69 results on '"Barber, RM"'
Search Results
2. Measuring performance on the Healthcare Access and Quality Index for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational locations: A systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
- Author
-
Fullman, N, Yearwood, J, Abay, SM, Abbafati, C, Abd-Allah, F, Abdela, J, Abdelalim, A, Abebe, Z, Abebo, TA, Aboyans, V, Abraha, HN, Abreu, DMX, Abu-Raddad, LJ, Adane, AA, Adedoyin, RA, Adetokunboh, O, Adhikari, TB, Afarideh, M, Afshin, A, Agarwal, G, Agius, D, Agrawal, A, Agrawal, S, Ahmad Kiadaliri, A, Aichour, MTE, Akibu, M, Akinyemi, RO, Akinyemiju, TF, Akseer, N, Al Lami, FH, Alahdab, F, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alam, T, Alasfoor, D, Albittar, MI, Alene, KA, Al-Eyadhy, A, Ali, SD, Alijanzadeh, M, Aljunid, SM, Alkerwi, A, Alla, F, Allebeck, P, Allen, C, Alomari, MA, Al-Raddadi, R, Alsharif, U, Altirkawi, KA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, AT, Amenu, K, Ammar, W, Amoako, YA, Anber, N, Andrei, CL, Androudi, S, Antonio, CAT, Araújo, VEM, Aremu, O, Ärnlöv, J, Artaman, A, Aryal, KK, Asayesh, H, Asfaw, ET, Asgedom, SW, Asghar, RJ, Ashebir, MM, Asseffa, NA, Atey, TM, Atre, SR, Atteraya, MS, Avila-Burgos, L, Avokpaho, EFGA, Awasthi, A, Ayala Quintanilla, BP, Ayalew, AA, Ayele, HT, Ayer, R, Ayuk, TB, Azzopardi, P, Azzopardi-Muscat, N, Babalola, TK, Badali, H, Badawi, A, Banach, M, Banerjee, A, Banstola, A, Barber, RM, Barboza, MA, Barker-Collo, SL, Bärnighausen, T, Barquera, S, Barrero, LH, Bassat, Q, Basu, S, Baune, BT, Bazargan-Hejazi, S, Bedi, N, and Beghi, E
- Subjects
General & Internal Medicine ,Humans ,Wounds and Injuries ,Noncommunicable Diseases ,Communicable Diseases ,Health Services Accessibility ,Quality of Health Care ,Global Burden of Disease - Abstract
Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. Background A key component of achieving universal health coverage is ensuring that all populations have access to quality health care. Examining where gains have occurred or progress has faltered across and within countries is crucial to guiding decisions and strategies for future improvement. We used the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) to assess personal health-care access and quality with the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index for 195 countries and territories, as well as subnational locations in seven countries, from 1990 to 2016. Methods Drawing from established methods and updated estimates from GBD 2016, we used 32 causes from which death should not occur in the presence of effective care to approximate personal health-care access and quality by location and over time. To better isolate potential effects of personal health-care access and quality from underlying risk factor patterns, we risk-standardised cause-specific deaths due to non-cancers by location-year, replacing the local joint exposure of environmental and behavioural risks with the global level of exposure. Supported by the expansion of cancer registry data in GBD 2016, we used mortality-to-incidence ratios for cancers instead of risk-standardised death rates to provide a stronger signal of the effects of personal health care and access on cancer survival. We transformed each cause to a scale of 0-100, with 0 as the first percentile (worst) observed between 1990 and 2016, and 100 as the 99th percentile (best); we set these thresholds at the country level, and then applied them to subnational locations. We applied a principal components analysis to construct the HAQ Index using all scaled cause values, providing an overall score of 0-100 of personal health-care access and quality by location over time. We then compared HAQ Index levels and trends by quintiles on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary measure of overall development. As derived from the broader GBD study and other data sources, we examined relationships between national HAQ Index scores and potential correlates of performance, such as total health spending per capita. Findings In 2016, HAQ Index performance spanned from a high of 97·1 (95% UI 95·8-98·1) in Iceland, followed by 96·6 (94·9-97·9) in Norway and 96·1 (94·5-97·3) in the Netherlands, to values as low as 18·6 (13·1-24·4) in the Central African Republic, 19·0 (14·3-23·7) in Somalia, and 23·4 (20·2-26·8) in Guinea-Bissau. The pace of progress achieved between 1990 and 2016 varied, with markedly faster improvements occurring between 2000 and 2016 for many countries in sub-Saharan Africa and southeast Asia, whereas several countries in Latin America and elsewhere saw progress stagnate after experiencing considerable advances in the HAQ Index between 1990 and 2000. Striking subnational disparities emerged in personal health-care access and quality, with China and India having particularly large gaps between locations with the highest and lowest scores in 2016. In China, performance ranged from 91·5 (89·1-93·6) in Beijing to 48·0 (43·4-53·2) in Tibet (a 43·5-point difference), while India saw a 30·8-point disparity, from 64·8 (59·6-68·8) in Goa to 34·0 (30·3-38·1) in Assam. Japan recorded the smallest range in subnational HAQ performance in 2016 (a 4·8-point difference), whereas differences between subnational locations with the highest and lowest HAQ Index values were more than two times as high for the USA and three times as high for England. State-level gaps in the HAQ Index in Mexico somewhat narrowed from 1990 to 2016 (from a 20·9-point to 17·0-point difference), whereas in Brazil, disparities slightly increased across states during this time (a 17·2-point to 20·4-point difference). Performance on the HAQ Index showed strong linkages to overall development, with high and high-middle SDI countries generally having higher scores and faster gains for non-communicable diseases. Nonetheless, countries across the development spectrum saw substantial gains in some key health service areas from 2000 to 2016, most notably vaccine-preventable diseases. Overall, national performance on the HAQ Index was positively associated with higher levels of total health spending per capita, as well as health systems inputs, but these relationships were quite heterogeneous, particularly among low-to-middle SDI countries. Interpretation GBD 2016 provides a more detailed understanding of past success and current challenges in improving personal health-care access and quality worldwide. Despite substantial gains since 2000, many low-SDI and middle- SDI countries face considerable challenges unless heightened policy action and investments focus on advancing access to and quality of health care across key health services, especially non-communicable diseases. Stagnating or minimal improvements experienced by several low-middle to high-middle SDI countries could reflect the complexities of re-orienting both primary and secondary health-care services beyond the more limited foci of the Millennium Development Goals. Alongside initiatives to strengthen public health programmes, the pursuit of universal health coverage hinges upon improving both access and quality worldwide, and thus requires adopting a more comprehensive view - and subsequent provision - of quality health care for all populations.
- Published
- 2018
3. Erratum:Measuring progress and projecting attainment on the basis of past trends of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals in 188 countries: an analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 (The Lancet (2017) 390(10100) (1423–1459) (S014067361732336X)(10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32336-X))
- Author
-
Fullman, N, Barber, RM, Abajobir, AA, Abate, KH, Abbafati, C, Abbas, KM, Abd-Allah, F, Abdulkader, RS, Abdulle, AM, Abera, SF, Aboyans, V, Abu-Raddad, LJ, Abu-Rmeileh, NME, Adedeji, IA, Adetokunboh, O, Afshin, A, Agrawal, A, Agrawal, S, Ahmad Kiadaliri, A, Ahmadieh, H, Ahmed, MB, Aichour, MTE, Aichour, AN, Aichour, I, Aiyar, S, Akinyemi, RO, Akseer, N, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alam, N, Alasfoor, D, Alene, KA, Alizadeh-Navaei, R, Alkerwi, A, Alla, F, Allebeck, P, Allen, C, Al-Raddadi, R, Alsharif, U, Altirkawi, KA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, AT, Amini, E, Ammar, W, Ansari, H, Antonio, CAT, Anwari, P, Arora, M, Artaman, A, Aryal, KK, Asayesh, H, Asgedom, SW, Assadi, R, Atey, TM, Atre, SR, Avila-Burgos, L, Avokpaho, EFGA, Awasthi, A, Azzopardi, P, Bacha, U, Badawi, A, Balakrishnan, K, Bannick, MS, Barac, A, Barker-Collo, SL, Bärnighausen, T, Barrero, LH, Basu, S, Battle, KE, Baune, BT, Beardsley, J, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Béjot, Y, Bell, ML, Bennett, DA, Bennett, JR, Bensenor, IM, Berhane, A, Berhe, DF, Bernabé, E, Betsu, BD, Beuran, M, Beyene, AS, Bhala, N, Bhansali, A, Bhatt, S, Bhutta, ZA, Bicer, BK, Bidgoli, HH, Bikbov, B, Bilal, AI, Birungi, C, Biryukov, S, Bizuayehu, HM, Blosser, CD, Boneya, DJ, Bose, D, Bou-Orm, IR, and Brauer, M
- Subjects
General & Internal Medicine ,11 Medical And Health Sciences - Abstract
GBD 2016 SDG Collaborators. Measuring progress and projecting attainment on the basis of past trends of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals in 188 countries: an analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet 2017; 390: 1423–59—In figure 8B of this Article (published Online First on Sept 12, 2017), the number of indicator targets has been changed from 1 to 9 for Turkmenistan, from 0 to 1 for Afghanistan, and from 1 to 2 for Yemen. Ettore Beghi, Neeraj Bhala, Hélène Carabin, Raimundas Lunevicius, Donald H Silberberg, and Caitlyn Steiner have been added to the list of GBD 2016 SDG Collaborators. Their affiliations, along with the affiliation of Soumya Swaminathan, have been added to the Affiliations section. These corrections have been made to the online version as of Sept 18, 2017, and the printed Article is correct.
- Published
- 2017
4. Erratum: Measuring progress and projecting attainment on the basis of past trends of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals in 188 countries: an analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 (The Lancet (2017) 390(10100) (1423–1459) (S014067361732336X) (10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32336-X))
- Author
-
Fullman, N, Barber, RM, Abajobir, AA, Abate, KH, Abbafati, C, Abbas, KM, Abd-Allah, F, Abdulkader, RS, Abdulle, AM, Abera, SF, Aboyans, V, Abu-Raddad, LJ, Abu-Rmeileh, NME, Adedeji, IA, Adetokunboh, O, Afshin, A, Agrawal, A, Agrawal, S, Ahmad Kiadaliri, A, Ahmadieh, H, Ahmed, MB, Aichour, MTE, Aichour, AN, Aichour, I, Aiyar, S, Akinyemi, RO, Akseer, N, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alam, N, Alasfoor, D, Alene, KA, Alizadeh-Navaei, R, Alkerwi, A, Alla, F, Allebeck, P, Allen, C, Al-Raddadi, R, Alsharif, U, Altirkawi, KA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, AT, Amini, E, Ammar, W, Ansari, H, Antonio, CAT, Anwari, P, Arora, M, Artaman, A, Aryal, KK, Asayesh, H, Asgedom, SW, Assadi, R, Atey, TM, Atre, SR, Avila-Burgos, L, Avokpaho, EFGA, Awasthi, A, Azzopardi, P, Bacha, U, Badawi, A, Balakrishnan, K, Bannick, MS, Barac, A, Barker-Collo, SL, Bärnighausen, T, Barrero, LH, Basu, S, Battle, KE, Baune, BT, Beardsley, J, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Béjot, Y, Bell, ML, Bennett, DA, Bennett, JR, Bensenor, IM, Berhane, A, Berhe, DF, Bernabé, E, Betsu, BD, Beuran, M, Beyene, AS, Bhala, N, Bhansali, A, Bhatt, S, Bhutta, ZA, Bicer, BK, Bidgoli, HH, Bikbov, B, Bilal, AI, Birungi, C, Biryukov, S, Bizuayehu, HM, Blosser, CD, Boneya, DJ, Bose, D, Bou-Orm, IR, and Brauer, M
- Subjects
General & Internal Medicine ,11 Medical And Health Sciences - Abstract
GBD 2016 SDG Collaborators. Measuring progress and projecting attainment on the basis of past trends of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals in 188 countries: an analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet 2017; 390: 1423–59—The full-text version of this Article has been updated so that the list of authors is displayed in the correct order, in line with the pdf version, rather than in alphabetical order. This correction has been made to the online version as of Oct 12, 2017.
- Published
- 2017
5. Healthcare Access and Quality Index based on mortality from causes amenable to personal health care in 195 countries and territories, 1990–2015: a novel analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015
- Author
-
Barber, RM, Fullman, N, Sorenson, RJD, and Hay, S
- Abstract
Background National levels of personal health-care access and quality can be approximated by measuring mortality rates from causes that should not be fatal in the presence of effective medical care (ie, amenable mortality). Previous analyses of mortality amenable to health care only focused on high-income countries and faced several methodological challenges. In the present analysis, we use the highly standardised cause of death and risk factor estimates generated through the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) to improve and expand the quantification of personal health-care access and quality for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015. Methods We mapped the most widely used list of causes amenable to personal health care developed by Nolte and McKee to 32 GBD causes. We accounted for variations in cause of death certification and misclassifications through the extensive data standardisation processes and redistribution algorithms developed for GBD. To isolate the effects of personal health-care access and quality, we risk-standardised cause-specific mortality rates for each geography-year by removing the joint effects of local environmental and behavioural risks, and adding back the global levels of risk exposure as estimated for GBD 2015. We employed principal component analysis to create a single, interpretable summary measure–the Healthcare Quality and Access (HAQ) Index–on a scale of 0 to 100. The HAQ Index showed strong convergence validity as compared with other health-system indicators, including health expenditure per capita (r=0·88), an index of 11 universal health coverage interventions (r=0·83), and human resources for health per 1000 (r=0·77). We used free disposal hull analysis with bootstrapping to produce a frontier based on the relationship between the HAQ Index and the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a measure of overall development consisting of income per capita, average years of education, and total fertility rates. This frontier allowed us to better quantify the maximum levels of personal health-care access and quality achieved across the development spectrum, and pinpoint geographies where gaps between observed and potential levels have narrowed or widened over time. Findings Between 1990 and 2015, nearly all countries and territories saw their HAQ Index values improve; nonetheless, the difference between the highest and lowest observed HAQ Index was larger in 2015 than in 1990, ranging from 28·6 to 94·6. Of 195 geographies, 167 had statistically significant increases in HAQ Index levels since 1990, with South Korea, Turkey, Peru, China, and the Maldives recording among the largest gains by 2015. Performance on the HAQ Index and individual causes showed distinct patterns by region and level of development, yet substantial heterogeneities emerged for several causes, including cancers in highest-SDI countries; chronic kidney disease, diabetes, diarrhoeal diseases, and lower respiratory infections among middle-SDI countries; and measles and tetanus among lowest-SDI countries. While the global HAQ Index average rose from 40·7 (95% uncertainty interval, 39·0–42·8) in 1990 to 53·7 (52·2–55·4) in 2015, far less progress occurred in narrowing the gap between observed HAQ Index values and maximum levels achieved; at the global level, the difference between the observed and frontier HAQ Index only decreased from 21·2 in 1990 to 20·1 in 2015. If every country and territory had achieved the highest observed HAQ Index by their corresponding level of SDI, the global average would have been 73·8 in 2015. Several countries, particularly in eastern and western sub-Saharan Africa, reached HAQ Index values similar to or beyond their development levels, whereas others, namely in southern sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, and south Asia, lagged behind what geographies of similar development attained between 1990 and 2015. Interpretation This novel extension of the GBD Study shows the untapped potential for personal health-care access and quality improvement across the development spectrum. Amid substantive advances in personal health care at the national level, heterogeneous patterns for individual causes in given countries or territories suggest that few places have consistently achieved optimal health-care access and quality across health-system functions and therapeutic areas. This is especially evident in middle-SDI countries, many of which have recently undergone or are currently experiencing epidemiological transitions. The HAQ Index, if paired with other measures of health-system characteristics such as intervention coverage, could provide a robust avenue for tracking progress on universal health coverage and identifying local priorities for strengthening personal health-care quality and access throughout the world.
- Published
- 2017
6. Global, Regional, and National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life-years for 32 Cancer Groups, 1990 to 2015: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study
- Author
-
Global Burden of Disease Cancer Collaboration, Fitzmaurice C, Allen C, Barber RM, Barregard L, Bhutta ZA, Brenner H, Dicker DJ, Chimed-Orchir O, Dandona R, Dandona L, Fleming T, Forouzanfar MH, Hancock J, Hay RJ, Hunter-Merrill R, Huynh C, Hosgood HD, Johnson CO, Jonas JB, Khubchandani J, Kumar GA, Kutz M, Lan Q, Larson HJ, Liang X, Lim SS, Lopez AD, MacIntyre MF, Marczak L, Marquez N, Mokdad AH, Pinho C, Pourmalek F, Salomon JA, Sanabria JR, Sandar L, Sartorius B, Schwartz SM, Shackelford KA, Shibuya K, Stanaway J, Steiner C, Sun J, Takahashi K, Vollset SE, Vos T, Wagner JA, Wang H, Westerman R, Zeeb H, Zoeckler L, Abd-Allah F, Ahmed MB, Alabed S, Alam NK, Aldhahri SF, Alem G, Alemayohu MA, Ali R, Al-Raddadi R, Amare A, Amoako Y, Artaman A, Asayesh H, Atnafu N, Awasthi A, Saleem HB, Barac A, Bedi N, Bensenor I, Berhane A, Bernabé E, Betsu B, Binagwaho A, Boneya D, Campos-Nonato I, Castañeda-Orjuela C, Catalá-López F, Chiang P, Chibueze C, Chitheer A, Choi JY, Cowie B, Damtew S, das Neves J, Dey S, Dharmaratne S, Dhillon P, Ding E, Driscoll T, Ekwueme D, Endries AY, Farvid M, Farzadfar F, Fernandes J, Fischer F, G/Hiwot TT, Gebru A, Gopalani S, Hailu A, Horino M, Horita N, Husseini A, Huybrechts I, Inoue M, Islami F, Jakovljevic M, James S, Javanbakht M, Jee SH, Kasaeian A, Kedir MS, Khader YS, Khang YH, Kim D, Leigh J, Linn S, Lunevicius R, El Razek HMA, Malekzadeh R, Malta DC, Marcenes W, Markos D, Melaku YA, Meles KG, Mendoza W, Mengiste DT, Meretoja TJ, Miller TR, Mohammad KA, Mohammadi A, Mohammed S, Moradi-Lakeh M, Nagel G, Nand D, Le Nguyen Q, Nolte S, Ogbo FA, Oladimeji KE, Oren E, Pa M, Park EK, Pereira DM, Plass D, Qorbani M, Radfar A, Rafay A, Rahman M, Rana SM, Søreide K, Satpathy M, Sawhney M, Sepanlou SG, Shaikh MA, She J, Shiue I, Shore HR, Shrime MG, So S, Soneji S, Stathopoulou V, Stroumpoulis K, Sufiyan MB, Sykes BL, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Tadese F, Tedla BA, Tessema GA, Thakur JS, Tran BX, Ukwaja KN, Uzochukwu BSC, Vlassov VV, Weiderpass E, Wubshet Terefe M, Yebyo HG, Yimam HH, Yonemoto N, Younis MZ, Yu C, Zaidi Z, Zaki MES, Zenebe ZM, Murray CJL, and Naghavi M
- Published
- 2017
7. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013
- Author
-
Vos, T, Barber, Rm, Bell, B, Bertozzi Villa, A, Biryukov, S, Bolliger, I, Charlson, F, Davis, A, Degenhardt, L, Dicker, D, Duan, L, Erskine, H, Feigin, Vl, Ferrari, Aj, Fitzmaurice, C, Fleming, T, Graetz, N, Guinovart, C, Haagsma, J, Hansen, Gm, Hanson, Sw, Heuton, Kr, Higashi, H, Kassebaum, N, Kyu, H, Laurie, E, Liang, X, Lofgren, K, Lozano, R, Macintyre, Mf, Moradi Lakeh, M, Naghavi, M, Nguyen, G, Odell, S, Ortblad, K, Roberts, Da, Roth, Ga, Sandar, L, Serina, Pt, Stanaway, Jd, Steiner, C, Thomas, B, Vollset, Se, Whiteford, H, Wolock, Tm, Ye, P, Zhou, M, Ãvila, Ma, Aasvang, Gm, Abbafati, C, Abbasoglu, Ozgoren, A, Abd Allah, F, Abdel, Aziz, Abera, Sf, Aboyans, V, Abraham, Jp, Abraham, B, Abubakar, I, Abu Raddad, Lj, Abu Rmeileh, Nm, Aburto, Tc, Achoki, T, Ackerman, In, Adelekan, A, Ademi, Z, Adou, Ak, Adsuar, Jc, Arnlov, J, Agardh, Ee, Khabouri, Al, Alam, Ss, Alasfoor, D, Albittar, Mi, Alegretti, Ma, Aleman, Av, Alemu, Za, Alfonso Cristancho, R, Alhabib, S, Ali, R, Alla, F, Allebeck, P, Allen, Pj, Almazroa, Ma, Alsharif, U, Alvarez, E, Alvis, Guzman, Ameli, N, O, Amini, H, Ammar, W, Anderson, Bo, Anderson, Hr, Antonio, Ca, Anwari, P, Apfel, H, Arsenijevic, Vs, Artaman, A, Asghar, Rj, Assadi, R, Atkins, Ls, Atkinson, C, Badawi, A, Bahit, Mc, Bakfalouni, T, Balakrishnan, K, Balalla, S, Banerjee, A, Barker Collo, Sl, Barquera, S, Barregard, L, Barrero, Lh, Basu, S, Basu, A, Baxter, A, Beardsley, J, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Bekele, T, Bell, Ml, Benjet, C, Bennett, Da, Bensenor, Im, Benzian, H, Bernabe, E, Beyene, Tj, Bhala, N, Bhalla, A, Bhutta, Z, Bienhoff, K, Bikbov, B, Bin, Abdulhak, Blore, Jd, Blyth, Fm, Bohensky, Ma, Bora, Basara, B, Borges, G, Bornstein, Nm, Bose, D, Boufous, S, Bourne, Rr, Boyers, Ln, Brainin, M, Brauer, M, Brayne, Ce, Brazinova, A, Breitborde, Nj, Brenner, H, Briggs, Ad, Brooks, Pm, Brown, J, Brugha, Ts, Buchbinder, R, Buckle, Gc, Bukhman, G, Bulloch, Ag, Burch, M, Burnett, R, Cardenas, R, Cabral, Nl, Campos, Nonato, Campuzano, Ir, Carapetis, Jc, Carpenter, Do, Caso, V, Castaneda Orjuela, Ca, Catala Lopez, F, Chadha, Vk, Chang, Jc, Chen, H, Chen, W, Chiang, Pp, Chimed Ochir, O, Chowdhury, R, Christensen, H, Christophi, Ca, Chugh, Ss, Cirillo, Massimo, Coggeshall, M, Cohen, A, Colistro, V, Colquhoun, Sm, Contreras, Ag, Cooper, Lt, Cooper, C, Cooperrider, K, Coresh, J, Cortinovis, M, Criqui, Mh, Crump, Ja, Cuevas Nasu, L, Dandona, R, Dandona, L, Dansereau, E, Dantes, Hg, Dargan, Pi, Davey, G, Davitoiu, Dv, Dayama, A, La, De, Cruz, Gongora, De, V, Vega, La, De, Sf, Leo, D, Del, Pozo, Cruz, Dellavalle, Rp, Deribe, K, Derrett, S, Des, Jarlais, Dessalegn, M, Deveber, Ga, Dharmaratne, Sd, Diaz Torne, C, Ding, El, Dokova, K, Dorsey, Er, Driscoll, Tr, Duber, H, Durrani, Am, Edmond, Km, Ellenbogen, Rg, Endres, M, Ermakov, Sp, Eshrati, B, Esteghamati, A, Estep, K, Fahimi, S, Farzadfar, F, Fay, Df, Felson, Dt, Fereshtehnejad, Sm, Fernandes, Jg, Ferri, Cp, Flaxman, A, Foigt, N, Foreman, Kj, Fowkes, Fg, Franklin, Rc, Furst, T, Futran, Nd, Gabbe, Bj, Gankpe, Fg, Garcia, Guerra, Geleijnse, Fa, Gessner, Bd, Gibney, Kb, Gillum, Rf, Ginawi, Ia, Giroud, M, Giussani, G, Goenka, S, Goginashvili, K, Gona, P, Gonzalez, De, Cosio, T, Gosselin, Ra, Gotay, Cc, Goto, A, Gouda, Hn, Guerrant, Rl, Gugnani, Hc, Gunnell, D, Gupta, R, Gutierrez, Ra, Hafezi Nejad, N, Hagan, H, Halasa, Y, Hamadeh, Rr, Hamavid, H, Hammami, M, Hankey, Gj, Hao, Y, Harb, Hl, Haro, Jm, Havmoeller, R, Hay, Rj, Hay, S, Hedayati, Mt, Heredia, Pi, Heydarpour, P, Hijar, M, Hoek, Hw, Hoffman, Hj, Hornberger, Jc, Hosgood, Hd, Hossain, M, Hotez, Pj, Hoy, Dg, Hsairi, M, Hu, H, Hu, G, Huang, Jj, Huang, C, Huiart, L, Husseini, A, Iannarone, M, Iburg, Km, Innos, K, Inoue, M, Jacobsen, Kh, Jassal, Sk, Jeemon, P, Jensen, Pn, Jha, V, Jiang, G, Jiang, Y, Jonas, Jb, Joseph, J, Juel, K, Kan, H, Karch, A, Karimkhani, C, Karthikeyan, G, Katz, R, Kaul, A, Kawakami, N, Kazi, Ds, Kemp, Ah, Kengne, Ap, Khader, Ys, Khalifa, Se, Khan, Ea, Khan, G, Khang, Yh, Khonelidze, I, Kieling, C, Kim, D, Kim, S, Kimokoti, Rw, Kinfu, Y, Kinge, Jm, Kissela, Bm, Kivipelto, M, Knibbs, L, Knudsen, Ak, Kokubo, Y, Kosen, S, Kramer, A, Kravchenko, M, Krishnamurthi, Rv, Krishnaswami, S, Kuate, Defo, Kucuk, B, Bicer, B, Kuipers, Ej, Kulkarni, Vs, Kumar, K, Kumar, Ga, Kwan, Gf, Lai, T, Lalloo, R, Lam, H, Lan, Q, Lansingh, Vc, Larson, H, Larsson, A, Lawrynowicz, Ae, Leasher, Jl, Lee, Jt, Leigh, J, Leung, R, Levi, M, Li, B, Li, Y, Liang, J, Lim, S, Lin, Hh, Lind, M, Lindsay, Mp, Lipshultz, Se, Liu, S, Lloyd, Bk, Lockett, Ohno, S, Logroscino, G, Looker, Kj, Lopez, Ad, Lopez Olmedo, N, Lortet Tieulent, J, Lotufo, Pa, Low, N, Lucas, Rm, Lunevicius, R, Lyons, Ra, Ma, J, Ma, S, Mackay, Mt, Majdan, M, Malekzadeh, R, Mapoma, Cc, Marcenes, W, March, Lm, Margono, C, Marks, Gb, Marzan, Mb, Masci, Jr, Mason Jones, Aj, Matzopoulos, Rg, Mayosi, Bm, Mazorodze, Tt, Mcgill, Nw, Mcgrath, Jj, Mckee, M, Mclain, A, Mcmahon, Bj, Meaney, Pa, Mehndiratta, Mm, Mejia Rodriguez, F, Mekonnen, W, Melaku, Ya, Meltzer, M, Memish, Za, Mensah, G, Meretoja, A, Mhimbira, Fa, Micha, R, Miller, Tr, Mills, Ej, Mitchell, Pb, Mock, Cn, Moffitt, Te, Mohamed, Ibrahim, N, Mohammad, Ka, Mokdad, Ah, Mola, Gl, Monasta, L, Montico, M, Montine, Tj, Moore, Ar, Moran, Ae, Morawska, L, Mori, R, Moschandreas, J, Moturi, Wn, Moyer, M, Mozaffarian, D, Mueller, Uo, Mukaigawara, M, Murdoch, Me, Murray, J, Murthy, Ks, Naghavi, P, Nahas, Z, Naheed, A, Naidoo, Ks, Naldi, L, Nand, D, Nangia, V, Narayan, Km, Nash, D, Nejjari, C, Neupane, Sp, Newman, Lm, Newton, Cr, Ng, M, Ngalesoni, Fn, Nhung, Nt, Nisar, Mi, Nolte, S, Norheim, Of, Norman, Re, Norrving, B, Nyakarahuka, L, Ih, Oh, Ohkubo, T, Omer, Sb, Opio, Jn, Ortiz, A, Pandian, Jd, Panelo, Ci, Papachristou, C, Park, Ek, Parry, Cd, Caicedo, Aj, Patten, Sb, Paul, Vk, Pavlin, Bi, Pearce, N, Pedraza, Ls, Pellegrini, Ca, Pereira, Dm, Perez Ruiz, Fp, Perico, N, Pervaiz, A, Pesudovs, K, Peterson, Cb, Petzold, M, Phillips, Mr, Phillips, D, Phillips, B, Piel, Fb, Plass, D, Poenaru, D, Polanczyk, Gv, Polinder, S, Pope, Ca, Popova, S, Poulton, Rg, Pourmalek, F, Prabhakaran, D, Prasad, Nm, Qato, D, Quistberg, Da, Rafay, A, Rahimi, K, Rahimi Movaghar, V, Rahman, Su, Raju, M, Rakovac, I, Rana, Sm, Razavi, H, Refaat, A, Rehm, J, Remuzzi, G, Resnikoff, S, Ribeiro, Al, Riccio, Pm, Richardson, L, Richardus, Jh, Riederer, Am, Robinson, M, Roca, A, Rodriguez, A, Rojas Rueda, D, Ronfani, L, Rothenbacher, D, Roy, N, Ruhago, Gm, Sabin, N, Sacco, Rl, Ksoreide, K, Saha, S, Sahathevan, R, Sahraian, Ma, Sampson, U, Sanabria, Jr, Sanchez Riera, L, Santos, Is, Satpathy, M, Saunders, Je, Sawhney, M, Saylan, Mi, Scarborough, P, Schoettker, B, Schneider, Ij, Schwebel, Dc, Scott, Jg, Seedat, S, Sepanlou, Sg, Serdar, B, Servan Mori, Ee, Shackelford, K, Shaheen, A, Shahraz, S, Shamah, Levy, T, Shangguan, S, She, J, Sheikhbahaei, S, Shepard, Ds, Shi, P, Shibuya, K, Shinohara, Y, Shiri, R, Shishani, K, Shiue, I, Shrime, Mg, Sigfusdottir, Id, Silberberg, Dh, Simard, Ep, Sindi, S, Singh, Ja, Singh, L, Skirbekk, V, Sliwa, K, Soljak, M, Soneji, S, Soshnikov, Ss, Speyer, P, Sposato, La, Sreeramareddy, Ct, Stoeckl, H, Stathopoulou, Vk, Steckling, N, Stein, Mb, Stein, Dj, Steiner, Tj, Stewart, A, Stork, E, Stovner, Lj, Stroumpoulis, K, Sturua, L, Sunguya, Bf, Swaroop, M, Sykes, Bl, Tabb, Km, Takahashi, K, Tan, F, Tandon, N, Tanne, D, Tanner, M, Tavakkoli, M, Taylor, Hr, Ao, Te, Temesgen, Am, Ten, Have, M, Tenkorang, Ey, Terkawi, As, Theadom, Am, Thomas, E, Thorne Lyman, Al, Thrift, Ag, Tleyjeh, Im, Tonelli, M, Topouzis, F, Towbin, Ja, Toyoshima, H, Traebert, J, Tran, Bx, Trasande, L, Trillini, M, Truelsen, T, Trujillo, U, Tsilimbaris, M, Tuzcu, Em, Ukwaja, Kn, Undurraga, Ea, Uzun, Sb, Van, Brakel, Van, Wh, Vijver, De, Van, S, Dingenen, R, Van, Gool, Varakin, Yy, Vasankari, Tj, Vavilala, Ms, Veerman, Lj, Velasquez, Melendez, G, Venketasubramanian, N, Vijayakumar, L, Villalpando, S, Violante, Fs, Vlassov, Vv, Waller, S, Wallin, Mt, Wan, X, Wang, L, Wang, J, Wang, Y, Warouw, Ts, Weichenthal, S, Weiderpass, E, Weintraub, Rg, Werdecker, A, Wessells, Kr, Westerman, R, Wilkinson, Jd, Williams, Hc, Williams, Tn, Woldeyohannes, Sm, Wolfe, Cd, Wong, Jq, Wong, H, Woolf, Ad, Wright, Jl, Wurtz, B, Xu, G, Yang, G, Yano, Y, Yenesew, Ma, Yentur, Gk, Yip, P, Yonemoto, N, Yoon, Sj, Younis, M, Yu, C, Kim, Ky, Zaki, Mel, Zhang, Y, Zhao, Z, Zhao, Y, Zhu, J, Zonies, D, Zunt, Jr, Salomon, Ja, Murray, C. J., Vos, T, Barber, Rm, Bell, B, Bertozzi-Villa, A, Biryukov, S, Bolliger, I, Charlson, F, Davis, A, Degenhardt, L, Dicker, D, Duan, L, Erskine, H, Feigin, Vl, Ferrari, Aj, Fitzmaurice, C, Fleming, T, Graetz, N, Guinovart, C, Haagsma, J, Hansen, Gm, Hanson, Sw, Heuton, Kr, Higashi, H, Kassebaum, N, Kyu, H, Laurie ELiang, X, Lofgren, K, Lozano, R, Macintyre, Mf, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Naghavi, M, Nguyen, G, Odell, S, Ortblad, K, Roberts, Da, Roth, Ga, Sandar, L, Serina, Pt, Stanaway, Jd, Steiner, C, Thomas, B, Vollset, Se, Whiteford, H, Wolock, Tm, Ye, P, Zhou, M, Ãvila, Ma, Aasvang, Gm, Abbafati, C, Abbasoglu Ozgoren, A, Abd-Allah, F, Abdel Aziz MI, Abera, Sf, Aboyans, V, Abraham, Jp, Abraham, B, Abubakar, I, Abu-Raddad, Lj, Abu-Rmeileh, Nm, Aburto, Tc, Achoki TAckerman IN, Adelekan, A, Ademi, Z, Adou, Ak, Adsuar, Jc, Arnlov, J, Agardh, Ee, Al Khabouri MJ, Alam, S, Alasfoor, D, Albittar, Mi, Alegretti MAAleman AV, Alemu, Za, Alfonso-Cristancho, R, Alhabib, S, Ali, R, Alla, F, Allebeck, P, Allen, Pj, Almazroa, Ma, Alsharif, U, Alvarez, E, Alvis-Guzman NAmeli, O, Amini, H, Ammar, W, Anderson, Bo, Anderson, Hr, Antonio, Ca, Anwari, P, Apfel, H, Arsenijevic, V, Artaman, A, Asghar, Rj, Assadi, R, Atkins, L, Atkinson, C, Badawi, A, Bahit, Mc, Bakfalouni, T, Balakrishnan, K, Balalla, S, Banerjee, A, Barker-Collo, Sl, Barquera, S, Barregard, L, Barrero LHBasu, S, Basu, A, Baxter, A, Beardsley, J, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Bekele, T, Bell, Ml, Benjet, C, Bennett, Da, Bensenor, Im, Benzian, H, Bernabe, E, Beyene TJBhala, N, Bhalla, A, Bhutta, Z, Bienhoff, K, Bikbov, B, Bin Abdulhak, A, Blore, Jd, Blyth, Fm, Bohensky, Ma, Bora Basara, B, Borges, G, Bornstein, Nm, Bose, D, Boufous, S, Bourne, Rr, Boyers, Ln, Brainin, M, Brauer, M, Brayne, Ce, Brazinova, A, Breitborde, Nj, Brenner, H, Briggs, Ad, Brooks, Pm, Brown JBrugha TS, Buchbinder, R, Buckle, Gc, Bukhman, G, Bulloch, Ag, Burch, M, Burnett, R, Cardenas, R, Cabral, Nl, Campos