optimizirati radne i konstrukcijske veličine sjekačice. Utjecaj radnih veličina na učinak sjekačice određen je terenskim ispitivanjima, a utjecaj konstrukcijskih veličina laboratorijskim ispitivanjima. Terenska ispitivanja uključivala su mjerenje učinka i energije utrošene na rezanje pri različitim brzinama reznog lanca i posmaka sjekačice. Laboratorijskim ispitivanjima, pomoću uređaja za pravolinijsko rezanje stijena simuliran je proces rezanja lančane sjekačice. Na temelju rezultata ispitivanja analiziran je utjecaj širine, dubine reza te napadnih kutova reznih pločica na sile i energiju rezanja. Kako bi se ispitala postavljena hipoteza, komparirane su vrijednosti specifične energije dobivene laboratorijskim i terenskim ispitivanjima. Provedenim istraživanjima dobiveni su precizniji pokazatelji o utjecaju radnih i konstrukcijskih veličina na učinak sjekačice. Analizom rezultata ustanovljeno je da je moguće smanjiti specifičnu energiju rezanja bez utjecaja na učinak sjekačice, ukoliko se smanji brzina lanca. Pored navedenog, u radu su prikazani modeli za određivanje minimalne brzine lanca i sila na maču sjekačice. Također su date smjernice za poboljšanje konstrukcije reznog lanca u pogledu smanjena specifične energije rezanja., Chain saw machines are used for cutting vertical or horizontal cuts in underground and surface exploitation of dimension stone. Efficiency of a chain saw can be expressed through cutting rate, consumption of cutting tools and energy consumption. Cutting performance of a chain saw is mainly dependent on machine design, physico-mechanical properties of rock mass, operational parameters and tool wear rate. The operational parameters which the operator must arrange on a chain saw are chain speed and cart speed movement. Operational parameters are based on manufacturer's recommendations and/or the operator experience. The main objective of this research is to analyze the relationship between operational parameters, chain design and chainsaw performance. The major hypothesis of this study was that cutting action of chain saw machines can be successfully simulated by linear rock cutting test. For this purpose in this work small-scale and full-scale rock cutting experiments were performed. The operational parameters of chain saw are studied by performing full-scale field studies on chain saw. A portable data acquisition system, using a laptop computer, was developed to monitor cutting energy of chain saw. Specific energy was calculated as the amount of energy required to cut a unit volume of rock. The second hypothesis stated that the operational and constructional parameters can be optimized based on experimental studies of linear cutting test. The constructional parameters of cutting chain are studied by performing small scale tests on laboratory rock cutting machine. The Linear cutting machine is a modified shaping machine equipped with a triaxial dynamometer attached to the cutter head. The dynamometer resolves the instantaneous force on a cutting tool into three mutually orthogonal components, each measured by a straingauged bridge circuit. Linear cutting test were carried out with the sequence of cutting patterns same as on chain saw. The specific cutting energy, which represents the energy required to remove a unit volume of work-material, is calculated from the cutting force, length of cut and volume of cut rock. The major hypothesis was tested by comparing the specific cutting energy obtained from laboratory test and field measurement. Thus, linear cutting machine test can be used not only for measurement of cutter forces, but also to select the most suitable cutter in order to achieve the most efficient cutting. This means different cutter geometry design with different chain patterns. The experimental results based on statistical analysis show that the specific energy of material is reduced considerably as depth of cut increases. The depth of cutting is affected by transverse speed of chain saw and the chain speed. It can be increased by increasing transverse speed or decreasing speed of chain. Maximum transverse speed of chain saw is limited due the forces acting on a chain. Minimum chain speed depends on volume of loose cuttings. In this work, model for estimating minimum chain speed and cutting forces acting on the cutting bar has been developed. The paper also presents suggestions for improving design of the cutting chain.

