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Assisted reproductive technologies for population and genetic management for threatened herpetofauna have grown substantially in the past decade. Here we describe experiments to optimise sperm cryopreservation in a model squamate, the eastern water skink Eulamprus quoyii. Small, concentrated volumes of highly motile spermatozoa were reliably collected from adult male E. quoyii by non-lethal ventral massage. Samples were used to: (1) test whether protein-rich diluents, namely Beltsville poultry semen extender (BPSE) and TES and Tris (TEST) yolk buffer (TYB), improve post-thaw quality metrics compared with Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS); and (2) compare the efficacy of these diluents in combination with either 1.35 M glycerol or 1.35 M dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at two freezing rates, fast (approximately –20°C min−1) versus slow (–6°C min−1). Glycerol and DMSO performed equally well in preserving spermatozoa under slow freezing rates. Under these conditions, the use of the complex diluents BPSE and TYB significantly improved post-thaw total motility compared with DPBS. Complex interactions occurred between cryodiluent type, cryoprotectant and freezing rate when testing fast versus slow freezing rates among treatment groups. Under slow freezing rates, DMSO was better at preserving membrane integrity and motility, regardless of diluent type, but successful fast freezing required complex diluents to support motility and membrane integrity, which has implications for implementation in a field setting. There is great scope to enhance genetic management within reptile conservation breeding programs by applying assisted reproductive technologies. We compared the efficacy of three sperm dilution media and two cryoprotectants to preserve sperm viability following cryopreservation by two methods. We found spermatozoa could survive freezing using either method provided the appropriate combination of buffer and cryoprotectant was used. This presents two alternative approaches worthy of further investigation for the cryopreservation of sperm from skinks both in the wild and ex situ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The invertebrate communities of Mauritius host a high degree of endemism, but are also imperilled by an array of factors, including invasive predators. Since their introduction in 1922, guttural toads (Sclerophrys gutturalis) have spread across the island and have been implicated in the decline of a number of endemic invertebrate species. In this study, we examined the feeding habits of the invasive population of guttural toads from three naturally forested locations in Mauritius across multiple years by analysing their stomach content. We also measured the relative abundance of prey items on the landscape using pitfall traps and applied these data to determine prey preference using a Relativised Electivity Index. Insects, malacostracans and gastropods constituted the bulk of the toads' diet (48.7%, 33.4% and 11.8%, respectively), which also included several rare and endemic species. We further determined that insects and malacostracans were also the two most favoured prey taxa, relative to what was available on the landscape. Our investigation has generated several recommendations for future research and provides a fundamental understanding of the diet of guttural toads in the native forests of Mauritius. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an increasingly urbanized world it is imperative that we understand how wildlife responds to this novel anthropogenic landscape, both at the individual‐ and population‐level. Urbanization generally reduces biodiversity, but can also favour particular species and increase their abundance relative to wild populations. When population density increases, so too does the frequency and cost of social interactions. We studied Australian water dragons (Intellagama lesueurii), a species common in urban, semi‐natural and natural areas, to firstly test the prediction that urban populations occur at higher densities, and then determine the consequences of urbanization for combat rates (quantified using wounding) and bite force. We established that urban populations are denser than ones from semi‐natural and natural habitats. We also recorded significantly more wounds in females from urban populations than females from both natural and semi‐natural populations. Urban males also had significantly higher incidence of wounding than males from natural populations. We did not find a difference in male or female bite force among any populations across the urban‐natural gradient. Overall, we found evidence that urbanization results in a higher population density of water dragons and more frequent conspecific combat, but this was not associated with an increase in bite force. These finding suggests that there may be a physiological cost to living in urban habitats related to increased contest rates and wounding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innate antipredator responses are integral for survival in many species, particularly those which lack parental care. Antipredator responses include both active (fight or flight) and passive behaviours (immobility). As the success of antipredator responses directly relates to survival and fitness, investigating the drivers that explain variance in these traits is key to understanding how predation shapes the instinctive behaviour of animals. We quantified innate antipredator behaviour of hatchling Australian Water Dragons (Intellagama lesueurii) immediately after hatching using a model snake to simulate a series of attacks, and scored their behaviour using a fight or flight index. Then we explored which factors were related to dragon antipredator behaviour, such as habitat disturbance, origin population, morphology, and parental genetic effects and phenotype (clutch effects). We developed multiple hypotheses and used model selection to determine which factors drive variation in hatchling antipredator behaviour. Clutch effects explained a significant proportion of variation in innate antipredator responses, suggesting a heritable component. We also found an effect of body size on innate antipredator behaviour: larger hatchlings were more prone to flight behaviour (e.g. short-distance runs and long-distance sprinting), while smaller individuals were more prone to standing their ground and being aggressive (e.g. throat puffing, mouth gaping, biting). Clutch effects also explained a significant proportion of the variance in dragon body size. Our study provides evidence that the innate antipredator responses of water dragons are heritable in origin (directly through clutch effects, and indirectly through body size) and not associated with particular populations or habitat types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on animals colonize islands, and plasticity can interact to reach optimal phenotypes for new habitats, and certain island syndromes and many generations inhabiting an island, and populations released from the native predators may exhibit a reduction in anti-predator behaviors.

Invasion Biology is a young discipline, Charles Elton only coined the term in 1958. Although the subject was generally ignored by most people for 40 years, the last 20 years has seen a near exponential rise in papers by herpetologists on alien reptiles and amphibians (and not only by Rick Shine!). But how do herpetologists go about studying invasions? In this study, we reviewed 836 publications on alien herps and compared their objectives with 30 well known hypotheses from invasion biology. We found that although the field is rapidly expanding, very few researchers had specified any of the invasion hypotheses, but 26% had the data to test one or more. The most commonly tested hypothesis resembled the concept of the 'ideal weed', that invasion success of a non-native species depends on its specific traits (3.8%). Other popular hypotheses referred to habitat filtering (1.7%), preadaptation through human commensalism (1.8%), novel weapons (1.3%), novel associations (1.4%) and invasion meltdown (1.5%). Perhaps more excitingly, are the new hypotheses that herpetologists can donate to invasion biology, including spatial sorting, invasion hubs and hybridisation. We conclude that herpetologists need to pay more attention to existing hypotheses in invasion biology, many of which stem from classical questions in ecology. Better transdisciplinary communication will likely lead to increased impact of studies which could teach invasion biologists more about reptiles, amphibians and their amazing invasions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]