Nonato IR, Campuzano JCCarapetis JR, Carpenter, Do, Caso, V, Castaneda-Orjuela, Ca, Catala-Lopez, F, Chadha, Vk, Chang, Jc, Chen, H, Chen, W, Chiang, Pp, Chimed-Ochir, O, Chowdhury, R, Christensen, H, Christophi, Ca, Chugh, S, Cirillo, M, Coggeshall, M, Cohen, A, Colistro, V, Colquhoun, Sm, Contreras, Ag, Cooper LTCooper, C, Cooperrider, K, Coresh, J, Cortinovis, M, Criqui, Mh, Crump, Ja, Cuevas-Nasu, L, Dandona, R, Dandona, L, Dansereau, E, Dantes, Hg, Dargan, Pi, Davey, G, Davitoiu, Dv, Dayama, A, De la Cruz-Gongora, V, de la Vega SF, De Leo, D, del Pozo-Cruz, B, Dellavalle, Rp, Deribe, K, Derrett, S, Des Jarlais DC, Dessalegn, M, Deveber, Ga, Dharmaratne, Sd, Diaz-Torne, C, Ding, El, Dokova, K, Dorsey, Er, Driscoll, Tr, Duber, H, Durrani, Am, Edmond, Km, Ellenbogen, Rg, Endres, M, Ermakov, Sp, Eshrati, B, Esteghamati, A, Estep, K, Fahimi, S, Farzadfar, F, Fay, Df, Felson, Dt, Fereshtehnejad SMFernandes JG, Ferri, Cp, Flaxman, A, Foigt, N, Foreman, Kj, Fowkes, Fg, Franklin, Rc, Furst, T, Futran, Nd, Gabbe, Bj, Gankpe, Fg, Garcia-Guerra FAGeleijnse JM, Gessner, Bd, Gibney, Kb, Gillum, Rf, Ginawi, Ia, Giroud, M, Giussani, G, Goenka, S, Goginashvili, K, Gona, P, Gonzalez de Cosio TGosselin RA, Gotay, Cc, Goto, A, Gouda, Hn, Guerrant, Rl, Gugnani, Hc, Gunnell, D, Gupta, R, Gutierrez, Ra, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hagan HHalasa, Y, Hamadeh, Rr, Hamavid, H, Hammami, M, Hankey, Gj, Hao, Y, Harb, Hl, Haro, Jm, Havmoeller, R, Hay, Rj, Hay, S, Hedayati, Mt, Heredia Pi IB, Heydarpour, P, Hijar, M, Hoek, Hw, Hoffman, Hj, Hornberger, Jc, Hosgood, Hd, Hossain, M, Hotez, Pj, Hoy, Dg, Hsairi, M, Hu, H, Hu, G, Huang JJHuang, C, Huiart, L, Husseini, A, Iannarone, M, Iburg, Km, Innos, K, Inoue, M, Jacobsen, Kh, Jassal, Sk, Jeemon, P, Jensen, Pn, Jha, V, Jiang, G, Jiang YJonas JB, Joseph, J, Juel, K, Kan, H, Karch, A, Karimkhani, C, Karthikeyan, G, Katz, R, Kaul, A, Kawakami, N, Kazi, D, Kemp, Ah, Kengne, Ap, Khader, Y, Khalifa, Se, Khan, Ea, Khan, G, Khang, Yh, Khonelidze, I, Kieling, C, Kim, D, Kim, S, Kimokoti, Rw, Kinfu, Y, Kinge, Jm, Kissela, Bm, Kivipelto MKnibbs, L, Knudsen, Ak, Kokubo, Y, Kosen, S, Kramer, A, Kravchenko, M, Krishnamurthi, Rv, Krishnaswami, S, Kuate Defo, B, Kucuk Bicer, B, Kuipers EJKulkarni VS, Kumar, K, Kumar, Ga, Kwan, Gf, Lai, T, Lalloo, R, Lam, H, Lan, Q, Lansingh, Vc, Larson, H, Larsson, A, Lawrynowicz, Ae, Leasher, Jl, Lee, Jt, Leigh, J, Leung, R, Levi, M, Li, B, Li, Y, Liang, J, Lim, S, Lin, Hh, Lind, M, Lindsay, Mp, Lipshultz, Se, Liu, S, Lloyd, Bk, Lockett Ohno, S, Logroscino, G, Looker, Kj, Lopez, Ad, Lopez-Olmedo, N, Lortet-Tieulent, J, Lotufo, Pa, Low, N, Lucas, Rm, Lunevicius, R, Lyons, Ra, Ma, J, Ma, S, Mackay MTMajdan, M, Malekzadeh, R, Mapoma, Cc, Marcenes, W, March, Lm, Margono, C, Marks, Gb, Marzan, Mb, Masci, Jr, Mason-Jones, Aj, Matzopoulos RGMayosi BM, Mazorodze, Tt, Mcgill, Nw, Mcgrath, Jj, Mckee, M, Mclain, A, Mcmahon, Bj, Meaney, Pa, Mehndiratta, Mm, Mejia-Rodriguez, F, Mekonnen, W, Melaku, Ya, Meltzer, M, Memish, Za, Mensah, G, Meretoja, A, Mhimbira, Fa, Micha, R, Miller, Tr, Mills, Ej, Mitchell, Pb, Mock, Cn, Moffitt TEMohamed Ibrahim, N, Mohammad, Ka, Mokdad, Ah, Mola, Gl, Monasta, L, Montico, M, Montine, Tj, Moore, Ar, Moran, Ae, Morawska, L, Mori RMoschandreas, J, Moturi, Wn, Moyer, M, Mozaffarian, D, Mueller, Uo, Mukaigawara, M, Murdoch, Me, Murray, J, Murthy, K, Naghavi, P, Nahas ZNaheed, A, Naidoo, K, Naldi, L, Nand, D, Nangia, V, Narayan, Km, Nash, D, Nejjari, C, Neupane, Sp, Newman, Lm, Newton, Cr, Ng, M, Ngalesoni FNNhung NT, Nisar, Mi, Nolte, S, Norheim, Of, Norman, Re, Norrving, B, Nyakarahuka, L, Oh, Ih, Ohkubo, T, Omer, Sb, Opio, Jn, Ortiz, A, Pandian JDPanelo CI, Papachristou, C, Park, Ek, Parry, Cd, Caicedo, Aj, Patten, Sb, Paul, Vk, Pavlin, Bi, Pearce, N, Pedraza, L, Pellegrini, Ca, Pereira, Dm, Perez-Ruiz, Fp, Perico, N, Pervaiz, A, Pesudovs, K, Peterson, Cb, Petzold, M, Phillips, Mr, Phillips, D, Phillips, B, Piel, Fb, Plass, D, Poenaru, D, Polanczyk GVPolinder, S, Pope, Ca, Popova, S, Poulton, Rg, Pourmalek, F, Prabhakaran, D, Prasad, Nm, Qato, D, Quistberg, Da, Rafay, A, Rahimi, K, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, Su, Raju, M, Rakovac, I, Rana, Sm, Razavi, H, Refaat, A, Rehm, J, Remuzzi, G, Resnikoff, S, Ribeiro, Al, Riccio, Pm, Richardson, L, Richardus, Jh, Riederer, Am, Robinson, M, Roca, A, Rodriguez, A, Rojas-Rueda, D, Ronfani, L, Rothenbacher, D, Roy, N, Ruhago, Gm, Sabin, N, Sacco, Rl, Ksoreide, K, Saha, S, Sahathevan, R, Sahraian, Ma, Sampson, U, Sanabria, Jr, Sanchez-Riera, L, Santos, I, Satpathy, M, Saunders, Je, Sawhney, M, Saylan MIScarborough, P, Schoettker, B, Schneider, Ij, Schwebel, Dc, Scott, Jg, Seedat, S, Sepanlou, Sg, Serdar, B, Servan-Mori, Ee, Shackelford, K, Shaheen AShahraz, S, Shamah Levy, T, Shangguan, S, She, J, Sheikhbahaei, S, Shepard, D, Shi, P, Shibuya, K, Shinohara, Y, Shiri, R, Shishani, K, Shiue, I, Shrime, Mg, Sigfusdottir, Id, Silberberg, Dh, Simard, Ep, Sindi, S, Singh, Ja, Singh, L, Skirbekk, V, Sliwa, K, Soljak, M, Soneji, S, Soshnikov, S, Speyer PSposato LA, Sreeramareddy, Ct, Stoeckl, H, Stathopoulou, Vk, Steckling, N, Stein, Mb, Stein, Dj, Steiner, Tj, Stewart, A, Stork, E, Stovner LJStroumpoulis, K, Sturua, L, Sunguya, Bf, Swaroop, M, Sykes, Bl, Tabb, Km, Takahashi, K, Tan, F, Tandon, N, Tanne, D, Tanner, M, Tavakkoli, M, Taylor, Hr, Te Ao BJ, Temesgen, Am, Ten Have, M, Tenkorang, Ey, Terkawi, A, Theadom, Am, Thomas, E, Thorne-Lyman, Al, Thrift, Ag, Tleyjeh, Im, Tonelli, M, Topouzis, F, Towbin, Ja, Toyoshima, H, Traebert, J, Tran, Bx, Trasande, L, Trillini, M, Truelsen, T, Trujillo, U, Tsilimbaris, M, Tuzcu, Em, Ukwaja KNUndurraga EA, Uzun, Sb, van Brakel WH, van de Vijver, S, Van Dingenen, R, van Gool CH, Varakin, Yy, Vasankari, Tj, Vavilala, M, Veerman LJVelasquez-Melendez, G, Venketasubramanian, N, Vijayakumar, L, Villalpando, S, Violante, F, Vlassov, Vv, Waller, S, Wallin, Mt, Wan, X, Wang, L, Wang, J, Wang, Y, Warouw, T, Weichenthal, S, Weiderpass, E, Weintraub, Rg, Werdecker, A, Wessells, Kr, Westerman, R, Wilkinson, Jd, Williams HCWilliams TN, Woldeyohannes, Sm, Wolfe, Cd, Wong, Jq, Wong, H, Woolf, Ad, Wright, Jl, Wurtz, B, Xu, G, Yang, G, Yano, Y, Yenesew, Ma, Yentur GKYip, P, Yonemoto, N, Yoon, Sj, Younis, M, Yu, C, Kim, Ky, Zaki Mel, S, Zhang, Y, Zhao, Z, Zhao, Y, Zhu, J, Zonies, D, Zunt, Jr, Salomon, Ja, Murray, Cj., Vos, Theo, Barber, Ryan M., Bell, Brad, Bertozzi-Villa, Amelia, Biryukov, Stan, Bolliger, Ian, Charlson, Fiona, Davis, Adrian, Degenhardt, Louisa, Dicker, Daniel, Duan, Leilei, Erskine, Holly, Feigin, Valery L., Ferrari, Alize J., Fitzmaurice, Christina, Fleming, Thoma, Graetz, Nichola, Guinovart, Caterina, Haagsma, Juanita, Hansen, Gillian M., Hanson, Sarah Wulf, Heuton, Kyle R., Higashi, Hideki, Kassebaum, Nichola, Kyu, Hmwe, Laurie, Evan, Liang, Xiofeng, Lofgren, Katherine, Lozano, Rafael, Macintyre, Michael F., Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Naghavi, Mohsen, Nguyen, Grant, Odell, Shaun, Ortblad, Katrina, Roberts, David Allen, Roth, Gregory A., Sandar, Logan, Serina, Peter T., Stanaway, Jeffrey D., Steiner, Caitlyn, Thomas, Bernadette, Vollset, Stein Emil, Whiteford, Harvey, Wolock, Timothy M., Ye, Pengpeng, Zhou, Maigeng, Ãvila, Marco A., Aasvang, Gunn Marit, Abbafati, Cristiana, Ozgoren, Ayse Abbasoglu, Abd-Allah, Foad, Aziz, Muna I. Abdel, Abera, Semaw F., Aboyans, Victor, Abraham, Jerry P., Abraham, Biju, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Raddad, Laith J., Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M.E., Aburto, Tania C., Achoki, Tom, Ackerman, Ilana N., Adelekan, Ademola, Ademi, Zanfina, Adou, Arsène K., Adsuar, Josef C., Arnlov, Johan, Agardh, Emilie E., Al Khabouri, Mazin J., Alam, Sayed Saidul, Alasfoor, Deena, Albittar, Mohammed I., Alegretti, Miguel A., Aleman, Alicia V., Alemu, Zewdie A., Alfonso-Cristancho, Rafael, Alhabib, Samia, Ali, Raghib, Alla, Francoi, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Peter J., Almazroa, Mohammad Abdulaziz, Alsharif, Ubai, Alvarez, Elena, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Ameli, Omid, Amini, Heresh, Ammar, Walid, Anderson, Benjamin O., Anderson, H. Ro, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Anwari, Palwasha, Apfel, Henry, Arsenijevic, Valentain S. Arsic, Artaman, Al, Asghar, Rana J., Assadi, Reza, Atkins, Lydia S., Atkinson, Charle, Badawi, Alaa, Bahit, Maria C., Bakfalouni, Talal, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Balalla, Shivanthi, Banerjee, Amitava, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L., Barquera, Simon, Barregard, Lar, Barrero, Lope H., Basu, Sanjay, Basu, Arindam, Baxter, Amanda, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Bekele, Tolesa, Bell, Michelle L., Benjet, Corina, Bennett, Derrick A., Bensenor, Isabela M., Benzian, Habib, Bernabe, Eduardo, Beyene, Tariku J., Bhala, Neeraj, Bhalla, Ashish, Bhutta, Zulfiqar, Bienhoff, Kelly, Bikbov, Bori, Abdulhak, Aref Bin, Blore, Jed D., Blyth, Fiona M., Bohensky, Megan A., Basara, Berrak Bora, Borges, Guilherme, Bornstein, Natan M., Bose, Dipan, Boufous, Soufiane, Bourne, Rupert R., Boyers, Lindsay N., Brainin, Michael, Brauer, Michael, Brayne, Carol E.G., Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J.K., Brenner, Hermann, Briggs, Adam D.M., Brooks, Peter M., Brown, Jonathan, Brugha, Traolach S., Buchbinder, Rachelle, Buckle, Geoffrey C., Bukhman, Gene, Bulloch, Andrew G., Burch, Michael, Burnett, Richard, Cardenas, Rosario, Cabral, Norberto L., Campos-Nonato, Ismael R., Campuzano, Julio C., Carapetis, Jonathan R., Carpenter, David O., Caso, Valeria, Castaneda-Orjuela, Carlos A., Catala-Lopez, Ferran, Chadha, Vineet K., Chang, Jung-Chen, Chen, Honglei, Chen, Wanqing, Chiang, Peggy P., Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christensen, Hanne, Christophi, Costas A., Chugh, Sumeet S., Cirillo, Massimo, Coggeshall, Megan, Cohen, Aaron, Colistro, Valentina, Colquhoun, Samantha M., Contreras, Alejandra G., Cooper, Leslie T., Cooper, Cyru, Cooperrider, Kimberly, Coresh, Josef, Cortinovis, Monica, Criqui, Michael H., Crump, John A., Cuevas-Nasu, Lucia, Dandona, Rakhi, Dandona, Lalit, Dansereau, Emily, Dantes, Hector G., Dargan, Paul I., Davey, Gail, Davitoiu, Dragos V., Dayama, Anand, De La Cruz-Gongora, Vanessa, De La Vega, Shelley F., De Leo, Diego, Del Pozo-Cruz, Borja, Dellavalle, Robert P., Deribe, Kebede, Derrett, Sarah, Des Jarlais, Don C., Dessalegn, Muluken, Deveber, Gabrielle A., Dharmaratne, Samath D., Diaz-Torne, Cesar, Ding, Eric L., Dokova, Klara, Dorsey, E.R., Driscoll, Tim R., Duber, Herbert, Durrani, Adnan M., Edmond, Karen M., Ellenbogen, Richard G., Endres, Matthia, Ermakov, Sergey P., Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Estep, Kara, Fahimi, Saman, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fay, Derek F.J., Felson, David T., Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Jefferson G., Ferri, Cluesa P., Flaxman, Abraham, Foigt, Nataliya, Foreman, Kyle J., Fowkes, F Gerry R., Franklin, Richard C., Furst, Thoma, Futran, Neal D., Gabbe, Belinda J., Gankpe, Fortune G., Garcia-Guerra, Francisco A., Geleijnse, Johanna M., Gessner, Bradford D., Gibney, Katherine B., Gillum, Richard F., Ginawi, Ibrahim A., Giroud, Maurice, Giussani, Giorgia, Goenka, Shifalika, Goginashvili, Ketevan, Gona, Philimon, De Cosio, Teresita Gonzalez, Gosselin, Richard A., Gotay, Carolyn C., Goto, Atsushi, Gouda, Hebe N., Guerrant, Richard L., Gugnani, Harish C., Gunnell, David, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Rahul, Gutierrez, Reyna A., Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hagan, Holly, Halasa, Yara, Hamadeh, Randah R., Hamavid, Hannah, Hammami, Mouhanad, Hankey, Graeme J., Hao, Yuantao, Harb, Hilda L., Haro, Josep Maria, Havmoeller, Rasmu, Hay, Roderick J., Hay, Simon, Hedayati, Mohammad T., Pi, Ileana B. Heredia, Heydarpour, Pouria, Hijar, Martha, Hoek, Hans W., Hoffman, Howard J., Hornberger, John C., Hosgood, H. Dean, Hossain, Mazeda, Hotez, Peter J., Hoy, Damian G., Hsairi, Mohamed, Hu, Howard, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, John J., Huang, Cheng, Huiart, Laetitia, Husseini, Abdullatif, Iannarone, Marissa, Iburg, Kim M., Innos, Kaire, Inoue, Manami, Jacobsen, Kathryn H., Jassal, Simerjot K., Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jensen, Paul N., Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Guohong, Jiang, Ying, Jonas, Jost B., Joseph, Jonathan, Juel, Knud, Kan, Haidong, Karch, Andre, Karimkhani, Chante, Karthikeyan, Ganesan, Katz, Ronit, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kazi, Dhruv S., Kemp, Andrew H., Kengne, Andre P., Khader, Yousef S., Khalifa, Shams Eldin A.H., Khan, Ejaz A., Khan, Gulfaraz, Khang, Young-Ho, Khonelidze, Irma, Kieling, Christian, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Sungroul, Kimokoti, Ruth W., Kinfu, Yohanne, Kinge, Jonas M., Kissela, Brett M., Kivipelto, Miia, Knibbs, Luke, Knudsen, Ann Kristin, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kosen, Soewarta, Kramer, Alexander, Kravchenko, Michael, Krishnamurthi, Rita V., Krishnaswami, Sanjay, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kuipers, Ernst J., Kulkarni, Veena S., Kumar, Kaushalendra, Kumar, G Anil, Kwan, Gene F., Lai, Taavi, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lam, Hilton, Lan, Qing, Lansingh, Van C., Larson, Heidi, Larsson, Ander, Lawrynowicz, Alicia E.B., Leasher, Janet L., Lee, Jong-Tae, Leigh, Jame, Leung, Ricky, Levi, Miriam, Li, Bin, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, Liang, Juan, Lim, Stephen, Lin, Hsien-Ho, Lind, Margaret, Lindsay, M Patrice, Lipshultz, Steven E., Liu, Shiwei, Lloyd, Belinda K., Ohno, Summer Lockett, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Looker, Katharine J., Lopez, Alan D., Lopez-Olmedo, Nancy, Lortet-Tieulent, Joannie, Lotufo, Paulo A., Low, Nicola, Lucas, Robyn M., Lunevicius, Raimunda, Lyons, Ronan A., Ma, Jixiang, Ma, Stefan, Mackay, Mark T., Majdan, Marek, Malekzadeh, Reza, Mapoma, Christopher C., Marcenes, Wagner, March, Lyn M., Margono, Chri, Marks, Guy B., Marzan, Melvin B., Masci, Joseph R., Mason-Jones, Amanda J., Matzopoulos, Richard G., Mayosi, Bongani M., Mazorodze, Tasara T., Mcgill, Neil W., Mcgrath, John J., Mckee, Martin, Mclain, Abby, Mcmahon, Brian J., Meaney, Peter A., Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mejia-Rodriguez, Fabiola, Mekonnen, Wubegzier, Melaku, Yohannes A., Meltzer, Michele, Memish, Ziad A., Mensah, George, Meretoja, Atte, Mhimbira, Francis A., Micha, Renata, Miller, Ted R., Mills, Edward J., Mitchell, Philip B., Mock, Charles N., Moffitt, Terrie E., Ibrahim, Norlinah Mohamed, Mohammad, Karzan A., Mokdad, Ali H., Mola, Glen L., Monasta, Lorenzo, Montico, Marcella, Montine, Thomas J., Moore, Ami R., Moran, Andrew E., Morawska, Lidia, Mori, Rintaro, Moschandreas, Joanna, Moturi, Wilkister N., Moyer, Madeline, Mozaffarian, Dariush, Mueller, Ulrich O., Mukaigawara, Mitsuru, Murdoch, Michele E., Murray, Joseph, Murthy, Kinnari S., Naghavi, Paria, Nahas, Ziad, Naheed, Aliya, Naidoo, Kovin S., Naldi, Luigi, Nand, Devina, Nangia, Vinay, Narayan, K.M. Venkat, Nash, Deni, Nejjari, Chakib, Neupane, Sudan P., Newman, Lori M., Newton, Charles R., Ng, Marie, Ngalesoni, Frida N., Nhung, Nguyen T., Nisar, Muhammad I., Nolte, Sandra, Norheim, Ole F., Norman, Rosana E., Norrving, Bo, Nyakarahuka, Luke, Oh, In Hwan, Ohkubo, Takayoshi, Omer, Saad B., Opio, John Nelson, Ortiz, Alberto, Pandian, Jeyaraj D., Panelo, Carlo Irwin A., Papachristou, Christina, Park, Eun-Kee, Parry, Charles D., Caicedo, Angel J. Paternina, Patten, Scott B., Paul, Vinod K., Pavlin, Boris I., Pearce, Neil, Pedraza, Lilia S., Pellegrini, Carlos A., Pereira, David M., Perez-Ruiz, Fernando P., Perico, Norberto, Pervaiz, Aslam, Pesudovs, Konrad, Peterson, Carrie B., Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael R., Phillips, David, Phillips, Bryan, Piel, Frederic B., Plass, Dietrich, Poenaru, Dan, Polanczyk, Guilherme V., Polinder, Suzanne, Pope, C.A., Popova, Svetlana, Poulton, Richie G., Pourmalek, Farshad, Prabhakaran, Dorairaj, Prasad, Noela M., Qato, Dima, Quistberg, D.A., Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Raju, Murugesan, Rakovac, Ivo, Rana, Saleem M., Razavi, Homie, Refaat, Amany, Rehm, Jurgen, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Resnikoff, Serge, Ribeiro, Antonio L., Riccio, Patricia M., Richardson, Lee, Richardus, Jan Hendrik, Riederer, Anne M., Robinson, Margot, Roca, Anna, Rodriguez, Alina, Rojas-Rueda, David, Ronfani, Luca, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Roy, Nobhojit, Ruhago, George M., Sabin, Nsanzimana, Sacco, Ralph L., Ksoreide, Kjetil, Saha, Sukanta, Sahathevan, Ramesh, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Sampson, Uchechukwu, Sanabria, Juan R., Sanchez-Riera, Lidia, Santos, Itamar S., Satpathy, Maheswar, Saunders, James E., Sawhney, Monika, Saylan, Mete I., Scarborough, Peter, Schoettker, Ben, Schneider, Ione J.C., Schwebel, David C., Scott, James G., Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Serdar, Berrin, Servan-Mori, Edson E., Shackelford, Katya, Shaheen, Amira, Shahraz, Saeid, Levy, Teresa Shamah, Shangguan, Siyi, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shepard, Donald S., Shi, Peilin, Shibuya, Kenji, Shinohara, Yukito, Shiri, Rahman, Shishani, Kawkab, Shiue, Ivy, Shrime, Mark G., Sigfusdottir, Inga D., Silberberg, Donald H., Simard, Edgar P., Sindi, Shireen, Singh, Jasvinder A., Singh, Lavanya, Skirbekk, Vegard, Sliwa, Karen, Soljak, Michael, Soneji, Samir, Soshnikov, Sergey S., Speyer, Peter, Sposato, Luciano A., Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T., Stoeckl, Heidi, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki Kalliopi, Steckling, Nadine, Stein, Murray B., Stein, Dan J., Steiner, Timothy J., Stewart, Andrea, Stork, Eden, Stovner, Lars J., Stroumpoulis, Konstantino, Sturua, Lela, Sunguya, Bruno F., Swaroop, Mamta, Sykes, Bryan L., Tabb, Karen M., Takahashi, Ken, Tan, Feng, Tandon, Nikhil, Tanne, David, Tanner, Marcel, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taylor, Hugh R., Te Ao, Braden J., Temesgen, Awoke Misganaw, Have, Margreet Ten, Tenkorang, Eric Yeboah, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Theadom, Alice M., Thomas, Elissa, Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L., Thrift, Amanda G., Tleyjeh, Imad M., Tonelli, Marcello, Topouzis, Foti, Towbin, Jeffrey A., Toyoshima, Hideaki, Traebert, Jefferson, Tran, Bach X., Trasande, Leonardo, Trillini, Matia, Truelsen, Thoma, Trujillo, Ulise, Tsilimbaris, Miltiadi, Tuzcu, Emin M., Ukwaja, Kingsley N., Undurraga, Eduardo A., Uzun, Selen B., Van Brakel, Wim H., Van De Vijver, Steven, Dingenen, Rita Van, Van Gool, Coen H., Varakin, Yuri Y., Vasankari, Tommi J., Vavilala, Monica S., Veerman, Lennert J., Velasquez-Melendez, Gustavo, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Vijayakumar, Lakshmi, Villalpando, Salvador, Violante, Francesco S., Vlassov, Vasiliy V., Waller, Stephen, Wallin, Mitchell T., Wan, Xia, Wang, Linhong, Wang, Jianli, Wang, Yanping, Warouw, Tati S., Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G., Werdecker, Andrea, Wessells, K. Ryan, Westerman, Ronny, Wilkinson, James D., Williams, Hywel C., Williams, Thomas N., Woldeyohannes, Solomon M., Wolfe, Charles D.A., Wong, John Q., Wong, Haidong, Woolf, Anthony D., Wright, Jonathan L., Wurtz, Brittany, Xu, Gelin, Yang, Gonghuan, Yano, Yuichiro, Yenesew, Muluken A., Yentur, Gokalp K., Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa, Yu, Chuanhua, Kim, Kim Yun, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zhang, Yong, Zhao, Zheng, Zhao, Yong, Zhu, Jun, Zonies, David, Zunt, Joseph R., Salomon, Joshua A., Murray, Christopher J.L., Cell biology, Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Epidemiology, Health Technology Assessment (HTA), and Public Health
- Subjects
Male ,Gerontology ,Nutrition and Disease ,Epidemiology ,years lived with disability, Global burden of disease, acute and chronic diseases, countries ,Prevalence ,Disease ,Global Health ,Medical and Health Sciences ,Conduct disorder ,Otitis-media ,Cost of Illness ,Residence Characteristics ,Voeding en Ziekte ,80 and over ,Global health ,2.2 Factors relating to the physical environment ,2.1 Biological and endogenous factors ,countries ,Aetiology ,Child ,Aged, 80 and over ,Medicine(all) ,education.field_of_study ,ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER ,Incidence ,Mortality rate ,Incidence (epidemiology) ,Pain Research ,Neglected Diseases ,Alcohol dependence ,General Medicine ,Middle Aged ,Global burden of disease ,Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 Collaborators ,Mental Health ,Infectious Diseases ,Attention deficit/Hyperactivity disorder ,Burden of Illness ,Child, Preschool ,Acute Disease ,Female ,Life Sciences & Biomedicine ,Adult ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Adolescent ,GBD 2013 ,Population ,acute and chronic diseases ,Young Adult ,Mental-disorders ,Age Distribution ,Medicine, General & Internal ,Weights ,General & Internal Medicine ,medicine ,Humans ,Life Science ,Disabled Persons ,Sex Distribution ,Preschool ,education ,Developing Countries ,VLAG ,Aged ,Science & Technology ,business.industry ,Developed Countries ,Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ,Infant, Newborn ,Infant ,Health outcomes ,Newborn ,medicine.disease ,Comorbidity ,Brain Disorders ,years lived with disability ,Good Health and Well Being ,Disease, injury, incidence, prevalence, YLDs, GBD 2010 ,Chronic Disease ,Wounds and Injuries ,business ,2.4 Surveillance and distribution ,Iron-deficiency ,Demography - Abstract
Summary Background Up-to-date evidence about levels and trends in disease and injury incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) is an essential input into global, regional, and national health policies. In the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013), we estimated these quantities for acute and chronic diseases and injuries for 188 countries between 1990 and 2013. Methods Estimates were calculated for disease and injury incidence, prevalence, and YLDs using GBD 2010 methods with some important refinements. Results for incidence of acute disorders and prevalence of chronic disorders are new additions to the analysis. Key improvements include expansion to the cause and sequelae list, updated systematic reviews, use of detailed injury codes, improvements to the Bayesian meta-regression method (DisMod-MR), and use of severity splits for various causes. An index of data representativeness, showing data availability, was calculated for each cause and impairment during three periods globally and at the country level for 2013. In total, 35 620 distinct sources of data were used and documented to calculated estimates for 301 diseases and injuries and 2337 sequelae. The comorbidity simulation provides estimates for the number of sequelae, concurrently, by individuals by country, year, age, and sex. Disability weights were updated with the addition of new population-based survey data from four countries. Findings Disease and injury were highly prevalent; only a small fraction of individuals had no sequelae. Comorbidity rose substantially with age and in absolute terms from 1990 to 2013. Incidence of acute sequelae were predominantly infectious diseases and short-term injuries, with over 2 billion cases of upper respiratory infections and diarrhoeal disease episodes in 2013, with the notable exception of tooth pain due to permanent caries with more than 200 million incident cases in 2013. Conversely, leading chronic sequelae were largely attributable to non-communicable diseases, with prevalence estimates for asymptomatic permanent caries and tension-type headache of 2·4 billion and 1·6 billion, respectively. The distribution of the number of sequelae in populations varied widely across regions, with an expected relation between age and disease prevalence. YLDs for both sexes increased from 537·6 million in 1990 to 764·8 million in 2013 due to population growth and ageing, whereas the age-standardised rate decreased little from 114·87 per 1000 people to 110·31 per 1000 people between 1990 and 2013. Leading causes of YLDs included low back pain and major depressive disorder among the top ten causes of YLDs in every country. YLD rates per person, by major cause groups, indicated the main drivers of increases were due to musculoskeletal, mental, and substance use disorders, neurological disorders, and chronic respiratory diseases; however HIV/AIDS was a notable driver of increasing YLDs in sub-Saharan Africa. Also, the proportion of disability-adjusted life years due to YLDs increased globally from 21·1% in 1990 to 31·2% in 2013. Interpretation Ageing of the world's population is leading to a substantial increase in the numbers of individuals with sequelae of diseases and injuries. Rates of YLDs are declining much more slowly than mortality rates. The non-fatal dimensions of disease and injury will require more and more attention from health systems. The transition to non-fatal outcomes as the dominant source of burden of disease is occurring rapidly outside of sub-Saharan Africa. Our results can guide future health initiatives through examination of epidemiological trends and a better understanding of variation across countries. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Background Up-to-date evidence about levels and trends in disease and injury incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) is an essential input into global, regional, and national health policies. In the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013), we estimated these quantities for acute and chronic diseases and injuries for 188 countries between 1990 and 2013. Methods Estimates were calculated for disease and injury incidence, prevalence, and YLDs using GBD 2010 methods with some important refinements. Results for incidence of acute disorders and prevalence of chronic disorders are new additions to the analysis. Key improvements include expansion to the cause and sequelae list, updated systematic reviews, use of detailed injury codes, improvements to the Bayesian meta-regression method (DisMod-MR), and use of severity splits for various causes. An index of data representativeness, showing data availability, was calculated for each cause and impairment during three periods globally and at the country level for 2013. In total, 35 620 distinct sources of data were used and documented to calculated estimates for 301 diseases and injuries and 2337 sequelae. The comorbidity simulation provides estimates for the number of sequelae, concurrently, by individuals by country, year, age, and sex. Disability weights were updated with the addition of new population-based survey data from four countries. Findings Disease and injury were highly prevalent; only a small fraction of individuals had no sequelae. Comorbidity rose substantially with age and in absolute terms from 1990 to 2013. Incidence of acute sequelae were predominantly infectious diseases and short-term injuries, with over 2 billion cases of upper respiratory infections and diarrhoeal disease episodes in 2013, with the notable exception of tooth pain due to permanent caries with more than 200 million incident cases in 2013. Conversely, leading chronic sequelae were largely attributable to non-communicable diseases, with prevalence estimates for asymptomatic permanent caries and tension-type headache of 2·4 billion and 1·6 billion, respectively. The distribution of the number of sequelae in populations varied widely across regions, with an expected relation between age and disease prevalence. YLDs for both sexes increased from 537·6 million in 1990 to 764·8 million in 2013 due to population growth and ageing, whereas the age-standardised rate decreased little from 114·87 per 1000 people to 110·31 per 1000 people between 1990 and 2013. Leading causes of YLDs included low back pain and major depressive disorder among the top ten causes of YLDs in every country. YLD rates per person, by major cause groups, indicated the main drivers of increases were due to musculoskeletal, mental, and substance use disorders, neurological disorders, and chronic respiratory diseases; however HIV/AIDS was a notable driver of increasing YLDs in sub-Saharan Africa. Also, the proportion of disability-adjusted life years due to YLDs increased globally from 21·1% in 1990 to 31·2% in 2013. Interpretation Ageing of the world's population is leading to a substantial increase in the numbers of individuals with sequelae of diseases and injuries. Rates of YLDs are declining much more slowly than mortality rates. The non-fatal dimensions of disease and injury will require more and more attention from health systems. The transition to non-fatal outcomes as the dominant source of burden of disease is occurring rapidly outside of sub-Saharan Africa. Our results can guide future health initiatives through examination of epidemiological trends and a better understanding of variation across countries. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
- Published
- 2015
8. Measuring progress and projecting attainment on the basis of past trends of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals in 188 countries: An analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
- Author
-