Glinene geosintetičke barijere (GCL) su tvornički proizvedene hidrauličke barijere koje se sastoje od mineralne (bentonitna glina) i geosintetičke komponente (geomembrana ili geotekstil). Svrha ovog istraživanja bila je utvrditi u kojoj mjeri dolazi do promjene svojstava bentonitne gline nakon ugradnje u završni pokrov odlagališta otpada uzrokovane procesima koji se događaju u tijelu odlagališta otpada, te u njegovom neposrednom okolišu. Ispitivanja su provedena na ukupno sedamnaest uzoraka nadsloja, dvadeset i četiri uzorka bentonitne gline, te deset uzoraka GCL-a. Dvadeset i tri uzorka bentonitne gline i uzorci nadsloja uzorkovani su s bočnih stranica završnog pokrovnog sustava odlagališta otpada u središnjoj Hrvatskoj u kojem je GCL bio ugrađen tijekom razdoblja od tri do devet godina. Jedan uzorak nije bio ugrađen u odlagalište otpada, pa su sve vrijednosti dobivene njegovim ispitivanjem prikazane kao referentna vrijednost. Isto tako, devet uzoraka GCL-a uzorkovano je s terena, dok rezultati uzorka koji nije bio ugrađen u odlagalište otpada predstavljaju referentnu vrijednost. Ispitivanjem nadsloja dobivene su vrijednosti njegove debljine, vlažnosti, gustoće i granulometrijskog sastava. Rezultati dobiveni fizičkim, kemijskim i mineraloškim ispitivanjima, te ispitivanjima indeksnih pokazatelja bentonitne gline, pokazali su kako je kod uzoraka bentonitne gline došlo do promjene svojstava u odnosu na referentni uzorak tijekom dugotrajnog boravka u odlagalištu otpada. Osim toga, ispitivanja hidrauličke propusnosti provedena su kako bi se istražilo da li je i u kojoj mjeri smanjenja učinkovitost GCL-a kao brtvene barijere te da bi se istražilo postojanje korelacijskih veza između indeksnih pokazatelja i hidrauličke propusnosti. Utvrđeno je kako na promjenu svojstava bentonitne gline utječu kvaliteta izgradnja završnog pokrovnog sustava, prvenstveno debljina, vlažnost nadsloja i njegov granulometrijski sastav, te godina ugradnje uzorka, odnosno vrijeme koje je bentonitna glina provela u odlagalištu otpada. Osim toga, na promjene svojstava utječu još i fizički, kemijski i mineralni sastav bentonitne gline, te uvjeti koji se javljaju u tijelu odlagališta. Osim što je ispitivanjima dokazano kako je došlo do degradacije indeksnih svojstava bentonitne gline (bubrenje, upijanje, indeks gubitka fluida) tijekom dugotrajnog korištenja u odlagalištima otpada, uočeno je također kako srednje vrijednosti određenog indeksnog pokazatelja, kao i odstupanja od srednje vrijednosti variraju ovisno o godini ugradnje. Ispitivanja su pokazala da relativno konzistentna svojstva imaju uzorci ugrađivani 2004. godine, veća odstupanja primjetna su za uzorke ugrađene tijekom 2010. godine, dok se najveća odstupanja javljaju kod uzoraka ugrađenih tijekom 2009. godine. Radi toga se nije mogla uspostaviti jedinstvena veza promjene svojstava s vremenom ugradnje. Međutim, utvrđeno je kako je mogući razlog takvoj nekonzistentnosti nejednoliki sastav bentonitne gline koja se koristila prilikom izrade GCL-a koji je ugrađen u odlagalište. Usprkos navedenom, promjene koje su se dogodile u bentonitnoj glini tijekom vremena proteklog od ugradnje nisu velike, tako da ona, a time i GCL još uvijek pokazuju zadovoljavajuće svojstvo brtvljenja u skladu s preporukama koje se primjenjuju za barijere u pokrovnom zaštitnom sustavu. Samo je na nekoliko lokacija uočena značajnija promjena hidrauličkih svojstava GCL-a, koja je redovito bila povezana s neadekvatnim slojem za zaštitu, bilo da je riječ o njegovoj debljini ili fizičkim svojstvima. To je uzrokovalo pojačano isušivanje i veće promjene hidrauličkih svojstava GCL-a koje su bile to izraženije što je konsolidacijsko naprezanje bilo manje. Nadalje, u radu su obrađene i veze uzajamne ovisnosti (korelacijske veze) između indeksnih pokazatelja betnonitne gline i hidrauličke propusnosti GCL-a. Kako je hidraulička propusnost najvažniji parametar za projektiranje brtvenih barijera, time je omogućena jednostavna i brza procedura za detekciju potencijalno problematičnih zona, te procjenu dugoročne učinkovitosti GCL-a koja se temelji na provedbi većeg broja jednostavnih i isplativih pokusa., Geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) are factory-manufactured hydraulic barriers consisting of mineral (bentonite) and geosynthetic components (geomembrane or geotextile). The purpose of the study was to identify the extent of change in bentonite clay properties when built into the final cover of the landfill brought about by the processes taking place within the landfill body and in its immediate surroundings. Analyses were made on a total of 17 samples of the cover soil, 24 samples of bentonite clay and 10 samples of GCLs. 23 samples of bentonite clay and samples of the cover soil were collected from the sides of the final cover system of a landfill in central Croatia into which GCL had been built over a period of three to nine years. One sample was not built into the landfill, which is why all the values obtained by its analysis are presented as a reference value. Likewise, nine GCL samples were collected