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Conservation management systems that have the intention of avoiding soil erosion or degradation have been diffused in agriculture. Among these systems is the no-tillage system. The present work was carried out with the objective of evaluating the effect of limestone and agricultural gypsum application on the cultivation of soybean grown in the no-tillage system. The experimental design was a randomized block with four treatments (T1 - limestone and agricultural gypsum application to establish that, respectively, calcium occupy 70% of the CTC in the 0-0.20 and 60% of the CTCe layer in the 0.20-0.40 m layer - T2 - limestone and agricultural gypsum application to establish that calcium occupies 52.5% of the CTC in the layer of 0-0,20 m and 45% of the CTCe in the layer of 0,20- 0,40 m; T3 - limestone and agricultural gypsum to establish that calcium occupies 35% of the CTC in the 0-0.20 m layer and 30% of the CTCe in the 0.20-0.40 m layer, T4 - standard treatment, without application of limestone and agricultural gypsum) and four replicates. The parameters evaluated in the soybean crop were: height of insertion of the first pod, height of plants, final stand ha-1, mass of one hundred grains and grain productivity ha-1. The data were submitted to the F test and the means were compared by the Tukey test (p <0.05). It was verified that the treatment T2 presented higher height of insertion of the first pod than the standard treatment. For the other evaluated agronomic characteristics, there was no difference between treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is little information on the use of agricultural hydrated lime in sustainable agricultural production systems, mainly in the cultivation of soybean in no-tillage. The present work was carried out with the objective of evaluating the effect of hydrated agricultural lime application on soybean cultivation in no-tillage in the Northwest region of São Paulo State, Brazil. The experimental design was a randomized block with four treatments (T1: standard treatment (without application of agricultural hydrated lime); T2 - application of hydrated agricultural lime in surface to establish that calcium occupies 70% of the CTC in the 0-0.20 m layer, T3 - application of hydrated agricultural lime in surface to establish that calcium occupies 52.5% of the CTC in the 0-0.20 m layer, T4 - application of agricultural hydrated lime in surface to establish that calcium occupies 35% of CTC in the 0-0.20 m layer) and four replicates. The parameters evaluated in the soybean crop were: height of insertion of the first pod, height of plants, final stand ha-1, mass of one hundred grains and grain productivity ha-1. The data were submitted to the F test and the means were compared by the Tukey test (p <0.05). It was verified that the treatment T2 presented higher height of insertion of the first pod than the standard treatment. For the other evaluated agronomic characteristics, there was no difference between treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Each year, breeding companies create new cultivars to meet the demands of producers, who have before them the growing need to produce more despite the difficulties. The present work had the objective of evaluating the adaptation of different soybean cultivars, to the edaphoclimatic conditions of São Paulo, State, Brazil. The parameters evaluated in the soybean crop were: height of insertion of the first pod, height of plants, final stand ha-1, mass of a thousand grains and grain yield. The experimental design was in randomized complete block design. The data were submitted to the F test and the means were compared by the Scott-Knott test (p <0.05). It was verified that the cultivars evaluated had, in average, one hundred grain mass varying from 12.37 to 17.19 g and grain productivity varying from 2172 to 3471 kg ha-1, in the eight sites evaluated in São Paulo State. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the application of agricultural lime, agricultural gypsum and agricultural hydrated lime on the agronomic characteristics of the maize crop, cultivated in agropastoral system, under the edaphoclimatic conditions of the Northwest region of São Paulo State, Brazil. The parameters evaluated in the maize crop were: height of insertion of the first cob, height of plants, final stand ha-1, number of cobs ha-1, mass of one hundred grains and grain productivity. The experimental design was a randomized block with seven treatments (T1: standard treatment: without the use of agricultural limestone, agricultural gypsum and hydrated agricultural lime and no tillage; T2: agricultural limestone and agricultural gypsum on the surface in first year and agricultural limestone on the surface in second year; T3: agricultural limestone and agricultural gypsum incorporated in first year and both on the surface in second year; T4: agricultural limestone incorporated in first year and on the surface in second year; T5: agricultural hydrated lime and agricultural gypsum on the surface; T6: hydrated lime on the sub surface, at a dose of 450 kg ha-1 and agricultural gypsum on the surface in first year and hydrated agricultural lime on the surface in second year; T7: hydrated agricultural lime on sub surface, at a dose of 260 kg ha-1 and agricultural gypsum on the surface in first year and hydrated agricultural lime on the surface in second year) and four replications. The data were submitted to the F test and the means were compared by the Tukey test (p <0.05). It was verified that the application of agricultural hydrated lime at a dose of 260 kg ha-1 along the soil profile, associated to the use of agricultural gypsum on the surface and the application of hydrated agricultural lime on the surface in the following year resulted in a higher corn grain productivity and that soil tillage for the incorporation of agricultural limestone and agricultural gypsum in the previous year compromised the grain productivity of the maize crop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of four land use systems: two agroforestry systems (agrisilviculture and silvopastoral system), single pasture of Urochloa decumbens and native forest, on the physical characteristics of the soil, in São Carlos, SP, Brazil. Soil density, macroporosity, microporosity and total