Fullman, N, Barber, RM, Abajobir, AA, Abate, KH, Abbafati, C, Abbas, KM, Abd-Allah, F, Abdulle, AM, Abera, SF, Aboyans, V, Abu-Raddad, LJ, Abu-Rmeileh, NME, Adedeji, IA, Adetokunboh, O, Afshin, A, Agrawal, A, Agrawal, S, Kiadaliri, AA, Ahmadieh, H, Ahmed, MB, Aichour, AN, Aichour, I, Aichour, MTE, Aiyar, S, Akinyemi, RO, Akseer, N, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alam, N, Alasfoor, D, Alene, KA, Alizadeh-Navaei, R, Alkerwi, A, Alla, F, Allebeck, P, Allen, C, Al-Raddadi, R, Alsharif, U, Altirkawi, KA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, AT, Amini, E, Ammar, W, Antonio, CAT, Ansari, H, Anwari, P, Arora, M, Artaman, A, Aryal, KK, Asayesh, H, Asgedom, SW, Assadi, R, Atey, TM, Atre, SR, Avila-Burgos, L, Arthur Avokpaho, EFG, Awasthi, A, Azzopardi, P, Bacha, U, Badawi, A, Balakrishnan, K, Bannick, MS, Barac, A, Barker-Collo, SL, Bärnighausen, T, Barrero, LH, Basu, S, Battle, KE, Baune, BT, Beardsley, J, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Béjot, Y, Bell, ML, Bennett, DA, Bennett, JR, Bensenor, IM, Berhane, A, Berhe, DF, Bernabé, E, Betsu, BD, Beuran, M, Beyene, AS, Bhala, N, Bhansali, A, Bhatt, S, Bhutta, ZA, Bikbov, B, Bilal, AI, Birungi, C, Biryukov, S, Bizuayehu, HM, Blosser, CD, Boneya, DJ, Bose, D, Bou-Orm, IR, Brauer, M, Breitborde, NJK, Brugha, TS, Bulto, LNB, Fullman, N, Barber, RM, Abajobir, AA, Abate, KH, Abbafati, C, Abbas, KM, Abd-Allah, F, Abdulle, AM, Abera, SF, Aboyans, V, Abu-Raddad, LJ, Abu-Rmeileh, NME, Adedeji, IA, Adetokunboh, O, Afshin, A, Agrawal, A, Agrawal, S, Kiadaliri, AA, Ahmadieh, H, Ahmed, MB, Aichour, AN, Aichour, I, Aichour, MTE, Aiyar, S, Akinyemi, RO, Akseer, N, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alam, N, Alasfoor, D, Alene, KA, Alizadeh-Navaei, R, Alkerwi, A, Alla, F, Allebeck, P, Allen, C, Al-Raddadi, R, Alsharif, U, Altirkawi, KA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, AT, Amini, E, Ammar, W, Antonio, CAT, Ansari, H, Anwari, P, Arora, M, Artaman, A, Aryal, KK, Asayesh, H, Asgedom, SW, Assadi, R, Atey, TM, Atre, SR, Avila-Burgos, L, Arthur Avokpaho, EFG, Awasthi, A, Azzopardi, P, Bacha, U, Badawi, A, Balakrishnan, K, Bannick, MS, Barac, A, Barker-Collo, SL, Bärnighausen, T, Barrero, LH, Basu, S, Battle, KE, Baune, BT, Beardsley, J, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Béjot, Y, Bell, ML, Bennett, DA, Bennett, JR, Bensenor, IM, Berhane, A, Berhe, DF, Bernabé, E, Betsu, BD, Beuran, M, Beyene, AS, Bhala, N, Bhansali, A, Bhatt, S, Bhutta, ZA, Bikbov, B, Bilal, AI, Birungi, C, Biryukov, S, Bizuayehu, HM, Blosser, CD, Boneya, DJ, Bose, D, Bou-Orm, IR, Brauer, M, Breitborde, NJK, Brugha, TS, and Bulto, LNB
- Abstract
Background: The UN's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are grounded in the global ambition of "leaving no one behind". Understanding today's gains and gaps for the health-related SDGs is essential for decision makers as they aim to improve the health of populations. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016), we measured 37 of the 50 health-related SDG indicators over the period 1990-2016 for 188 countries, and then on the basis of these past trends, we projected indicators to 2030. Methods: We used standardised GBD 2016 methods to measure 37 health-related indicators from 1990 to 2016, an increase of four indicators since GBD 2015. We substantially revised the universal health coverage (UHC) measure, which focuses on coverage of essential health services, to also represent personal health-care access and quality for several non-communicable diseases. We transformed each indicator on a scale of 0-100, with 0 as the 25th percentile estimated between 1990 and 2030, and 100 as the 975th percentile during that time. An index representing all 37 health-related SDG indicators was constructed by taking the geometric mean of scaled indicators by target. On the basis of past trends, we produced projections of indicator values, using a weighted average of the indicator and country-specific annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2016 with weights for each annual rate of change based on out-of-sample validity. 24 of the currently measured health-related SDG indicators have defined SDG targets, against which we assessed attainment. Findings Globally, the median health-related SDG index was 567 (IQR 319-668) in 2016 and country-level performance markedly varied, with Singapore (868, 95% uncertainty interval 846-889), Iceland (860, 841-876), and Sweden (856, 818-878) having the highest levels in 2016 and Afghanistan (109, 96-119), the Central African Republic (110, 88-138), and Somalia (113, 95-131) recording the lowest. Between
- Published
- 2017
9. Global, regional, and national under-5 mortality, adult mortality, age-specific mortality, and life expectancy, 1970-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
- Author
-
Wang, H, Abajobir, AA, Abate, KH, Abbafati, C, Abbas, KM, Abd-Allah, F, Abera, SF, Abraha, HN, Abu-Raddad, LJ, Abu-Rmeileh, NME, Adedeji, IA, Adedoyin, RA, Adetifa, IMO, Adetokunboh, O, Afshin, A, Aggarwal, R, Agrawal, A, Agrawal, S, Kiadaliri, AA, Ahmed, MB, Aichour, AN, Aichour, I, Aichour, MTE, Aiyar, S, Akanda, S, Akinyemiju, TF, Akseer, N, Al-Eyadhy, A, Al Lami, FH, Alabed, S, Alahdab, F, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alam, N, Alasfoor, D, Aldridge, RW, Alene, KA, Alhabib, S, Ali, R, Alizadeh-Navaei, R, Aljunid, SM, Alkaabi, JM, Alkerwi, A, Alla, F, Allam, SD, Allebeck, P, Al-Raddadi, R, Alsharif, U, Altirkawi, KA, Martin, EA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, AT, Ameh, EA, Amini, E, Ammar, W, Amoako, YA, Anber, N, Andrei, CL, Androudi, S, Ansari, H, Ansha, MG, Antonio, CAT, Anwari, P, Arnlov, J, Arora, M, Al, A, Aryal, KK, Asayesh, H, Asgedom, SW, Asghar, RJ, Assadi, R, Atey, TM, Atre, SR, Avila-Burgos, L, Avokpaho, EFGA, Awasthi, A, Quintanilla, BPA, Babalola, TK, Bacha, U, Badawi, A, Balakrishnan, K, Balalla, S, Barac, A, Barber, RM, Barboza, MA, Barker-Collo, SL, Barnighausen, T, Barquera, S, Barregard, L, Barrero, LH, Baune, BT, Bazargan-Hejazi, S, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Bejot, Y, Bekele, BB, Bell, ML, Bello, AK, Bennett, DA, Bennett, JR, Bensenor, IM, Benson, J, Berhane, A, Berhe, DF, Bernabe, E, Beuran, M, Beyene, AS, Bhala, N, Bhansali, A, Bhaumik, S, Bhutta, ZA, Bikbov, B, Birungi, C, Biryukov, S, Bisanzio, D, Bizuayehu, HM, Bjerregaard, P, Blosser, CD, Boneya, DJ, Boufous, S, Bourne, RRA, Brazinova, A, Breitborde, NJK, Brenner, H, Brugha, TS, Bukhman, G, Negesa, L, Bulto, B, Bumgarner, BR, Burch, M, Butt, ZA, Cahill, LE, Cahuana-Hurtado, L, Campos-Nonato, IR, Car, J, Car, M, Crdenas, R, Carpenter, DO, Carrero, JJ, Carter, A, Castaneda-Orjuela, CA, Rivas, JC, Castro, FF, Castro, RE, Catala-Lopez, F, Chen, H, Chiang, PP-C, Chibalabala, M, Chisumpa, VH, Chitheer, AA, Choi, J-YJ, Christensen, H, Christopher, DJ, Ciobanu, LG, Cirillo, M, Cohen, AJ, Colquhoun, SM, Coresh, J, Criqui, MH, Cromwell, EA, Crump, JA, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Dargan, PI, das Neves, J, Davey, G, Davitoiu, DV, Davletov, K, de Courten, B, De Leo, D, Degenhardt, L, Deiparine, S, Dellavalle, RP, Deribe, K, Deribew, A, Des Jarlais, DC, Dey, S, Dharmaratne, SD, Dherani, MK, Diaz-Torne, C, Ding, EL, Dixit, P, Djalalinia, S, Huyen, PD, Doku, DT, Donnelly, CA, Priscila, K, dos Santos, B, Douwes-Schultz, D, Driscoll, TR, Duan, L, Dubey, M, Duncan, BB, Dwivedi, LK, Ebrahimi, H, El Bcheraoui, C, Ellingsen, CL, Enayati, A, Endries, AY, Ermakov, SP, Eshetie, S, Eshrati, B, Eskandarieh, S, Esteghamati, A, Estep, K, Fanuel, BBF, Faro, A, Farvid, MS, Farzadfar, F, Feigin, VL, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Fernandes, JG, Fernandes, JC, Feyissa, TR, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Foigt, N, Foreman, KJ, Frank, T, Franklin, RC, Fraser, M, Friedman, J, Frostad, JJ, Fullman, N, Furst, T, Furtado, JM, Futran, ND, Gakidou, E, Gambashidze, K, Gamkrelidze, A, Gankpe, FG, Garcia-Basteiro, AL, Gebregergs, GB, Gebrehiwot, TT, Gebrekidan, KG, Gebremichael, MW, Gelaye, AA, Geleijnse, JM, Gemechu, BL, Gemechu, KS, Genova-Maleras, R, Gesesew, HA, Gething, PW, Gibney, KB, Gill, PS, Gillum, RF, Giref, AZ, Girma, BW, Giussani, G, Goenka, S, Gomez, B, Gona, PN, Gopalani, SV, Goulart, AC, Graetz, N, Gugnani, HC, Gupta, PC, Gupta, R, Gupta, T, Gupta, V, Haagsma, JA, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Bidgoli, HH, Hakuzimana, A, Halasa, YA, Hamadeh, RR, Hambisa, MT, Hamidi, S, Hammami, M, Hancock, J, Handal, AJ, Hankey, GJ, Hao, Y, Harb, HL, Hareri, HA, Harikrishnan, S, Haro, JM, Hassanvand, MS, Havmoeller, R, Hay, RJ, Hay, SI, He, F, Heredia-Pi, IB, Herteliu, C, Hilawe, EH, Hoek, HW, Horita, N, Hosgood, HD, Hostiuc, S, Hotez, PJ, Hoy, DG, Hsairi, M, Htet, AS, Hu, G, Huang, H, Huang, JJ, Iburg, KM, Igumbor, EU, Ileanu, BV, Inoue, M, Irenso, AA, Irvine, CMS, Islam, N, Jacobsen, KH, Jaenisch, T, Jahanmehr, N, Jakovljevic, MB, Javanbakht, M, Jayatilleke, AU, Jeemon, P, Jensen, PN, Jha, V, Jin, Y, John, D, John, O, Johnson, SC, Jonas, JB, Jurisson, M, Kabir, Z, Kadel, R, Kahsay, A, Kalkonde, Y, Kamal, R, Kan, H, Karch, A, Karema, CK, Karimi, SM, Karthikeyan, G, Kasaeian, A, Kassaw, NA, Kassebaum, NJ, Kastor, A, Katikireddi, SV, Kaul, A, Kawakami, N, Kazanjan, K, Keiyoro, PN, Kelbore, SG, Kemp, AH, Kengne, AP, Keren, A, Kereselidze, M, Kesavachandran, CN, Ketema, EB, Khader, YS, Khalil, IA, Khan, EA, Khan, G, Khang, Y-H, Khera, S, Khoja, ATA, Khosravi, MH, Kibret, GD, Kieling, C, Kim, C-I, Kim, D, Kim, P, Kim, S, Kim, YJ, Kimokoti, RW, Kinfu, Y, Kishawi, S, Kissimova-Skarbek, KA, Kissoon, N, Kivimaki, M, Knudsen, AK, Kokubo, Y, Kopec, JA, Kosen, S, Koul, PA, Koyanagi, A, Kravchenko, M, Krohn, KJ, Defo, BK, Bicer, BK, Kuipers, EJ, Kulikoff, XR, Kulkarni, VS, Kumar, GA, Kumar, P, Kumsa, FA, Kutz, M, Lachat, C, Lagat, AK, Lager, ACJ, Lal, DK, Lalloo, R, Lambert, N, Lan, Q, Lansingh, VC, Larson, HJ, Larsson, A, Laryea, DO, Lavados, PM, Laxmaiah, A, Lee, PH, Leigh, J, Leung, J, Leung, R, Levi, M, Li, Y, Liao, Y, Liben, ML, Lim, SS, Linn, S, Lipshultz, SE, Liu, S, Lodha, R, Logroscino, G, Lorch, SA, Lorkowski, S, Lotufo, PA, Lozano, R, Lunevicius, R, Lyons, RA, Ma, S, Macarayan, ERK, Machado, IE, Mackay, MT, Abd el Razek, MM, Magis-Rodriguez, C, Mahdavi, M, Majdan, M, Majdzadeh, R, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Malhotra, R, Malta, DC, Mantovani, LG, Manyazewal, T, Mapoma, CC, Marczak, LB, Marks, GB, Martinez-Raga, J, Martins-Melo, FR, Massano, J, Maulik, PK, Mayosi, BM, Mazidi, M, McAlinden, C, McGarvey, ST, McGrath, JJ, Mckee, M, Mehata, S, Mehndiratta, MM, Mehta, KM, Meier, T, Mekonnen, TC, Meles, KG, Memiah, P, Memish, ZA, Mendoza, W, Mengesha, MM, Mengistie, MA, Tadese, D, Menon, MGR, Menota, BG, Mensah, GA, Meretoja, A, Meretoja, TJ, Mezgebe, HB, Micha, R, Mikesell, J, Miller, TR, Mills, EJ, Minnig, S, Mirarefin, M, Mirrakhimov, EM, Misganaw, A, Mishra, SR, Mohammad, KA, Mohammadi, A, Mohammed, KESM, Mohan, MBV, Mohanty, SK, Mokdad, AH, Assaye, AM, Mollenkopf, SK, Molokhia, M, Monasta, L, Hernandez, JCM, Montico, M, Mooney, MD, Moore, AR, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Moraga, P, Morawska, L, Velasquez, IM, Mori, R, Morrison, SD, Mruts, KB, Mueller, UO, Mullany, E, Muller, K, Venkata, G, Murthy, S, Musa, KI, Nachega, JB, Nagata, C, Nagel, G, Naghavi, M, Naidoo, KS, Nanda, L, Nangia, V, Nascimento, BR, Natarajan, G, Negoi, I, Cuong, TN, Ningrum, DNA, Nisar, MI, Nomura, M, Vuong, MN, Norheim, OF, Norrving, B, Noubiap, JJN, Nyakarahuka, L, Obermeyer, CM, O'Donnell, MJ, Ogbo, FA, Oh, I-H, Okoro, A, Oladimeji, O, Olagunju, AT, Olusanya, BO, Olusanya, JO, Oren, E, Ortiz, A, Osgood-Zimmerman, A, Ota, E, Owolabi, MO, Oyekale, AS, Pa, M, Pacella, RE, Pakhale, S, Pana, A, Panda, BK, Panda-Jonas, S, Park, E-K, Parsaeian, M, Patel, T, Patten, SB, Patton, GC, Paudel, D, Pereira, DM, Perez-Padilla, R, Perez-Ruiz, F, Perico, N, Pervaiz, A, Pesudovs, K, Peterson, CB, Petri, WA, Petzold, M, Phillips, MR, Piel, FB, Pigott, DM, Pishgar, F, Plass, D, Polinder, S, Popova, S, Postma, MJ, Poulton, RG, Pourmalek, F, Prasad, N, Purwar, M, Qorbani, M, Rabiee, RHS, Radfar, A, Rafay, A, Rahimi-Movaghar, A, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, M, Rahman, MHU, Rahman, SU, Rai, RK, Rajsic, S, Ram, U, Rana, SM, Ranabhat, CL, Rao, PV, Rawaf, S, Ray, SE, Rego, MAS, Rehm, J, Reiner, RC, Remuzzi, G, Renzaho, AMNN, Resnikoff, S, Rezaei, S, Rezai, MS, Ribeiro, AL, Rokni, MB, Ronfani, L, Roshandel, G, Roth, GA, Rothenbacher, D, Roy, A, Rubagotti, E, Ruhago, GM, Saadat, S, Sabde, YD, Sachdev, PS, Sadat, N, Safdarian, M, Safiri, SSS, Sagar, R, Sahathevan, R, Sahebkar, A, Sahraian, MA, Salama, J, Salamati, P, Salomon, JA, Salvi, SS, Samy, AM, Sanabria, JR, Sanchez-Nino, MD, Santos, IS, Milicevic, MMS, Sarmiento-Suarez, R, Sartorius, B, Satpathy, M, Sawhney, M, Saxena, S, Saylan, MI, Schmidt, MI, Schneider, IJC, Schutte, AE, Schwebel, DC, Schwendicke, F, Seedat, S, Seid, AM, Sepanlou, SG, Servan-Mori, EE, Shackelford, KA, Shaheen, A, Shahraz, S, Shaikh, MA, Shamsipour, M, Shamsizadeh, M, Islam, SMS, Sharma, J, Sharma, R, She, J, Shen, J, Shetty, BP, Shi, P, Shibuya, K, Shigematsu, M, Shiri, R, Shiue, I, Shrime, MG, Sigfusdottir, ID, Silberberg, DH, Silpakit, N, Silva, DAS, Silva, JP, Silveira, DGA, Sindi, S, Singh, A, Singh, JA, Singh, PK, Singh, V, Sinha, DN, Skiadaresi, E, Sligar, A, Smith, DL, Sobaih, BHA, Sobngwi, E, Soneji, S, Soriano, JB, Sreeramareddy, CT, Srinivasan, V, Stathopoulou, V, Steel, N, Stein, DJ, Steiner, C, Stockl, H, Stokes, MA, Strong, M, Sufiyan, MB, Suliankatchi, RA, Sunguya, BF, Sur, PJ, Swaminathan, S, Sykes, BL, Szoeke, CEI, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Tadakamadla, SK, Tadese, F, Tandon, N, Tanne, D, Tarajia, M, Tavakkoli, M, Taveira, N, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Tekelab, T, Tekle, DY, Shifa, GT, Temsah, M-H, Terkawi, AS, Tesema, CL, Tesssema, B, Theis, A, Thomas, N, Thompson, AH, Thomson, AJ, Thrift, AG, Tiruye, TY, Tobe-Gai, R, Tonelli, M, Topor-Madry, R, Topouzis, F, Tortajada, M, Tran, BX, Trujillo, TTU, Tsilimparis, N, Tuem, KB, Tuzcu, EM, Tyrovolas, S, Ukwaja, KN, Undurraga, EA, Uthman, OA, Uzochukwu, BSC, van Boven, JFM, Varakin, YY, Varughese, S, Vasankari, T, Vasconcelos, AMN, Venketasubramanian, N, Vidavalur, R, Violante, FS, Vishnu, A, Vladimirov, SK, Vlassov, VV, Vollset, SE, Vos, T, Waid, JL, Wakayo, T, Wang, Y-P, Weichenthal, S, Weiderpass, E, Weintraub, RG, Werdecker, A, Wesana, J, Wijeratne, T, Wilkinson, JD, Wiysonge, CS, Woldeyes, BG, Wolfe, CDA, Workicho, A, Workie, SB, Xavier, D, Xu, G, Yaghoubi, M, Yakob, B, Yalew, AZ, Yan, LL, Yano, Y, Yaseri, M, Ye, P, Yimam, HH, Yip, P, Yirsaw, BD, Yonemoto, N, Yoon, S-J, Yotebieng, M, Younis, MZ, Zaidi, Z, Zaki, MES, Zeeb, H, Zenebe, ZM, Zerfu, TA, Zhang, AL, Zhang, X, Zodpey, S, Zuhlke, LJ, Lopez, AD, Murray, CJL, Wang, H, Abajobir, AA, Abate, KH, Abbafati, C, Abbas, KM, Abd-Allah, F, Abera, SF, Abraha, HN, Abu-Raddad, LJ, Abu-Rmeileh, NME, Adedeji, IA, Adedoyin, RA, Adetifa, IMO, Adetokunboh, O, Afshin, A, Aggarwal, R, Agrawal, A, Agrawal, S, Kiadaliri, AA, Ahmed, MB, Aichour, AN, Aichour, I, Aichour, MTE, Aiyar, S, Akanda, S, Akinyemiju, TF, Akseer, N, Al-Eyadhy, A, Al Lami, FH, Alabed, S, Alahdab, F, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alam, N, Alasfoor, D, Aldridge, RW, Alene, KA, Alhabib, S, Ali, R, Alizadeh-Navaei, R, Aljunid, SM, Alkaabi, JM, Alkerwi, A, Alla, F, Allam, SD, Allebeck, P, Al-Raddadi, R, Alsharif, U, Altirkawi, KA, Martin, EA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, AT, Ameh, EA, Amini, E, Ammar, W, Amoako, YA, Anber, N, Andrei, CL, Androudi, S, Ansari, H, Ansha, MG, Antonio, CAT, Anwari, P, Arnlov, J, Arora, M, Al, A, Aryal, KK, Asayesh, H, Asgedom, SW, Asghar, RJ, Assadi, R, Atey, TM, Atre, SR, Avila-Burgos, L, Avokpaho, EFGA, Awasthi, A, Quintanilla, BPA, Babalola, TK, Bacha, U, Badawi, A, Balakrishnan, K, Balalla, S, Barac, A, Barber, RM, Barboza, MA, Barker-Collo, SL, Barnighausen, T, Barquera, S, Barregard, L, Barrero, LH, Baune, BT, Bazargan-Hejazi, S, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Bejot, Y, Bekele, BB, Bell, ML, Bello, AK, Bennett, DA, Bennett, JR, Bensenor, IM, Benson, J, Berhane, A, Berhe, DF, Bernabe, E, Beuran, M, Beyene, AS, Bhala, N, Bhansali, A, Bhaumik, S, Bhutta, ZA, Bikbov, B, Birungi, C, Biryukov, S, Bisanzio, D, Bizuayehu, HM, Bjerregaard, P, Blosser, CD, Boneya, DJ, Boufous, S, Bourne, RRA, Brazinova, A, Breitborde, NJK, Brenner, H, Brugha, TS, Bukhman, G, Negesa, L, Bulto, B, Bumgarner, BR, Burch, M, Butt, ZA, Cahill, LE, Cahuana-Hurtado, L, Campos-Nonato, IR, Car, J, Car, M, Crdenas, R, Carpenter, DO, Carrero, JJ, Carter, A, Castaneda-Orjuela, CA, Rivas, JC, Castro, FF, Castro, RE, Catala-Lopez, F, Chen, H, Chiang, PP-C, Chibalabala, M, Chisumpa, VH, Chitheer, AA, Choi, J-YJ, Christensen, H, Christopher, DJ, Ciobanu, LG, Cirillo, M, Cohen, AJ, Colquhoun, SM, Coresh, J, Criqui, MH, Cromwell, EA, Crump, JA, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Dargan, PI, das Neves, J, Davey, G, Davitoiu, DV, Davletov, K, de Courten, B, De Leo, D, Degenhardt, L, Deiparine, S, Dellavalle, RP, Deribe, K, Deribew, A, Des Jarlais, DC, Dey, S, Dharmaratne, SD, Dherani, MK, Diaz-Torne, C, Ding, EL, Dixit, P, Djalalinia, S, Huyen, PD, Doku, DT, Donnelly, CA, Priscila, K, dos Santos, B, Douwes-Schultz, D, Driscoll, TR, Duan, L, Dubey, M, Duncan, BB, Dwivedi, LK, Ebrahimi, H, El Bcheraoui, C, Ellingsen, CL, Enayati, A, Endries, AY, Ermakov, SP, Eshetie, S, Eshrati, B, Eskandarieh, S, Esteghamati, A, Estep, K, Fanuel, BBF, Faro, A, Farvid, MS, Farzadfar, F, Feigin, VL, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Fernandes, JG, Fernandes, JC, Feyissa, TR, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Foigt, N, Foreman, KJ, Frank, T, Franklin, RC, Fraser, M, Friedman, J, Frostad, JJ, Fullman, N, Furst, T, Furtado, JM, Futran, ND, Gakidou, E, Gambashidze, K, Gamkrelidze, A, Gankpe, FG, Garcia-Basteiro, AL, Gebregergs, GB, Gebrehiwot, TT, Gebrekidan, KG, Gebremichael, MW, Gelaye, AA, Geleijnse, JM, Gemechu, BL, Gemechu, KS, Genova-Maleras, R, Gesesew, HA, Gething, PW, Gibney, KB, Gill, PS, Gillum, RF, Giref, AZ, Girma, BW, Giussani, G, Goenka, S, Gomez, B, Gona, PN, Gopalani, SV, Goulart, AC, Graetz, N, Gugnani, HC, Gupta, PC, Gupta, R, Gupta, T, Gupta, V, Haagsma, JA, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Bidgoli, HH, Hakuzimana, A, Halasa, YA, Hamadeh, RR, Hambisa, MT, Hamidi, S, Hammami, M, Hancock, J, Handal, AJ, Hankey, GJ, Hao, Y, Harb, HL, Hareri, HA, Harikrishnan, S, Haro, JM, Hassanvand, MS, Havmoeller, R, Hay, RJ, Hay, SI, He, F, Heredia-Pi, IB, Herteliu, C, Hilawe, EH, Hoek, HW, Horita, N, Hosgood, HD, Hostiuc, S, Hotez, PJ, Hoy, DG, Hsairi, M, Htet, AS, Hu, G, Huang, H, Huang, JJ, Iburg, KM, Igumbor, EU, Ileanu, BV, Inoue, M, Irenso, AA, Irvine, CMS, Islam, N, Jacobsen, KH, Jaenisch, T, Jahanmehr, N, Jakovljevic, MB, Javanbakht, M, Jayatilleke, AU, Jeemon, P, Jensen, PN, Jha, V, Jin, Y, John, D, John, O, Johnson, SC, Jonas, JB, Jurisson, M, Kabir, Z, Kadel, R, Kahsay, A, Kalkonde, Y, Kamal, R, Kan, H, Karch, A, Karema, CK, Karimi, SM, Karthikeyan, G, Kasaeian, A, Kassaw, NA, Kassebaum, NJ, Kastor, A, Katikireddi, SV, Kaul, A, Kawakami, N, Kazanjan, K, Keiyoro, PN, Kelbore, SG, Kemp, AH, Kengne, AP, Keren, A, Kereselidze, M, Kesavachandran, CN, Ketema, EB, Khader, YS, Khalil, IA, Khan, EA, Khan, G, Khang, Y-H, Khera, S, Khoja, ATA, Khosravi, MH, Kibret, GD, Kieling, C, Kim, C-I, Kim, D, Kim, P, Kim, S, Kim, YJ, Kimokoti, RW, Kinfu, Y, Kishawi, S, Kissimova-Skarbek, KA, Kissoon, N, Kivimaki, M, Knudsen, AK, Kokubo, Y, Kopec, JA, Kosen, S, Koul, PA, Koyanagi, A, Kravchenko, M, Krohn, KJ, Defo, BK, Bicer, BK, Kuipers, EJ, Kulikoff, XR, Kulkarni, VS, Kumar, GA, Kumar, P, Kumsa, FA, Kutz, M, Lachat, C, Lagat, AK, Lager, ACJ, Lal, DK, Lalloo, R, Lambert, N, Lan, Q, Lansingh, VC, Larson, HJ, Larsson, A, Laryea, DO, Lavados, PM, Laxmaiah, A, Lee, PH, Leigh, J, Leung, J, Leung, R, Levi, M, Li, Y, Liao, Y, Liben, ML, Lim, SS, Linn, S, Lipshultz, SE, Liu, S, Lodha, R, Logroscino, G, Lorch, SA, Lorkowski, S, Lotufo, PA, Lozano, R, Lunevicius, R, Lyons, RA, Ma, S, Macarayan, ERK, Machado, IE, Mackay, MT, Abd el Razek, MM, Magis-Rodriguez, C, Mahdavi, M, Majdan, M, Majdzadeh, R, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Malhotra, R, Malta, DC, Mantovani, LG, Manyazewal, T, Mapoma, CC, Marczak, LB, Marks, GB, Martinez-Raga, J, Martins-Melo, FR, Massano, J, Maulik, PK, Mayosi, BM, Mazidi, M, McAlinden, C, McGarvey, ST, McGrath, JJ, Mckee, M, Mehata, S, Mehndiratta, MM, Mehta, KM, Meier, T, Mekonnen, TC, Meles, KG, Memiah, P, Memish, ZA, Mendoza, W, Mengesha, MM, Mengistie, MA, Tadese, D, Menon, MGR, Menota, BG, Mensah, GA, Meretoja, A, Meretoja, TJ, Mezgebe, HB, Micha, R, Mikesell, J, Miller, TR, Mills, EJ, Minnig, S, Mirarefin, M, Mirrakhimov, EM, Misganaw, A, Mishra, SR, Mohammad, KA, Mohammadi, A, Mohammed, KESM, Mohan, MBV, Mohanty, SK, Mokdad, AH, Assaye, AM, Mollenkopf, SK, Molokhia, M, Monasta, L, Hernandez, JCM, Montico, M, Mooney, MD, Moore, AR, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Moraga, P, Morawska, L, Velasquez, IM, Mori, R, Morrison, SD, Mruts, KB, Mueller, UO, Mullany, E, Muller, K, Venkata, G, Murthy, S, Musa, KI, Nachega, JB, Nagata, C, Nagel, G, Naghavi, M, Naidoo, KS, Nanda, L, Nangia, V, Nascimento, BR, Natarajan, G, Negoi, I, Cuong, TN, Ningrum, DNA, Nisar, MI, Nomura, M, Vuong, MN, Norheim, OF, Norrving, B, Noubiap, JJN, Nyakarahuka, L, Obermeyer, CM, O'Donnell, MJ, Ogbo, FA, Oh, I-H, Okoro, A, Oladimeji, O, Olagunju, AT, Olusanya, BO, Olusanya, JO, Oren, E, Ortiz, A, Osgood-Zimmerman, A, Ota, E, Owolabi, MO, Oyekale, AS, Pa, M, Pacella, RE, Pakhale, S, Pana, A, Panda, BK, Panda-Jonas, S, Park, E-K, Parsaeian, M, Patel, T, Patten, SB, Patton, GC, Paudel, D, Pereira, DM, Perez-Padilla, R, Perez-Ruiz, F, Perico, N, Pervaiz, A, Pesudovs, K, Peterson, CB, Petri, WA, Petzold, M, Phillips, MR, Piel, FB, Pigott, DM, Pishgar, F, Plass, D, Polinder, S, Popova, S, Postma, MJ, Poulton, RG, Pourmalek, F, Prasad, N, Purwar, M, Qorbani, M, Rabiee, RHS, Radfar, A, Rafay, A, Rahimi-Movaghar, A, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, M, Rahman, MHU, Rahman, SU, Rai, RK, Rajsic, S, Ram, U, Rana, SM, Ranabhat, CL, Rao, PV, Rawaf, S, Ray, SE, Rego, MAS, Rehm, J, Reiner, RC, Remuzzi, G, Renzaho, AMNN, Resnikoff, S, Rezaei, S, Rezai, MS, Ribeiro, AL, Rokni, MB, Ronfani, L, Roshandel, G, Roth, GA, Rothenbacher, D, Roy, A, Rubagotti, E, Ruhago, GM, Saadat, S, Sabde, YD, Sachdev, PS, Sadat, N, Safdarian, M, Safiri, SSS, Sagar, R, Sahathevan, R, Sahebkar, A, Sahraian, MA, Salama, J, Salamati, P, Salomon, JA, Salvi, SS, Samy, AM, Sanabria, JR, Sanchez-Nino, MD, Santos, IS, Milicevic, MMS, Sarmiento-Suarez, R, Sartorius, B, Satpathy, M, Sawhney, M, Saxena, S, Saylan, MI, Schmidt, MI, Schneider, IJC, Schutte, AE, Schwebel, DC, Schwendicke, F, Seedat, S, Seid, AM, Sepanlou, SG, Servan-Mori, EE, Shackelford, KA, Shaheen, A, Shahraz, S, Shaikh, MA, Shamsipour, M, Shamsizadeh, M, Islam, SMS, Sharma, J, Sharma, R, She, J, Shen, J, Shetty, BP, Shi, P, Shibuya, K, Shigematsu, M, Shiri, R, Shiue, I, Shrime, MG, Sigfusdottir, ID, Silberberg, DH, Silpakit, N, Silva, DAS, Silva, JP, Silveira, DGA, Sindi, S, Singh, A, Singh, JA, Singh, PK, Singh, V, Sinha, DN, Skiadaresi, E, Sligar, A, Smith, DL, Sobaih, BHA, Sobngwi, E, Soneji, S, Soriano, JB, Sreeramareddy, CT, Srinivasan, V, Stathopoulou, V, Steel, N, Stein, DJ, Steiner, C, Stockl, H, Stokes, MA, Strong, M, Sufiyan, MB, Suliankatchi, RA, Sunguya, BF, Sur, PJ, Swaminathan, S, Sykes, BL, Szoeke, CEI, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Tadakamadla, SK, Tadese, F, Tandon, N, Tanne, D, Tarajia, M, Tavakkoli, M, Taveira, N, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Tekelab, T, Tekle, DY, Shifa, GT, Temsah, M-H, Terkawi, AS, Tesema, CL, Tesssema, B, Theis, A, Thomas, N, Thompson, AH, Thomson, AJ, Thrift, AG, Tiruye, TY, Tobe-Gai, R, Tonelli, M, Topor-Madry, R, Topouzis, F, Tortajada, M, Tran, BX, Trujillo, TTU, Tsilimparis, N, Tuem, KB, Tuzcu, EM, Tyrovolas, S, Ukwaja, KN, Undurraga, EA, Uthman, OA, Uzochukwu, BSC, van Boven, JFM, Varakin, YY, Varughese, S, Vasankari, T, Vasconcelos, AMN, Venketasubramanian, N, Vidavalur, R, Violante, FS, Vishnu, A, Vladimirov, SK, Vlassov, VV, Vollset, SE, Vos, T, Waid, JL, Wakayo, T, Wang, Y-P, Weichenthal, S, Weiderpass, E, Weintraub, RG, Werdecker, A, Wesana, J, Wijeratne, T, Wilkinson, JD, Wiysonge, CS, Woldeyes, BG, Wolfe, CDA, Workicho, A, Workie, SB, Xavier, D, Xu, G, Yaghoubi, M, Yakob, B, Yalew, AZ, Yan, LL, Yano, Y, Yaseri, M, Ye, P, Yimam, HH, Yip, P, Yirsaw, BD, Yonemoto, N, Yoon, S-J, Yotebieng, M, Younis, MZ, Zaidi, Z, Zaki, MES, Zeeb, H, Zenebe, ZM, Zerfu, TA, Zhang, AL, Zhang, X, Zodpey, S, Zuhlke, LJ, Lopez, AD, and Murray, CJL
- Published
- 2017
10. Erratum: Measuring progress and projecting attainment on the basis of past trends of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals in 188 countries: an analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 (The Lancet (2017) 390(10100) (1423–1459) (S
- Author
-
Fullman, N, Barber, RM, Abajobir, AA, Abate, KH, Abbafati, C, Abbas, KM, Abd-Allah, F, Abdulkader, RS, Abdulle, AM, Abera, SF, Aboyans, V, Abu-Raddad, LJ, Abu-Rmeileh, NME, Adedeji, IA, Adetokunboh, O, Afshin, A, Agrawal, A, Agrawal, S, Ahmad Kiadaliri, A, Ahmadieh, H, Ahmed, MB, Aichour, MTE, Aichour, AN, Aichour, I, Aiyar, S, Akinyemi, RO, Akseer, N, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alam, N, Alasfoor, D, Alene, KA, Alizadeh-Navaei, R, Alkerwi, A, Alla, F, Allebeck, P, Allen, C, Al-Raddadi, R, Alsharif, U, Altirkawi, KA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, AT, Amini, E, Ammar, W, Ansari, H, Antonio, CAT, Anwari, P, Arora, M, Artaman, A, Aryal, KK, Asayesh, H, Asgedom, SW, Assadi, R, Atey, TM, Atre, SR, Avila-Burgos, L, Avokpaho, EFGA, Awasthi, A, Azzopardi, P, Bacha, U, Badawi, A, Balakrishnan, K, Bannick, MS, Barac, A, Barker-Collo, SL, Bärnighausen, T, Barrero, LH, Basu, S, Battle, KE, Baune, BT, Beardsley, J, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Béjot, Y, Bell, ML, Bennett, DA, Bennett, JR, Bensenor, IM, Berhane, A, Berhe, DF, Bernabé, E, Betsu, BD, Beuran, M, Beyene, AS, Bhala, N, Bhansali, A, Bhatt, S, Bhutta, ZA, Bicer, BK, Bidgoli, HH, Bikbov, B, Bilal, AI, Birungi, C, Biryukov, S, Bizuayehu, HM, Blosser, CD, Boneya, DJ, Bose, D, Bou-Orm, IR, Brauer, M, Stokes, Mark, Fullman, N, Barber, RM, Abajobir, AA, Abate, KH, Abbafati, C, Abbas, KM, Abd-Allah, F, Abdulkader, RS, Abdulle, AM, Abera, SF, Aboyans, V, Abu-Raddad, LJ, Abu-Rmeileh, NME, Adedeji, IA, Adetokunboh, O, Afshin, A, Agrawal, A, Agrawal, S, Ahmad Kiadaliri, A, Ahmadieh, H, Ahmed, MB, Aichour, MTE, Aichour, AN, Aichour, I, Aiyar, S, Akinyemi, RO, Akseer, N, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alam, N, Alasfoor, D, Alene, KA, Alizadeh-Navaei, R, Alkerwi, A, Alla, F, Allebeck, P, Allen, C, Al-Raddadi, R, Alsharif, U, Altirkawi, KA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, AT, Amini, E, Ammar, W, Ansari, H, Antonio, CAT, Anwari, P, Arora, M, Artaman, A, Aryal, KK, Asayesh, H, Asgedom, SW, Assadi, R, Atey, TM, Atre, SR, Avila-Burgos, L, Avokpaho, EFGA, Awasthi, A, Azzopardi, P, Bacha, U, Badawi, A, Balakrishnan, K, Bannick, MS, Barac, A, Barker-Collo, SL, Bärnighausen, T, Barrero, LH, Basu, S, Battle, KE, Baune, BT, Beardsley, J, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Béjot, Y, Bell, ML, Bennett, DA, Bennett, JR, Bensenor, IM, Berhane, A, Berhe, DF, Bernabé, E, Betsu, BD, Beuran, M, Beyene, AS, Bhala, N, Bhansali, A, Bhatt, S, Bhutta, ZA, Bicer, BK, Bidgoli, HH, Bikbov, B, Bilal, AI, Birungi, C, Biryukov, S, Bizuayehu, HM, Blosser, CD, Boneya, DJ, Bose, D, Bou-Orm, IR, Brauer, M, and Stokes, Mark
- Published
- 2017
11. Erratum:Measuring progress and projecting attainment on the basis of past trends of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals in 188 countries: an analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 (The Lancet (2017) 390(10100) (1423–1459) (S0
- Author
-
Fullman, N, Barber, RM, Abajobir, AA, Abate, KH, Abbafati, C, Abbas, KM, Abd-Allah, F, Abdulkader, RS, Abdulle, AM, Abera, SF, Aboyans, V, Abu-Raddad, LJ, Abu-Rmeileh, NME, Adedeji, IA, Adetokunboh, O, Afshin, A, Agrawal, A, Agrawal, S, Ahmad Kiadaliri, A, Ahmadieh, H, Ahmed, MB, Aichour, MTE, Aichour, AN, Aichour, I, Aiyar, S, Akinyemi, RO, Akseer, N, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alam, N, Alasfoor, D, Alene, KA, Alizadeh-Navaei, R, Alkerwi, A, Alla, F, Allebeck, P, Allen, C, Al-Raddadi, R, Alsharif, U, Altirkawi, KA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, AT, Amini, E, Ammar, W, Ansari, H, Antonio, CAT, Anwari, P, Arora, M, Artaman, A, Aryal, KK, Asayesh, H, Asgedom, SW, Assadi, R, Atey, TM, Atre, SR, Avila-Burgos, L, Avokpaho, EFGA, Awasthi, A, Azzopardi, P, Bacha, U, Badawi, A, Balakrishnan, K, Bannick, MS, Barac, A, Barker-Collo, SL, Bärnighausen, T, Barrero, LH, Basu, S, Battle, KE, Baune, BT, Beardsley, J, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Béjot, Y, Bell, ML, Bennett, DA, Bennett, JR, Bensenor, IM, Berhane, A, Berhe, DF, Bernabé, E, Betsu, BD, Beuran, M, Beyene, AS, Bhala, N, Bhansali, A, Bhatt, S, Bhutta, ZA, Bicer, BK, Bidgoli, HH, Bikbov, B, Bilal, AI, Birungi, C, Biryukov, S, Bizuayehu, HM, Blosser, CD, Boneya, DJ, Bose, D, Bou-Orm, IR, Brauer, M, Stokes, Mark, Fullman, N, Barber, RM, Abajobir, AA, Abate, KH, Abbafati, C, Abbas, KM, Abd-Allah, F, Abdulkader, RS, Abdulle, AM, Abera, SF, Aboyans, V, Abu-Raddad, LJ, Abu-Rmeileh, NME, Adedeji, IA, Adetokunboh, O, Afshin, A, Agrawal, A, Agrawal, S, Ahmad Kiadaliri, A, Ahmadieh, H, Ahmed, MB, Aichour, MTE, Aichour, AN, Aichour, I, Aiyar, S, Akinyemi, RO, Akseer, N, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alam, N, Alasfoor, D, Alene, KA, Alizadeh-Navaei, R, Alkerwi, A, Alla, F, Allebeck, P, Allen, C, Al-Raddadi, R, Alsharif, U, Altirkawi, KA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, AT, Amini, E, Ammar, W, Ansari, H, Antonio, CAT, Anwari, P, Arora, M, Artaman, A, Aryal, KK, Asayesh, H, Asgedom, SW, Assadi, R, Atey, TM, Atre, SR, Avila-Burgos, L, Avokpaho, EFGA, Awasthi, A, Azzopardi, P, Bacha, U, Badawi, A, Balakrishnan, K, Bannick, MS, Barac, A, Barker-Collo, SL, Bärnighausen, T, Barrero, LH, Basu, S, Battle, KE, Baune, BT, Beardsley, J, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Béjot, Y, Bell, ML, Bennett, DA, Bennett, JR, Bensenor, IM, Berhane, A, Berhe, DF, Bernabé, E, Betsu, BD, Beuran, M, Beyene, AS, Bhala, N, Bhansali, A, Bhatt, S, Bhutta, ZA, Bicer, BK, Bidgoli, HH, Bikbov, B, Bilal, AI, Birungi, C, Biryukov, S, Bizuayehu, HM, Blosser, CD, Boneya, DJ, Bose, D, Bou-Orm, IR, Brauer, M, and Stokes, Mark