from the landfill, while the results of the sample which wasn’t built into the landfill represent a reference value. Analysing the cover soil, the values of its depth, moisture content, density and grain size distribution were obtained. The results obtained from physical, chemical and mineralogical analyses and analyses of index properties of bentonite clay show that compared to the reference sample the properties of the sampled bentonite clay have changed during the long period spent in the landfill. In addition to that, hydraulic conductivity was analysed in order to investigate whether and to what extent the efficiency of GCL as a hydraulic barrier has decreased and to investigate whether there is a correlation between index properties and hydraulic conductivity. It was identified that the change of bentonite clay properties is affected by the quality of construction of the final cover system, primarily the depth and moisture content of the overburden and its grain size distribution, and the year when the sample was built in, i.e. the period during which the bentonite clay has been present in the landfill. In addition to that, the properties change due to physical, chemical and mineralogical composition of bentonite clay, and the conditions taking place in the landfill body. The analyses not only prove that bentonite clay properties (swelling, absorption, fluid loss index) have degraded during long-time use in landfills, but also show that both the mean values of a specific index property and deviations from the mean value vary depending on the year of building in. Analyses show that the samples built in during 2004 have relatively consistent properties; stronger deviations are noticed in the samples built in during 2010; while the largest deviations are present in the samples built in during 2009. This was the reason why it was not possible to establish a unique correlation between the change in properties and the time of construction. However, it has been identified that the potential cause for such inconsistency is probably an uneven composition of bentonite clay used during the manufacture of GCL built into the landfill. Despite that, the changes that had taken place in bentonite clay during the time elapsed since construction are not substantial, which is why bentonite clay and consequently GCL show a still satisfactory sealing property in accordance with the recommendations applied for barriers in the final cover system. A more significant change of hydraulic properties of GCL has been observed only in a few locations and was as a rule associated with an inadequate protective layer, either its depth or physical properties. Thus has led to more intensive drying-out and stronger change in hydraulic properties of GCL, which grew more marked as consolidation stress decreased. Furthermore, the paper also addresses interdependencies (correlations) between index properties of bentonite clay and the hydraulic conductivity of GCL. Since hydraulic conductivity is the most important parameter in the design of hydraulic barriers, this provides a simple and fast procedure to detect potentially problematic zones and assess long-term efficiency of GCLs based on implementation of a bigger number of simple and cost-effective tests.

Ovaj rad prikazuje rezultate terenskog mjerenja energije drobljenja na eksploatacijskom polju „Očura“. Hipoteza rada je da smanjenjem veličine čestica raste energija potrebna za njihovo sitnjenje. Na separacijskom postrojenju eksploatacijskog polja „Očura“ uzorci su drobljeni u čeljusnoj (primarnoj), konusnoj (sekundarnoj) i udarnoj (tercijarnoj) drobilici. Pomoću mjernog sustava mjerena je potrošnja električne energije elektromotora prilikom drobljenja u pojedinim drobilicama. U čeljusnoj drobilici izdrobljeno je 16 pojedinačnih uzoraka te je određivana njihova specifična energija. U konusnoj i udarnoj drobilici izdrobljen je materijal iz čeljusne drobilice, ali odjednom. Uspoređivana je specifična energija drobljenja u čeljusnoj, konusnoj i udarnoj drobilici. Statističkom analizom utvrđivana je ovisnost između mase uzorka, specifičnoj energiji drobljenja, prosječnoj snazi drobljenja i maksimalnoj snazi tijekom drobljenja., This thesis shows the results of crushing energy measurements on the field on „Očura“ surface mine. The hypothesis of the thesis is that lowering the particle size raises the energy needed for their comminution. Samples of rock were crushed in jaw (primary), cone (secondary) and impact (tertiary) crushers on the „Očura“ processing plant. Electrical energy consumption of the crushers motor was measured with the measuring system during sample crushing. In the jaw crusher, 16 individual samples were crushed and their specific crushing energy was calculated. In the cone and impact crushers the material form the jaw crusher was crushed all at once. Specific crushing energy of jaw, cone and impact crushers was compared. Dependence between samples mass, specific crushing energy, average crushing power and maximum crushing power was determined by statiscial data processing.