porosity, and the stability of aggregates, in the layers of 0-0.05, 0.05-0.20 and 0.20-0.40 m, we were analyzed in the year 2015. The experimental design was a completely randomized design with four replications. The data were submitted to the F test and the means were compared by the Tukey test. The multivariate analysis was applied using the Ward method and the Euclidean distance with standardized variables. It was verified that the soil under native forest presents better physical conditions than the areas with other forms of land use. The physical characteristics of the soil in the agroforestry systems did not vary according to the distance of the trees. The conventional pasture presented soil compaction in the 0-0.40 m layer. Considering the set of variables studied, it was possible to separate three groups, by similarity of the set of physical attributes of the soil: (1) secondary native forest, (2) agrisilviculture and (3) that formed by conventional pasture and silvopastoral system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conservation management systems that have intended to prevent wear or soil degradation have been widespread in agriculture. The study was conducted in Site São Luiz at Simonsen district, Votuporanga, São Paulo State, in order to evaluate the chemical and physical changes in an area with agrosilvopastoral system and deployed with three soil management (treatments): Full (conventional tillage, liming and application of gypsum, phosphate and potassium); intermediate (no tillage, liming and application of gypsum at surface) and basic (no tillage and surface liming). The soil was managed in July 2009 and the planting of eucalyptus was realized in January 2010, on the terraces. Between the terraces it was cropped maize intercropped with Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu. In April 2014 it was held the disturbed and undisturbed soil sampling soil at depths of 0-0.05 and 0.05-0.20 m, collecting three sub samples per plot. A randomized complete block experimental design was used with three replications, with plots of approximately 1.0 ha. It was concluded that in the layer of 0- 0.05m, the intermediate management provided increase in the levels of organic matter, Ca, P and K and the basic management provided lower levels of Ca and lower pH and basis saturation values and higher potential acidity; the complete and intermediate managements provided raising the pH in the two layers evaluated; the use of liming associated with gypsum application improves the chemical characteristics of Argisols under agrosilvopastoral systems; in the layer of 0.05-0.20 m the basic management provided lower bulk density and the complete management the largest; the different managements did not differ with respect to porosity and aggregate stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective was to evaluate the effect of different covers on the stability of soil aggregates in two areas of Oxisols, grown in rotation with crops of soybean and corn. The experiments were installed in Votuporanga, São Paulo, Brazil and Selvíria, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil in March 2008. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replicates and the following cover crops in different spending ha-1 seeds, were the treatments: Sorghum bicolor, 6, 7 and 8 kg ha-1; Pennisetum americanum, 10, 15 and 20 kg ha-1; S. sudanense, 12, 15 and 18 kg ha-1; hybrid of S. bicolor and S. sudanense, 8, 9 and 10 kg ha-1; Urochloa ruziziensis, 8, 12 and 16 kg ha-1; plus, control treatment with spontaneous vegetation. We evaluated the dry matter yield of different covers and were separate classes of soil aggregates and calculated the average diameter. It is noted that the cover crops had similar behavior on aggregates stability in the surface layer, and in the greater depth, the S. sudanense was more efficient in improving the class mean diameter between 2.0-1.0 mm, in Votuporanga, and the P. americanum was more efficient from 4.0 to 2.0 mm and 2.0-1.0 mm in Selvíria. Lower spending seeds was more promising on aggregate stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different covers, grown in rotation with soybean and corn on the physical attributes of two Oxisols. The experiments were installed in Votuporanga, SP, Brazil and Selvíria, MS, Brazil in March 2008, after conventional tillage. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replications, using the following cover crops at different amounts of seeds: Sorghum bicolor, Pennisetum americanum, S. sudanense, hybrid of S. bicolor with S. sudanense, Urochloa ruziziensis and a control with spontaneous vegetation. We evaluated the dry matter yield of different covers, and macroporosity, microporosity, total porosity and bulk density, in the layers of 0-0.05, 0.05-0.20 and 0.20-0.40 m. It concludes that, different covers plants and seed amounts used for grains, seeds and forage after two years did not cause effects on some soil physical properties of the two Oxisols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to evaluate the productivity of biomass of five cover crops used for the production of grain, seeds and fodder in different sowing density per hectare, and of spontaneous vegetation for the northwest region of São Paulo State, Brazil. The experiments were installed in Votuporanga, SP, Brazil and Selvíria, MS, Brazil in March 2008, after conventional tillage. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replications, using the following cover crops at different sowing density: Sorghum bicolor: 6, 7 and 8 kg ha-1, Pennisetum americanum, 10, 15 and 20kg ha-1, Sorghum sudanense, 12, 15 and 18kg ha-1, hybrid of Sorghum bicolor with Sorghum sudanense: 8, 9 and 10kg ha-1, Urochloa ruziziensis: 8, 12 and 16kg ha-1. It was used a control treatment with spontaneous vegetation. The biomass of different toppings in harvesting/cutting of covers was evaluated, in the pre-sowing and flowering of soybean and corn. The use of cover crops proved more beneficial than leaving areas fallow. It was concluded that different cover crops evaluated showed to be good options as cover crops for the northwest region of São Paulo State and the different sowing density from each plant cover did not influence biomass productivity of the same plant coverage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]