- Published
- 2017
12. Department of Error.
- Author
-
Fullman, N, Barber, RM, Abajobir, AA, Abate, KH, Abbafati, C, Abbas, KM, Abd-Allah, F, Abdulkader, RS, Abdulle, AM, Abera, SF, Aboyans, V, Abu-Raddad, LJ, Abu-Rmeileh, NME, Adedeji, IA, Adetokunboh, O, Afshin, A, Agrawal, A, Agrawal, S, Ahmad Kiadaliri, A, Ahmadieh, H, Ahmed, MB, Aichour, MTE, Aichour, AN, Aichour, I, Aiyar, S, Akinyemi, RO, Akseer, N, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alam, N, Alasfoor, D, Alene, KA, Alizadeh-Navaei, R, Alkerwi, A, Alla, F, Allebeck, P, Allen, C, Al-Raddadi, R, Alsharif, U, Altirkawi, KA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, AT, Amini, E, Ammar, W, Ansari, H, Antonio, CAT, Anwari, P, Arora, M, Artaman, A, Aryal, KK, Asayesh, H, Asgedom, SW, Assadi, R, Atey, TM, Atre, SR, Avila-Burgos, L, Avokpaho, EFGA, Awasthi, A, Azzopardi, P, Bacha, U, Badawi, A, Balakrishnan, K, Bannick, MS, Barac, A, Barker-Collo, SL, Bärnighausen, T, Barrero, LH, Basu, S, Battle, KE, Baune, BT, Beardsley, J, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Béjot, Y, Bell, ML, Bennett, DA, Bennett, JR, Bensenor, IM, Berhane, A, Berhe, DF, Bernabé, E, Betsu, BD, Beuran, M, Beyene, AS, Bhala, N, Bhansali, A, Bhatt, S, Bhutta, ZA, Bicer, BK, Bidgoli, HH, Bikbov, B, Bilal, AI, Birungi, C, Biryukov, S, Bizuayehu, HM, Blosser, CD, Boneya, DJ, Bose, D, Bou-Orm, IR, Brauer, M, Fullman, N, Barber, RM, Abajobir, AA, Abate, KH, Abbafati, C, Abbas, KM, Abd-Allah, F, Abdulkader, RS, Abdulle, AM, Abera, SF, Aboyans, V, Abu-Raddad, LJ, Abu-Rmeileh, NME, Adedeji, IA, Adetokunboh, O, Afshin, A, Agrawal, A, Agrawal, S, Ahmad Kiadaliri, A, Ahmadieh, H, Ahmed, MB, Aichour, MTE, Aichour, AN, Aichour, I, Aiyar, S, Akinyemi, RO, Akseer, N, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alam, N, Alasfoor, D, Alene, KA, Alizadeh-Navaei, R, Alkerwi, A, Alla, F, Allebeck, P, Allen, C, Al-Raddadi, R, Alsharif, U, Altirkawi, KA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, AT, Amini, E, Ammar, W, Ansari, H, Antonio, CAT, Anwari, P, Arora, M, Artaman, A, Aryal, KK, Asayesh, H, Asgedom, SW, Assadi, R, Atey, TM, Atre, SR, Avila-Burgos, L, Avokpaho, EFGA, Awasthi, A, Azzopardi, P, Bacha, U, Badawi, A, Balakrishnan, K, Bannick, MS, Barac, A, Barker-Collo, SL, Bärnighausen, T, Barrero, LH, Basu, S, Battle, KE, Baune, BT, Beardsley, J, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Béjot, Y, Bell, ML, Bennett, DA, Bennett, JR, Bensenor, IM, Berhane, A, Berhe, DF, Bernabé, E, Betsu, BD, Beuran, M, Beyene, AS, Bhala, N, Bhansali, A, Bhatt, S, Bhutta, ZA, Bicer, BK, Bidgoli, HH, Bikbov, B, Bilal, AI, Birungi, C, Biryukov, S, Bizuayehu, HM, Blosser, CD, Boneya, DJ, Bose, D, Bou-Orm, IR, and Brauer, M
- Published
- 2017
13. Measuring progress and projecting attainment on the basis of past trends of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals in 188 countries: an analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 (vol 390, pg 1423, 2017)
- Author
-
Fullman, N, Barber, RM, Abajobir, AA, Abate, KH, Abbafati, C, Abbas, KM, Abd-Allah, F, Abdulkader, RS, Abdulle, AM, Abera, SF, Aboyans, V, Abu-Raddad, LJ, Abu-Rmeileh, NME, Adedeji, IA, Adetokunboh, O, Afshin, A, Agrawal, A, Agrawal, S, Ahmad Kiadaliri, A, Ahmadieh, H, Ahmed, MB, Aichour, MTE, Aichour, AN, Aichour, I, Aiyar, S, Akinyemi, RO, Akseer, N, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alam, N, Alasfoor, D, Alene, KA, Alizadeh-Navaei, R, Alkerwi, A, Alla, F, Allebeck, P, Allen, C, Al-Raddadi, R, Alsharif, U, Altirkawi, KA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, AT, Amini, E, Ammar, W, Ansari, H, Antonio, CAT, Anwari, P, Arora, M, Artaman, A, Aryal, KK, Asayesh, H, Asgedom, SW, Assadi, R, Atey, TM, Atre, SR, Avila-Burgos, L, Avokpaho, EFGA, Awasthi, A, Azzopardi, P, Bacha, U, Badawi, A, Balakrishnan, K, Bannick, MS, Barac, A, Barker-Collo, SL, Bärnighausen, T, Barrero, LH, Basu, S, Battle, KE, Baune, BT, Beardsley, J, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Béjot, Y, Bell, ML, Bennett, DA, Bennett, JR, Bensenor, IM, Berhane, A, Berhe, DF, Bernabé, E, Betsu, BD, Beuran, M, Beyene, AS, Bhala, N, Bhansali, A, Bhatt, S, Bhutta, ZA, Bicer, BK, Bidgoli, HH, Bikbov, B, Bilal, AI, Birungi, C, Biryukov, S, Bizuayehu, HM, Blosser, CD, Boneya, DJ, Bose, D, Bou-Orm, IR, Brauer, M, Fullman, N, Barber, RM, Abajobir, AA, Abate, KH, Abbafati, C, Abbas, KM, Abd-Allah, F, Abdulkader, RS, Abdulle, AM, Abera, SF, Aboyans, V, Abu-Raddad, LJ, Abu-Rmeileh, NME, Adedeji, IA, Adetokunboh, O, Afshin, A, Agrawal, A, Agrawal, S, Ahmad Kiadaliri, A, Ahmadieh, H, Ahmed, MB, Aichour, MTE, Aichour, AN, Aichour, I, Aiyar, S, Akinyemi, RO, Akseer, N, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alam, N, Alasfoor, D, Alene, KA, Alizadeh-Navaei, R, Alkerwi, A, Alla, F, Allebeck, P, Allen, C, Al-Raddadi, R, Alsharif, U, Altirkawi, KA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, AT, Amini, E, Ammar, W, Ansari, H, Antonio, CAT, Anwari, P, Arora, M, Artaman, A, Aryal, KK, Asayesh, H, Asgedom, SW, Assadi, R, Atey, TM, Atre, SR, Avila-Burgos, L, Avokpaho, EFGA, Awasthi, A, Azzopardi, P, Bacha, U, Badawi, A, Balakrishnan, K, Bannick, MS, Barac, A, Barker-Collo, SL, Bärnighausen, T, Barrero, LH, Basu, S, Battle, KE, Baune, BT, Beardsley, J, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Béjot, Y, Bell, ML, Bennett, DA, Bennett, JR, Bensenor, IM, Berhane, A, Berhe, DF, Bernabé, E, Betsu, BD, Beuran, M, Beyene, AS, Bhala, N, Bhansali, A, Bhatt, S, Bhutta, ZA, Bicer, BK, Bidgoli, HH, Bikbov, B, Bilal, AI, Birungi, C, Biryukov, S, Bizuayehu, HM, Blosser, CD, Boneya, DJ, Bose, D, Bou-Orm, IR, and Brauer, M
- Published
- 2017
14. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015
- Author
-
Forouzanfar, MH, Afshin, A, Alexander, LT, Biryukov, S, Brauer, M, Cercy, K, Charlson, FJ, Cohen, AJ, Dandona, L, Estep, K, Ferrari, AJ, Frostad, JJ, Fullman, N, Godwin, WW, Griswold, M, Hay, SI, Kyu, HH, Larson, HJ, Lim, SS, Liu, PY, Lopez, AD, Lozano, R, Marczak, L, Mokdad, AH, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Naghavi, M, Reitsma, MB, Roth, GA, Sur, PJ, Vos, T, Wagner, JA, Wang, H, Zhao, Y, Zhou, M, Barber, RM, Bell, B, Blore, JD, Casey, DC, Coates, MM, Cooperrider, K, Cornaby, L, Dicker, D, Erskine, HE, Fleming, T, Foreman, K, Gakidou, E, Haagsma, JA, Johnson, CO, Kemmer, L, Ku, T, Leung, J, Masiye, F, Millear, A, Mirarefin, M, Misganaw, A, Mullany, E, Mumford, JE, Ng, M, Olsen, H, Rao, P, Reinig, N, Roman, Y, Sandar, L, Santomauro, DF, Slepak, EL, Sorensen, RJD, Thomas, BA, Vollset, SE, Whiteford, HA, Zipkin, B, Murray, CJL, Mock, CN, Anderson, BO, Futran, ND, and Anderson, HR
- Abstract
© 2016 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY license Background The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 provides an up-to-date synthesis of the evidence for risk factor exposure and the attributable burden of disease. By providing national and subnational assessments spanning the past 25 years, this study can inform debates on the importance of addressing risks in context. Methods We used the comparative risk assessment framework developed for previous iterations of the Global Burden of Disease Study to estimate attributable deaths, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and trends in exposure by age group, sex, year, and geography for 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks from 1990 to 2015. This study included 388 risk-outcome pairs that met World Cancer Research Fund-defined criteria for convincing or probable evidence. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from randomised controlled trials, cohorts, pooled cohorts, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. We developed a metric that allows comparisons of exposure across risk factors—the summary exposure value. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk level, we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We decomposed trends in attributable burden into contributions from population growth, population age structure, risk exposure, and risk-deleted cause-specific DALY rates. We characterised risk exposure in relation to a Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Findings Between 1990 and 2015, global exposure to unsafe sanitation, household air pollution, childhood underweight, childhood stunting, and smoking each decreased by more than 25%. Global exposure for several occupational risks, high body-mass index (BMI), and drug use increased by more than 25% over the same period. All risks jointly evaluated in 2015 accounted for 57·8% (95% CI 56·6–58·8) of global deaths and 41·2% (39·8–42·8) of DALYs. In 2015, the ten largest contributors to global DALYs among Level 3 risks were high systolic blood pressure (211·8 million [192·7 million to 231·1 million] global DALYs), smoking (148·6 million [134·2 million to 163·1 million]), high fasting plasma glucose (143·1 million [125·1 million to 163·5 million]), high BMI (120·1 million [83·8 million to 158·4 million]), childhood undernutrition (113·3 million [103·9 million to 123·4 million]), ambient particulate matter (103·1 million [90·8 million to 115·1 million]), high total cholesterol (88·7 million [74·6 million to 105·7 million]), household air pollution (85·6 million [66·7 million to 106·1 million]), alcohol use (85·0 million [77·2 million to 93·0 million]), and diets high in sodium (83·0 million [49·3 million to 127·5 million]). From 1990 to 2015, attributable DALYs declined for micronutrient deficiencies, childhood undernutrition, unsafe sanitation and water, and household air pollution; reductions in risk-deleted DALY rates rather than reductions in exposure drove these declines. Rising exposure contributed to notable increases in attributable DALYs from high BMI, high fasting plasma glucose, occupational carcinogens, and drug use. Environmental risks and childhood undernutrition declined steadily with SDI; low physical activity, high BMI, and high fasting plasma glucose increased with SDI. In 119 countries, metabolic risks, such as high BMI and fasting plasma glucose, contributed the most attributable DALYs in 2015. Regionally, smoking still ranked among the leading five risk factors for attributable DALYs in 109 countries; childhood underweight and unsafe sex remained primary drivers of early death and disability in much of sub-Saharan Africa. Interpretation Declines in some key environmental risks have contributed to declines in critical infectious diseases. Some risks appear to be invariant to SDI. Increasing risks, including high BMI, high fasting plasma glucose, drug use, and some occupational exposures, contribute to rising burden from some conditions, but also provide opportunities for intervention. Some highly preventable risks, such as smoking, remain major causes of attributable DALYs, even as exposure is declining. Public policy makers need to pay attention to the risks that are increasingly major contributors to global burden. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
- Published
- 2016
15. Health in times of uncertainty in the eastern Mediterranean region, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013
- Author
-
Mokdad, AH, Forouzanfar, MH, Daoud, F, El Bcheraoui, C, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Khalil, I, Afshin, A, Tuffaha, M, Charara, R, Barber, RM, Wagner, J, Cercy, K, Kravitz, H, Coates, MM, Robinson, M, Estep, K, Steiner, C, Jaber, S, Mokdad, AA, O'Rourke, KF, Chew, A, Kim, P, El Razek, MMA, Abdalla, S, Abd-Allah, F, Abraham, JP, Abu-Raddad, LJ, Abu-Rmeileh, NME, Al-Nehmi, AA, Akanda, AS, Al Ahmadi, H, Al Khabouri, MJ, Al Lami, FH, Al Rayess, ZA, Alasfoor, D, AlBuhairan, FS, Aldhahri, SF, Alghnam, S, Alhabib, S, Al-Hamad, N, Ali, R, Ali, SD, Alkhateeb, M, AlMazroa, MA, Alomari, MA, Al-Raddadi, R, Alsharif, U, Al-Sheyab, N, Alsowaidi, S, Al-Thani, M, Altirkawi, KA, Amare, AT, Amini, H, Ammar, W, Anwari, P, Asayesh, H, Asghar, R, Assabri, AM, Assadi, R, Bacha, U, Badawi, A, Bakfalouni, T, Basulaiman, MO, Bazargan-Hejazi, S, Bedi, N, Bhakta, AR, Bhutta, ZA, Bin Abdulhak, AA, Boufous, S, Bourne, RRA, Danawi, H, Das, J, Deribew, A, Ding, EL, Durrani, AM, Elshrek, Y, Ibrahim, ME, Eshrati, B, Esteghamati, A, Faghmous, IAD, Farzadfar, F, Feigl, AB, Fereshtehnejad, SM, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Gankpé, FG, Ginawi, I, Mokdad, AH, Forouzanfar, MH, Daoud, F, El Bcheraoui, C, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Khalil, I, Afshin, A, Tuffaha, M, Charara, R, Barber, RM, Wagner, J, Cercy, K, Kravitz, H, Coates, MM, Robinson, M, Estep, K, Steiner, C, Jaber, S, Mokdad, AA, O'Rourke, KF, Chew, A, Kim, P, El Razek, MMA, Abdalla, S, Abd-Allah, F, Abraham, JP, Abu-Raddad, LJ, Abu-Rmeileh, NME, Al-Nehmi, AA, Akanda, AS, Al Ahmadi, H, Al Khabouri, MJ, Al Lami, FH, Al Rayess, ZA, Alasfoor, D, AlBuhairan, FS, Aldhahri, SF, Alghnam, S, Alhabib, S, Al-Hamad, N, Ali, R, Ali, SD, Alkhateeb, M, AlMazroa, MA, Alomari, MA, Al-Raddadi, R, Alsharif, U, Al-Sheyab, N, Alsowaidi, S, Al-Thani, M, Altirkawi, KA, Amare, AT, Amini, H, Ammar, W, Anwari, P, Asayesh, H, Asghar, R, Assabri, AM, Assadi, R, Bacha, U, Badawi, A, Bakfalouni, T, Basulaiman, MO, Bazargan-Hejazi, S, Bedi, N, Bhakta, AR, Bhutta, ZA, Bin Abdulhak, AA, Boufous, S, Bourne, RRA, Danawi, H, Das, J, Deribew, A, Ding, EL, Durrani, AM, Elshrek, Y, Ibrahim, ME, Eshrati, B, Esteghamati, A, Faghmous, IAD, Farzadfar, F, Feigl, AB, Fereshtehnejad, SM, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Gankpé, FG, and Ginawi, I
- Abstract
© 2016 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY license Background The eastern Mediterranean region is comprised of 22 countries: Afghanistan, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. Since our Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 (GBD 2010), the region has faced unrest as a result of revolutions, wars, and the so-called Arab uprisings. The objective of this study was to present the burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors in the eastern Mediterranean region as of 2013. Methods GBD 2013 includes an annual assessment covering 188 countries from 1990 to 2013. The study covers 306 diseases and injuries, 1233 sequelae, and 79 risk factors. Our GBD 2013 analyses included the addition of new data through updated systematic reviews and through the contribution of unpublished data sources from collaborators, an updated version of modelling software, and several improvements in our methods. In this systematic analysis, we use data from GBD 2013 to analyse the burden of disease and injuries in the eastern Mediterranean region specifically. Findings The leading cause of death in the region in 2013 was ischaemic heart disease (90·3 deaths per 100 000 people), which increased by 17·2% since 1990. However, diarrhoeal diseases were the leading cause of death in Somalia (186·7 deaths per 100 000 people) in 2013, which decreased by 26·9% since 1990. The leading cause of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) was ischaemic heart disease for males and lower respiratory infection for females. High blood pressure was the leading risk factor for DALYs in 2013, with an increase of 83·3% since 1990. Risk factors for DALYs varied by country. In low-income countries, childhood wasting was the leading cause of DALYs in Afghanistan, Somalia, and Yemen, whereas unsafe sex was the leading ca
- Published
- 2016
16. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 315 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE), 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015
- Author
-
Kassebaum, NJ, Arora, M, Barber, RM, Brown, J, Carter, A, Casey, DC, Charlson, FJ, Coates, MM, Coggeshall, M, Cornaby, L, Dandona, L, Dicker, DJ, Erskine, HE, Ferrari, AJ, Fitzmaurice, C, Foreman, K, Forouzanfar, MH, Fullman, N, Goldberg, EM, Graetz, N, Haagsma, JA, Hay, SI, Johnson, CO, Kemmer, L, Khalil, IA, Kinfu, Y, Kutz, MJ, Kyu, HH, Leung, J, Lim, SS, Lozano, R, Mikesell, J, Mokdad, AH, Mooney, MD, Naghavi, M, Nguyen, G, Nsoesie, E, Pigott, DM, Pinho, C, Rankin, Z, Reinig, N, Sandar, L, Smith, A, Sorensen, RJD, Stanaway, J, Steiner, C, Teeple, S, Thomas, BA, Troeger, C, VanderZanden, A, Wagner, JA, Wanga, V, Whiteford, HA, Zhou, M, Zoeckler, L, Achoki, T, Afshin, A, Alexander, LT, Allen, C, Anderson, GM, Bell, B, Bienhoff, K, Biryukov, S, Blore, JD, Estep, K, Friedman, J, Frostad, J, Godwin, WW, Liu, PY, Masiye, F, Millear, A, Mirarefin, M, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Mumford, JE, Ng, M, Reitsma, MB, Reynolds, A, Roth, GA, Sur, PJ, Vollset, SE, Vos, T, Lopez, AD, Murray, CJL, Ellenbogen, RG, Mock, CN, Anderson, BO, Futran, ND, Bhutta, ZA, Nisar, MI, Akseer, N, deVeber, GA, Abajobir, AA, Knibbs, LD, Lalloo, R, Alam, NKM, Gouda, HN, Guo, Y, McGrath, JJ, Jeemon, P, Kassebaum, NJ, Arora, M, Barber, RM, Brown, J, Carter, A, Casey, DC, Charlson, FJ, Coates, MM, Coggeshall, M, Cornaby, L, Dandona, L, Dicker, DJ, Erskine, HE, Ferrari, AJ, Fitzmaurice, C, Foreman, K, Forouzanfar, MH, Fullman, N, Goldberg, EM, Graetz, N, Haagsma, JA, Hay, SI, Johnson, CO, Kemmer, L, Khalil, IA, Kinfu, Y, Kutz, MJ, Kyu, HH, Leung, J, Lim, SS, Lozano, R, Mikesell, J, Mokdad, AH, Mooney, MD, Naghavi, M, Nguyen, G, Nsoesie, E, Pigott, DM, Pinho, C, Rankin, Z, Reinig, N, Sandar, L, Smith, A, Sorensen, RJD, Stanaway, J, Steiner, C, Teeple, S, Thomas, BA, Troeger, C, VanderZanden, A, Wagner, JA, Wanga, V, Whiteford, HA, Zhou, M, Zoeckler, L, Achoki, T, Afshin, A, Alexander, LT, Allen, C, Anderson, GM, Bell, B, Bienhoff, K, Biryukov, S, Blore, JD, Estep, K, Friedman, J, Frostad, J, Godwin, WW, Liu, PY, Masiye, F, Millear, A, Mirarefin, M, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Mumford, JE, Ng, M, Reitsma, MB, Reynolds, A, Roth, GA, Sur, PJ, Vollset, SE, Vos, T, Lopez, AD, Murray, CJL, Ellenbogen, RG, Mock, CN, Anderson, BO, Futran, ND, Bhutta, ZA, Nisar, MI, Akseer, N, deVeber, GA, Abajobir, AA, Knibbs, LD, Lalloo, R, Alam, NKM, Gouda, HN, Guo, Y, McGrath, JJ, and Jeemon, P
- Published
- 2016
17. Cause-specific mortality for 240 causes in China during 1990-2013: a systematic subnational analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013
- Author
-
Zhou, M, Wang, H, Zhu, J, Chen, W, Wang, L, Liu, S, Li, Y, Liu, Y, Yin, P, Liu, J, Yu, S, Tan, F, Barber, RM, Coates, MM, Dicker, D, Fraser, M, Gonzalez-Medina, D, Hamavid, H, Hao, Y, Hu, G, Jiang, G, Kan, H, Lopez, AD, Phillips, MR, She, J, Vos, T, Wan, X, Xu, G, Yan, LL, Yu, C, Zhao, Y, Zheng, Y, Zou, X, Naghavi, M, Wang, Y, Murray, CJL, Yang, G, Liang, X, Zhou, M, Wang, H, Zhu, J, Chen, W, Wang, L, Liu, S, Li, Y, Liu, Y, Yin, P, Liu, J, Yu, S, Tan, F, Barber, RM, Coates, MM, Dicker, D, Fraser, M, Gonzalez-Medina, D, Hamavid, H, Hao, Y, Hu, G, Jiang, G, Kan, H, Lopez, AD, Phillips, MR, She, J, Vos, T, Wan, X, Xu, G, Yan, LL, Yu, C, Zhao, Y, Zheng, Y, Zou, X, Naghavi, M, Wang, Y, Murray, CJL, Yang, G, and Liang, X
- Abstract
BACKGROUND: China has experienced a remarkable epidemiological and demographic transition during the past three decades. Far less is known about this transition at the subnational level. Timely and accurate assessment of the provincial burden of disease is needed for evidence-based priority setting at the local level in China. METHODS: Following the methods of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013), we have systematically analysed all available demographic and epidemiological data sources for China at the provincial level. We developed methods to aggregate county-level surveillance data to inform provincial-level analysis, and we used local data to develop specific garbage code redistribution procedures for China. We assessed levels of and trends in all-cause mortality, causes of death, and years of life lost (YLL) in all 33 province-level administrative units in mainland China, all of which we refer to as provinces, for the years between 1990 and 2013. FINDINGS: All provinces in mainland China have made substantial strides to improve life expectancy at birth between 1990 and 2013. Increases ranged from 4.0 years in Hebei province to 14.2 years in Tibet. Improvements in female life expectancy exceeded those in male life expectancy in all provinces except Shanghai, Macao, and Hong Kong. We saw significant heterogeneity among provinces in life expectancy at birth and probability of death at ages 0-14, 15-49, and 50-74 years. Such heterogeneity is also present in cause of death structures between sexes and provinces. From 1990 to 2013, leading causes of YLLs changed substantially. In 1990, 16 of 33 provinces had lower respiratory infections or preterm birth complications as the leading causes of YLLs. 15 provinces had cerebrovascular disease and two (Hong Kong and Macao) had ischaemic heart disease. By 2013, 27 provinces had cerebrovascular disease as the leading cause, five had ischaemic heart disease, and one had lung cancer (Hong Kong). Road injuries hav
- Published
- 2016
18. Global burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors for young people's health during 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013
- Author
-
Mokdad, AH, Forouzanfar, MH, Daoud, F, Mokdad, AA, El Bcheraoui, C, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Kyu, HH, Barber, RM, Wagner, J, Cercy, K, Kravitz, H, Coggeshall, M, Chew, A, O'Rourke, KF, Steiner, C, Tuffaha, M, Charara, R, Al-Ghamdi, EA, Adi, Y, Afifi, RA, Alahmadi, H, AlBuhairan, F, Allen, N, AlMazroa, M, Al-Nehmi, AA, AlRayess, Z, Arora, M, Azzopardi, P, Barroso, C, Basulaiman, M, Bhutta, ZA, Bonell, C, Breinbauer, C, Degenhardt, L, Denno, D, Fang, J, Fatusi, A, Feigl, AB, Kakuma, R, Karam, N, Kennedy, E, Khoja, TKAM, Maalouf, F, Obermeyer, CM, Mattoo, A, McGovern, T, Memish, ZA, Mensah, GA, Patel, V, Petroni, S, Reavley, N, Zertuche, DR, Saeedi, M, Santelli, J, Sawyer, SM, Ssewamala, F, Taiwo, K, Tantawy, M, Viner, RM, Waldfogel, J, Zuniga, MP, Naghavi, M, Wang, H, Vos, T, Lopez, AD, Al Rabeeah, AA, Patton, GC, Murray, CJL, Mokdad, AH, Forouzanfar, MH, Daoud, F, Mokdad, AA, El Bcheraoui, C, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Kyu, HH, Barber, RM, Wagner, J, Cercy, K, Kravitz, H, Coggeshall, M, Chew, A, O'Rourke, KF, Steiner, C, Tuffaha, M, Charara, R, Al-Ghamdi, EA, Adi, Y, Afifi, RA, Alahmadi, H, AlBuhairan, F, Allen, N, AlMazroa, M, Al-Nehmi, AA, AlRayess, Z, Arora, M, Azzopardi, P, Barroso, C, Basulaiman, M, Bhutta, ZA, Bonell, C, Breinbauer, C, Degenhardt, L, Denno, D, Fang, J, Fatusi, A, Feigl, AB, Kakuma, R, Karam, N, Kennedy, E, Khoja, TKAM, Maalouf, F, Obermeyer, CM, Mattoo, A, McGovern, T, Memish, ZA, Mensah, GA, Patel, V, Petroni, S, Reavley, N, Zertuche, DR, Saeedi, M, Santelli, J, Sawyer, SM, Ssewamala, F, Taiwo, K, Tantawy, M, Viner, RM, Waldfogel, J, Zuniga, MP, Naghavi, M, Wang, H, Vos, T, Lopez, AD, Al Rabeeah, AA, Patton, GC, and Murray, CJL
- Abstract
BACKGROUND: Young people's health has emerged as a neglected yet pressing issue in global development. Changing patterns of young people's health have the potential to undermine future population health as well as global economic development unless timely and effective strategies are put into place. We report the past, present, and anticipated burden of disease in young people aged 10-24 years from 1990 to 2013 using data on mortality, disability, injuries, and health risk factors. METHODS: The Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013) includes annual assessments for 188 countries from 1990 to 2013, covering 306 diseases and injuries, 1233 sequelae, and 79 risk factors. We used the comparative risk assessment approach to assess how much of the burden of disease reported in a given year can be attributed to past exposure to a risk. We estimated attributable burden by comparing observed health outcomes with those that would have been observed if an alternative or counterfactual level of exposure had occurred in the past. We applied the same method to previous years to allow comparisons from 1990 to 2013. We cross-tabulated the quantiles of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) by quintiles of DALYs annual increase from 1990 to 2013 to show rates of DALYs increase by burden. We used the GBD 2013 hierarchy of causes that organises 306 diseases and injuries into four levels of classification. Level one distinguishes three broad categories: first, communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional disorders; second, non-communicable diseases; and third, injuries. Level two has 21 mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive categories, level three has 163 categories, and level four has 254 categories. FINDINGS: The leading causes of death in 2013 for young people aged 10-14 years were HIV/AIDS, road injuries, and drowning (25·2%), whereas transport injuries were the leading cause of death for ages 15-19 years (14·2%) and 20-24 years (15·6%). Maternal disorders were
- Published
- 2016
19. Global, regional, and national levels of maternal mortality, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015
- Author
-
Kassebaum, NJ, Barber, RM, Bhutta, ZA, Dandona, L, Gething, PW, Hay, SI, Kinfu, Y, Larson, HJ, Liang, X, Lim, SS, Lopez, AD, Lozano, R, Mensah, GA, Mokdad, AH, Naghavi, M, Pinho, C, Salomon, JA, Steiner, C, Vos, T, Wang, H, Abajobir, AA, Abate, KH, Abbas, KM, Abd-Allah, F, Abdallat, MA, Abdulle, AM, Abera, SF, Aboyans, V, Abubakar, I, Abu-Rmeileh, NME, Achoki, T, Adebiyi, AO, Adedeji, IA, Adelekan, AL, Adou, AK, Afanvi, KA, Agarwal, A, Kiadaliri, AA, Ajala, ON, Akinyemiju, TF, Akseer, N, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alam, NKM, Alasfoor, D, Aldhahri, SF, Aldridge, RW, Alhabib, S, Ali, R, Alkerwi, A, Alla, F, Al-Raddadi, R, Alsharif, U, Martin, EA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, AT, Amberbir, A, Amegah, AK, Ammar, W, Amrock, SM, Andersen, HH, Anderson, GM, Antoine, RM, Antonio, CAT, Aregay, AF, Arnlov, J, Arora, M, Arsenijevic, VSA, Al, A, Asayesh, H, Atique, S, Avokpaho, EFGA, Awasthi, A, Quintanilla, BPA, Azzopardi, P, Bacha, U, Badawi, A, Bahit, MC, Balakrishnan, K, Banerjee, A, Barac, A, Barker-Collo, SL, Barnighausen, T, Basu, S, Bayou, TA, Bayou, YT, Bazargan-Hejazi, S, Beardsley, J, Bedi, NW, Bekele, T, Bell, ML, Bennett, DA, Bensenor, IM, Berhane, A, Bernabe, E, Betsu, BD, Beyene, AS, Biadgilign, S, Bikbov, B, Bin Abdulhak, AA, Biroscak, BJ, Biryukov, S, Bisanzio, D, Bjertness, E, Blore, JD, Brainin, M, Brazinova, A, Breitborde, NJK, Brugha, TS, Butt, ZA, Campos-Nonato, IR, Campuzano, JC, Cardenas, R, Carrero, JJ, Carter, A, Casey, DC, Castaneda-Oquela, CA, Castro, RE, Catala-Lopez, F, Cavalleri, F, Chang, H-Y, Chang, J-C, Chavan, L, Chibueze, CE, Chisumpa, VH, Choi, J-YJ, Chowdhury, R, Christopher, DJ, Ciobanu, LG, Cirillo, M, Coates, MM, Coggeshall, M, Colistro, V, Colquhoun, SM, Cooper, C, Cooper, LT, Cortinovis, M, Dahiru, T, Damasceno, A, Danawi, H, Dandona, R, Das Neves, J, De Leo, D, Dellavalle, RP, Deribe, K, Deribew, A, Jarlais, DCD, Dharmaratne, SD, Dicker, DJ, Ding, EL, Dossou, E, Dubey, M, Ebel, BE, Ellingsen, CL, Elyazar, I, Endries, AY, Ermakov, SP, Eshrati, B, Esteghamati, A, Faraon, EJA, Farid, TA, Farinha, CSES, Faro, A, Farvid, MS, Farzadfar, F, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Fernandes, JC, Fischer, F, Fitchett, JRA, Fleming, T, Gt, NF, Franca, EB, Franklin, RC, Fraser, MS, Friedman, J, Pullman, N, Furst, T, Futran, ND, Gambashidze, K, Gamkrelidze, A, Gebre, T, Gebrehiwot, TT, Gebremedhin, AT, Gebremedhin, M, Gebru, AA, Geleijnse, JM, Gibney, KB, Giref, AZ, Giroud, M, Gishu, MD, Glaser, E, Goenka, S, Gomez-Dantes, H, Gona, P, Goodridge, A, Gopalani, SV, Goto, A, Graetz, N, Gugnani, HC, Guo, Y, Gupta, R, Gupta, V, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hailu, AD, Hailu, GB, Hamadeh, RR, Hamidi, S, Hancock, J, Handal, AJ, Hankey, GJ, Harb, HL, Harikrishnan, S, Harun, KM, Havmoeller, R, Hoek, HW, Horino, M, Horita, N, Hosgood, HD, Hoy, DG, Htet, AS, Hu, G, Huang, H, Huang, JJ, Huybrechts, I, Huynh, C, Iannarone, M, Iburg, KM, Idrisov, BT, Iyer, VJ, Jacobsen, KH, Jahanmehr, N, Jakovljevic, MB, Javanbakht, M, Jayatilleke, AU, Jee, SH, Jeemon, P, Jha, V, Jiang, G, Jiang, Y, Jibat, T, Jonas, JB, Kabir, Z, Kamal, R, Kan, H, Karch, A, Karletsos, D, Kasaeian, A, Kaul, A, Kawakami, N, Kayibanda, JF, Kazanjan, K, Kazi, DS, Keiyoro, PN, Kemmer, L, Kemp, AH, Kengne, AP, Keren, A, Kereselidze, M, Kesavachandran, CN, Khader, YS, Khan, AR, Khan, EA, Khang, Y-H, Khonelidze, I, Khosravi, A, Khubchandani, J, Kim, YJ, Kivipelto, M, Knibbs, LD, Kokubo, Y, Kosen, S, Koul, PA, Koyanagi, A, Krishnaswami, S, Defo, BK, Bicer, BK, Kudom, AA, Kulikoff, XR, Kulkarni, C, Kumar, GA, Kutz, MJ, Lal, DK, Lalloo, R, Lam, H, Lamadrid-Figueroa, H, Lan, Q, Larsson, A, Laryea, DO, Leigh, J, Leung, R, Li, Y, Lipshultz, SE, Liu, PY, Liu, S, Liu, Y, Lloyd, BK, Lotufo, PA, Lunevicius, R, Ma, S, El Razek, HMA, El Razek, MMA, Majdan, M, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Mapoma, CC, Marcenes, W, Margolis, DJ, Marquez, N, Masiye, F, Marzan, MB, Mason-Jones, AJ, Mazorodze, TT, Meaney, PA, Mehari, A, Mehndiratta, MM, Mena-Rodriguez, F, Mekonnen, AB, Melaku, YA, Memish, ZA, Mendoza, W, Meretoja, A, Meretoja, TJ, Mhimbira, FA, Miller, TR, Mills, EJ, Mirarefin, M, Misganaw, A, Ibrahim, NM, Mohammad, KA, Mohammadi, A, Mohammed, S, Mola, GLD, Monasta, L, Monis, JDLC, Hernandez, JCM, Montero, P, Montico, M, Mooney, MD, Moore, AR, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Morawska, L, Mori, R, Mueller, U, Murthy, GVS, Murthy, S, Nachega, JB, Naheed, A, Naldi, L, Nand, D, Nangia, V, Nash, D, Neupane, S, Newton, JN, Ng, M, Ngalesoni, FN, Nguhiu, P, Nguyen, G, Le Nguyen, Q, Nisar, MI, Nomura, M, Norheim, OF, Norman, RE, Nyakarahuka, L, Obermeyer, CM, Ogbo, FA, Oh, I-H, Ojelabi, FA, Olivares, PR, Olusanya, BO, Olusanya, JO, Opio, JN, Oren, E, Ota, E, Oyekale, AS, Pa, M, Pain, A, Papantoniou, N, Park, E-K, Park, H-Y, Caicedo, AJP, Patten, SB, Paul, VK, Pereira, DM, Perico, N, Pesudovs, K, Petzold, M, Phillips, MR, Pillay, JD, Pishgar, F, Polinder, S, Pope, D, Pourmalek, F, Qorbani, M, Rafay, A, Rahimi, K, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, M, Rahman, MHU, Rahman, SU, Rai, RK, Ram, U, Ranabhat, CL, Rangaswamy, T, Rao, PV, Refaat, AH, Remuzzi, G, Violante, FS, Kassebaum, NJ, Barber, RM, Bhutta, ZA, Dandona, L, Gething, PW, Hay, SI, Kinfu, Y, Larson, HJ, Liang, X, Lim, SS, Lopez, AD, Lozano, R, Mensah, GA, Mokdad, AH, Naghavi, M, Pinho, C, Salomon, JA, Steiner, C, Vos, T, Wang, H, Abajobir, AA, Abate, KH, Abbas, KM, Abd-Allah, F, Abdallat, MA, Abdulle, AM, Abera, SF, Aboyans, V, Abubakar, I, Abu-Rmeileh, NME, Achoki, T, Adebiyi, AO, Adedeji, IA, Adelekan, AL, Adou, AK, Afanvi, KA, Agarwal, A, Kiadaliri, AA, Ajala, ON, Akinyemiju, TF, Akseer, N, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alam, NKM, Alasfoor, D, Aldhahri, SF, Aldridge, RW, Alhabib, S, Ali, R, Alkerwi, A, Alla, F, Al-Raddadi, R, Alsharif, U, Martin, EA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, AT, Amberbir, A, Amegah, AK, Ammar, W, Amrock, SM, Andersen, HH, Anderson, GM, Antoine, RM, Antonio, CAT, Aregay, AF, Arnlov, J, Arora, M, Arsenijevic, VSA, Al, A, Asayesh, H, Atique, S, Avokpaho, EFGA, Awasthi, A, Quintanilla, BPA, Azzopardi, P, Bacha, U, Badawi, A, Bahit, MC, Balakrishnan, K, Banerjee, A, Barac, A, Barker-Collo, SL, Barnighausen, T, Basu, S, Bayou, TA, Bayou, YT, Bazargan-Hejazi, S, Beardsley, J, Bedi, NW, Bekele, T, Bell, ML, Bennett, DA, Bensenor, IM, Berhane, A, Bernabe, E, Betsu, BD, Beyene, AS, Biadgilign, S, Bikbov, B, Bin Abdulhak, AA, Biroscak, BJ, Biryukov, S, Bisanzio, D, Bjertness, E, Blore, JD, Brainin, M, Brazinova, A, Breitborde, NJK, Brugha, TS, Butt, ZA, Campos-Nonato, IR, Campuzano, JC, Cardenas, R, Carrero, JJ, Carter, A, Casey, DC, Castaneda-Oquela, CA, Castro, RE, Catala-Lopez, F, Cavalleri, F, Chang, H-Y, Chang, J-C, Chavan, L, Chibueze, CE, Chisumpa, VH, Choi, J-YJ, Chowdhury, R, Christopher, DJ, Ciobanu, LG, Cirillo, M, Coates, MM, Coggeshall, M, Colistro, V, Colquhoun, SM, Cooper, C, Cooper, LT, Cortinovis, M, Dahiru, T, Damasceno, A, Danawi, H, Dandona, R, Das Neves, J, De Leo, D, Dellavalle, RP, Deribe, K, Deribew, A, Jarlais, DCD, Dharmaratne, SD, Dicker, DJ, Ding, EL, Dossou, E, Dubey, M, Ebel, BE, Ellingsen, CL, Elyazar, I, Endries, AY, Ermakov, SP, Eshrati, B, Esteghamati, A, Faraon, EJA, Farid, TA, Farinha, CSES, Faro, A, Farvid, MS, Farzadfar, F, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Fernandes, JC, Fischer, F, Fitchett, JRA, Fleming, T, Gt, NF, Franca, EB, Franklin, RC, Fraser, MS, Friedman, J, Pullman, N, Furst, T, Futran, ND, Gambashidze, K, Gamkrelidze, A, Gebre, T, Gebrehiwot, TT, Gebremedhin, AT, Gebremedhin, M, Gebru, AA, Geleijnse, JM, Gibney, KB, Giref, AZ, Giroud, M, Gishu, MD, Glaser, E, Goenka, S, Gomez-Dantes, H, Gona, P, Goodridge, A, Gopalani, SV, Goto, A, Graetz, N, Gugnani, HC, Guo, Y, Gupta, R, Gupta, V, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hailu, AD, Hailu, GB, Hamadeh, RR, Hamidi, S, Hancock, J, Handal, AJ, Hankey, GJ, Harb, HL, Harikrishnan, S, Harun, KM, Havmoeller, R, Hoek, HW, Horino, M, Horita, N, Hosgood, HD, Hoy, DG, Htet, AS, Hu, G, Huang, H, Huang, JJ, Huybrechts, I, Huynh, C, Iannarone, M, Iburg, KM, Idrisov, BT, Iyer, VJ, Jacobsen, KH, Jahanmehr, N, Jakovljevic, MB, Javanbakht, M, Jayatilleke, AU, Jee, SH, Jeemon, P, Jha, V, Jiang, G, Jiang, Y, Jibat, T, Jonas, JB, Kabir, Z, Kamal, R, Kan, H, Karch, A, Karletsos, D, Kasaeian, A, Kaul, A, Kawakami, N, Kayibanda, JF, Kazanjan, K, Kazi, DS, Keiyoro, PN, Kemmer, L, Kemp, AH, Kengne, AP, Keren, A, Kereselidze, M, Kesavachandran, CN, Khader, YS, Khan, AR, Khan, EA, Khang, Y-H, Khonelidze, I, Khosravi, A, Khubchandani, J, Kim, YJ, Kivipelto, M, Knibbs, LD, Kokubo, Y, Kosen, S, Koul, PA, Koyanagi, A, Krishnaswami, S, Defo, BK, Bicer, BK, Kudom, AA, Kulikoff, XR, Kulkarni, C, Kumar, GA, Kutz, MJ, Lal, DK, Lalloo, R, Lam, H, Lamadrid-Figueroa, H, Lan, Q, Larsson, A, Laryea, DO, Leigh, J, Leung, R, Li, Y, Lipshultz, SE, Liu, PY, Liu, S, Liu, Y, Lloyd, BK, Lotufo, PA, Lunevicius, R, Ma, S, El Razek, HMA, El Razek, MMA, Majdan, M, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Mapoma, CC, Marcenes, W, Margolis, DJ, Marquez, N, Masiye, F, Marzan, MB, Mason-Jones, AJ, Mazorodze, TT, Meaney, PA, Mehari, A, Mehndiratta, MM, Mena-Rodriguez, F, Mekonnen, AB, Melaku, YA, Memish, ZA, Mendoza, W, Meretoja, A, Meretoja, TJ, Mhimbira, FA, Miller, TR, Mills, EJ, Mirarefin, M, Misganaw, A, Ibrahim, NM, Mohammad, KA, Mohammadi, A, Mohammed, S, Mola, GLD, Monasta, L, Monis, JDLC, Hernandez, JCM, Montero, P, Montico, M, Mooney, MD, Moore, AR, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Morawska, L, Mori, R, Mueller, U, Murthy, GVS, Murthy, S, Nachega, JB, Naheed, A, Naldi, L, Nand, D, Nangia, V, Nash, D, Neupane, S, Newton, JN, Ng, M, Ngalesoni, FN, Nguhiu, P, Nguyen, G, Le Nguyen, Q, Nisar, MI, Nomura, M, Norheim, OF, Norman, RE, Nyakarahuka, L, Obermeyer, CM, Ogbo, FA, Oh, I-H, Ojelabi, FA, Olivares, PR, Olusanya, BO, Olusanya, JO, Opio, JN, Oren, E, Ota, E, Oyekale, AS, Pa, M, Pain, A, Papantoniou, N, Park, E-K, Park, H-Y, Caicedo, AJP, Patten, SB, Paul, VK, Pereira, DM, Perico, N, Pesudovs, K, Petzold, M, Phillips, MR, Pillay, JD, Pishgar, F, Polinder, S, Pope, D, Pourmalek, F, Qorbani, M, Rafay, A, Rahimi, K, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, M, Rahman, MHU, Rahman, SU, Rai, RK, Ram, U, Ranabhat, CL, Rangaswamy, T, Rao, PV, Refaat, AH, Remuzzi, G, and Violante, FS