U ovom radu prikazana su probna ispitivanja nedrenirane posmične čvrstoća tla u laboratorijskim uvjetima i na terenu. Korištene su dvije krilne sonde, jedna tvrtke Eijkelkamp a druga tvrtke ELE. Sonde se razlikuju u izvedbi i veličini krilaca. Glavni cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi povezanost između vrste materijala, njegovih fizičkih svojstava i indeksnih pokazatelja s vrijednostima vršne i rezidualne čvrstoće tla. Probna laboratorijska ispitivanja obavljena su u Geomehaničkom laboratoriju Rudarsko-geološko-naftnog fakulteta, a terenska ispitivanja obavljena su na jednoj lokaciji u Zagrebu te na jednoj lokaciji u mjestu Lupoglav nedaleko od Dugog Sela. Cilj istraživanja je ostvaren obzirom da su dobivene vrijednosti posmične čvrstoće za različite materijale i uvjete ispitivanja., This thesis presents the trial testing of undrained shear strength of the soil in laboratory conditions and in the field. Two field inspection vane test devices were used, one of them is made by Eijkelkamp company and another is made by ELE company. The vane test devices differ in the construction and the size of the vanes. The main aim of the research was to establish the correlation between the type of material, its physical and index properties with the values of shear strength of the soil at a certain depth. Trial testings were performed in the Soil mechanics laboratory at the Faculty of Mining, Geology and Petroleum Engineering in Zagreb and field tests were conducted at a location in Zagreb and in the place Lupoglav near Dugo Selo. The aim of the research was realized as the shear strength was obtained for different materials and test conditions.

U današnje vrijeme EE otpad je postao veliki problem zbog sve većih količina, a njegovo zbrinjavanje briga je svih zemalja. Najveći problem predstavlja opasni otpad zbog svojih opasnih komponenti, koje štete okolišu i zdravlju ljudi. Najveće količine EE opreme obuhvaćaju mobilne telefone, kojih je sada već oko sedam milijardi, a svake godine se očekuje sve veća količina mobilnih telefona, od kojih će većina nakon korištenja biti odložena na odlagalište otpada. U radu su prikazane glavne karakteristike EE otpada, njegovo pravilno prikupljanje i recikliranje te očekivani trendovi EE otpada u budućnosti. Cilj je izdvojiti što veći udio korisne komponente odnosno metala iz mobilnih telefona, primjenom elektrostatičke separacije. Bolji rezultati dobiveni su separacijom sitnije klase 1/0,5 mm u odnosu na krupniju klasu 2/1 mm., At the present time the waste has become a big problem because of the large and growing quantity, and its management is the concern of all countries. The biggest problem is a hazardous waste due to its hazardous components, which are harmful to the environment and human health. The greatest amount of electrical and electronic equipment includes mobile phones which have been amount to over seven billion pieces so far and an increase of their number is to be expected every year, most of them ending up on waste disposal after being used. This paper describes the main characteristics of e-waste and its proper collecting and recycling, as well as the anticipated trends of e-waste disposal in the future. The objective is to separate the largest possible share of the useful component, i.e. metal, using the electrostatic separation. Better results were obtained by separation finer grain size of 1/0.5 mm than the coarser one (2/1 mm).