- Abstract
BACKGROUND: In transitioning from the Millennium Development Goal to the Sustainable Development Goal era, it is imperative to comprehensively assess progress toward reducing maternal mortality to identify areas of success, remaining challenges, and frame policy discussions. We aimed to quantify maternal mortality throughout the world by underlying cause and age from 1990 to 2015. METHODS: We estimated maternal mortality at the global, regional, and national levels from 1990 to 2015 for ages 10-54 years by systematically compiling and processing all available data sources from 186 of 195 countries and territories, 11 of which were analysed at the subnational level. We quantified eight underlying causes of maternal death and four timing categories, improving estimation methods since GBD 2013 for adult all-cause mortality, HIV-related maternal mortality, and late maternal death. Secondary analyses then allowed systematic examination of drivers of trends, including the relation between maternal mortality and coverage of specific reproductive health-care services as well as assessment of observed versus expected maternal mortality as a function of Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator derived from measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. FINDINGS: Only ten countries achieved MDG 5, but 122 of 195 countries have already met SDG 3.1. Geographical disparities widened between 1990 and 2015 and, in 2015, 24 countries still had a maternal mortality ratio greater than 400. The proportion of all maternal deaths occurring in the bottom two SDI quintiles, where haemorrhage is the dominant cause of maternal death, increased from roughly 68% in 1990 to more than 80% in 2015. The middle SDI quintile improved the most from 1990 to 2015, but also has the most complicated causal profile. Maternal mortality in the highest SDI quintile is mostly due to other direct maternal disorders, indirect maternal disorders, and abortion, ectopic pregnancy
- Published
- 2016
20. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 306 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 188 countries, 1990-2013: Quantifying the epidemiological transition
- Author
-
Murray, CJL, Barber, RM, Foreman, KJ, Ozgoren, AA, Abd-Allah, F, Abera, SF, Aboyans, V, Abraham, JP, Abubakar, I, Abu-Raddad, LJ, Abu-Rmeileh, NM, Achoki, T, Ackerman, IN, Ademi, Z, Adou, AK, Adsuar, JC, Afshin, A, Agardh, EE, Alam, SS, Alasfoor, D, Albittar, MI, Alegretti, MA, Alemu, ZA, Alfonso-Cristancho, R, Alhabib, S, Ali, R, Alla, F, Allebeck, P, Almazroa, MA, Alsharif, U, Alvarez, E, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, AT, Ameh, EA, Amini, H, Ammar, W, Anderson, HR, Anderson, BO, Antonio, CAT, Anwari, P, Arnlöv, J, Arsenijevic, VSA, Artaman, A, Asghar, RJ, Assadi, R, Atkins, LS, Avila, MA, Awuah, B, Bachman, VF, Badawi, A, Bahit, MC, Balakrishnan, K, Banerjee, A, Barker-Collo, SL, Barquera, S, Barregard, L, Barrero, LH, Basu, A, Basu, S, Basulaiman, MO, Beardsley, J, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Bekele, T, Bell, ML, Benjet, C, Bennett, DA, Bensenor, IM, Benzian, H, Bernabé, E, Bertozzi-Villa, A, Beyene, TJ, Bhala, N, Bhalla, A, Bhutta, ZA, Bienhoff, K, Bikbov, B, Biryukov, S, Blore, JD, Blosser, CD, Blyth, FM, Bohensky, MA, Bolliger, IW, Başara, BB, Bornstein, NM, Bose, D, Boufous, S, Bourne, RRA, Boyers, LN, Brainin, M, Brayne, CE, Brazinova, A, Breitborde, NJK, Brenner, H, Briggs, AD, Brooks, PM, Brown, JC, Brugha, TS, Buchbinder, R, Buckle, GC, Murray, CJL, Barber, RM, Foreman, KJ, Ozgoren, AA, Abd-Allah, F, Abera, SF, Aboyans, V, Abraham, JP, Abubakar, I, Abu-Raddad, LJ, Abu-Rmeileh, NM, Achoki, T, Ackerman, IN, Ademi, Z, Adou, AK, Adsuar, JC, Afshin, A, Agardh, EE, Alam, SS, Alasfoor, D, Albittar, MI, Alegretti, MA, Alemu, ZA, Alfonso-Cristancho, R, Alhabib, S, Ali, R, Alla, F, Allebeck, P, Almazroa, MA, Alsharif, U, Alvarez, E, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, AT, Ameh, EA, Amini, H, Ammar, W, Anderson, HR, Anderson, BO, Antonio, CAT, Anwari, P, Arnlöv, J, Arsenijevic, VSA, Artaman, A, Asghar, RJ, Assadi, R, Atkins, LS, Avila, MA, Awuah, B, Bachman, VF, Badawi, A, Bahit, MC, Balakrishnan, K, Banerjee, A, Barker-Collo, SL, Barquera, S, Barregard, L, Barrero, LH, Basu, A, Basu, S, Basulaiman, MO, Beardsley, J, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Bekele, T, Bell, ML, Benjet, C, Bennett, DA, Bensenor, IM, Benzian, H, Bernabé, E, Bertozzi-Villa, A, Beyene, TJ, Bhala, N, Bhalla, A, Bhutta, ZA, Bienhoff, K, Bikbov, B, Biryukov, S, Blore, JD, Blosser, CD, Blyth, FM, Bohensky, MA, Bolliger, IW, Başara, BB, Bornstein, NM, Bose, D, Boufous, S, Bourne, RRA, Boyers, LN, Brainin, M, Brayne, CE, Brazinova, A, Breitborde, NJK, Brenner, H, Briggs, AD, Brooks, PM, Brown, JC, Brugha, TS, Buchbinder, R, and Buckle, GC
- Abstract
Background The Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013) aims to bring together all available epidemiological data using a coherent measurement framework, standardised estimation methods, and transparent data sources to enable comparisons of health loss over time and across causes, age-sex groups, and countries. The GBD can be used to generate summary measures such as disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and healthy life expectancy (HALE) that make possible comparative assessments of broad epidemiological patterns across countries and time. These summary measures can also be used to quantify the component of variation in epidemiology that is related to sociodemographic development. Methods We used the published GBD 2013 data for age-specific mortality, years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLLs), and years lived with disability (YLDs) to calculate DALYs and HALE for 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2013 for 188 countries. We calculated HALE using the Sullivan method; 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) represent uncertainty in age-specific death rates and YLDs per person for each country, age, sex, and year. We estimated DALYs for 306 causes for each country as the sum of YLLs and YLDs; 95% UIs represent uncertainty in YLL and YLD rates. We quantified patterns of the epidemiological transition with a composite indicator of sociodemographic status, which we constructed from income per person, average years of schooling after age 15 years, and the total fertility rate and mean age of the population. We applied hierarchical regression to DALY rates by cause across countries to decompose variance related to the sociodemographic status variable, country, and time. Findings Worldwide, from 1990 to 2013, life expectancy at birth rose by 6·2 years (95% UI 5·6-6·6), from 65·3 years (65·0-65·6) in 1990 to 71·5 years (71·0-71·9) in 2013, HALE at birth rose by 5·4 years (4·9-5·8), from 56·9 years (54·5-59·1) to 62·3 years (59·7-64·8), total DALYs fell by 3·6% (0·3
- Published
- 2015
21. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013
- Author
-
Naghavi, M, Wang, H, Lozano, R, Davis, A, Liang, X, Zhou, M, Vollset, SE, Abbasoglu Ozgoren, A, Abdalla, S, Abd-Allah, F, Abdel Aziz, MI, Abera, SF, Aboyans, V, Abraham, B, Abraham, JP, Abuabara, KE, Abubakar, I, Abu-Raddad, LJ, Abu-Rmeileh, NME, Achoki, T, Adelekan, A, Ademi, Z, Adofo, K, Adou, AK, Adsuar, JC, Ärnlov, J, Agardh, EE, Akena, D, Al Khabouri, MJ, Alasfoor, D, Albittar, M, Alegretti, MA, Aleman, AV, Alemu, ZA, Alfonso-Cristancho, R, Alhabib, S, Ali, MK, Ali, R, Alla, F, Al Lami, F, Allebeck, P, AlMazroa, MA, Al-Shahi Salman, R, Alsharif, U, Alvarez, E, Alviz-Guzman, N, Amankwaa, AA, Amare, AT, Ameli, O, Amini, H, Ammar, W, Anderson, HR, Anderson, BO, Antonio, CAT, Anwari, P, Apfel, H, Argeseanu Cunningham, S, Arsic Arsenijevic, VS, Artaman, A, Asad, MM, Asghar, RJ, Assadi, R, Atkins, LS, Atkinson, C, Badawi, A, Bahit, MC, Bakfalouni, T, Balakrishnan, K, Balalla, S, Banerjee, A, Barber, RM, Barker-Collo, SL, Barquera, S, Barregard, L, Barrero, LH, Barrientos-Gutierrez, T, Basu, A, Basu, S, Basulaiman, MO, Beardsley, J, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Bekele, T, Bell, ML, Benjet, C, Bennett, DA, Bensenor, IM, Benzian, H, Bertozzi-Villa, A, Beyene, TJ, Bhala, N, Bhalla, A, Bhutta, ZA, Bikbov, B, Bin Abdulhak, A, Biryukov, S, Blore, JD, Blyth, FM, Bohensky, MA, Borges, G, Naghavi, M, Wang, H, Lozano, R, Davis, A, Liang, X, Zhou, M, Vollset, SE, Abbasoglu Ozgoren, A, Abdalla, S, Abd-Allah, F, Abdel Aziz, MI, Abera, SF, Aboyans, V, Abraham, B, Abraham, JP, Abuabara, KE, Abubakar, I, Abu-Raddad, LJ, Abu-Rmeileh, NME, Achoki, T, Adelekan, A, Ademi, Z, Adofo, K, Adou, AK, Adsuar, JC, Ärnlov, J, Agardh, EE, Akena, D, Al Khabouri, MJ, Alasfoor, D, Albittar, M, Alegretti, MA, Aleman, AV, Alemu, ZA, Alfonso-Cristancho, R, Alhabib, S, Ali, MK, Ali, R, Alla, F, Al Lami, F, Allebeck, P, AlMazroa, MA, Al-Shahi Salman, R, Alsharif, U, Alvarez, E, Alviz-Guzman, N, Amankwaa, AA, Amare, AT, Ameli, O, Amini, H, Ammar, W, Anderson, HR, Anderson, BO, Antonio, CAT, Anwari, P, Apfel, H, Argeseanu Cunningham, S, Arsic Arsenijevic, VS, Artaman, A, Asad, MM, Asghar, RJ, Assadi, R, Atkins, LS, Atkinson, C, Badawi, A, Bahit, MC, Bakfalouni, T, Balakrishnan, K, Balalla, S, Banerjee, A, Barber, RM, Barker-Collo, SL, Barquera, S, Barregard, L, Barrero, LH, Barrientos-Gutierrez, T, Basu, A, Basu, S, Basulaiman, MO, Beardsley, J, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Bekele, T, Bell, ML, Benjet, C, Bennett, DA, Bensenor, IM, Benzian, H, Bertozzi-Villa, A, Beyene, TJ, Bhala, N, Bhalla, A, Bhutta, ZA, Bikbov, B, Bin Abdulhak, A, Biryukov, S, Blore, JD, Blyth, FM, Bohensky, MA, and Borges, G
- Abstract
Background Up-to-date evidence on levels and trends for age-sex-specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality is essential for the formation of global, regional, and national health policies. In the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013) we estimated yearly deaths for 188 countries between 1990, and 2013. We used the results to assess whether there is epidemiological convergence across countries. Methods We estimated age-sex-specific all-cause mortality using the GBD 2010 methods with some refinements to improve accuracy applied to an updated database of vital registration, survey, and census data. We generally estimated cause of death as in the GBD 2010. Key improvements included the addition of more recent vital registration data for 72 countries, an updated verbal autopsy literature review, two new and detailed data systems for China, and more detail for Mexico, UK, Turkey, and Russia. We improved statistical models for garbage code redistribution. We used six different modelling strategies across the 240 causes; cause of death ensemble modelling (CODEm) was the dominant strategy for causes with sufficient information. Trends for Alzheimer's disease and other dementias were informed by meta-regression of prevalence studies. For pathogen-specific causes of diarrhoea and lower respiratory infections we used a counterfactual approach. We computed two measures of convergence (inequality) across countries: the average relative difference across all pairs of countries (Gini coefficient) and the average absolute difference across countries. To summarise broad findings, we used multiple decrement life-tables to decompose probabilities of death from birth to exact age 15 years, from exact age 15 years to exact age 50 years, and from exact age 50 years to exact age 75 years, and life expectancy at birth into major causes. For all quantities reported, we computed 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). We constrained cause-specific fractions within each age-sex-country-y
- Published
- 2015
22. Measuring performance on the Healthcare Access and Quality Index for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational locations: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
- Author
-
Nancy, Fullman, Jamal, Yearwood, Solomon, M, Abay, Cristiana, Abbafati, Foad, Abd-Allah, Jemal, Abdela, Ahmed, Abdelalim, Zegeye, Abebe, Teshome, Abuka, Abebo, Victor, Aboyans, Haftom, Niguse, Abraha, Daisy, M, X, Abreu, Laith, Abu-Raddad, J, Akilew, Awoke, Adane, Rufus, Adesoji, Adedoyin, Olatunji, Adetokunboh, Tara, Ballav, Adhikari, Mohsen, Afarideh, Ashkan, Afshin, Gina, Agarwal, Dominic, Agius, Anurag, Agrawal, Sutapa, Agrawal, Aliasghar, Ahmad, Kiadaliri, Miloud, Taki, Eddine, Aichour, Mohammed, Akibu, Rufus, Olusola, Akinyemi, Tomi, Akinyemiju, F, Nadia, Akseer, Faris, Hasan, Lami, Al, Fares, Alahdab, Ziyad, Al-Aly, Khurshid, Alam, Tahiya, Alam, Deena, Alasfoor, Mohammed, I, Albittar, Kefyalew, Addis, Alene, Ayman, Al-Eyadhy, Syed, Danish, Ali, Mehran, Alijanzadeh, Syed, M, Aljunid, Ala’A, Alkerwi, François, Alla, Peter, Allebeck, Christine, Allen, Mahmoud, A, Alomari, Rajaa, Al-Raddadi, Ubai, Alsharif, Khalid, A, Altirkawi, Nelson, Alvis-Guzman, Azmeraw, T, Amare, Kebede, Amenu, Walid, Ammar, Yaw, Ampem, Amoako, Nahla, Anber, Catalina, Liliana, Andrei, Sofia, Androudi, Carl, Abelardo, Antonio, T, Valdelaine, E, Araújo, M, Olatunde, Aremu, Johan, Ärnlöv, Artaman, Al, Krishna, Kumar, Aryal, Hamid, Asayesh, Ephrem, Tsegay, Asfaw, Solomon, Weldegebreal, Asgedom, Rana, Jawad, Asghar, Mengistu, Mitiku, Ashebir, Netsanet, Abera, Asseffa, Tesfay, Mehari, Atey, Sachin, R, Atre, Madhu, Atteraya, S, Leticia, Avila-Burgos, Euripide, Frinel, Arthur, G, Avokpaho, Ashish, Awasthi, Beatriz, Paulina, Ayala, Quintanilla, Animut, Alebel, Ayalew, Henok, Tadesse, Ayele, Rakesh, Ayer, Tambe, Betrand, Ayuk, Peter, Azzopardi, Natasha, Azzopardi-Muscat, Tesleem, Kayode, Babalola, Hamid, Badali, Alaa, Badawi, Maciej, Banach, Amitava, Banerjee, Amrit, Banstola, Ryan, M, Barber, Miguel, Barboza, A, Suzanne, L, Barker-Collo, Till, Bärnighausen, Simon, Barquera, Lope, H, Barrero, Quique, Bassat, Sanjay, Basu, Bernhard, T, Baune, Shahrzad, Bazargan-Hejazi, Neeraj, Bedi, Ettore, Beghi, Masoud, Behzadifar, Meysam, Behzadifar, Bayu, Begashaw, Bekele, Abate, Bekele, Belachew, Saba, Abraham, Belay, Yihalem, Abebe, Belay, Michelle, L, Bell, Aminu, Bello, K, Derrick, A, Bennett, James, Bennett, R, Isabela, M, Bensenor, Derbew, Fikadu, Berhe, Eduardo, Bernabé, Robert, Steven, Bernstein, Mircea, Beuran, Ashish, Bhalla, Paurvi, Bhatt, Soumyadeep, Bhaumik, Zulfiqar, A, Bhutta, Belete, Biadgo, Ali, Bijani, Boris, Bikbov, Charles, Birungi, Stan, Biryukov, Hailemichael, Bizuneh, Ian, W, Bolliger, Kaylin, Bolt, Ibrahim, R, Bou-Orm, Kayvan, Bozorgmehr, Oliver, Jerome, Brady, Alexandra, Brazinova, Nicholas, J, Breitborde, K, Hermann, Brenner, Gabrielle, Britton, Traolach, S, Brugha, Zahid, Butt, A, Lucero, Cahuana-Hurtado, Ismael, Ricardo, Campos-Nonato, Julio, Cesar, Campuzano, Josip, Car, Mate, Car, Rosario, Cárdenas, Juan, Jesus, Carrero, Felix, Carvalho, Carlos, A, Castañeda-Orjuela, Jacqueline, Castillo, Rivas, Ferrán, Catalá-López, Kelly, Cercy, Julian, Chalek, Hsing-Yi, Chang, Jung-Chen, Chang, Aparajita, Chattopadhyay, Pankaj, Chaturvedi, Peggy, Pei-Chia, Chiang, Vesper, Hichilombwe, Chisumpa, Jee-Young, J, Choi, Hanne, Christensen, Devasahayam, Jesudas, Christopher, Sheng-Chia, Chung, Liliana, G, Ciobanu, Cirillo, Massimo, Danny, Colombara, Sara, Conti, Cyrus, Cooper, Leslie, Cornaby, Paolo, Angelo, Cortesi, Monica, Cortinovis, Alexandre, Costa, Pereira, Ewerton, Cousin, Michael, H, Criqui, Elizabeth, Cromwell, A, Christopher, Stephen, Crowe, John, Crump, A, Alemneh, Kabeta, Daba, Berihun, Assefa, Dachew, Abel, Fekadu, Dadi, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Dandona, Paul, I, Dargan, Ahmad, Daryani, Maryam, Daryani, Jai, Das, Siddharth, Kumar, Das, José, Das, Neves, Nicole, Davis, Weaver, Kairat, Davletov, Barbora, De, Courten, Diego, Leo, De, Jan-Walter, De, Neve, Robert, Dellavalle, P, Gebre, Demoz, Kebede, Deribe, Don, C, Des, Jarlais, Subhojit, Dey, Samath, D, Dharmaratne, Meghnath, Dhimal, Shirin, Djalalinia, David, Teye, Doku, Kate, Dolan, Ray, E, Dorsey, Kadine, Priscila, Bender, Dos, Santos, Kerrie, E, Doyle, Tim, Driscoll, R, Manisha, Dubey, Eleonora, Dubljanin, Bruce, Bartholow, Duncan, Michelle, Echko, Dumessa, Edessa, David, Edvardsson, Joshua, R, Ehrlich, Erika, Eldrenkamp, Ziad, El-Khatib, Matthias, Endres, Aman, Yesuf, Endries, Babak, Eshrati, Sharareh, Eskandarieh, Alireza, Esteghamati, Mahdi, Fakhar, Tamer, Farag, Mahbobeh, Faramarzi, Emerito, Jose, Aquino, Faraon, André, Faro, Farshad, Farzadfar, Adesegun, Fatusi, Mir, Sohail, Fazeli, Valery, Feigin, L, Andrea, B, Feigl, Netsanet, Fentahun, Seyed-Mohammad, Fereshtehnejad, Eduarda, Fernandes, João, C, Fernandes, Daniel, Obadare, Fijabi, Irina, Filip, Florian, Fischer, Christina, Fitzmaurice, Abraham, D, Flaxman, Luisa, Sorio, Flor, Nataliya, Foigt, Kyle, J, Foreman, Joseph, Frostad, J, Thomas, Fürst, Neal, D, Futran, Emmanuela, Gakidou, Silvano, Gallus, Ketevan, Gambashidze, Amiran, Gamkrelidze, Morsaleh, Ganji, Abadi, Kahsu, Gebre, Tsegaye, Tewelde, Gebrehiwot, Amanuel, Tesfay, Gebremedhin, Yalemzewod, Assefa, Gelaw, Johanna, M, Geleijnse, Demeke, Geremew, Peter, W, Gething, Reza, Ghadimi, Khalil, Ghasemi, Falavarjani, Maryam, Ghasemi-Kasman, Paramjit, Singh, Gill, Ababi, Zergaw, Giref, Maurice, Giroud, Melkamu, Dedefo, Gishu, Giorgia, Giussani, William, W, Godwin, Srinivas, Goli, Hector, Gomez-Dantes, Philimon, N, Gona, Amador, Goodridge, Sameer, Vali, Gopalani, Yevgeniy, Goryakin, Alessandra, Carvalho, Goulart, Ayman, Grada, Max, Griswold, Giuseppe, Grosso, Harish, Chander, Gugnani, Yuming, Guo, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Tanush, Gupta, Tarun, Gupta, Vipin, Gupta, Juanita, A, Haagsma, Vladimir, Hachinski, Nima, Hafezi-Nejad, Gessessew, Bugssa, Hailu, Randah, Ribhi, Hamadeh, Samer, Hamidi, Graeme, J, Hankey, Hilda, Harb, L, Heather, C, Harewood, Sivadasanpillai, Harikrishnan, Josep, Maria, Haro, Hamid, Yimam, Hassen, Rasmus, Havmoeller, Caitlin, Hawley, Simon, I, Hay, Jiawei, He, Stephen, J, Hearps, C, Mohamed, I, Hegazy, Behzad, Heibati, Mohsen, Heidari, Delia, Hendrie, Nathaniel, J, Henry, Victor, Hugo, Herrera, Ballesteros, Claudiu, Herteliu, Desalegn, Tsegaw, Hibstu, Molla, Kahssay, Hiluf, Hans, W, Hoek, Enayatollah, Homaie, Rad, Nobuyuki, Horita, Dean, H, Hosgood, Mostafa, Hosseini, Seyed, Reza, Hosseini, Mihaela, Hostiuc, Sorin, Hostiuc, Damian, G, Hoy, Mohamed, Hsairi, Aung, Soe, Htet, Guoqing, Hu, John, J, Huang, Kim, Moesgaard, Iburg, Fachmi, Idris, Ehimario, Uche, Igumbor, Chad, Ikeda, Bogdan, Vasile, Ileanu, Olayinka, Ilesanmi, S, Kaire, Innos, Seyed, Sina, Naghibi, Irvani, Caleb, M, Irvine, S, Farhad, Islami, Troy, A, Jacobs, Kathryn, Jacobsen, H, Nader, Jahanmehr, Rajesh, Jain, Sudhir, Kumar, Jain, Mihajlo, Jakovljevic, M, Moti, Tolera, Jalu, Amr, Jamal, A, Mehdi, Javanbakht, Achala, Upendra, Jayatilleke, Panniyammakal, Jeemon, Ravi, Prakash, Jha, Vivekanand, Jha, Jacek, Józwiak, Oommen, John, Sarah, Charlotte, Johnson, Jost, Jonas, B, Vasna, Joshua, Mikk, Jürisson, Zubair, Kabir, Rajendra, Kadel, Amaha, Kahsay, Rizwan, Kalani, Chittaranjan, Kar, Marina, Karanikolos, André, Karch, Corine, Kakizi, Karema, Seyed, Karimi, M, Amir, Kasaeian, Dessalegn, Haile, Kassa, Getachew, Mullu, Kassa, Tesfaye, Dessale, Kassa, Nicholas, Kassebaum, J, Srinivasa, Vittal, Katikireddi, Anil, Kaul, Norito, Kawakami, Konstantin, Kazanjan, Seifu, Kebede, Peter, Njenga, Keiyoro, Grant, Rodgers, Kemp, Andre, Pascal, Kengne, Maia, Kereselidze, Ezra, Belay, Ketema, Yousef, Saleh, Khader, Morteza, Abdullatif, Khafaie, Alireza, Khajavi, Ibrahim, A, Khalil, Ejaz, Ahmad, Khan, Gulfaraz, Khan, Nuruzzaman, Md, Khan, Muhammad, Ali, Khan, Mukti, Nath, Khanal, Young-Ho, Khang, Mona, M, Khater, Abdullah, Tawfih, Abdullah, Khoja, Ardeshir, Khosravi, Jagdish, Khubchandani, Getiye, Dejenu, Kibret, Daniel, Ngari, Kiirithio, Daniel, Kim, Yun, Jin, Kim, Ruth, Kimokoti, W, Yohannes, Kinfu, Sanjay, Kinra, Adnan, Kisa, Niranjan, Kissoon, Sonali, Kochhar, Yoshihiro, Kokubo, Jacek, A, Kopec, Soewarta, Kosen, Parvaiz, A, Koul, Koyanagi, Ai, Michael, Kravchenko, Kewal, Krishan, Kristopher, J, Krohn, Barthelemy, Kuate, Defo, Anil, G, Kumar, Pushpendra, Kumar, Michael, Kutz, Igor, Kuzin, Hmwe, H, Kyu, Deepesh, Pravinkumar, Lad, Alessandra, Lafranconi, Dharmesh, Kumar, Lal, Ratilal, Lalloo, Hilton, Lam, Qing, Lan, Justin, J, Lang, Van, Lansingh, C, Sonia, Lansky, Anders, Larsson, Arman, Latifi, Jeffrey, Victor, Lazarus, Janet, Leasher, L, Paul, H, Lee, Yirga, Legesse, James, Leigh, Cheru, Tesema, Leshargie, Samson, Leta, Janni, Leung, Ricky, Leung, Miriam, Levi, Yongmei, Li, Juan, Liang, Misgan, Legesse, Liben, Lee-Ling, Lim, Stephen, S, Lim, Margaret, Lind, Shai, Linn, Stefan, Listl, Patrick, Y, Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Rakesh, Lodha, Alan, D, Lopez, Scott, Lorch, A, Stefan, Lorkowski, Paulo, A, Lotufo, Timothy, C, D, Lucas, Raimundas, Lunevicius, Grégoire, Lurton, Ronan, A, Lyons, Fadi, Maalouf, Erlyn, Rachelle, King, Macarayan, Mark, T, Mackay, Emilie, Maddison, R, Fabiana, Madotto, Hassan, Magdy, Abd, El, Razek, Mohammed, Magdy, Abd, Razek, El, Marek, Majdan, Reza, Majdzadeh, Azeem, Majeed, Reza, Malekzadeh, Rajesh, Malhotra, Deborah, Carvalho, Malta, Abdullah, Mamun, A, Helena, Manguerra, Treh, Manhertz, Mohammad, Ali, Mansournia, Lorenzo, Mantovani, G, Tsegahun, Manyazewal, Chabila, C, Mapoma, Christopher, Margono, Jose, Martinez-Raga, Sheila, Cristina, Ouriques, Martins, Francisco, Rogerlândio, Martins-Melo, Ira, Martopullo, Winfried, März, Benjamin, Ballard, Massenburg, Manu, Raj, Mathur, Pallab, K, Maulik, Mohsen, Mazidi, Colm, Mcalinden, Mcgrath, Martin, Mckee, Suresh, Mehata, Ravi, Mehrotra, Kala, M, Mehta, Varshil, Mehta, Toni, Meier, Fabiola, Mejia-Rodriguez, Kidanu, Gebremariam, Meles, Mulugeta, Melku, Peter, Memiah, Ziad, A, Memish, Walter, Mendoza, Degu, Abate, Mengiste, Desalegn, Tadese, Mengistu, Bereket, Gebremichael, Menota, George, Mensah, A, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo, J, Meretoja, Haftay, Berhane, Mezgebe, Tomasz, Miazgowski, Renata, Micha, Robert, Milam, Anoushka, Millear, Ted, R, Miller, Mini, Gk, Shawn, Minnig, Andreea, Mirica, Erkin, M, Mirrakhimov, Awoke, Misganaw, Philip, B, Mitchell, Fitsum, Weldegebreal, Mlashu, Babak, Moazen, Karzan, Abdulmuhsin, Mohammad, Roghayeh, Mohammadibakhsh, Ebrahim, Mohammed, Mohammed, A, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mohammed, Ali, H, Mokdad, Glen, Liddell, D, Mola, Mariam, Molokhia, Fatemeh, Momeniha, Lorenzo, Monasta, Julio, Cesar, Montañez, Hernandez, Mahmood, Moosazadeh, Maziar, Moradi-Lakeh, Paula, Moraga, Lidia, Morawska, Ilais, Moreno, Velasquez, Rintaro, Mori, Shane, D, Morrison, Mark, Moses, Seyyed, Meysam, Mousavi, Ulrich, Mueller, O, Manoj, Murhekar, Gudlavalleti, Venkata, Satyanarayana, Murthy, Srinivas, Murthy, Jonah, Musa, Kamarul, Imran, Musa, Ghulam, Mustafa, Saravanan, Muthupandian, Chie, Nagata, Gabriele, Nagel, Mohsen, Naghavi, Aliya, Naheed, Gurudatta, A, Naik, Nitish, Naik, Farid, Najafi, Luigi, Naldi, Vinay, Nangia, Jobert, Richie, Njingang, Nansseu, K, M, Venkat, Narayan, Bruno, Ramos, Nascimento, Ionut, Negoi, Ruxandra, Irina, Negoi, Charles, Newton, R, Josephine, Wanjiku, Ngunjiri, Grant, Nguyen, Long, Nguyen, Trang, Huyen, Nguyen, Emma, Nichols, Dina, Nur, Anggraini, Ningrum, Ellen, Nolte, Vuong, Minh, Nong, Ole, Norheim, F, Norrving, Bo, Jean, Jacques, Noubiap, N, Alypio, Nyandwi, Carla, Makhlouf, Obermeyer, Richard, Ofori-Asenso, Felix, Akpojene, Ogbo, In-Hwan, Oh, Olanrewaju, Oladimeji, Andrew, Toyin, Olagunju, Tinuke, Oluwasefunmi, Olagunju, Pedro, R, Olivares, Patricia, Pereira, Vasconcelos, Oliveira, De, Helen, E, Olsen, Bolajoko, Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob, Olusegun, Olusanya, Kanyin, Ong, John, Nelson, Opio, Eyal, Oren, Doris, V, Ortega-Altamirano, Alberto, Ortiz, Raziye, Ozdemir, Mahesh, Pa, Amanda, W, Pain, Marcos, Roberto, Tovani, Palone, Adrian, Pana, Songhomitra, Panda-Jonas, Jeyaraj, D, Pandian, Eun-Kee, Park, Hadi, Parsian, Tejas, Patel, Sanghamitra, Pati, Snehal, T, Patil, Ajay, Patle, George, C, Patton, Vishnupriya, Rao, Paturi, Deepak, Paudel, Marcel, De, Moares, Pedroso, Sandra, P, Pedroza, David, Pereira, M, Norberto, Perico, Hannah, Peterson, Max, Petzold, Niloofar, Peykari, Michael, Robert, Phillips, Frédéric, Piel, B, David, M, Pigott, Julian, David, Pillay, Michael, A, Piradov, Suzanne, Polinder, Constance, D, Pond, Maarten, Postma, J, Farshad, Pourmalek, Swayam, Prakash, Prakash, V, Narayan, Prasad, Noela, Marie, Prasad, Caroline, Purcell, Mostafa, Qorbani, Hedley, Knewjen, Quintana, Amir, Radfar, Anwar, Rafay, Alireza, Rafiei, Kazem, Rahimi, Afarin, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahimi-Movaghar, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Muhammad, Aziz, Rahman, Sajjad, Rahman, Ur, Rajesh, Kumar, Rai, Sree, Bhushan, Raju, Usha, Ram, Saleem, M, Rana, Zane, Rankin, Davide, Rasella, David, Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Rawaf, Sarah, E, Ray, Christian, Aspacia, Razo-García, Priscilla, Reddy, Robert, C, Reiner, Cesar, Reis, Marissa, B, Reitsma, Giuseppe, Remuzzi, Andre, M, Renzaho, N, Serge, Resnikoff, Satar, Rezaei, Mohammad, Sadegh, Rezai, Antonio, Ribeiro, L, Maria, Jesus, Rios, Blancas, Juan, A, Rivera, Leonardo, Roever, Luca, Ronfani, Gholamreza, Roshandel, Ali, Rostami, Gregory, A, Roth, Dietrich, Rothenbacher, Ambuj, Roy, Nobhojit, Roy, George, Mugambage, Ruhago, Yogesh, Damodar, Sabde, Perminder, S, Sachdev, Nafis, Sadat, Mahdi, Safdarian, Saeid, Safiri, Rajesh, Sagar, Amirhossein, Sahebkar, Sahraian, Haniye, Sadat, Sajadi, Joseph, Salama, Payman, Salamati, Raphael, De, Freitas, Saldanha, Hamideh, Salimzadeh, Joshua, A, Salomon, Abdallah, Samy, M, Juan, Ramon, Sanabria, Parag, Sancheti, K, Maria, Dolores, Sanchez-Niño, Damian, Santomauro, Itamar, S, Santos, Milena, Santric, M, Milicevic, Abdur, Razzaque, Sarker, Nizal, Sarrafzadegan, Benn, Sartorius, Maheswar, Satpathy, Miloje, Savic, Monika, Sawhney, Sonia, Saxena, Mete, I, Saylan, Elke, Schaeffner, Josef, Schmidhuber, Maria, Inês, Schmidt, Ione, J, C, Schneider, Austin, Schumacher, E, Aletta, E, Schutte, David, Schwebel, C, Falk, Schwendicke, Mario, Sekerija, Sadaf, G, Sepanlou, Edson, Servan-Mori, E, Azadeh, Shafieesabet, Masood, Ali, Shaikh, Marina, Shakh-Nazarova, Mehran, Shams-Beyranvand, Heidar, Sharafi, Mahdi, Sharif-Alhoseini, Sheikh, Mohammed, Shariful, Islam, Meenakshi, Sharma, Rajesh, Sharma, Jun, She, Aziz, Sheikh, Mebrahtu, Teweldemedhin, Shfare, Peilin, Shi, Chloe, Shields, Mika, Shigematsu, Yukito, Shinohara, Rahman, Shiri, Reza, Shirkoohi, Ivy, Shiue, Mark, G, Shrime, Sharvari, Rahul, Shukla, Soraya, Siabani, Inga, Dora, Sigfusdottir, Donald, Silberberg, H, Diego, Augusto, Santos, Silva, João, Pedro, Silva, Dayane, Gabriele, Alves, Silveira, Jasvinder, Singh, A, Lavanya, Singh, Narinder, Pal, Singh, Virendra, Singh, Dhirendra, Narain, Sinha, Abiy, Hiruye, Sinke, Mekonnen, Sisay, Vegard, Skirbekk, Karen, Sliwa, Alison, Smith, Adauto, Martins, Soares, Filho, Badr, H, Sobaih, A, Melek, Somai, Samir, Soneji, Moslem, Soofi, Reed, J, Sorensen, D, Joan, B, Soriano, Ireneous, Soyiri, N, Luciano, A, Sposato, Chandrashekhar, Sreeramareddy, T, Vinay, Srinivasan, Jeffrey, D, Stanaway, Vasiliki, Stathopoulou, Nicholas, Steel, Dan, J, Stein, Mark, Andrew, Stokes, Lela, Sturua, Muawiyyah, Babale, Sufiyan, Rizwan, Abdulkader, Suliankatchi, Bruno, F, Sunguya, Patrick, Sur, J, Bryan, L, Sykes, P, Sylaja, N, Cassandra, E, Szoeke, I, Rafael, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Santosh, Kumar, Tadakamadla, Andualem, Henok, Tadesse, Getachew, Redae, Taffere, Nikhil, Tandon, Amare, Tariku, Tariku, Nuno, Taveira, Arash, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Girma, Temam, Shifa, Mohamad-Hani, Temsah, Abdullah, Sulieman, Terkawi, Azeb, Gebresilassie, Tesema, Dawit, Jember, Tesfaye, Belay, Tessema, Thakur, Js, Nihal, Thomas, Matthew, J, Thompson, Taavi, Tillmann, Quyen, G, Ruoyan, Tobe-Gai, Marcello, Tonelli, Roman, Topor-Madry, Fotis, Topouzis, Anna, Torre, Miguel, Tortajada, Bach, Xuan, Tran, Khanh, Bao, Tran, Avnish, Tripathi, Srikanth, Prasad, Tripathy, Christopher, Troeger, Thomas, Truelsen, Derrick, Tsoi, Lorainne, Tudor, Car, Kald, Beshir, Tuem, Stefanos, Tyrovolas, Uche, S, Uchendu, Kingsley, Nnanna, Ukwaja, Irfan, Ullah, Rachel, Updike, Olalekan, A, Uthman, Benjamin, Chudi, S, Uzochukwu, Pascual, Rubén, Valdez, Job, F, Van, M, Boven, Santosh, Varughese, Tommi, Vasankari, Narayanaswamy, Venketasubramanian, Francesco, S, Violante, Sergey, Vladimirov, K, Vasiliy, Victorovich, Vlassov, Stein, Emil, Vollset, Theo, Vos, Fasil, Wagnew, Yasir, Waheed, Mitchell, T, Wallin, Judd, Walson, L, Yafeng, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Wang, Molla, Mesele, Wassie, Marcia, Weaver, R, Elisabete, Weiderpass, Robert, G, Weintraub, Jordan, Weiss, Kidu, Gidey, Weldegwergs, Andrea, Werdecker, Eoin, T, West, Ronny, Westerman, Richard, G, White, Harvey, Whiteford, A, Justyna, Widecka, Andrea, Sylvia, Winkler, Charles, Shey, Wiysonge, Charles, D, Wolfe, A, Yohanes, Ayele, Wondimkun, Abdulhalik, Workicho, Grant, M, Wyper, A, Denis, Xavier, Gelin, Xu, Lijing, L, Yan, Yuichiro, Yano, Mehdi, Yaseri, Nigus, Bililign, Yimer, Peng, Yin, Paul, Yip, Biruck, Desalegn, Yirsaw, Naohiro, Yonemoto, Gerald, Yonga, Seok-Jun, Yoon, Marcel, Yotebieng, Mustafa, Z, Younis, Chuanhua, Yu, Vesna, Zadnik, Zoubida, Zaidi, Maysaa, El, Sayed, Zaki, Sojib, Bin, Zaman, Mohammad, Zamani, Zerihun, Menlkalew, Zenebe, Maigeng, Zhou, Jun, Zhu, Stephanie, R, Zimsen, M, Ben, Zipkin, Sanjay, Zodpey, Liesl, Joanna, Zuhlke, Christopher, J, L, Murray, Rafael, Lozano., Fullman, N, Yearwood, J, Abay, S, Abbafati, C, Abd-Allah, F, Abdela, J, Abdelalim, A, Abebe, Z, Abebo, T, Aboyans, V, Abraha, H, Abreu, D, Abu-Raddad, L, Adane, A, Adedoyin, R, Adetokunboh, O, Adhikari, T, Afarideh, M, Afshin, A, Agarwal, G, Agius, D, Agrawal, A, Agrawal, S, Ahmad Kiadaliri, A, Aichour, M, Akibu, M, Akinyemi, R, Akinyemiju, T, Akseer, N, Al Lami, F, Alahdab, F, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alam, T, Alasfoor, D, Albittar, M, Alene, K, Al-Eyadhy, A, Ali, S, Alijanzadeh, M, Aljunid, S, Alkerwi, A, Alla, F, Allebeck, P, Allen, C, Alomari, M, Al-Raddadi, R, Alsharif, U, Altirkawi, K, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, A, Amenu, K, Ammar, W, Amoako, Y, Anber, N, Andrei, C, Androudi, S, Antonio, C, Araújo, V, Aremu, O, Ärnlöv, J, Artaman, A, Aryal, K, Asayesh, H, Asfaw, E, Asgedom, S, Asghar, R, Ashebir, M, Asseffa, N, Atey, T, Atre, S, Atteraya, M, Avila-Burgos, L, Avokpaho, E, Awasthi, A, Ayala Quintanilla, B, Ayalew, A, Ayele, H, Ayer, R, Ayuk, T, Azzopardi, P, Azzopardi-Muscat, N, Babalola, T, Badali, H, Badawi, A, Banach, M, Banerjee, A, Banstola, A, Barber, R, Barboza, M, Barker-Collo, S, Bärnighausen, T, Barquera, S, Barrero, L, Bassat, Q, Basu, S, Baune, B, Bazargan-Hejazi, S, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Behzadifar, M, Bekele, B, Belachew, A, Belay, S, Belay, Y, Bell, M, Bello, A, Bennett, D, Bennett, J, Bensenor, I, Berhe, D, Bernabé, E, Bernstein, R, Beuran, M, Bhalla, A, Bhatt, P, Bhaumik, S, Bhutta, Z, Biadgo, B, Bijani, A, Bikbov, B, Birungi, C, Biryukov, S, Bizuneh, H, Bolliger, I, Bolt, K, Bou-Orm, I, Bozorgmehr, K, Brady, O, Brazinova, A, Breitborde, N, Brenner, H, Britton, G, Brugha, T, Butt, Z, Cahuana-Hurtado, L, Campos-Nonato, I, Campuzano, J, Car, J, Car, M, Cárdenas, R, Carrero, J, Carvalho, F, Castañeda-Orjuela, C, Castillo Rivas, J, Catalá-López, F, Cercy, K, Chalek, J, Chang, H, Chang, J, Chattopadhyay, A, Chaturvedi, P, Chiang, P, Chisumpa, V, Choi, J, Christensen, H, Christopher, D, Chung, S, Ciobanu, L, Cirillo, M, Colombara, D, Conti, S, Cooper, C, Cornaby, L, Cortesi, P, Cortinovis, M, Costa Pereira, A, Cousin, E, Criqui, M, Cromwell, E, Crowe, C, Crump, J, Daba, A, Dachew, B, Dadi, A, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Dargan, P, Daryani, A, Daryani, M, Das, J, Das, S, das Neves, J, Davis Weaver, N, Davletov, K, de Courten, B, De Leo, D, De Neve, J, Dellavalle, R, Demoz, G, Deribe, K, Des Jarlais, D, Dey, S, Dharmaratne, S, Dhimal, M, Djalalinia, S, Doku, D, Dolan, K, Dorsey, E, dos Santos, K, Doyle, K, Driscoll, T, Dubey, M, Dubljanin, E, Duncan, B, Echko, M, Edessa, D, Edvardsson, D, Ehrlich, J, Eldrenkamp, E, El-Khatib, Z, Endres, M, Endries, A, Eshrati, B, Eskandarieh, S, Esteghamati, A, Fakhar, M, Farag, T, Faramarzi, M, Faraon, E, Faro, A, Farzadfar, F, Fatusi, A, Fazeli, M, Feigin, V, Feigl, A, Fentahun, N, Fereshtehnejad, S, Fernandes, E, Fernandes, J, Fijabi, D, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Fitzmaurice, C, Flaxman, A, Flor, L, Foigt, N, Foreman, K, Frostad, J, Fürst, T, Futran, N, Gakidou, E, Gallus, S, Gambashidze, K, Gamkrelidze, A, Ganji, M, Gebre, A, Gebrehiwot, T, Gebremedhin, A, Gelaw, Y, Geleijnse, J, Geremew, D, Gething, P, Ghadimi, R, Ghasemi Falavarjani, K, Ghasemi-Kasman, M, Gill, P, Giref, A, Giroud, M, Gishu, M, Giussani, G, Godwin, W, Goli, S, Gomez-Dantes, H, Gona, P, Goodridge, A, Gopalani, S, Goryakin, Y, Goulart, A, Grada, A, Griswold, M, Grosso, G, Gugnani, H, Guo, Y, Gupta, R, Gupta, T, Gupta, V, Haagsma, J, Hachinski, V, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hailu, G, Hamadeh, R, Hamidi, S, Hankey, G, Harb, H, Harewood, H, Harikrishnan, S, Haro, J, Hassen, H, Havmoeller, R, Hawley, C, Hay, S, He, J, Hearps, S, Hegazy, M, Heibati, B, Heidari, M, Hendrie, D, Henry, N, Herrera Ballesteros, V, Herteliu, C, Hibstu, D, Hiluf, M, Hoek, H, Homaie Rad, E, Horita, N, Hosgood, H, Hosseini, M, Hosseini, S, Hostiuc, M, Hostiuc, S, Hoy, D, Hsairi, M, Htet, A, Hu, G, Huang, J, Iburg, K, Idris, F, Igumbor, E, Ikeda, C, Ileanu, B, Ilesanmi, O, Innos, K, Irvani, S, Irvine, C, Islami, F, Jacobs, T, Jacobsen, K, Jahanmehr, N, Jain, R, Jain, S, Jakovljevic, M, Jalu, M, Jamal, A, Javanbakht, M, Jayatilleke, A, Jeemon, P, Jha, R, Jha, V, Jóúwiak, J, John, O, Johnson, S, Jonas, J, Joshua, V, Jürisson, M, Kabir, Z, Kadel, R, Kahsay, A, Kalani, R, Kar, C, Karanikolos, M, Karch, A, Karema, C, Karimi, S, Kasaeian, A, Kassa, D, Kassa, G, Kassa, T, Kassebaum, N, Katikireddi, S, Kaul, A, Kawakami, N, Kazanjan, K, Kebede, S, Keiyoro, P, Kemp, G, Kengne, A, Kereselidze, M, Ketema, E, Khader, Y, Khafaie, M, Khajavi, A, Khalil, I, Khan, E, Khan, G, Khan, M, Khanal, M, Khang, Y, Khater, M, Khoja, A, Khosravi, A, Khubchandani, J, Kibret, G, Kiirithio, D, Kim, D, Kim, Y, Kimokoti, R, Kinfu, Y, Kinra, S, Kisa, A, Kissoon, N, Kochhar, S, Kokubo, Y, Kopec, J, Kosen, S, Koul, P, Koyanagi, A, Kravchenko, M, Krishan, K, Krohn, K, Kuate Defo, B, Kumar, G, Kumar, P, Kutz, M, Kuzin, I, Kyu, H, Lad, D, Lafranconi, A, Lal, D, Lalloo, R, Lam, H, Lan, Q, Lang, J, Lansingh, V, Lansky, S, Larsson, A, Latifi, A, Lazarus, J, Leasher, J, Lee, P, Legesse, Y, Leigh, J, Leshargie, C, Leta, S, Leung, J, Leung, R, Levi, M, Li, Y, Liang, J, Liben, M, Lim, L, Lim, S, Lind, M, Linn, S, Listl, S, Liu, P, Liu, S, Lodha, R, Lopez, A, Lorch, S, Lorkowski, S, Lotufo, P, Lucas, T, Lunevicius, R, Lurton, G, Lyons, R, Maalouf, F, Macarayan, E, Mackay, M, Maddison, E, Madotto, F, Magdy Abd El Razek, H, Magdy Abd El Razek, M, Majdan, M, Majdzadeh, R, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Malhotra, R, Malta, D, Mamun, A, Manhertz, T, Manguerra, H, Mansournia, M, Mantovani, L, Manyazewal, T, Mapoma, C, Margono, C, Martinez-Raga, J, Martins, S, Martins-Melo, F, Martopullo, I, März, W, Massenburg, B, Mathur, M, Maulik, P, Mazidi, M, Mcalinden, C, Mcgrath, J, Mckee, M, Mehata, S, Mehrotra, R, Mehta, K, Mehta, V, Meier, T, Mejia-Rodriguez, F, Meles, K, Melku, M, Memiah, P, Memish, Z, Mendoza, W, Mengiste, D, Mengistu, D, Menota, B, Mensah, G, Meretoja, A, Meretoja, T, Mezgebe, H, Miazgowski, T, Micha, R, Milam, R, Millear, A, Miller, T, Mini, G, Minnig, S, Mirica, A, Mirrakhimov, E, Misganaw, A, Mitchell, P, Mlashu, F, Moazen, B, Mohammad, K, Mohammadibakhsh, R, Mohammed, E, Mohammed, M, Mohammed, S, Mokdad, A, Mola, G, Molokhia, M, Momeniha, F, Monasta, L, Montañez Hernandez, J, Moosazadeh, M, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Moraga, P, Morawska, L, Moreno Velasquez, I, Mori, R, Morrison, S, Moses, M, Mousavi, S, Mueller, U, Murhekar, M, Murthy, G, Murthy, S, Musa, J, Musa, K, Mustafa, G, Muthupandian, S, Nagata, C, Nagel, G, Naghavi, M, Naheed, A, Naik, G, Naik, N, Najafi, F, Naldi, L, Nangia, V, Nansseu, J, Narayan, K, Nascimento, B, Negoi, I, Negoi, R, Newton, C, Ngunjiri, J, Nguyen, G, Nguyen, L, Nguyen, T, Nichols, E, Ningrum, D, Nolte, E, Nong, V, Norheim, O, Norrving, B, Noubiap, J, Nyandwi, A, Obermeyer, C, Ofori-Asenso, R, Ogbo, F, Oh, I, Oladimeji, O, Olagunju, A, Olagunju, T, Olivares, P, Oliveira, P, Olsen, H, Olusanya, B, Olusanya, J, Ong, K, Opio, J, Oren, E, Ortega-Altamirano, D, Ortiz, A, Ozdemir, R, Pa, M, Pain, A, Palone, M, Pana, A, Panda-Jonas, S, Pandian, J, Park, E, Parsian, H, Patel, T, Pati, S, Patil, S, Patle, A, Patton, G, Paturi, V, Paudel, D, Pedroso, M, Pedroza, S, Pereira, D, Perico, N, Peterson, H, Petzold, M, Peykari, N, Phillips, M, Piel, F, Pigott, D, Pillay, J, Piradov, M, Polinder, S, Pond, C, Postma, M, Pourmalek, F, Prakash, S, Prakash, V, Prasad, N, Purcell, C, Qorbani, M, Quintana, H, Radfar, A, Rafay, A, Rafiei, A, Rahimi, K, Rahimi-Movaghar, A, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, M, Rahman, S, Rai, R, Raju, S, Ram, U, Rana, S, Rankin, Z, Rasella, D, Rawaf, D, Rawaf, S, Ray, S, Razo-García, C, Reddy, P, Reiner, R, Reis, C, Reitsma, M, Remuzzi, G, Renzaho, A, Resnikoff, S, Rezaei, S, Rezai, M, Ribeiro, A, Rios Blancas, M, Rivera, J, Roever, L, Ronfani, L, Roshandel, G, Rostami, A, Roth, G, Rothenbacher, D, Roy, A, Roy, N, Ruhago, G, Sabde, Y, Sachdev, P, Sadat, N, Safdarian, M, Safiri, S, Sagar, R, Sahebkar, A, Sahraian, M, Sajadi, H, Salama, J, Salamati, P, Saldanha, R, Salimzadeh, H, Salomon, J, Samy, A, Sanabria, J, Sancheti, P, Sanchez-Niño, M, Santomauro, D, Santos, I, Santric Milicevic, M, Sarker, A, Sarrafzadegan, N, Sartorius, B, Satpathy, M, Savic, M, Sawhney, M, Saxena, S, Saylan, M, Schaeffner, E, Schmidhuber, J, Schmidt, M, Schneider, I, Schumacher, A, Schutte, A, Schwebel, D, Schwendicke, F, Sekerija, M, Sepanlou, S, Servan-Mori, E, Shafieesabet, A, Shaikh, M, Shakh-Nazarova, M, Shams-Beyranvand, M, Sharafi, H, Sharif-Alhoseini, M, Shariful Islam, S, Sharma, M, Sharma, R, She, J, Sheikh, A, Shfare, M, Shi, P, Shields, C, Shigematsu, M, Shinohara, Y, Shiri, R, Shirkoohi, R, Shiue, I, Shrime, M, Shukla, S, Siabani, S, Sigfusdottir, I, Silberberg, D, Silva, D, Silva, J, Silveira, D, Singh, J, Singh, L, Singh, N, Singh, V, Sinha, D, Sinke, A, Sisay, M, Skirbekk, V, Sliwa, K, Smith, A, Soares Filho, A, Sobaih, B, Somai, M, Soneji, S, Soofi, M, Sorensen, R, Soriano, J, Soyiri, I, Sposato, L, Sreeramareddy, C, Srinivasan, V, Stanaway, J, Stathopoulou, V, Steel, N, Stein, D, Stokes, M, Sturua, L, Sufiyan, M, Suliankatchi, R, Sunguya, B, Sur, P, Sykes, B, Sylaja, P, Tabarés-Seisdedos, R, Tadakamadla, S, Tadesse, A, Taffere, G, Tandon, N, Tariku, A, Taveira, N, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Temam Shifa, G, Temsah, M, Terkawi, A, Tesema, A, Tesfaye, D, Tessema, B, Thakur, J, Thomas, N, Thompson, M, Tillmann, T, To, Q, Tobe-Gai, R, Tonelli, M, Topor-Madry, R, Topouzis, F, Torre, A, Tortajada, M, Tran, B, Tran, K, Tripathi, A, Tripathy, S, Troeger, C, Truelsen, T, Tsoi, D, Tudor Car, L, Tuem, K, Tyrovolas, S, Uchendu, U, Ukwaja, K, Ullah, I, Updike, R, Uthman, O, Uzochukwu, B, Valdez, P, van Boven, J, Varughese, S, Vasankari, T, Violante, F, Vladimirov, S, Vlassov, V, Vollset, S, Vos, T, Wagnew, F, Waheed, Y, Wallin, M, Walson, J, Wang, Y, Wassie, M, Weaver, M, Weiderpass, E, Weintraub, R, Weiss, J, Weldegwergs, K, Werdecker, A, West, T, Westerman, R, White, R, Whiteford, H, Widecka, J, Winkler, A, Wiysonge, C, Wolfe, C, Wondimkun, Y, Workicho, A, Wyper, G, Xavier, D, Xu, G, Yan, L, Yano, Y, Yaseri, M, Yimer, N, Yin, P, Yip, P, Yirsaw, B, Yonemoto, N, Yonga, G, Yoon, S, Yotebieng, M, Younis, M, Yu, C, Zadnik, V, Zaidi, Z, Zaki, M, Zaman, S, Zamani, M, Zenebe, Z, Zhou, M, Zhu, J, Zimsen, S, Zipkin, B, Zodpey, S, Zuhlke, L, Murray, C, Lozano, R, Fullman, Nancy, Yearwood, Jamal, Abay, Solomon M., Abbafati, Cristiana, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdela, Jemal, Abdelalim, Ahmed, Abebe, Zegeye, Abebo, Teshome Abuka, Aboyans, Victor, Abraha, Haftom Niguse, Abreu, Daisy M.X., Abu-Raddad, Laith J., Adane, Akilew Awoke, Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji, Adetokunboh, Olatunji, Adhikari, Tara Ballav, Afarideh, Mohsen, Afshin, Ashkan, Agarwal, Gina, Agius, Dominic, Agrawal, Anurag, Agrawal, Sutapa, Ahmad Kiadaliri, Aliasghar, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Akibu, Mohammed, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akinyemiju, Tomi F., Akseer, Nadia, Al Lami, Faris Hasan, Alahdab, Fare, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Tahiya, Alasfoor, Deena, Albittar, Mohammed I., Alene, Kefyalew Addi, Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Ali, Syed Danish, Alijanzadeh, Mehran, Aljunid, Syed M., Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, Françoi, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Christine, Alomari, Mahmoud A., Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A., Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T., Amenu, Kebede, Ammar, Walid, Amoako, Yaw Ampem, Anber, Nahla, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Androudi, Sofia, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Araújo, Valdelaine E.M., Aremu, Olatunde, Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Aryal, Krishna Kumar, Asayesh, Hamid, Asfaw, Ephrem Tsegay, Asgedom, Solomon Weldegebreal, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Ashebir, Mengistu Mitiku, Asseffa, Netsanet Abera, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Atre, Sachin R., Atteraya, Madhu S., Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G. Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina, Ayalew, Animut Alebel, Ayele, Henok Tadesse, Ayer, Rakesh, Ayuk, Tambe Betrand, Azzopardi, Peter, Azzopardi-Muscat, Natasha, Babalola, Tesleem Kayode, Badali, Hamid, Badawi, Alaa, Banach, Maciej, Banerjee, Amitava, Banstola, Amrit, Barber, Ryan M., Barboza, Miguel A., Barker-Collo, Suzanne L., Bärnighausen, Till, Barquera, Simon, Barrero, Lope H., Bassat, Quique, Basu, Sanjay, Baune, Bernhard T., Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Behzadifar, Masoud, Behzadifar, Meysam, Bekele, Bayu Begashaw, Belachew, Abate Bekele, Belay, Saba Abraham, Belay, Yihalem Abebe, Bell, Michelle L., Bello, Aminu K., Bennett, Derrick A., Bennett, James R., Bensenor, Isabela M., Berhe, Derbew Fikadu, Bernabé, Eduardo, Bernstein, Robert Steven, Beuran, Mircea, Bhalla, Ashish, Bhatt, Paurvi, Bhaumik, Soumyadeep, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A., Biadgo, Belete, Bijani, Ali, Bikbov, Bori, Birungi, Charle, Biryukov, Stan, Bizuneh, Hailemichael, Bolliger, Ian W., Bolt, Kaylin, Bou-Orm, Ibrahim R., Bozorgmehr, Kayvan, Brady, Oliver Jerome, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J.K., Brenner, Hermann, Britton, Gabrielle, Brugha, Traolach S., Butt, Zahid A., Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero, Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Car, Josip, Car, Mate, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carrero, Juan Jesu, Carvalho, Felix, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A., Castillo Rivas, Jacqueline, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Cercy, Kelly, Chalek, Julian, Chang, Hsing-Yi, Chang, Jung-Chen, Chattopadhyay, Aparajita, Chaturvedi, Pankaj, Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Choi, Jee-Young J., Christensen, Hanne, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesuda, Chung, Sheng-Chia, Ciobanu, Liliana G., Cirillo, Massimo, Colombara, Danny, Conti, Sara, Cooper, Cyru, Cornaby, Leslie, Cortesi, Paolo Angelo, Cortinovis, Monica, Costa Pereira, Alexandre, Cousin, Ewerton, Criqui, Michael H., Cromwell, Elizabeth A., Crowe, Christopher Stephen, Crump, John A., Daba, Alemneh Kabeta, Dachew, Berihun Assefa, Dadi, Abel Fekadu, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Dargan, Paul I., Daryani, Ahmad, Daryani, Maryam, Das, Jai, Das, Siddharth Kumar, Das Neves, José, Davis Weaver, Nicole, Davletov, Kairat, De Courten, Barbora, De Leo, Diego, De Neve, Jan-Walter, Dellavalle, Robert P., Demoz, Gebre, Deribe, Kebede, Des Jarlais, Don C., Dey, Subhojit, Dharmaratne, Samath D., Dhimal, Meghnath, Djalalinia, Shirin, Doku, David Teye, Dolan, Kate, Dorsey, E. Ray, Dos Santos, Kadine Priscila Bender, Doyle, Kerrie E., Driscoll, Tim R., Dubey, Manisha, Dubljanin, Eleonora, Duncan, Bruce Bartholow, Echko, Michelle, Edessa, Dumessa, Edvardsson, David, Ehrlich, Joshua R., Eldrenkamp, Erika, El-Khatib, Ziad, Endres, Matthia, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Eshrati, Babak, Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Esteghamati, Alireza, Fakhar, Mahdi, Farag, Tamer, Faramarzi, Mahbobeh, Faraon, Emerito Jose Aquino, Faro, André, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fatusi, Adesegun, Fazeli, Mir Sohail, Feigin, Valery L., Feigl, Andrea B., Fentahun, Netsanet, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Eduarda, Fernandes, João C., Fijabi, Daniel Obadare, Filip, Irina, Fischer, Florian, Fitzmaurice, Christina, Flaxman, Abraham D., Flor, Luisa Sorio, Foigt, Nataliya, Foreman, Kyle J., Frostad, Joseph J., Fürst, Thoma, Futran, Neal D., Gakidou, Emmanuela, Gallus, Silvano, Gambashidze, Ketevan, Gamkrelidze, Amiran, Ganji, Morsaleh, Gebre, Abadi Kahsu, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Gelaw, Yalemzewod Assefa, Geleijnse, Johanna M., Geremew, Demeke, Gething, Peter W., Ghadimi, Reza, Ghasemi Falavarjani, Khalil, Ghasemi-Kasman, Maryam, Gill, Paramjit Singh, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Giroud, Maurice, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Giussani, Giorgia, Godwin, William W., Goli, Sriniva, Gomez-Dantes, Hector, Gona, Philimon N., Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Goryakin, Yevgeniy, Goulart, Alessandra Carvalho, Grada, Ayman, Griswold, Max, Grosso, Giuseppe, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Tanush, Gupta, Tarun, Gupta, Vipin, Haagsma, Juanita A., Hachinski, Vladimir, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Hankey, Graeme J., Harb, Hilda L., Harewood, Heather C., Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai, Haro, Josep Maria, Hassen, Hamid Yimam, Havmoeller, Rasmu, Hawley, Caitlin, Hay, Simon I., He, Jiawei, Hearps, Stephen J.C., Hegazy, Mohamed I., Heibati, Behzad, Heidari, Mohsen, Hendrie, Delia, Henry, Nathaniel J., Herrera Ballesteros, Victor Hugo, Herteliu, Claudiu, Hibstu, Desalegn Tsegaw, Hiluf, Molla Kahssay, Hoek, Hans W., Homaie Rad, Enayatollah, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H. Dean, Hosseini, Mostafa, Hosseini, Seyed Reza, Hostiuc, Mihaela, Hostiuc, Sorin, Hoy, Damian G., Hsairi, Mohamed, Htet, Aung Soe, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, John J., Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Idris, Fachmi, Igumbor, Ehimario Uche, Ikeda, Chad, Ileanu, Bogdan Vasile, Ilesanmi, Olayinka S., Innos, Kaire, Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, Irvine, Caleb M.S., Islami, Farhad, Jacobs, Troy A., Jacobsen, Kathryn H., Jahanmehr, Nader, Jain, Rajesh, Jain, Sudhir Kumar, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo M., Jalu, Moti Tolera, Jamal, Amr A., Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Jha, Vivekanand, Józwiak, Jacek, John, Oommen, Johnson, Sarah Charlotte, Jonas, Jost B., Joshua, Vasna, Jürisson, Mikk, Kabir, Zubair, Kadel, Rajendra, Kahsay, Amaha, Kalani, Rizwan, Kar, Chittaranjan, Karanikolos, Marina, Karch, André, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Karimi, Seyed M., Kasaeian, Amir, Kassa, Dessalegn Haile, Kassa, Getachew Mullu, Kassa, Tesfaye Dessale, Kassebaum, Nicholas J., Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kazanjan, Konstantin, Kebede, Seifu, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemp, Grant Rodger, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Kereselidze, Maia, Ketema, Ezra Belay, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khafaie, Morteza Abdullatif, Khajavi, Alireza, Khalil, Ibrahim A., Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Gulfaraz, Khan, Md Nuruzzaman, Khan, Muhammad Ali, Khanal, Mukti Nath, Khang, Young-Ho, Khater, Mona M., Khoja, Abdullah Tawfih Abdullah, Khosravi, Ardeshir, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kibret, Getiye Dejenu, Kiirithio, Daniel Ngari, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Yun Jin, Kimokoti, Ruth W., Kinfu, Yohanne, Kinra, Sanjay, Kisa, Adnan, Kissoon, Niranjan, Kochhar, Sonali, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kopec, Jacek A., Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A., Koyanagi, Ai, Kravchenko, Michael, Krishan, Kewal, Krohn, Kristopher J., Kuate Defo, Barthelemy, Kumar, G. Anil, Kumar, Pushpendra, Kutz, Michael, Kuzin, Igor, Kyu, Hmwe H., Lad, Deepesh Pravinkumar, Lafranconi, Alessandra, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lam, Hilton, Lan, Qing, Lang, Justin J., Lansingh, Van C., Lansky, Sonia, Larsson, Ander, Latifi, Arman, Lazarus, Jeffrey Victor, Leasher, Janet L., Lee, Paul H., Legesse, Yirga, Leigh, Jame, Leshargie, Cheru Tesema, Leta, Samson, Leung, Janni, Leung, Ricky, Levi, Miriam, Li, Yongmei, Liang, Juan, Liben, Misgan Legesse, Lim, Lee-Ling, Lim, Stephen S., Lind, Margaret, Linn, Shai, Listl, Stefan, Liu, Patrick Y., Liu, Shiwei, Lodha, Rakesh, Lopez, Alan D., Lorch, Scott A., Lorkowski, Stefan, Lotufo, Paulo A., Lucas, Timothy C.D., Lunevicius, Raimunda, Lurton, Grégoire, Lyons, Ronan A., Maalouf, Fadi, Macarayan, Erlyn Rachelle King, Mackay, Mark T., Maddison, Emilie R., Madotto, Fabiana, Magdy Abd El Razek, Hassan, Magdy Abd El Razek, Mohammed, Majdan, Marek, Majdzadeh, Reza, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malhotra, Rajesh, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Mamun, Abdullah A., Manguerra, Helena, Manhertz, Treh, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, Mantovani, Lorenzo G., Manyazewal, Tsegahun, Mapoma, Chabila C., Margono, Christopher, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Martins, Sheila Cristina Ourique, Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio, Martopullo, Ira, März, Winfried, Massenburg, Benjamin Ballard, Mathur, Manu Raj, Maulik, Pallab K., Mazidi, Mohsen, McAlinden, Colm, McGrath, John J., McKee, Martin, Mehata, Suresh, Mehrotra, Ravi, Mehta, Kala M., Mehta, Varshil, Meier, Toni, Mejia-Rodriguez, Fabiola, Meles, Kidanu Gebremariam, Melku, Mulugeta, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A., Mendoza, Walter, Mengiste, Degu Abate, Mengistu, Desalegn Tadese, Menota, Bereket Gebremichael, Mensah, George A., Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J., Mezgebe, Haftay Berhane, Miazgowski, Tomasz, Micha, Renata, Milam, Robert, Millear, Anoushka, Miller, Ted R., Mini, G.K., Minnig, Shawn, Mirica, Andreea, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M., Misganaw, Awoke, Mitchell, Philip B., Mlashu, Fitsum Weldegebreal, Moazen, Babak, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammadibakhsh, Roghayeh, Mohammed, Ebrahim, Mohammed, Mohammed A., Mohammed, Shafiu, Mokdad, Ali H., Mola, Glen Liddell D., Molokhia, Mariam, Momeniha, Fatemeh, Monasta, Lorenzo, Montañez Hernandez, Julio Cesar, Moosazadeh, Mahmood, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Moraga, Paula, Morawska, Lidia, Moreno Velasquez, Ilai, Mori, Rintaro, Morrison, Shane D., Moses, Mark, Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam, Mueller, Ulrich O., Murhekar, Manoj, Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana, Murthy, Sriniva, Musa, Jonah, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Mustafa, Ghulam, Muthupandian, Saravanan, Nagata, Chie, Nagel, Gabriele, Naghavi, Mohsen, Naheed, Aliya, Naik, Gurudatta A., Naik, Nitish, Najafi, Farid, Naldi, Luigi, Nangia, Vinay, Nansseu, Jobert Richie Njingang, Narayan, K.M. Venkat, Nascimento, Bruno Ramo, Negoi, Ionut, Negoi, Ruxandra Irina, Newton, Charles R., Ngunjiri, Josephine Wanjiku, Nguyen, Grant, Nguyen, Long, Nguyen, Trang Huyen, Nichols, Emma, Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini, Nolte, Ellen, Nong, Vuong Minh, Norheim, Ole F., Norrving, Bo, Noubiap, Jean Jacques N., Nyandwi, Alypio, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Ofori-Asenso, Richard, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Oladimeji, Olanrewaju, Olagunju, Andrew Toyin, Olagunju, Tinuke Oluwasefunmi, Olivares, Pedro R., De Oliveira, Patricia Pereira Vasconcelo, Olsen, Helen E., Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Ong, Kanyin, Opio, John Nelson, Oren, Eyal, Ortega-Altamirano, Doris V., Ortiz, Alberto, Ozdemir, Raziye, Pa, Mahesh, Pain, Amanda W., Palone, Marcos Roberto Tovani, Pana, Adrian, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Pandian, Jeyaraj D., Park, Eun-Kee, Parsian, Hadi, Patel, Teja, Pati, Sanghamitra, Patil, Snehal T., Patle, Ajay, Patton, George C., Paturi, Vishnupriya Rao, Paudel, Deepak, De Moares Pedroso, Marcel, Pedroza, Sandra P., Pereira, David M., Perico, Norberto, Peterson, Hannah, Petzold, Max, Peykari, Niloofar, Phillips, Michael Robert, Piel, Frédéric B., Pigott, David M., Pillay, Julian David, Piradov, Michael A., Polinder, Suzanne, Pond, Constance D., Postma, Maarten J., Pourmalek, Farshad, Prakash, Swayam, Prakash, V., Prasad, Narayan, Prasad, Noela Marie, Purcell, Caroline, Qorbani, Mostafa, Quintana, Hedley Knewjen, Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Rafiei, Alireza, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar, Afarin, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Raju, Sree Bhushan, Ram, Usha, Rana, Saleem M., Rankin, Zane, Rasella, Davide, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Ray, Sarah E., Razo-García, Christian Aspacia, Reddy, Priscilla, Reiner, Robert C., Reis, Cesar, Reitsma, Marissa B., Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Renzaho, Andre M.N., Resnikoff, Serge, Rezaei, Satar, Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh, Ribeiro, Antonio L., Rios Blancas, Maria Jesu, Rivera, Juan A., Roever, Leonardo, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Rostami, Ali, Roth, Gregory A., Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Roy, Ambuj, Roy, Nobhojit, Ruhago, George Mugambage, Sabde, Yogesh Damodar, Sachdev, Perminder S., Sadat, Nafi, Safdarian, Mahdi, Safiri, Saeid, Sagar, Rajesh, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Sajadi, Haniye Sadat, Salama, Joseph, Salamati, Payman, De Freitas Saldanha, Raphael, Salimzadeh, Hamideh, Salomon, Joshua A., Samy, Abdallah M., Sanabria, Juan Ramon, Sancheti, Parag K., Sanchez-Niño, Maria Dolore, Santomauro, Damian, Santos, Itamar S., Santric Milicevic, Milena M., Sarker, Abdur Razzaque, Sarrafzadegan, Nizal, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, Saxena, Sonia, Saylan, Mete I., Schaeffner, Elke, Schmidhuber, Josef, Schmidt, Maria Inê, Schneider, Ione J.C., Schumacher, Austin E., Schutte, Aletta E., Schwebel, David C., Schwendicke, Falk, Sekerija, Mario, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Servan-Mori, Edson E., Shafieesabet, Azadeh, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shakh-Nazarova, Marina, Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran, Sharafi, Heidar, Sharif-Alhoseini, Mahdi, Shariful Islam, Sheikh Mohammed, Sharma, Meenakshi, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Sheikh, Aziz, Shfare, Mebrahtu Teweldemedhin, Shi, Peilin, Shields, Chloe, Shigematsu, Mika, Shinohara, Yukito, Shiri, Rahman, Shirkoohi, Reza, Shiue, Ivy, Shrime, Mark G., Shukla, Sharvari Rahul, Siabani, Soraya, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silberberg, Donald H., Silva, Diego Augusto Santo, Silva, João Pedro, Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alve, Singh, Jasvinder A., Singh, Lavanya, Singh, Narinder Pal, Singh, Virendra, Sinha, Dhirendra Narain, Sinke, Abiy Hiruye, Sisay, Mekonnen, Skirbekk, Vegard, Sliwa, Karen, Smith, Alison, Soares Filho, Adauto Martin, Sobaih, Badr H.A., Somai, Melek, Soneji, Samir, Soofi, Moslem, Sorensen, Reed J.D., Soriano, Joan B., Soyiri, Ireneous N., Sposato, Luciano A., Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T., Srinivasan, Vinay, Stanaway, Jeffrey D., Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steel, Nichola, Stein, Dan J., Stokes, Mark Andrew, Sturua, Lela, Sufiyan, Muawiyyah Babale, Suliankatchi, Rizwan Abdulkader, Sunguya, Bruno F., Sur, Patrick J., Sykes, Bryan L., Sylaja, P.N., Szoeke, Cassandra E.I., Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tadakamadla, Santosh Kumar, Tadesse, Andualem Henok, Taffere, Getachew Redae, Tandon, Nikhil, Tariku, Amare Tariku, Taveira, Nuno, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Temam Shifa, Girma, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tesema, Azeb Gebresilassie, Tesfaye, Dawit Jember, Tessema, Belay, Thakur, J.S., Thomas, Nihal, Thompson, Matthew J., Tillmann, Taavi, To, Quyen G., Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Topouzis, Foti, Torre, Anna, Tortajada, Miguel, Tran, Bach Xuan, Tran, Khanh Bao, Tripathi, Avnish, Tripathy, Srikanth Prasad, Troeger, Christopher, Truelsen, Thoma, Tsoi, Derrick, Tudor Car, Lorainne, Tuem, Kald Beshir, Tyrovolas, Stefano, Uchendu, Uche S., Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Ullah, Irfan, Updike, Rachel, Uthman, Olalekan A., Uzochukwu, Benjamin S. Chudi, Valdez, Pascual Rubén, Van Boven, Job F.M., Varughese, Santosh, Vasankari, Tommi, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Violante, Francesco S., Vladimirov, Sergey K., Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Vos, Theo, Wagnew, Fasil, Waheed, Yasir, Wallin, Mitchell T., Walson, Judd L., Wang, Yafeng, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Wassie, Molla Mesele, Weaver, Marcia R., Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G., Weiss, Jordan, Weldegwergs, Kidu Gidey, Werdecker, Andrea, West, T. Eoin, Westerman, Ronny, White, Richard G., Whiteford, Harvey A., Widecka, Justyna, Winkler, Andrea Sylvia, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wolfe, Charles D.A., Wondimkun, Yohanes Ayele, Workicho, Abdulhalik, Wyper, Grant M.A., Xavier, Deni, Xu, Gelin, Yan, Lijing L., Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Yimer, Nigus Bililign, Yin, Peng, Yip, Paul, Yirsaw, Biruck Desalegn, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yonga, Gerald, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Yotebieng, Marcel, Younis, Mustafa Z., Yu, Chuanhua, Zadnik, Vesna, Zaidi, Zoubida, El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa, Zaman, Sojib Bin, Zamani, Mohammad, Zenebe, Zerihun Menlkalew, Zhou, Maigeng, Zhu, Jun, Zimsen, Stephanie R.M., Zipkin, Ben, Zodpey, Sanjay, Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna, Murray, Christopher J.L., Lozano, Rafael, Viðskiptadeild (HR), School of Business (RU), Háskólinn í Reykjavík, Reykjavik University, Abay, Sm, Abebo, Ta, Abraha, Hn, Abreu, Dmx, Abu-Raddad, Lj, Adane, Aa, Adedoyin, Ra, Adhikari, Tb, Aichour, Mte, Akinyemi, Ro, Akinyemiju, Tf, Al Lami, Fh, Albittar, Mi, Alene, Ka, Ali, Sd, Aljunid, Sm, Alomari, Ma, Altirkawi, Ka, Amare, At, Amoako, Ya, Andrei, Cl, Antonio, Cat, Araújo, Vem, Aryal, Kk, Asfaw, Et, Asgedom, Sw, Asghar, Rj, Ashebir, Mm, Asseffa, Na, Atey, Tm, Atre, Sr, Avokpaho, Efga, Ayala Quintanilla, Bp, Ayalew, Aa, Ayele, Ht, Ayuk, Tb, Babalola, Tk, Barber, Rm, Barboza, Ma, Barker-Collo, Sl, Barrero, Lh, Baune, Bt, Bekele, Bb, Belachew, Ab, Belay, Sa, Belay, Ya, Bell, Ml, Bello, Ak, Bennett, Da, Bennett, Jr, Bensenor, Im, Berhe, Df, Bhutta, Za, Bolliger, Iw, Bou-Orm, Ir, Brady, Oj, Breitborde, Njk, Butt, Za, Campos-Nonato, Ir, Campuzano, Jc, Carrero, Jj, Castañeda-Orjuela, Ca, Chang, Hy, Chang, Jc, Chiang, Pp, Chisumpa, Vh, Choi, Jj, Christopher, Dj, Chung, Sc, Ciobanu, Lg, Cortesi, Pa, Criqui, Mh, Cromwell, Ea, Crump, Ja, Daba, Ak, Dachew, Ba, Dadi, Af, Dargan, Pi, Das, Sk, De Neve, Jw, Dellavalle, Rp, Des Jarlais, Dc, Dharmaratne, Sd, Doku, Dt, Dorsey, Er, Dos Santos, Kpb, Doyle, Ke, Driscoll, Tr, Duncan, Bb, Ehrlich, Jr, El-Khatib, Zz, Endries, Ay, Faraon, Eja, Feigin, Vl, Feigl, Ab, Fereshtehnejad, Sm, Fernandes, Jc, Fijabi, Do, Flaxman, Ad, Foreman, Kj, Frostad, Jj, Futran, Nd, Gebre, Ak, Gebrehiwot, Tt, Gebremedhin, At, Gelaw, Ya, Geleijnse, Jm, Gething, Pw, Giref, Az, Gishu, Md, Godwin, Ww, Gona, Pn, Gopalani, Sv, Goulart, Ac, Gugnani, Hc, Haagsma, Ja, Hailu, Gb, Hamadeh, Rr, Hankey, Gj, Harb, Hl, Harewood, Hc, Haro, Jm, Hassen, Hy, Hay, Si, Hearps, Sjc, Hegazy, Mi, Henry, Nj, Herrera Ballesteros, Vh, Hibstu, Dt, Hiluf, Mk, Hoek, Hw, Hosgood, Hd, Hosseini, Sr, Hoy, Dg, Huang, Jj, Iburg, Km, Igumbor, Eu, Ileanu, Bv, Irvani, Ssn, Irvine, Cm, Jacobs, Ta, Jacobsen, Kh, Jain, Sk, Jakovljevic, Mb, Jalu, Mt, Jamal, Aa, Jayatilleke, Au, Jha, Rp, Johnson, Sc, Jonas, Jb, Karema, Ck, Karimi, Sm, Kassa, Dh, Kassa, Gm, Kassa, Td, Kassebaum, Nj, Katikireddi, Sv, Keiyoro, Pn, Kemp, Gr, Kengne, Ap, Ketema, Eb, Khafaie, Ma, Khalil, Ia, Khan, Ea, Khan, Mn, Khan, Ma, Khanal, Mn, Khang, Yh, Khater, Mm, Khoja, Ata, Kibret, Gd, Kiirithio, Dn, Kim, Yj, Kimokoti, Rw, Kopec, Ja, Koul, Pa, Krohn, Kj, Kumar, Ga, Kyu, Hh, Lad, Dp, Lal, Dk, Lang, Jj, Lansingh, Vc, Lazarus, Jv, Leasher, Jl, Lee, Ph, Leshargie, Ct, Liben, Ml, Lim, Ll, Lopez, Ad, Lorch, Sa, Lotufo, Pa, Lucas, Tcd, Lyons, Ra, Macarayan, Erk, Mackay, Mt, Maddison, Er, Malta, Dc, Mamun, Aa, Mansournia, Ma, Mantovani, Lg, Mapoma, Cc, Martins, Sco, Martins-Melo, Fr, Massenburg, Bb, Mathur, Mr, Maulik, Pk, Mcgrath, Jj, Mehta, Km, Meles, Kg, Memish, Za, Mengiste, Da, Mengistu, Dt, Menota, Bg, Mensah, Ga, Meretoja, Tj, Mezgebe, Hb, Miller, Tr, Mini, Gk, Mirrakhimov, Em, Mitchell, Pb, Mlashu, Fw, Mohammad, Ka, Mohammed, Ma, Mokdad, Ah, Mola, Gl, Montañez Hernandez, Jc, Morrison, Sd, Mousavi, Sm, Mueller, Uo, Murthy, Gv, Musa, Ki, Naik, Ga, Nansseu, Jrn, Narayan, Kv, Nascimento, Br, Negoi, Ri, Newton, Cr, Ngunjiri, Jw, Nguyen, Th, Ningrum, Dna, Nong, Vm, Norheim, Of, Noubiap, Jjn, Obermeyer, Cm, Ogbo, Fa, Oh, Ih, Olagunju, At, Olagunju, To, Olivares, Pr, Oliveira, Ppv, Olsen, He, Olusanya, Bo, Olusanya, Jo, Opio, Jn, Ortega-Altamirano, Dv, Pain, Aw, Palone, Mrt, Pandian, Jd, Park, Ek, Patil, St, Patton, Gc, Paturi, Vr, Pedroso, Mm, Pedroza, Sp, Pereira, Dm, Phillips, Mr, Piel, Fb, Pigott, Dm, Pillay, Jd, Piradov, Ma, Pond, Cd, Postma, Mj, Prasad, Nm, Quintana, Hk, Rahman, Ma, Rahman, Su, Rai, Rk, Raju, Sb, Rana, Sm, Rawaf, Dl, Ray, Se, Razo-García, Ca, Reiner, Rc, Reitsma, Mb, Renzaho, Amn, Ribeiro, Al, Rios Blancas, Mj, Rivera, Ja, Roth, Ga, Ruhago, Gm, Sabde, Yd, Sahraian, Ma, Saldanha, Rf, Salomon, Ja, Samy, Am, Sanabria, Jr, Sancheti, Pk, Sanchez-Niño, Md, Santric Milicevic, Mm, Sarker, Ar, Saylan, Mi, Schmidt, Mi, Schneider, Ijc, Schumacher, Ae, Schutte, Ae, Schwebel, Dc, Sepanlou, Sg, Servan-Mori, Ee, Shaikh, Ma, Shariful Islam, Sm, Shfare, Mt, Shrime, Mg, Shukla, Sr, Sigfusdottir, Id, Silberberg, Dh, Silva, Da, Silva, Jp, Silveira, Dga, Singh, Ja, Singh, Np, Sinha, Dn, Sinke, Ah, Soares Filho, Am, Sobaih, Bha, Sorensen, Rjd, Soriano, Jb, Soyiri, In, Sposato, La, Sreeramareddy, Ct, Stanaway, Jd, Stein, Dj, Stokes, Ma, Sufiyan, Mb, Suliankatchi, Ra, Sunguya, Bf, Sur, Pj, Sykes, Bl, Sylaja, Pn, Tadakamadla, Sk, Tadesse, Ah, Taffere, Gr, Tariku, At, Temsah, Mh, Tesema, Ag, Tesfaye, Dj, Thompson, Mj, To, Qg, Tran, Bx, Tran, Kb, Tripathy, Sp, Tuem, Kb, Ukwaja, Kn, Uthman, Oa, Uzochukwu, Bsc, Valdez, Pr, van Boven, Jfm, Vladimirov, Sk, Vlassov, Vv, Vollset, Se, Wallin, Mt, Walson, Jl, Wang, Yp, Wassie, Mm, Weaver, Mr, Weintraub, Rg, Weldegwergs, Kg, West, Te, White, Rg, Whiteford, Ha, Wolfe, Cd, Wondimkun, Ya, Wyper, Gma, Yan, Ll, Yimer, Nb, Yirsaw, Bd, Yoon, Sj, Younis, Mz, Zaki, Me, Zaman, Sb, Zenebe, Zm, Zimsen, Srm, Zuhlke, Lj, Murray, Cjl, and Lozano, R.