U diplomskom radu opisana je primjena polumobilnih postrojenja za oplemenjivanje mokrim postupkom tehničko-građevnog kamena na eksploatacijskom polju „Oršulica-kosa“. Detaljno je prikazan i sustav za obradu otpadne tehnološke vode čijom primjenom se značajno smanjuju količine ispuštene otpadne tehnološke vode, a time i štetan utjecaj na okoliš i ekološku mrežu, a ostvaruju uštede u pogledu potrošnje vodnih resursa u oplemenjivanju. Uspoređeni su tehničko-ekonomski pokazatelji tehnologije primjene polumobilnog postrojenja za mokro oplemenjivanje na eksploatacijskom polju „Oršulica-kosa“ s postojećom tehnologijom mokrog oplemenjivanja na stacionarnom postrojenju. Analiza je pokazala prednosti upotrebe modernog polumobilnog postrojenja te prednosti koje donosi njegovo postavljanje neposredno uz mjesto dobivanja tehničko-građevnog kamena. Smanjenje troškova eksploatacije prvenstveno proizlazi iz povećanog proizvodnog kapaciteta polumobilnog postrojenja za oplemenjivanje, smanjenih normativa potrošnje vode i električne energije te smanjenje troškova transporta., The thesis describes the use of semi-mobile plants for wet processing materials on the exploitation field "Oršulica-kosa". The system for processing waste water is described and how it’s use refers to significantly reduced discharge of waste water which has negative impact on the environment and the ecological network. In this context savings regarding a consumption of water resources utilized for wet processing were achieved. The technical and economic indicators of application of semi-mobile plant for wet processing on the exploitation field "Oršulica-kosa" were compared to stationary plant. The results show the benefits of using modern semi-mobile plants, especially regarding the fact that the place of raw materials is very close. The data of technical and economic analysis confirms that the main cause of reduced production costs are increased production capacity, reduced consumption norms for water and electrical energy in accordance with the cheaper transport.

Osnovni cilj ovog rada je utvrditi u kojoj mjeri fizikalno-mehanička svojstva stijena utječu na energiju potrebnu za rezanje stijena, te analizirati zavisnost specifične energije drobljenja i specifične energije rezanja. Laboratorijska ispitivanja specifične energije rezanja provedena su na pet uzoraka različitog mineralnog sastava. Ispitivanja su provedena na uređaju za pravolinijsko rezanje stijena pri čemu su mjerene sve tri komponente sile rezanja. Specifična energija rezanja dobivena je iz omjera energije utrošene na rezanje i mase odlomka. Statističkom obradom podataka dobiveni su korelacijski odnosi prema kojima najveći utjecaj na specifičnu energiju rezanja ima tlačna čvrstoća. Na temelju dobivenih rezultata i rezultata prijašnjih ispitivanja određena je zavisnost specifične energije drobljenja o specifičnoj energiji rezanja., The main goal of this paper was to determine to what extent physical and mechanical properties of rocks affect the energy used for rock cutting and to analyze the dependence of the specific crushing energy on the specific cutting energy. The research activities of the specific cutting energy comprised 5 samples of different mineral compositions. Cuts on the samples were made by means of the linear cutting machine. After each cut all the three strength components were measured by means of the measurement converter. The specific cutting energy was obtained from the ratio between the energy used for cutting and the sample mass. The statistical data processing provided the correlation values, according to which the compressive strength has the highest impact on the specific cutting energy and the specific crushing energy. Based on the obtained results and the results of the previous research activities the dependence between the specific crushing energy and the specific cutting energy was determined.

Zaštita zraka je nezamjenljiv dio današnjeg načina života te je implementirina u sve dijelove života pa tako i u industriju i energetiku. Provodi se na dva načina i to primjenom čistije tehnologije ili end-of-pipe tehnologije. Čistija tehnologija podrazumijeva zaštitu zraka u cjelokupnom procesu proizvodnje dok se end-of- pipe tehnologija odnosi na čišćenje otpadnih plinova. U današnjoj praksi zaštite okoliša u industriji i energetici preferira se primjena čistije tehnologije. U ovom diplomskom radu su prikazani mogući postupci (uređaji) za pročišćavanje odnosno smanjenje koncentracije štetnih tvari u dimnim plinovima kotlovnice TŽV Gredelj d.o.o., Air protection is irreplaceable part of todays way of life and therefore it is applied in all aspects of life including industry and energetics. It is applied in two ways, cleaner technology and end-of-pipe technology. Cleaner technology means air protection in whole process of production while end-of-pipe technology applies to the cleaning of waste gases. Todays pratice of environment protection in industry and energetics prefers the application of cleaner technology. In this masters thesis we showed the possibile procedures (devices) for cleaning and reduction of concentration of harmful substances in flue gases of TŽV Gredelj ltd. boiler room.