- Subjects
Peformance ,Coverage ,Dánartíðni ,Lífslíkur ,Life expectancy ,GBD ,Background A key component of achieving universal health coverage is ensuring that all populations have access to quality health care. Examining where gains have occurred or progress has faltered across and within countries is crucial to guiding decisions and strategies for future improvement. We used the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) to assess personal health-care access and quality with the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index for 195 countries and territories, as well as subnational locations in seven countries, from 1990 to 2016. Methods Drawing from established methods and updated estimates from GBD 2016, we used 32 causes from which death should not occur in the presence of effective care to approximate personal health-care access and quality by location and over time. To better isolate potential effects of personal health-care access and quality from underlying risk factor patterns, we risk-standardised cause-specific deaths due to non-cancers by location-year, replacing the local joint exposure of environmental and behavioural risks with the global level of exposure. Supported by the expansion of cancer registry data in GBD 2016, we used mortality-to-incidence ratios for cancers instead of risk-standardised death rates to provide a stronger signal of the effects of personal health care and access on cancer survival. We transformed each cause to a scale of 0–100, with 0 as the first percentile (worst) observed between 1990 and 2016, and 100 as the 99th percentile (best) ,universal health coverage ,Article ,access quality health care ,health care access and quality index ,Nations ,Healthcare Acce ,Cause-specific mortality ,Psychology ,Healthcare Access and Quality Index ,Mælitæki ,States ,Medicine (all) ,Health care ,Þjóðir ,Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology ,Quality ,Heilbrigðisþjónusta ,Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi ,Sálfræði ,Indicator ,Amenable mortality ,Transition ,we set these thresholds at the country level, and then applied them to subnational locations. We applied a principal components analysis to construct the HAQ Index using all scaled cause values, providing an overall score of 0–100 of personal health-care access and quality by location over time. We then compared HAQ Index levels and trends by quintiles on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary measure of overall development. As derived from the broader GBD study and other data sources, we examined relationships between national HAQ Index scores and potential correlates of performance, such as total health spending per capita. Findings In 2016, HAQ Index performance spanned from a high of 97·1 (95% UI 95·8–98·1) in Iceland, followed by 96·6 (94·9–97·9) in Norway and 96·1 (94·5–97·3) in the Netherlands, to values as low as 18·6 (13·1–24·4) in the Central African Republic, 19·0 (14·3–23·7) in Somalia, and 23·4 (20·2–26·8) in Guinea-Bissau. The pace of progress achieved between 1990 and 2016 varied, with markedly faster improvements occurring between 2000 and 2016 for many countries in sub-Saharan Africa and southeast Asia, whereas several countries in Latin America and elsewhere saw progress stagnate after experiencing considerable advances in the HAQ Index between 1990 and 2000. Striking subnational disparities emerged in personal health-care access and quality, with China and India having particularly large gaps between locations with the highest and lowest scores in 2016. In China, performance ranged from 91·5 (89·1–93·6) in Beijing to 48·0 (43·4–53·2) in Tibet (a 43·5-point difference), while India saw a 30·8-point disparity, from 64·8 (59·6–68·8) in Goa to 34·0 (30·3–38·1) in Assam. Japan recorded the smallest range in subnational HAQ performance in 2016 (a 4·8-point difference), whereas differences between subnational locations with the highest and lowest HAQ Index values were more than two times as high for the USA and three times as high for England. State-level gaps in the HAQ Index in Mexico somewhat narrowed from 1990 to 2016 (from a 20·9-point to 17·0-point difference), whereas in Brazil, disparities slightly increased across states during this time (a 17·2-point to 20·4-point difference). Performance on the HAQ Index showed strong linkages to overall development, with high and high-middle SDI countries generally having higher scores and faster gains for non-communicable diseases. Nonetheless, countries across the development spectrum saw substantial gains in some key health service areas from 2000 to 2016, most notably vaccine-preventable diseases. Overall, national performance on the HAQ Index was positively associated with higher levels of total health spending per capita, as well as health systems inputs, but these relationships were quite heterogeneous, particularly among low-to-middle SDI countries. Interpretation GBD 2016 provides a more detailed understanding of past success and current challenges in improving personal health-care access and quality worldwide. Despite substantial gains since 2000, many low-SDI and middle-SDI countries face considerable challenges unless heightened policy action and investments focus on advancing access to and quality of health care across key health services, especially non-communicable diseases. Stagnating or minimal improvements experienced by several low-middle to high-middle SDI countries could reflect the complexities of re-orienting both primary and secondary health-care services beyond the more limited foci of the Millennium Development Goals. Alongside initiatives to strengthen public health programmes, the pursuit of universal health coverage hinges upon improving both access and quality worldwide, and thus requires adopting a more comprehensive view—and subsequent provision—of quality health care for all populations ,Trends ,Inequalities - Abstract
Background A key component of achieving universal health coverage is ensuring that all populations have access to quality health care. Examining where gains have occurred or progress has faltered across and within countries is crucial to guiding decisions and strategies for future improvement. We used the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) to assess personal health-care access and quality with the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index for 195 countries and territories, as well as subnational locations in seven countries, from 1990 to 2016. Methods Drawing from established methods and updated estimates from GBD 2016, we used 32 causes from which death should not occur in the presence of effective care to approximate personal health-care access and quality by location and over time. To better isolate potential effects of personal health-care access and quality from underlying risk factor patterns, we risk-standardised cause-specific deaths due to non-cancers by location-year, replacing the local joint exposure of environmental and behavioural risks with the global level of exposure. Supported by the expansion of cancer registry data in GBD 2016, we used mortality-to-incidence ratios for cancers instead of risk-standardised death rates to provide a stronger signal of the effects of personal health care and access on cancer survival. We transformed each cause to a scale of 0-100, with 0 as the first percentile (worst) observed between 1990 and 2016, and 100 as the 99th percentile (best); we set these thresholds at the country level, and then applied them to subnational locations. We applied a principal components analysis to construct the HAQ Index using all scaled cause values, providing an overall score of 0-100 of personal health-care access and quality by location over time. We then compared HAQ Index levels and trends by quintiles on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary measure of overall development. As derived from the broader GBD study and other data sources, we examined relationships between national HAQ Index scores and potential correlates of performance, such as total health spending per capita. Findings In 2016, HAQ Index performance spanned from a high of 97.1 (95% UI 95.8-98.1) in Iceland, followed by 96.6 (94.9-97.9) in Norway and 96.1 (94.5-97.3) in the Netherlands, to values as low as 18.6 (13.1-24.4) in the Central African Republic, 19.0 (14.3-23.7) in Somalia, and 23.4 (20.2-26.8) in Guinea-Bissau. The pace of progress achieved between 1990 and 2016 varied, with markedly faster improvements occurring between 2000 and 2016 for many countries in sub-Saharan Africa and southeast Asia, whereas several countries in Latin America and elsewhere saw progress stagnate after experiencing considerable advances in the HAQ Index between 1990 and 2000. Striking subnational disparities emerged in personal health-care access and quality, with China and India having particularly large gaps between locations with the highest and lowest scores in 2016. In China, performance ranged from 91.5 (89.1-936) in Beijing to 48.0 (43.4-53.2) in Tibet (a 43.5-point difference), while India saw a 30.8-point disparity, from 64.8 (59.6-68.8) in Goa to 34.0 (30.3-38.1) in Assam. Japan recorded the smallest range in subnational HAQ performance in 2016 (a 4.8-point difference), whereas differences between subnational locations with the highest and lowest HAQ Index values were more than two times as high for the USA and three times as high for England. State-level gaps in the HAQ Index in Mexico somewhat narrowed from 1990 to 2016 (from a 20.9-point to 17.0-point difference), whereas in Brazil, disparities slightly increased across states during this time (a 17.2-point to 20.4-point difference). Performance on the HAQ Index showed strong linkages to overall development, with high and high-middle SDI countries generally having higher scores and faster gains for non-communicable diseases. Nonetheless, countries across the development spectrum saw substantial gains in some key health service areas from 2000 to 2016, most notably vaccine-preventable diseases. Overall, national performance on the HAQ Index was positively associated with higher levels of total health spending per capita, as well as health systems inputs, but these relationships were quite heterogeneous, particularly among low-to-middle SDI countries. Interpretation GBD 2016 provides a more detailed understanding of past success and current challenges in improving personal health-care access and quality worldwide. Despite substantial gains since 2000, many low-SDI and middle-SDI countries face considerable challenges unless heightened policy action and investments focus on advancing access to and quality of health care across key health services, especially non-communicable diseases. Stagnating or minimal improvements experienced by several low-middle to high-middle SDI countries could reflect the complexities of re-orienting both primary and secondary health-care services beyond the more limited foci of the Millennium Development Goals. Alongside initiatives to strengthen public health programmes, the pursuit of universal health coverage upon improving both access and quality worldwide, and thus requires adopting a more comprehensive view and subsequent provision of quality health care for all populations., Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Barbora de Courten is supported by a National Heart Foundation Future Leader Fellowship (100864). Ai Koyanagi’s work is supported by the Miguel Servet contract financed by the CP13/00150 and PI15/00862 projects, integrated into the National R + D + I and funded by the ISCIII —General Branch Evaluation and Promotion of Health Research—and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF-FEDER). Alberto Ortiz was supported by Spanish Government (Instituto de Salud Carlos III RETIC REDINREN RD16/0019 FEDER funds). Ashish Awasthi acknowledges funding support from Department of Science and Technology, Government of India through INSPIRE Faculty scheme Boris Bikbov has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 703226. Boris Bikbov acknowledges that work related to this paper has been done on the behalf of the GBD Genitourinary Disease Expert Group. Panniyammakal Jeemon acknowledges support from the clinical and public health intermediate fellowship from the Wellcome Trust and Department of Biotechnology, India Alliance (2015–20). Job F M van Boven was supported by the Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacology of the University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Netherlands. Olanrewaju Oladimeji is an African Research Fellow hosted by Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), South Africa and he also has honorary affiliations with Walter Sisulu University (WSU), Eastern Cape, South Africa and School of Public Health, University of Namibia (UNAM), Namibia. He is indeed grateful for support from HSRC, WSU and UNAM. EUI is supported in part by the South African National Research Foundation (NRF UID: 86003). Ulrich Mueller acknowledges funding by the German National Cohort Study grant No 01ER1511/D, Gabrielle B Britton is supported by Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación and Sistema Nacional de Investigación de Panamá. Giuseppe Remuzzi acknowledges that the work related to this paper has been done on behalf of the GBD Genitourinary Disease Expert Group. Behzad Heibati would like to acknowledge Air pollution Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran. Syed Aljunid acknowledges the National University of Malaysia for providing the approval to participate in this GBD Project. Azeem Majeed and Imperial College London are grateful for support from the Northwest London National Insititute of Health Research (NIHR) Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research & Care. Tambe Ayuk acknowledges the Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies for office space provided. José das Neves was supported in his contribution to this work by a Fellowship from Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, Portugal (SFRH/BPD/92934/2013). João Fernandes gratefully acknowledges funding from FCT–Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (grant number UID/Multi/50016/2013). Jan-Walter De Neve was supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. Kebede Deribe is funded by a Wellcome Trust Intermediate Fellowship in Public Health and Tropical Medicine (201900). Kazem Rahimi was supported by grants from the Oxford Martin School, the NIHR Oxford BRC and the RCUK Global Challenges Research Fund. Laith J Abu-Raddad acknowledges the support of Qatar National Research Fund (NPRP 9-040-3-008) who provided the main funding for generating the data provided to the GBD-IHME effort. Liesl Zuhlke is funded by the national research foundation of South Africa and the Medical Research Council of South Africa. Monica Cortinovis acknowledges that work related to this paper has been done on the behalf of the GBD Genitourinary Disease Expert Group. Chuanhua Yu acknowleges support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number 81773552 and grant number 81273179) Norberto Perico acknowledges that work related to this paper has been done on behalf of the GBD Genitourinary Disease Expert Group. Charles Shey Wiysonge’s work is supported by the South African Medical Research Council and the National Research Foundation of South Africa (grant numbers 106035 and 108571). John J McGrath is supported by grant APP1056929 from the John Cade Fellowship from the National Health and Medical Research Council and the Danish National Research Foundation (Niels Bohr Professorship). Quique Bassat is an ICREA (Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies) research professor at ISGlobal. Richard G White is funded by the UK MRC and the UK Department for International Development (DFID) under the MRC/DFID Concordat agreement that is also part of the EDCTP2 programme supported by the European Union (MR/P002404/1), the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (TB Modelling and Analysis Consortium: OPP1084276/OPP1135288, CORTIS: OPP1137034/OPP1151915, Vaccines: OPP1160830), and UNITAID (4214-LSHTM-Sept15; PO 8477-0-600). Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos was supported in part by grant number PROMETEOII/2015/021 from Generalitat Valenciana and the national grant PI17/00719 from ISCIII-FEDER. Mihajlo Jakovljevic acknowleges contribution from the Serbian Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia (grant OI 175 014). Shariful Islam is funded by a Senior Fellowship from Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University and received career transition grants from High Blood Pressure Research Council of Australia. Sonia Saxena is funded by various grants from the NIHR. Stefanos Tyrovolas was supported by the Foundation for Education and European Culture, the Sara Borrell postdoctoral program (reference number CD15/00019 from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII–Spain) and the Fondos Europeo de Desarrollo Regional. Stefanos was awarded with a 6 months visiting fellowship funding at IHME from M-AES (reference no. MV16/00035 from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III). S Vittal Katikreddi was funded by a NHS Research Scotland Senior Clinical Fellowship (SCAF/15/02), the MRC (MC_UU_12017/13 & MC_ UU_12017/15) and the Scottish Government Chief Scientist Office (SPHSU13 & SPHSU15). Traolach S Brugha has received funding from NHS Digital UK to collect data used in this study. The work of Hamid Badali was financially supported by Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. The work of Stefan Lorkowski is funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (nutriCARD, Grant agreement number 01EA1411A). Mariam Molokhia’s research was supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health. We also thank the countless individuals who have contributed to GBD 2016 in various capacities.
- Published
- 2018
23. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015
- Author
-
Vos, Theo, Allen, Christine, Arora, Megha, Barber, Ryan M, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Brown, Alexandria, Carter, Austin, Casey, Daniel C, Charlson, Fiona J, Chen, Alan Z, Coggeshall, Megan, Cornaby, Leslie, Dandona, Lalit, Dicker, Daniel J, Dilegge, Tina, Erskine, Holly E, Ferrari, Alize J, Fitzmaurice, Christina, Fleming, Tom, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, Fullman, Nancy, Gething, Peter W, Goldberg, Ellen M, Graetz, Nicholas, Haagsma, Juanita A, Hay, Simon I, Johnson, Catherine O, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Kawashima, Toana, Kemmer, Laura, Khalil, Ibrahim A, Kinfu, Yohannes, Kyu, Hmwe H, Leung, Janni, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lim, Stephen S, Lopez, Alan D, Lozano, Rafael, Marczak, Laurie, Mensah, George A, Mokdad, Ali H, Naghavi, Mohsen, Nguyen, Grant, Nsoesie, Elaine, Olsen, Helen, Pigott, David M, Pinho, Christine, Rankin, Zane, Reinig, Nikolas, Salomon, Joshua A, Sandar, Logan, Smith, Alison, Stanaway, Jeffrey, Steiner, Caitlyn, Teeple, Stephanie, Thomas, Bernadette A, Troeger, Christopher, Wagner, Joseph A, Wang, Haidong, Wanga, Valentine, Whiteford, Harvey A, Zoeckler, Leo, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abraham, Biju, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M E, Ackerman, Ilana N, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Ademi, Zanfina, Adou, Arsène Kouablan, Afanvi, Kossivi Agbelenko, Agardh, Emilie Elisabet, Agarwal, Arnav, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ajala, Oluremi N, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akseer, Nadia, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K M, Aldhahri, Saleh Fahed, Alegretti, Miguel Angel, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Alexander, Lily T, Alhabib, Samia, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amini, Heresh, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Andersen, Hjalte H, Anderson, Gregory M, Anderson, Benjamin O, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Aregay, Atsede Fantahun, Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Assadi, Reza, Atique, Suleman, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Azzopardi, Peter, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Banerjee, Amitava, Barac, Aleksandra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Bärnighausen, Till, Barregard, Lars, Barrero, Lope H, Basu, Arindam, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beghi, Ettore, Bell, Brent, Bell, Michelle L, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Benzian, Habib, Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabé, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhatt, Samir, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bienhoff, Kelly, Bikbov, Boris, Biryukov, Stan, Bisanzio, Donal, Bjertness, Espen, Blore, Jed, Borschmann, Rohan, Boufous, Soufiane, Brainin, Michael, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J K, Brown, Jonathan, Buchbinder, Rachelle, Buckle, Geoffrey Colin, Butt, Zahid A, Calabria, Bianca, Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Carabin, Hélène, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carpenter, David O, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Chang, Jung-Chen, Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia, Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christensen, Hanne, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Cirillo, Massimo, Coates, Matthew M, Colquhoun, Samantha M, Cooper, Cyrus, Cortinovis, Monica, Crump, John A, Damtew, Solomon Abrha, Dandona, Rakhi, Daoud, Farah, Dargan, Paul I, das Neves, José, Davey, Gail, Davis, Adrian C, Leo, Diego De, Degenhardt, Louisa, Gobbo, Liana C Del, Dellavalle, Robert P, Deribe, Kebede, Deribew, Amare, Derrett, Sarah, Jarlais, Don C Des, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Dhillon, Preet K, Diaz-Torné, Cesar, Ding, Eric L, Driscoll, Tim R, Duan, Leilei, Dubey, Manisha, Duncan, Bruce Bartholow, Ebrahimi, Hedyeh, Ellenbogen, Richard G, Elyazar, Iqbal, Endres, Matthias, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Eshrati, Babak, Estep, Kara, Farid, Talha A, Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sa, Faro, André, Farvid, Maryam S, Farzadfar, Farshad, Feigin, Valery L, Felson, David T, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Jefferson G, Fernandes, Joao C, Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, Joseph R A, Foreman, Kyle, Fowkes, F Gerry R, Fox, Jordan, Franklin, Richard C, Friedman, Joseph, Frostad, Joseph, Fürst, Thomas, Futran, Neal D, Gabbe, Belinda, Ganguly, Parthasarathi, Gankpé, Fortuné Gbètoho, Gebre, Teshome, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Gessner, Bradford D, Gibney, Katherine B, Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Giroud, Maurice, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Giussani, Giorgia, Glaser, Elizabeth, Godwin, William W, Gomez-Dantes, Hector, Gona, Philimon, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Gotay, Carolyn C, Goto, Atsushi, Gouda, Hebe N, Grainger, Rebecca, Greaves, Felix, Guillemin, Francis, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Gutiérrez, Reyna A, Haile, Demewoz, Hailu, Alemayehu Desalegne, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Halasa, Yara A, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Hammami, Mouhanad, Hancock, Jamie, Handal, Alexis J, Hankey, Graeme J, Hao, Yuantao, Harb, Hilda L, Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai, Haro, Josep Maria, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hay, Roderick J, Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Heydarpour, Pouria, Hoek, Hans W, Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H Dean, Hoy, Damian G, Htet, Aung Soe, Huang, Hsiang, Huang, John J, Huynh, Chantal, Iannarone, Marissa, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Innos, Kaire, Inoue, Manami, Iyer, Veena J, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayaraman, Sudha P, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jee, Sun Ha, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jensen, Paul N, Jiang, Ying, Jibat, Tariku, Jimenez-Corona, Aida, Jin, Ye, Jonas, Jost B, Kabir, Zubair, Kalkonde, Yogeshwar, Kamal, Ritul, Kan, Haidong, Karch, André, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Karimkhani, Chante, Kasaeian, Amir, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemp, Andrew Haddon, Keren, Andre, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Abdur Rahman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young-Ho, Khera, Sahil, Khoja, Tawfik Ahmed Muthafer, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kieling, Christian, Kim, Pauline, Kim, Cho-il, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Yun Jin, Kissoon, Niranjan, Knibbs, Luke D, Knudsen, Ann Kristin, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kolte, Dhaval, Kopec, Jacek A, Kosen, Soewarta, Kotsakis, Georgios A, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koyanagi, Ai, Kravchenko, Michael, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kudom, Andreas A, Kuipers, Ernst J, Kumar, G Anil, Kutz, Michael, Kwan, Gene F, Lal, Aparna, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lallukka, Tea, Lam, Hilton, Lam, Jennifer O, Langan, Sinead M, Larsson, Anders, Lavados, Pablo M, Leasher, Janet L, Leigh, James, Leung, Ricky, Levi, Miriam, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, Liang, Juan, Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Yang, Lloyd, Belinda K, Lo, Warren D, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Looker, Katharine J, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Lyons, Ronan A, Mackay, Mark T, Magdy, Mohammed, Razek, Abd El, Mahdavi, Mahdi, Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Marcenes, Wagner, Margolis, David Joel, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Masiye, Felix, Massano, João, McGarvey, Stephen Theodore, McGrath, John J, McKee, Martin, McMahon, Brian J, Meaney, Peter A, Mehari, Alem, Mejia-Rodriguez, Fabiola, Mekonnen, Alemayehu B, Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Millear, Anoushka, Miller, Ted R, Mills, Edward J, Mirarefin, Mojde, Mitchell, Philip B, Mock, Charles N, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Monasta, Lorenzo, Hernandez, Julio Cesar Montañez, Montico, Marcella, Mooney, Meghan D, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Morawska, Lidia, Mueller, Ulrich O, Mullany, Erin, Mumford, John Everett, Murdoch, Michele E, Nachega, Jean B, Nagel, Gabriele, Naheed, Aliya, Naldi, Luigi, Nangia, Vinay, Newton, John N, Ng, Marie, Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Pete, Patrick Martial Nkamedjie, Nolla, Joan M, Norheim, Ole F, Norman, Rosana E, Norrving, Bo, Nunes, Bruno P, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Ohkubo, Takayoshi, Olivares, Pedro R, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Ortiz, Alberto, Osman, Majdi, Ota, Erika, PA, Mahesh, Park, Eun-Kee, Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, de Azeredo Passos, Valéria Maria, Caicedo, Angel J Paternina, Patten, Scott B, Patton, George C, Pereira, David M, Perez-Padilla, Rogelio, Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Piel, Frédéric B, Pillay, Julian David, Pishgar, Farhad, Plass, Dietrich, Platts-Mills, James A, Polinder, Suzanne, Pond, Constance D, Popova, Svetlana, Poulton, Richie G, Pourmalek, Farshad, Prabhakaran, Dorairaj, Prasad, Noela M, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rabiee, Rynaz H S, Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rajsic, Sasa, Ram, Usha, Rao, Puja, Refaat, Amany H, Reitsma, Marissa B, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Resnikoff, Serge, Reynolds, Alex, Ribeiro, Antonio L, Blancas, Maria Jesus Rios, Roba, Hirbo Shore, Rojas-Rueda, David, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roth, Gregory A, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Roy, Ambuj, Sagar, Rajesh, Sahathevan, Ramesh, Sanabria, Juan R, Sanchez-Niño, Maria Dolores, Santos, Itamar S, Santos, João Vasco, Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, Schaub, Michael P, Schmidt, Maria Inês, Schneider, Ione J C, Schöttker, Ben, Schwebel, David C, Scott, James G, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Servan-Mori, Edson E, Shackelford, Katya A, Shaheen, Amira, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Sharma, Rajesh, Sharma, Upasana, Shen, Jiabin, Shepard, Donald S, Sheth, Kevin N, Shibuya, Kenji, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Shiue, Ivy, Shrime, Mark G, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alves, Singh, Abhishek, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Om Prakash, Singh, Prashant Kumar, Sivonda, Anna, Skirbekk, Vegard, Skogen, Jens Christoffer, Sligar, Amber, Sliwa, Karen, Soljak, Michael, Søreide, Kjetil, Sorensen, Reed J D, Soriano, Joan B, Sposato, Luciano A, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steel, Nicholas, Stein, Dan J, Steiner, Timothy J, Steinke, Sabine, Stovner, Lars, Stroumpoulis, Konstantinos, Sunguya, Bruno F, Sur, Patrick, Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L, Szoeke, Cassandra E I, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Takala, Jukka S, Tandon, Nikhil, Tanne, David, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taye, Bineyam, Taylor, Hugh R, Ao, Braden J Te, Tedla, Bemnet Amare, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Thomson, Alan J, Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L, Thrift, Amanda G, Thurston, George D, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Topouzis, Fotis, Tran, Bach Xuan, Truelsen, Thomas, Dimbuene, Zacharie Tsala, Tsilimbaris, Miltiadis, Tura, Abera Kenay, Tuzcu, Emin Murat, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Ukwaja, Kingsley N, Undurraga, Eduardo A, Uneke, Chigozie Jesse, Uthman, Olalekan A, van Gool, Coen H, Varakin, Yuri Y, Vasankari, Tommi, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Verma, Raj Kumar, Violante, Francesco S, Vladimirov, Sergey K, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wagner, Gregory R, Waller, Stephen G, Wang, Linhong, Watkins, David A, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, White, Richard A, Williams, Hywel C, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wolfe, Charles D A, Won, Sungho, Woodbrook, Rachel, Wubshet, Mamo, Xavier, Denis, Xu, Gelin, Yadav, Ajit Kumar, Yan, Lijing L, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Ye, Pengpeng, Yebyo, Henock Gebremedhin, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zeeb, Hajo, Zhou, Maigeng, Zodpey, Sanjay, Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna, Murray, Christopher J L, Vos, T, Allen, C, Arora, M, Barber, Rm, Bhutta, Za, Brown, A, Carter, A, Casey, Dc, Charlson, Fj, Chen, Az, Coggeshall, M, Cornaby, L, Dandona, L, Dicker, Dj, Dilegge, T, Erskine, He, Ferrari, Aj, Fitzmaurice, C, Fleming, T, Forouzanfar, Mh, Fullman, N, Gething, Pw, Goldberg, Em, Graetz, N, Haagsma, Ja, Johnson, Co, Kassebaum, Nj, Kawashima, T, Kemmer, L, Khalil, Ia, Kinfu, Y, Kyu, Hh, Leung, J, Liang, X, Lim, S, Lopez, Ad, Lozano, R, Marczak, L, Mensah, Ga, Mokdad, Ah, Naghavi, M, Nguyen, G, Nsoesie, E, Olsen, H, Pigott, Dm, Pinho, C, Rankin, Z, Reinig, N, Salomon, Ja, Sandar, L, Smith, A, Stanaway, J, Steiner, C, Teeple, S, Thomas, Ba, Troeger, C, Wagner, Ja, Wang, H, Wanga, V, Whiteford, Ha, Zoeckler, L, Abajobir, Aa, Abate, Kh, Abbafati, C, Abbas, Km, Abd Allah, F, Abraham, B, Abubakar, I, Abu Raddad, Lj, Abu Rmeileh, Nm, Ackerman, In, Adebiyi, Ao, Ademi, Z, Adou, Ak, Afanvi, Ka, Agardh, Ee, Agarwal, A, Kiadaliri, Aa, Ahmadieh, H, Ajala, On, Akinyemi, Ro, Akseer, N, Al Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alam, Nk, Aldhahri, Sf, Alegretti, Ma, Alemu, Za, Alexander, Lt, Alhabib, S, Ali, R, Alkerwi, A, Alla, F, Allebeck, P, Al Raddadi, R, Alsharif, U, Altirkawi, Ka, Alvis Guzman, N, Amare, At, Amberbir, A, Amini, H, Ammar, W, Amrock, Sm, Andersen, Hh, Anderson, Gm, Anderson, Bo, Antonio, Ca, Aregay, Af, Ärnlöv, J, Artaman, A, Asayesh, H, Assadi, R, Atique, S, Avokpaho, Ef, Awasthi, A, Quintanilla, Bp, Azzopardi, P, Bacha, U, Badawi, A, Balakrishnan, K, Banerjee, A, Barac, A, Barker Collo, Sl, Bärnighausen, T, Barregard, L, Barrero, Lh, Basu, A, Bazargan Hejazi, S, Bell, B, Bell, Ml, Bennett, Da, Bensenor, Im, Benzian, H, Berhane, A, Bernabé, E, Betsu, Bd, Beyene, A, Bhala, N, Bhatt, S, Biadgilign, S, Bienhoff, K, Bikbov, B, Biryukov, S, Bisanzio, D, Bjertness, E, Blore, J, Borschmann, R, Boufous, S, Brainin, M, Brazinova, A, Breitborde, Nj, Brown, J, Buchbinder, R, Buckle, Gc, Butt, Za, Calabria, B, Campos Nonato, Ir, Campuzano, Jc, Carabin, H, Cárdenas, R, Carpenter, Do, Carrero, Jj, Castañeda Orjuela, Ca, Rivas, Jc, Catalá López, F, Chang, Jc, Chiang, Pp, Chibueze, Ce, Chisumpa, Vh, Choi, Jj, Chowdhury, R, Christensen, H, Christopher, Dj, Ciobanu, Lg, Cirillo, Massimo, Coates, Mm, Colquhoun, Sm, Cooper, C, Cortinovis, M, Crump, Ja, Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Health Services Management & Organisation (HSMO), Public Health, Psychiatry, Vos, Theo, Allen, Christine, Arora, Megha, Barber, Ryan M, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Brown, Alexandria, Carter, Austin, Casey, Daniel C, Charlson, Fiona J, Chen, Alan Z, Coggeshall, Megan, Cornaby, Leslie, Dandona, Lalit, Dicker, Daniel J, Dilegge, Tina, Erskine, Holly E, Ferrari, Alize J, Fitzmaurice, Christina, Fleming, Tom, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, Fullman, Nancy, Gething, Peter W, Goldberg, Ellen M, Graetz, Nichola, Haagsma, Juanita A, Johnson, Catherine O, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Kawashima, Toana, Kemmer, Laura, Khalil, Ibrahim A, Kinfu, Yohanne, Kyu, Hmwe H, Leung, Janni, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lim, Stephen S, Lopez, Alan D, Lozano, Rafael, Marczak, Laurie, Mensah, George A, Mokdad, Ali H, Naghavi, Mohsen, Nguyen, Grant, Nsoesie, Elaine, Olsen, Helen, Pigott, David M, Pinho, Christine, Rankin, Zane, Reinig, Nikola, Salomon, Joshua A, Sandar, Logan, Smith, Alison, Stanaway, Jeffrey, Steiner, Caitlyn, Teeple, Stephanie, Thomas, Bernadette A, Troeger, Christopher, Wagner, Joseph A, Wang, Haidong, Wanga, Valentine, Whiteford, Harvey A, Zoeckler, Leo, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abraham, Biju, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M E, Ackerman, Ilana N, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Ademi, Zanfina, Adou, Arsène Kouablan, Afanvi, Kossivi Agbelenko, Agardh, Emilie Elisabet, Agarwal, Arnav, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ajala, Oluremi N, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akseer, Nadia, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K M, Aldhahri, Saleh Fahed, Alegretti, Miguel Angel, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Alexander, Lily T, Alhabib, Samia, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'A, Alla, Françoi, Allebeck, Peter, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amini, Heresh, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Andersen, Hjalte H, Anderson, Gregory M, Anderson, Benjamin O, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Aregay, Atsede Fantahun, Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Assadi, Reza, Atique, Suleman, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Azzopardi, Peter, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Banerjee, Amitava, Barac, Aleksandra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Bärnighausen, Till, Barregard, Lar, Barrero, Lope H, Basu, Arindam, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Bell, Brent, Bell, Michelle L, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Benzian, Habib, Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabé, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhatt, Samir, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bienhoff, Kelly, Bikbov, Bori, Biryukov, Stan, Bisanzio, Donal, Bjertness, Espen, Blore, Jed, Borschmann, Rohan, Boufous, Soufiane, Brainin, Michael, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J K, Brown, Jonathan, Buchbinder, Rachelle, Buckle, Geoffrey Colin, Butt, Zahid A, Calabria, Bianca, Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Carabin, Hélène, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carpenter, David O, Carrero, Juan Jesu, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Chang, Jung-Chen, Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia, Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christensen, Hanne, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesuda, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Coates, Matthew M, Colquhoun, Samantha M, Cooper, Cyru, Cortinovis, Monica, Crump, John A, Damtew, Solomon Abrha, Dandona, Rakhi, Daoud, Farah, Dargan, Paul I, das Neves, José, Davey, Gail, Davis, Adrian C, Leo, Diego De, Degenhardt, Louisa, Gobbo, Liana C Del, Dellavalle, Robert P, Deribe, Kebede, Deribew, Amare, Derrett, Sarah, Jarlais, Don C De, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Dhillon, Preet K, Diaz-Torné, Cesar, Ding, Eric L, Driscoll, Tim R, Duan, Leilei, Dubey, Manisha, Duncan, Bruce Bartholow, Ebrahimi, Hedyeh, Ellenbogen, Richard G, Elyazar, Iqbal, Endres, Matthia, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Eshrati, Babak, Estep, Kara, Farid, Talha A, Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sa, Faro, André, Farvid, Maryam S, Farzadfar, Farshad, Feigin, Valery L, Felson, David T, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Jefferson G, Fernandes, Joao C, Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, Joseph R A, Foreman, Kyle, Fowkes, F Gerry R, Fox, Jordan, Franklin, Richard C, Friedman, Joseph, Frostad, Joseph, Fürst, Thoma, Futran, Neal D, Gabbe, Belinda, Ganguly, Parthasarathi, Gankpé, Fortuné Gbètoho, Gebre, Teshome, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Gessner, Bradford D, Gibney, Katherine B, Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Giroud, Maurice, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Glaser, Elizabeth, Godwin, William W, Gomez-Dantes, Hector, Gona, Philimon, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Gotay, Carolyn C, Goto, Atsushi, Gouda, Hebe N, Grainger, Rebecca, Greaves, Felix, Guillemin, Franci, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Gutiérrez, Reyna A, Haile, Demewoz, Hailu, Alemayehu Desalegne, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Halasa, Yara A, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Hammami, Mouhanad, Hancock, Jamie, Handal, Alexis J, Hankey, Graeme J, Hao, Yuantao, Harb, Hilda L, Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai, Haro, Josep Maria, Havmoeller, Rasmu, Hay, Roderick J, Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Heydarpour, Pouria, Hoek, Hans W, Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H Dean, Hoy, Damian G, Htet, Aung Soe, Huang, Hsiang, Huang, John J, Huynh, Chantal, Iannarone, Marissa, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Innos, Kaire, Inoue, Manami, Iyer, Veena J, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jee, Sun Ha, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jensen, Paul N, Jiang, Ying, Jibat, Tariku, Jimenez-Corona, Aida, Jin, Ye, Jonas, Jost B, Kabir, Zubair, Kalkonde, Yogeshwar, Kamal, Ritul, Kan, Haidong, Karch, André, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Karimkhani, Chante, Kasaeian, Amir, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemp, Andrew Haddon, Keren, Andre, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Abdur Rahman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young-Ho, Khera, Sahil, Khoja, Tawfik Ahmed Muthafer, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kieling, Christian, Kim, Pauline, Kim, Cho-il, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Yun Jin, Kissoon, Niranjan, Knibbs, Luke D, Knudsen, Ann Kristin, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kolte, Dhaval, Kopec, Jacek A, Kosen, Soewarta, Kotsakis, Georgios A, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koyanagi, Ai, Kravchenko, Michael, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kudom, Andreas A, Kuipers, Ernst J, Kumar, G Anil, Kutz, Michael, Kwan, Gene F, Lal, Aparna, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lallukka, Tea, Lam, Hilton, Lam, Jennifer O, Langan, Sinead M, Larsson, Ander, Lavados, Pablo M, Leasher, Janet L, Leigh, Jame, Leung, Ricky, Levi, Miriam, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, Liang, Juan, Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Yang, Lloyd, Belinda K, Lo, Warren D, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Looker, Katharine J, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lunevicius, Raimunda, Lyons, Ronan A, Mackay, Mark T, Magdy, Mohammed, Razek, Abd El, Mahdavi, Mahdi, Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Marcenes, Wagner, Margolis, David Joel, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Masiye, Felix, Massano, João, Mcgarvey, Stephen Theodore, Mcgrath, John J, Mckee, Martin, Mcmahon, Brian J, Meaney, Peter A, Mehari, Alem, Mejia-Rodriguez, Fabiola, Mekonnen, Alemayehu B, Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Miller, Ted R, Mills, Edward J, Mirarefin, Mojde, Mitchell, Philip B, Mock, Charles N, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Monasta, Lorenzo, Hernandez, Julio Cesar Montañez, Montico, Marcella, Mooney, Meghan D, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Morawska, Lidia, Mueller, Ulrich O, Mullany, Erin, Mumford, John Everett, Murdoch, Michele E, Nachega, Jean B, Nagel, Gabriele, Naheed, Aliya, Naldi, Luigi, Nangia, Vinay, Newton, John N, Ng, Marie, Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Pete, Patrick Martial Nkamedjie, Nolla, Joan M, Norheim, Ole F, Norman, Rosana E, Norrving, Bo, Nunes, Bruno P, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Ohkubo, Takayoshi, Olivares, Pedro R, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Ortiz, Alberto, Osman, Majdi, Ota, Erika, Pa, Mahesh, Park, Eun-Kee, Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, de Azeredo Passos, Valéria Maria, Caicedo, Angel J Paternina, Patten, Scott B, Patton, George C, Pereira, David M, Perez-Padilla, Rogelio, Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Piel, Frédéric B, Pillay, Julian David, Pishgar, Farhad, Plass, Dietrich, Platts-Mills, James A, Polinder, Suzanne, Pond, Constance D, Popova, Svetlana, Poulton, Richie G, Pourmalek, Farshad, Prabhakaran, Dorairaj, Prasad, Noela M, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rabiee, Rynaz H S, Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rajsic, Sasa, Ram, Usha, Rao, Puja, Refaat, Amany H, Reitsma, Marissa B, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Resnikoff, Serge, Reynolds, Alex, Ribeiro, Antonio L, Blancas, Maria Jesus Rio, Roba, Hirbo Shore, Rojas-Rueda, David, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roth, Gregory A, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Roy, Ambuj, Sagar, Rajesh, Sahathevan, Ramesh, Sanabria, Juan R, Sanchez-Niño, Maria Dolore, Santos, Itamar S, Santos, João Vasco, Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, Schaub, Michael P, Schmidt, Maria Inê, Schneider, Ione J C, Schöttker, Ben, Schwebel, David C, Scott, James G, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Servan-Mori, Edson E, Shackelford, Katya A, Shaheen, Amira, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Sharma, Rajesh, Sharma, Upasana, Shen, Jiabin, Shepard, Donald S, Sheth, Kevin N, Shibuya, Kenji, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Shiue, Ivy, Shrime, Mark G, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silva, Diego Augusto Santo, Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alve, Singh, Abhishek, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Om Prakash, Singh, Prashant Kumar, Sivonda, Anna, Skirbekk, Vegard, Skogen, Jens Christoffer, Sligar, Amber, Sliwa, Karen, Soljak, Michael, Søreide, Kjetil, Soriano, Joan B, Sposato, Luciano A, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steel, Nichola, Stein, Dan J, Steiner, Timothy J, Steinke, Sabine, Stovner, Lar, Stroumpoulis, Konstantino, Sunguya, Bruno F, Sur, Patrick, Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L, Szoeke, Cassandra E I, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Takala, Jukka S, Tandon, Nikhil, Tanne, David, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taye, Bineyam, Taylor, Hugh R, Ao, Braden J Te, Tedla, Bemnet Amare, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Thomson, Alan J, Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L, Thrift, Amanda G, Thurston, George D, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Topouzis, Foti, Tran, Bach Xuan, Dimbuene, Zacharie Tsala, Tsilimbaris, Miltiadi, Tura, Abera Kenay, Tuzcu, Emin Murat, Tyrovolas, Stefano, Ukwaja, Kingsley N, Undurraga, Eduardo A, Uneke, Chigozie Jesse, Uthman, Olalekan A, van Gool, Coen H, Varakin, Yuri Y, Vasankari, Tommi, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Verma, Raj Kumar, Violante, Francesco S, Vladimirov, Sergey K, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wagner, Gregory R, Waller, Stephen G, Wang, Linhong, Watkins, David A, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, White, Richard A, Williams, Hywel C, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wolfe, Charles D A, Won, Sungho, Woodbrook, Rachel, Wubshet, Mamo, Xavier, Deni, Xu, Gelin, Yadav, Ajit Kumar, Yan, Lijing L, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Ye, Pengpeng, Yebyo, Henock Gebremedhin, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zeeb, Hajo, Zhou, Maigeng, Zodpey, Sanjay, Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna, and Murray, Christopher J L
- Subjects
Medicine(all) ,VDP::Medisinske Fag: 700::Helsefag: 800::Samfunnsmedisin, sosialmedisin: 801 ,Incidence ,Medicine (all) ,Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology ,Bayes Theorem ,11 Medical And Health Sciences ,Articles ,Department of Error ,Global Health ,Cost of Illne ,Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi ,Cost of Illness ,disability ,General & Internal Medicine ,Quality-Adjusted Life Year ,Prevalence ,Humans ,Disabled Person ,Disabled Persons ,Quality-Adjusted Life Years ,VDP::Medical disciplines: 700::Health sciences: 800::Community medicine, Social medicine: 801 ,Human - Abstract
Background Non-fatal outcomes of disease and injury increasingly detract from the ability of the world's population to live in full health, a trend largely attributable to an epidemiological transition in many countries from causes affecting children, to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) more common in adults. For the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 (GBD 2015), we estimated the incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for diseases and injuries at the global, regional, and national scale over the period of 1990 to 2015. Methods We estimated incidence and prevalence by age, sex, cause, year, and geography with a wide range of updated and standardised analytical procedures. Improvements from GBD 2013 included the addition of new data sources, updates to literature reviews for 85 causes, and the identification and inclusion of additional studies published up to November, 2015, to expand the database used for estimation of non-fatal outcomes to 60 900 unique data sources. Prevalence and incidence by cause and sequelae were determined with DisMod-MR 2.1, an improved version of the DisMod-MR Bayesian meta-regression tool first developed for GBD 2010 and GBD 2013. For some causes, we used alternative modelling strategies where the complexity of the disease was not suited to DisMod-MR 2.1 or where incidence and prevalence needed to be determined from other data. For GBD 2015 we created a summary indicator that combines measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility (the Socio-demographic Index [SDI]) and used it to compare observed patterns of health loss to the expected pattern for countries or locations with similar SDI scores. Findings We generated 9·3 billion estimates from the various combinations of prevalence, incidence, and YLDs for causes, sequelae, and impairments by age, sex, geography, and year. In 2015, two causes had acute incidences in excess of 1 billion: upper respiratory infections (17·2 billion, 95% uncertainty interval [UI] 15·4–19·2 billion) and diarrhoeal diseases (2·39 billion, 2·30–2·50 billion). Eight causes of chronic disease and injury each affected more than 10% of the world's population in 2015: permanent caries, tension-type headache, iron-deficiency anaemia, age-related and other hearing loss, migraine, genital herpes, refraction and accommodation disorders, and ascariasis. The impairment that affected the greatest number of people in 2015 was anaemia, with 2·36 billion (2·35–2·37 billion) individuals affected. The second and third leading impairments by number of individuals affected were hearing loss and vision loss, respectively. Between 2005 and 2015, there was little change in the leading causes of years lived with disability (YLDs) on a global basis. NCDs accounted for 18 of the leading 20 causes of age-standardised YLDs on a global scale. Where rates were decreasing, the rate of decrease for YLDs was slower than that of years of life lost (YLLs) for nearly every cause included in our analysis. For low SDI geographies, Group 1 causes typically accounted for 20–30% of total disability, largely attributable to nutritional deficiencies, malaria, neglected tropical diseases, HIV/AIDS, and tuberculosis. Lower back and neck pain was the leading global cause of disability in 2015 in most countries. The leading cause was sense organ disorders in 22 countries in Asia and Africa and one in central Latin America; diabetes in four countries in Oceania; HIV/AIDS in three southern sub-Saharan African countries; collective violence and legal intervention in two north African and Middle Eastern countries; iron-deficiency anaemia in Somalia and Venezuela; depression in Uganda; onchoceriasis in Liberia; and other neglected tropical diseases in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Interpretation Ageing of the world's population is increasing the number of people living with sequelae of diseases and injuries. Shifts in the epidemiological profile driven by socioeconomic change also contribute to the continued increase in years lived with disability (YLDs) as well as the rate of increase in YLDs. Despite limitations imposed by gaps in data availability and the variable quality of the data available, the standardised and comprehensive approach of the GBD study provides opportunities to examine broad trends, compare those trends between countries or subnational geographies, benchmark against locations at similar stages of development, and gauge the strength or weakness of the estimates available. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Open Access funded by Bill & Melinda Gates FoundationUnder a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
- Published
- 2016
24. Estimating vaccine efficacy during open-label follow-up of COVID-19 vaccine trials based on population-level surveillance data.
- Author
-
Moore M, Zhu Y, Hirsch I, White T, Reiner RC, Barber RM, Pigott D, Collins JK, Santoni S, Sobieszczyk ME, and Janes H
- Subjects
- Adult, Aged, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Follow-Up Studies, Incidence, Population Surveillance methods, United States epidemiology, COVID-19 prevention & control, COVID-19 epidemiology, COVID-19 Vaccines administration & dosage, COVID-19 Vaccines therapeutic use, SARS-CoV-2 immunology, Vaccine Efficacy statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
While rapid development and roll out of COVID-19 vaccines is necessary in a pandemic, the process limits the ability of clinical trials to assess longer-term vaccine efficacy. We leveraged COVID-19 surveillance data in the U.S. to evaluate vaccine efficacy in U.S. Government-funded COVID-19 vaccine efficacy trials with a three-step estimation process. First, we used a compartmental epidemiological model informed by county-level surveillance data, a "population model", to estimate SARS-CoV-2 incidence among the unvaccinated. Second, a "cohort model" was used to adjust the population SARS-CoV-2 incidence to the vaccine trial cohort, taking into account individual participant characteristics and the difference between SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 disease. Third, we fit a regression model estimating the offset between the cohort-model-based COVID-19 incidence in the unvaccinated with the placebo-group COVID-19 incidence in the trial during blinded follow-up. Counterfactual placebo COVID-19 incidence was estimated during open-label follow-up by adjusting the cohort-model-based incidence rate by the estimated offset. Vaccine efficacy during open-label follow-up was estimated by contrasting the vaccine group COVID-19 incidence with the counterfactual placebo COVID-19 incidence. We documented good performance of the methodology in a simulation study. We also applied the methodology to estimate vaccine efficacy for the two-dose AZD1222 COVID-19 vaccine using data from the phase 3 U.S. trial (ClinicalTrials.gov # NCT04516746). We estimated AZD1222 vaccine efficacy of 59.1% (95% uncertainty interval (UI): 40.4%-74.3%) in April, 2021 (mean 106 days post-second dose), which reduced to 35.7% (95% UI: 15.0%-51.7%) in July, 2021 (mean 198 days post-second-dose). We developed and evaluated a methodology for estimating longer-term vaccine efficacy. This methodology could be applied to estimating counterfactual placebo incidence for future placebo-controlled vaccine efficacy trials of emerging pathogens with early termination of blinded follow-up, to active-controlled or uncontrolled COVID-19 vaccine efficacy trials, and to other clinical endpoints influenced by vaccination., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest Ian Hirsch is an employee of and own shares in AstraZeneca. Tom White is an employee of AstraZeneca and owns shares in AstraZeneca. Holly Janes, Mia Moore, Yifan Zhu, Robert C. Reiner, Serena Santoni, Ryan M. Barber, David Pigott, James K. Collins have no competing interests. Magdalena E. Sobieszczyk declares grants from the NIH and NIAID during the conduct of the study and grants from NIH/NIAID and the Gates Foundation outside the submitted work; she has received grants to her institution from Merck Sharpe and Dohme, Sanofi, and Gilead outside of submitted work., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Diffuse lower motor neuron dysfunction secondary to timber rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) envenomation.
- Author
-
Thibodeaux LA, Kent M, Vernier ME, Barber RM, and Brainard BM
- Subjects
- Animals, Motor Neurons, Antivenins therapeutic use, Crotalus, Snake Bites complications, Snake Bites veterinary, Venomous Snakes
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Multiplex analysis of cytokines in the cerebrospinal fluid of dogs after ischemic stroke reveals elevations in chemokines CXCL1 and MCP-1.
- Author
-
Barber RM, Platt SR, De Risio L, Barber J, and Robinson KR
- Abstract
Introduction: Neuroinflammation that occurs in the brain after stroke has been shown to be important to disease pathogenesis and outcomes. The aim of this study was to evaluate a large number of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in dogs with clinically-confirmed, naturally occurring stroke., Materials and Methods: Fifteen dogs with a clinical diagnosis of ischemic stroke and ten healthy control dogs were included in the study. A multiplex immunoassay was utilized to evaluate cerebrospinal fluid for GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-15, IL-18, IP-10, CXCL1, MCP-1, and TNF-α., Results: Mean concentrations of CXCL1 (stroke-436 pg/ml, control-267 pg/ml, p = 0.01) and MCP-1 (stroke-196 pg/ml, control-66 pg/ml, p ≤ 0.0001) were significantly elevated in dogs with stroke when compared with control dogs. Location and type of infarct, duration of clinical signs, and use of anti-inflammatory medications were not associated with differences in cytokine concentration., Discussion: CXCL1 and MCP-1 may play a role in naturally occurring canine stroke and represent targets for future research., Competing Interests: LD is an employee of Linnaeus Veterinary Limited, a provider of veterinary services. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Barber, Platt, De Risio, Barber and Robinson.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Assessing COVID-19 pandemic policies and behaviours and their economic and educational trade-offs across US states from Jan 1, 2020, to July 31, 2022: an observational analysis.
- Author
-
Bollyky TJ, Castro E, Aravkin AY, Bhangdia K, Dalos J, Hulland EN, Kiernan S, Lastuka A, McHugh TA, Ostroff SM, Zheng P, Chaudhry HT, Ruggiero E, Turilli I, Adolph C, Amlag JO, Bang-Jensen B, Barber RM, Carter A, Chang C, Cogen RM, Collins JK, Dai X, Dangel WJ, Dapper C, Deen A, Eastus A, Erickson M, Fedosseeva T, Flaxman AD, Fullman N, Giles JR, Guo G, Hay SI, He J, Helak M, Huntley BM, Iannucci VC, Kinzel KE, LeGrand KE, Magistro B, Mokdad AH, Nassereldine H, Ozten Y, Pasovic M, Pigott DM, Reiner RC Jr, Reinke G, Schumacher AE, Serieux E, Spurlock EE, Troeger CE, Vo AT, Vos T, Walcott R, Yazdani S, Murray CJL, and Dieleman JL
- Subjects
- Humans, Pandemics prevention & control, SARS-CoV-2, Educational Status, Policy, COVID-19 epidemiology
- Abstract
Background: The USA struggled in responding to the COVID-19 pandemic, but not all states struggled equally. Identifying the factors associated with cross-state variation in infection and mortality rates could help to improve responses to this and future pandemics. We sought to answer five key policy-relevant questions regarding the following: 1) what roles social, economic, and racial inequities had in interstate variation in COVID-19 outcomes; 2) whether states with greater health-care and public health capacity had better outcomes; 3) how politics influenced the results; 4) whether states that imposed more policy mandates and sustained them longer had better outcomes; and 5) whether there were trade-offs between a state having fewer cumulative SARS-CoV-2 infections and total COVID-19 deaths and its economic and educational outcomes., Methods: Data disaggregated by US state were extracted from public databases, including COVID-19 infection and mortality estimates from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation's (IHME) COVID-19 database; Bureau of Economic Analysis data on state gross domestic product (GDP); Federal Reserve economic data on employment rates; National Center for Education Statistics data on student standardised test scores; and US Census Bureau data on race and ethnicity by state. We standardised infection rates for population density and death rates for age and the prevalence of major comorbidities to facilitate comparison of states' successes in mitigating the effects of COVID-19. We regressed these health outcomes on prepandemic state characteristics (such as educational attainment and health spending per capita), policies adopted by states during the pandemic (such as mask mandates and business closures), and population-level behavioural responses (such as vaccine coverage and mobility). We explored potential mechanisms connecting state-level factors to individual-level behaviours using linear regression. We quantified reductions in state GDP, employment, and student test scores during the pandemic to identify policy and behavioural responses associated with these outcomes and to assess trade-offs between these outcomes and COVID-19 outcomes. Significance was defined as p<0·05., Findings: Standardised cumulative COVID-19 death rates for the period from Jan 1, 2020, to July 31, 2022 varied across the USA (national rate 372 deaths per 100 000 population [95% uncertainty interval [UI] 364-379]), with the lowest standardised rates in Hawaii (147 deaths per 100 000 [127-196]) and New Hampshire (215 per 100 000 [183-271]) and the highest in Arizona (581 per 100 000 [509-672]) and Washington, DC (526 per 100 000 [425-631]). A lower poverty rate, higher mean number of years of education, and a greater proportion of people expressing interpersonal trust were statistically associated with lower infection and death rates, and states where larger percentages of the population identify as Black (non-Hispanic) or Hispanic were associated with higher cumulative death rates. Access to quality health care (measured by the IHME's Healthcare Access and Quality Index) was associated with fewer total COVID-19 deaths and SARS-CoV-2 infections, but higher public health spending and more public health personnel per capita were not, at the state level. The political affiliation of the state governor was not associated with lower SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19 death rates, but worse COVID-19 outcomes were associated with the proportion of a state's voters who voted for the 2020 Republican presidential candidate. State governments' uses of protective mandates were associated with lower infection rates, as were mask use, lower mobility, and higher vaccination rate, while vaccination rates were associated with lower death rates. State GDP and student reading test scores were not associated with state COVD-19 policy responses, infection rates, or death rates. Employment, however, had a statistically significant relationship with restaurant closures and greater infections and deaths: on average, 1574 (95% UI 884-7107) additional infections per 10 000 population were associated in states with a one percentage point increase in employment rate. Several policy mandates and protective behaviours were associated with lower fourth-grade mathematics test scores, but our study results did not find a link to state-level estimates of school closures., Interpretation: COVID-19 magnified the polarisation and persistent social, economic, and racial inequities that already existed across US society, but the next pandemic threat need not do the same. US states that mitigated those structural inequalities, deployed science-based interventions such as vaccination and targeted vaccine mandates, and promoted their adoption across society were able to match the best-performing nations in minimising COVID-19 death rates. These findings could contribute to the design and targeting of clinical and policy interventions to facilitate better health outcomes in future crises., Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, J Stanton, T Gillespie, J and E Nordstrom, and Bloomberg Philanthropies., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests CA reports support for the current work from the Benificus Foundation. ADF reports other financial or non-financial support from Johnson & Johnson, Sanofi, and SwissRe outside of the submitted work. NF reports financial support from WHO and Gates Ventures outside of the submitted work. All other authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Incidence and risk factors for surgical site infection following enucleation in dogs.
- Author
-
Dacanay SJ, Barber RM, Diehl KA, and Myrna KE
- Abstract
Introduction: Surgical site infections (SSI) increase morbidity, increase treatment costs, and can delay onset of necessary adjunctive therapy. The goal of this retrospective study was to determine the incidence of and risk factors of SSI after enucleation in dogs., Methods: Medical records were searched at one veterinary teaching hospital and identified 280 dogs that underwent enucleation and had an adequate follow-up to assess SSI. Multiple preoperative (e.g., reason for enucleation), peri-operative (e.g., surgical approach and surgeon experience level), and post-operative (e.g., use of post-operative antibiotics or anti-inflammatory medications) variables were assessed as risk factors for development of SSI., Results: The incidence of SSI after enucleation was 5%, and no risk factors for SSI were identified. Dogs that received cephalexin as a prophylactic post-operative antibiotic were statistically more likely to develop SSI versus those that received a different post-operative antibiotic ( p = 0.045). However, the clinical significance of this finding is unclear as administration of prophylactic post-operative antibiotics overall did not reduce the risk of SSI in the population evaluated here., Discussion: No risk factors were identified to guide clinical decision-making for prevention of SSI. Additionally, the results do not support the use of prophylactic antibiotics after enucleation in dogs., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Dacanay, Barber, Diehl and Myrna.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Quantifying the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on gender equality on health, social, and economic indicators: a comprehensive review of data from March, 2020, to September, 2021.
- Author
-
Flor LS, Friedman J, Spencer CN, Cagney J, Arrieta A, Herbert ME, Stein C, Mullany EC, Hon J, Patwardhan V, Barber RM, Collins JK, Hay SI, Lim SS, Lozano R, Mokdad AH, Murray CJL, Reiner RC Jr, Sorensen RJD, Haakenstad A, Pigott DM, and Gakidou E
- Subjects
- Educational Status, Employment, Female, Gender Equity, Humans, Male, Pandemics prevention & control, COVID-19 epidemiology, COVID-19 prevention & control
- Abstract
Background: Gender is emerging as a significant factor in the social, economic, and health effects of COVID-19. However, most existing studies have focused on its direct impact on health. Here, we aimed to explore the indirect effects of COVID-19 on gender disparities globally., Methods: We reviewed publicly available datasets with information on indicators related to vaccine hesitancy and uptake, health care services, economic and work-related concerns, education, and safety at home and in the community. We used mixed effects regression, Gaussian process regression, and bootstrapping to synthesise all data sources. We accounted for uncertainty in the underlying data and modelling process. We then used mixed effects logistic regression to explore gender gaps globally and by region., Findings: Between March, 2020, and September, 2021, women were more likely to report employment loss (26·0% [95% uncertainty interval 23·8-28·8, by September, 2021) than men (20·4% [18·2-22·9], by September, 2021), as well as forgoing work to care for others (ratio of women to men: 1·8 by March, 2020, and 2·4 by September, 2021). Women and girls were 1·21 times (1·20-1·21) more likely than men and boys to report dropping out of school for reasons other than school closures. Women were also 1·23 (1·22-1·23) times more likely than men to report that gender-based violence had increased during the pandemic. By September 2021, women and men did not differ significantly in vaccine hesitancy or uptake., Interpretation: The most significant gender gaps identified in our study show intensified levels of pre-existing widespread inequalities between women and men during the COVID-19 pandemic. Political and social leaders should prioritise policies that enable and encourage women to participate in the labour force and continue their education, thereby equipping and enabling them with greater ability to overcome the barriers they face., Funding: The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation., Competing Interests: Declaration of Interests We declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Screening for Viral Nucleic Acids in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Dogs With Central Nervous System Inflammation.
- Author
-
Barber RM, Li Q, Levine JM, Ruone SJ, Levine GJ, Kenny P, Tong S, and Schatzberg SJ
- Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) inflammation is a common cause of neurological dysfunction in dogs. Most dogs with CNS inflammation are diagnosed with presumptive autoimmune disease. A smaller number are diagnosed with an infectious etiology. Additionally, at necropsy, a subset of dogs with CNS inflammation do not fit previously described patterns of autoimmune disease and an infectious cause is not readily identifiable. Because viral infection is a common cause of meningoencephalitis in people, we hypothesize that a subset of dogs presented with CNS inflammation have an occult viral infection either as a direct cause of CNS inflammation or a trigger for autoimmunity. The goal of this research was to screen cerebrospinal fluid from a large number dogs with CNS inflammation for occult viral infection. One hundred seventy-two dogs with neurological dysfunction and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pleocytosis were identified. Of these, 42 had meningoencephalitis of unknown origin, six had steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis, one had eosinophilic meningoencephalitis, five had documented infection, 21 had and undetermined diagnosis, and 97 had a diagnosis not consistent with primary inflammatory disease of the CNS (e.g., neoplasia). CSF samples were subsequently screened with broadly reactive PCR for eight viral groups: adenovirus, bunyavirus, coronavirus, enterovirus, flavivirus, herpesvirus, paramyxovirus, and parechovirus. No viral nucleic acids were detected from 168 cases screened for eight viral groups, which does not support occult viral infection as a cause of CNS inflammation in dogs. La Crosse virus (LACV) nucleic acids were detected from four cases in Georgia. Subclinical infection was supported in two of these cases but LACV could not be ruled-out as a cause of infection in the other two cases, suggesting further research is warranted to determine if LACV is an occult cause of CNS inflammation in dogs., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The handling Editor declared a past co-authorship with one of the author RB., (Copyright © 2022 Barber, Li, Levine, Ruone, Levine, Kenny, Tong and Schatzberg.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Variation in Health Care Access and Quality Among US States and High-Income Countries With Universal Health Insurance Coverage.
- Author
-
Weaver MR, Nandakumar V, Joffe J, Barber RM, Fullman N, Singh A, Sparks GW, Yearwood J, Lozano R, Murray CJL, and Ngo D
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Developed Countries statistics & numerical data, Female, Health Services Accessibility statistics & numerical data, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Quality of Health Care statistics & numerical data, Universal Health Insurance statistics & numerical data, Health Services Accessibility standards, Quality of Health Care standards, State Government, Universal Health Insurance standards
- Abstract
Importance: Based on mortality estimates for 32 causes of death that are amenable to health care, the US health care system did not perform as well as other high-income countries, scoring 88.7 out of 100 on the 2016 age-standardized Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) index., Objective: To compare US age-specific HAQ scores with those of high-income countries with universal health insurance coverage and compare scores among US states with varying insurance coverage., Design, Setting, and Participants: This cross-sectional study used 2016 Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factor study results for cause-specific mortality with adjustments for behavioral and environmental risks to estimate the age-specific HAQ indices. The US national age-specific HAQ scores were compared with high-income peers (Canada, western Europe, high-income Asia Pacific countries, and Australasia) in 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2016, and the 2016 scores among US states were also analyzed. The Public Use Microdata Sample of the American Community Survey was used to estimate insurance coverage and the median income per person by age and state. Age-specific HAQ scores for each state in 2010 and 2016 were regressed based on models with age fixed effects and age interaction with insurance coverage, median income, and year. Data were analyzed from April to July 2018 and July to September 2020., Main Outcomes and Measures: The age-specific HAQ indices were the outcome measures., Results: In 1990, US age-specific HAQ scores were similar to peers but increased less from 1990 to 2016 than peer locations for ages 15 years or older. For example, for ages 50 to 54 years, US scores increased from 77.1 to 82.1 while high-income Asia Pacific scores increased from 71.6 to 88.2. In 2016, several states had scores comparable with peers, with large differences in performance across states. For ages 15 years or older, the age-specific HAQ scores were 85 or greater for all ages in 3 states (Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Minnesota) and 75 or less for at least 1 age category in 6 states. In regression analysis estimates with state-fixed effects, insurance coverage coefficients for ages 20 to 24 years were 0.059 (99% CI, 0.006-0.111); 45 to 49 years, 0.088 (99% CI, 0.009-0.167); and 50 to 54 years, 0.101 (99% CI, 0.013-0.189). A 10% increase in insurance coverage was associated with point increases in HAQ scores among the ages of 20 to 24 years (0.59 [99% CI, 0.06-1.11]), 45 to 49 years (0.88 [99% CI, 0.09-1.67]), and 50 to 54 years (1.01 [99% CI, 0.13-1.89])., Conclusions and Relevance: In this cross-sectional study, the US age-specific HAQ scores for ages 15 to 64 years were low relative to high-income peer locations with universal health insurance coverage. Among US states, insurance coverage was associated with higher HAQ scores for some ages. Further research with causal models and additional explanations is warranted.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Predictive performance of international COVID-19 mortality forecasting models.
- Author
-
Friedman J, Liu P, Troeger CE, Carter A, Reiner RC Jr, Barber RM, Collins J, Lim SS, Pigott DM, Vos T, Hay SI, Murray CJL, and Gakidou E
- Subjects
- Forecasting, Humans, SARS-CoV-2, Time Factors, COVID-19 mortality, Models, Statistical
- Abstract
Forecasts and alternative scenarios of COVID-19 mortality have been critical inputs for pandemic response efforts, and decision-makers need information about predictive performance. We screen n = 386 public COVID-19 forecasting models, identifying n = 7 that are global in scope and provide public, date-versioned forecasts. We examine their predictive performance for mortality by weeks of extrapolation, world region, and estimation month. We additionally assess prediction of the timing of peak daily mortality. Globally, models released in October show a median absolute percent error (MAPE) of 7 to 13% at six weeks, reflecting surprisingly good performance despite the complexities of modelling human behavioural responses and government interventions. Median absolute error for peak timing increased from 8 days at one week of forecasting to 29 days at eight weeks and is similar for first and subsequent peaks. The framework and public codebase ( https://github.com/pyliu47/covidcompare ) can be used to compare predictions and evaluate predictive performance going forward.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. A functional genomics screen identifying blood cell development genes in Drosophila by undergraduates participating in a course-based research experience.
- Author
-
Evans CJ, Olson JM, Mondal BC, Kandimalla P, Abbasi A, Abdusamad MM, Acosta O, Ainsworth JA, Akram HM, Albert RB, Alegria-Leal E, Alexander KY, Ayala AC, Balashova NS, Barber RM, Bassi H, Bennion SP, Beyder M, Bhatt KV, Bhoot C, Bradshaw AW, Brannigan TG, Cao B, Cashell YY, Chai T, Chan AW, Chan C, Chang I, Chang J, Chang MT, Chang PW, Chang S, Chari N, Chassiakos AJ, Chen IE, Chen VK, Chen Z, Cheng MR, Chiang M, Chiu V, Choi S, Chung JH, Contreras L, Corona E, Cruz CJ, Cruz RL, Dang JM, Dasari SP, De La Fuente JRO, Del Rio OMA, Dennis ER, Dertsakyan PS, Dey I, Distler RS, Dong Z, Dorman LC, Douglass MA, Ehresman AB, Fu IH, Fua A, Full SM, Ghaffari-Rafi A, Ghani AA, Giap B, Gill S, Gill ZS, Gills NJ, Godavarthi S, Golnazarian T, Goyal R, Gray R, Grunfeld AM, Gu KM, Gutierrez NC, Ha AN, Hamid I, Hanson A, Hao C, He C, He M, Hedtke JP, Hernandez YK, Hlaing H, Hobby FA, Hoi K, Hope AC, Hosseinian SM, Hsu A, Hsueh J, Hu E, Hu SS, Huang S, Huang W, Huynh M, Javier C, Jeon NE, Ji S, Johal J, John A, Johnson L, Kadakia S, Kakade N, Kamel S, Kaur R, Khatra JS, Kho JA, Kim C, Kim EJ, Kim HJ, Kim HW, Kim JH, Kim SA, Kim WK, Kit B, La C, Lai J, Lam V, Le NK, Lee CJ, Lee D, Lee DY, Lee J, Lee J, Lee J, Lee JY, Lee S, Lee TC, Lee V, Li AJ, Li J, Libro AM, Lien IC, Lim M, Lin JM, Liu CY, Liu SC, Louie I, Lu SW, Luo WY, Luu T, Madrigal JT, Mai Y, Miya DI, Mohammadi M, Mohanta S, Mokwena T, Montoya T, Mould DL, Murata MR, Muthaiya J, Naicker S, Neebe MR, Ngo A, Ngo DQ, Ngo JA, Nguyen AT, Nguyen HCX, Nguyen RH, Nguyen TTT, Nguyen VT, Nishida K, Oh SK, Omi KM, Onglatco MC, Almazan GO, Paguntalan J, Panchal M, Pang S, Parikh HB, Patel PD, Patel TH, Petersen JE, Pham S, Phan-Everson TM, Pokhriyal M, Popovich DW, Quaal AT, Querubin K, Resendiz A, Riabkova N, Rong F, Salarkia S, Sama N, Sang E, Sanville DA, Schoen ER, Shen Z, Siangchin K, Sibal G, Sin G, Sjarif J, Smith CJ, Soeboer AN, Sosa C, Spitters D, Stender B, Su CC, Summapund J, Sun BJ, Sutanto C, Tan JS, Tan NL, Tangmatitam P, Trac CK, Tran C, Tran D, Tran D, Tran V, Truong PA, Tsai BL, Tsai PH, Tsui CK, Uriu JK, Venkatesh S, Vo M, Vo NT, Vo P, Voros TC, Wan Y, Wang E, Wang J, Wang MK, Wang Y, Wei S, Wilson MN, Wong D, Wu E, Xing H, Xu JP, Yaftaly S, Yan K, Yang E, Yang R, Yao T, Yeo P, Yip V, Yogi P, Young GC, Yung MM, Zai A, Zhang C, Zhang XX, Zhao Z, Zhou R, Zhou Z, Abutouk M, Aguirre B, Ao C, Baranoff A, Beniwal A, Cai Z, Chan R, Chien KC, Chaudhary U, Chin P, Chowdhury P, Dalie J, Du EY, Estrada A, Feng E, Ghaly M, Graf R, Hernandez E, Herrera K, Ho VW, Honeychurch K, Hou Y, Huang JM, Ishii M, James N, Jang GE, Jin D, Juarez J, Kesaf AE, Khalsa SK, Kim H, Kovsky J, Kuang CL, Kumar S, Lam G, Lee C, Lee G, Li L, Lin J, Liu J, Ly J, Ma A, Markovic H, Medina C, Mungcal J, Naranbaatar B, Patel K, Petersen L, Phan A, Phung M, Priasti N, Ruano N, Salim T, Schnell K, Shah P, Shen J, Stutzman N, Sukhina A, Tian R, Vega-Loza A, Wang J, Wang J, Watanabe R, Wei B, Xie L, Ye J, Zhao J, Zimmerman J, Bracken C, Capili J, Char A, Chen M, Huang P, Ji S, Kim E, Kim K, Ko J, Laput SLG, Law S, Lee SK, Lee O, Lim D, Lin E, Marik K, Mytych J, O'Laughlin A, Pak J, Park C, Ryu R, Shinde A, Sosa M, Waite N, Williams M, Wong R, Woo J, Woo J, Yepuri V, Yim D, Huynh D, Wijiewarnasurya D, Shapiro C, Levis-Fitzgerald M, Jaworski L, Lopatto D, Clark IE, Johnson T, and Banerjee U
- Subjects
- Animals, Blood Cells, Humans, Students, Drosophila genetics, Genomics education, Universities
- Abstract
Undergraduate students participating in the UCLA Undergraduate Research Consortium for Functional Genomics (URCFG) have conducted a two-phased screen using RNA interference (RNAi) in combination with fluorescent reporter proteins to identify genes important for hematopoiesis in Drosophila. This screen disrupted the function of approximately 3500 genes and identified 137 candidate genes for which loss of function leads to observable changes in the hematopoietic development. Targeting RNAi to maturing, progenitor, and regulatory cell types identified key subsets that either limit or promote blood cell maturation. Bioinformatic analysis reveals gene enrichment in several previously uncharacterized areas, including RNA processing and export and vesicular trafficking. Lastly, the participation of students in this course-based undergraduate research experience (CURE) correlated with increased learning gains across several areas, as well as increased STEM retention, indicating that authentic, student-driven research in the form of a CURE represents an impactful and enriching pedagogical approach., (© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Genetics Society of America.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. What Is Your Neurologic Diagnosis?
- Author
-
Stephen AA, Kent M, and Barber RM
- Subjects
- Animals, Diagnosis, Differential, Dogs, Neurologic Examination veterinary, Dog Diseases diagnostic imaging
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Predictive performance of international COVID-19 mortality forecasting models.
- Author
-
Friedman J, Liu P, Troeger CE, Carter A, Reiner RC, Barber RM, Collins J, Lim SS, Pigott DM, Vos T, Hay SI, Murray CJL, and Gakidou E
- Abstract
Forecasts and alternative scenarios of COVID-19 mortality have been critical inputs into a range of policies and decision-makers need information about predictive performance. We identified n=386 public COVID-19 forecasting models and included n=8 that were global in scope and provided public, date-versioned forecasts. For each, we examined the median absolute percent error (MAPE) compared to subsequently observed mortality trends, stratified by weeks of extrapolation, world region, and month of model estimation. Models were also assessed for ability to predict the timing of peak daily mortality. The MAPE among models released in July rose from 1.8% at one week of extrapolation to 24.6% at twelve weeks. The MAPE at six weeks were the highest in Sub-Saharan Africa (34.8%), and the lowest in high-income countries (6.3%). At the global level, several models had about 10% MAPE at six weeks, showing surprisingly good performance despite the complexities of modelling human behavioural responses and government interventions. The framework and publicly available codebase presented here ( https://github.com/pyliu47/covidcompare ) can be routinely used to compare predictions and evaluate predictive performance in an ongoing fashion.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Poliomyelomalacia in three dogs that underwent hemilaminectomy for intervertebral disk herniation.
- Author
-
Kent M, Barber RM, Glass EN, Arnold SA, Bibi KF, Stewart GV, Ruby JL, Perlini M, and Platt SR
- Subjects
- Animals, Dogs, Dog Diseases surgery, Intervertebral Disc, Intervertebral Disc Degeneration veterinary, Intervertebral Disc Displacement complications, Intervertebral Disc Displacement diagnostic imaging, Intervertebral Disc Displacement surgery, Intervertebral Disc Displacement veterinary, Spinal Cord Diseases veterinary
- Abstract
Case Description: 3 dogs were examined because of a sudden onset of signs of pain (1 dog) or paraparesis (2 dogs)., Clinical Findings: Neurologic findings consisted of myelopathy affecting the lumbar intumescence (1 dog) and T3-L3 myelopathy (2 dogs). In all dogs, MRI revealed spinal cord compression caused by L3-4 disk herniation. All dogs underwent routine surgical decompression of the intervertebral disk herniation. During MRI and decompressive surgery, physiologic variables were monitored. Immediately after surgery, all dogs were paraplegic with pelvic limb neurologic dysfunction consistent with myelopathy affecting the L4 through caudal spinal cord segments., Treatment and Outcome: Within 24 hours after surgery, repeated MRI in all dogs revealed hyperintensity in the spinal cord gray matter of the lumbar intumescence on T2-weighted images. In the absence of neurologic improvement, dogs were euthanized at 3, 91, and 34 days after surgery. Postmortem microscopic examination of each dog's spinal cord at the lumbar intumescence revealed necrosis of the gray matter with relative white matter preservation suggestive of an ischemic injury., Clinical Relevance: Dramatic neurologic deterioration following decompressive surgery for intervertebral disk herniation in dogs may be associated with the development of poliomyelomalacia secondary to ischemia. In these 3 dogs, ischemia developed despite probable maintenance of normal spinal cord blood flow and perfusion during anesthesia. To exclude other causes, such as compression or hemorrhage, MRI was repeated and revealed hyperintensity of the spinal cord gray matter on T2-weighted images, which microscopically corresponded with ischemic neurons and neuronal loss.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. What Is Your Diagnosis?
- Author
-
Arnold SA, Kent M, Perlini M, Goodwin CC, Uhl EW, and Barber RM
- Subjects
- Animals
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Cladophialophora encephalitis in an alpaca.
- Author
-
Balducci JJ, Barber RM, McHale BJ, Stanton JB, and Ryan CA
- Subjects
- Animals, Ascomycota, Camelids, New World, Meningoencephalitis veterinary, Mycoses veterinary, Phaeohyphomycosis veterinary
- Abstract
A 4-year-old Huacaya hembra was evaluated for acute neurologic signs including recumbency and a left head tilt. Cranial nerve examination revealed a left ear droop, muzzle deviation to the right, mydriasis of the left eye, an absent menace response, bilateral absent pupillary light reflex when light was directed into the left eye, and bilateral horizontal nystagmus with fast phase to the right. Multifocal intracranial lesions were suspected. Computed tomography revealed an intracranial mass. Postmortem examination, histopathology, and sequencing of a polymerase chain reaction product confirmed a diagnosis of phaeohyphomycotic meningoencephalitis caused by Cladophialophora bantiana . Key clinical message: Advanced diagnostic imaging (computed tomography) was useful in achieving a diagnosis of an intracranial mass in an alpaca with acute neurological signs, later confirmed to be central nervous system (CNS) phaeohyphomycosis. Although uncommon, intracranial fungal infection should be considered as a differential diagnosis in camelid patients exhibiting CNS signs, particularly if they do not respond to initial antimicrobial and anthelmintic therapy., (Copyright and/or publishing rights held by the Canadian Veterinary Medical Association.)
- Published
- 2020
39. Correlation of MRI with the Neuropathologic Changes in Two Cats with Bromethalin Intoxication.
- Author
-
Kent M, Glass EN, Boozer L, Song RB, Hankin EJ, Barber RM, Platt SR, de Lahunta A, and Miller AD
- Subjects
- Animals, Cat Diseases diagnostic imaging, Cat Diseases pathology, Cats, Female, Male, Aniline Compounds toxicity, Cat Diseases chemically induced, Magnetic Resonance Imaging veterinary, Rodenticides toxicity
- Abstract
Two cats were presented with multifocal neurological signs. One cat's signs progressed over 2 wk; the other cat progressed over 5 days. Examinations were consistent with a process involving the prosencephalon, vestibular system, and general proprioceptive/upper motor neuron systems. MRI of the brain and cervical spinal cord reveal widespread T2 hyperintensity of the white matter. Affected areas included the cerebrum, cerebral peduncles, corticospinal tracts of the pons and medulla, and the cerebellum. T2 hyperintensity was present in all funiculi of the spinal cord. Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps were consistent with cytotoxic or intramyelinic edema. Differential diagnosis included toxic or metabolic/degenerative leukoencephalopathies. Necropsies revealed widespread spongy degeneration of the central nervous system white matter. Toxicologic assays of liver specimens revealed desmethylbromethalin, a metabolite of bromethalin. Bromethalin is a rodenticide that causes uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation. Antemortem diagnosis is challenging. DWI and ADC maps were instrumental in narrowing the differential diagnosis and raised the index of suspicion for bromethalin. Bromethalin intoxication should be considered in all animals with a progressive course of multifocal neurologic deficits. MRI, specifically, DWI and ADC maps, may serve as a biomarker of cytotoxic or intramyelinic edema associated with spongiform leukoencephalomyelopathy.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Pathology in Practice.
- Author
-
Robinson KR, Kent M, Barber RM, and Platt SR
- Subjects
- Animals, Dogs, Female, Brain Neoplasms diagnosis, Brain Neoplasms veterinary, Dog Diseases diagnosis, Ependymoma diagnosis, Ependymoma veterinary
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. What Is Your Neurologic Diagnosis?
- Author
-
Park KM, Armstrong JF, Ruby JL, Barber RM, Grimes JA, and Kent M
- Subjects
- Animals, Bone Neoplasms diagnosis, Bone Neoplasms surgery, Dog Diseases diagnostic imaging, Dog Diseases pathology, Dogs, Male, Osteosarcoma diagnosis, Osteosarcoma surgery, Spine diagnostic imaging, Bone Neoplasms veterinary, Dog Diseases diagnosis, Osteosarcoma veterinary, Spine pathology
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Measuring human capital: a systematic analysis of 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016.
- Author
-
Lim SS, Updike RL, Kaldjian AS, Barber RM, Cowling K, York H, Friedman J, Xu R, Whisnant JL, Taylor HJ, Leever AT, Roman Y, Bryant MF, Dieleman J, Gakidou E, and Murray CJL
- Subjects
- Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Survival Analysis, United Nations, Young Adult, Economic Development, Educational Status, Global Health economics, Health Status, Learning, Life Expectancy
- Abstract
Background: Human capital is recognised as the level of education and health in a population and is considered an important determinant of economic growth. The World Bank has called for measurement and annual reporting of human capital to track and motivate investments in health and education and enhance productivity. We aim to provide a new comprehensive measure of human capital across countries globally., Methods: We generated a period measure of expected human capital, defined for each birth cohort as the expected years lived from age 20 to 64 years and adjusted for educational attainment, learning or education quality, and functional health status using rates specific to each time period, age, and sex for 195 countries from 1990 to 2016. We estimated educational attainment using 2522 censuses and household surveys; we based learning estimates on 1894 tests among school-aged children; and we based functional health status on the prevalence of seven health conditions, which were taken from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016). Mortality rates specific to location, age, and sex were also taken from GBD 2016., Findings: In 2016, Finland had the highest level of expected human capital of 28·4 health, education, and learning-adjusted expected years lived between age 20 and 64 years (95% uncertainty interval 27·5-29·2); Niger had the lowest expected human capital of less than 1·6 years (0·98-2·6). In 2016, 44 countries had already achieved more than 20 years of expected human capital; 68 countries had expected human capital of less than 10 years. Of 195 countries, the ten most populous countries in 2016 for expected human capital were ranked: China at 44, India at 158, USA at 27, Indonesia at 131, Brazil at 71, Pakistan at 164, Nigeria at 171, Bangladesh at 161, Russia at 49, and Mexico at 104. Assessment of change in expected human capital from 1990 to 2016 shows marked variation from less than 2 years of progress in 18 countries to more than 5 years of progress in 35 countries. Larger improvements in expected human capital appear to be associated with faster economic growth. The top quartile of countries in terms of absolute change in human capital from 1990 to 2016 had a median annualised growth in gross domestic product of 2·60% (IQR 1·85-3·69) compared with 1·45% (0·18-2·19) for countries in the bottom quartile., Interpretation: Countries vary widely in the rate of human capital formation. Monitoring the production of human capital can facilitate a mechanism to hold governments and donors accountable for investments in health and education., Funding: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation., (Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. What Is Your Neurologic Diagnosis?
- Author
-
Lucchetti BN, Kent M, Barber RM, Wells B, and Meichner K
- Subjects
- Animals, Antifungal Agents administration & dosage, Antifungal Agents therapeutic use, Cryptococcus gattii isolation & purification, Cryptococcus neoformans isolation & purification, Diagnosis, Differential, Dog Diseases diagnostic imaging, Dog Diseases drug therapy, Dogs, Magnetic Resonance Imaging veterinary, Male, Meningitis, Cryptococcal complications, Meningitis, Cryptococcal diagnosis, Neurologic Examination veterinary, Seizures etiology, Seizures veterinary, Dog Diseases diagnosis, Meningitis, Cryptococcal veterinary
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. What Is Your Neurologic Diagnosis?
- Author
-
Kent M, Kirejczyk S, Aschenbroich SA, Barber RM, and Platt SR
- Subjects
- Animals, Diagnosis, Differential, Dogs, Histiocytic Sarcoma complications, Histiocytic Sarcoma diagnosis, Histiocytic Sarcoma diagnostic imaging, Magnetic Resonance Imaging veterinary, Male, Neurologic Examination veterinary, Paraparesis etiology, Paraparesis veterinary, Spinal Cord Neoplasms complications, Spinal Cord Neoplasms diagnosis, Spinal Cord Neoplasms diagnostic imaging, Dog Diseases diagnosis, Histiocytic Sarcoma veterinary, Lumbar Vertebrae, Spinal Cord Neoplasms veterinary
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Pathology in Practice.
- Author
-
Noland E, Coutermarsh-Ott SL, Barber RM, Kent M, and Howerth EW
- Subjects
- Adenoma, Chromophobe pathology, Animals, Dogs, Female, Pituitary Neoplasms pathology, Adenoma, Chromophobe veterinary, Dog Diseases pathology, Pituitary Neoplasms veterinary
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Global, Regional, and National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life-years for 32 Cancer Groups, 1990 to 2015: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study.
- Author
-
Fitzmaurice C, Allen C, Barber RM, Barregard L, Bhutta ZA, Brenner H, Dicker DJ, Chimed-Orchir O, Dandona R, Dandona L, Fleming T, Forouzanfar MH, Hancock J, Hay RJ, Hunter-Merrill R, Huynh C, Hosgood HD, Johnson CO, Jonas JB, Khubchandani J, Kumar GA, Kutz M, Lan Q, Larson HJ, Liang X, Lim SS, Lopez AD, MacIntyre MF, Marczak L, Marquez N, Mokdad AH, Pinho C, Pourmalek F, Salomon JA, Sanabria JR, Sandar L, Sartorius B, Schwartz SM, Shackelford KA, Shibuya K, Stanaway J, Steiner C, Sun J, Takahashi K, Vollset SE, Vos T, Wagner JA, Wang H, Westerman R, Zeeb H, Zoeckler L, Abd-Allah F, Ahmed MB, Alabed S, Alam NK, Aldhahri SF, Alem G, Alemayohu MA, Ali R, Al-Raddadi R, Amare A, Amoako Y, Artaman A, Asayesh H, Atnafu N, Awasthi A, Saleem HB, Barac A, Bedi N, Bensenor I, Berhane A, Bernabé E, Betsu B, Binagwaho A, Boneya D, Campos-Nonato I, Castañeda-Orjuela C, Catalá-López F, Chiang P, Chibueze C, Chitheer A, Choi JY, Cowie B, Damtew S, das Neves J, Dey S, Dharmaratne S, Dhillon P, Ding E, Driscoll T, Ekwueme D, Endries AY, Farvid M, Farzadfar F, Fernandes J, Fischer F, G/Hiwot TT, Gebru A, Gopalani S, Hailu A, Horino M, Horita N, Husseini A, Huybrechts I, Inoue M, Islami F, Jakovljevic M, James S, Javanbakht M, Jee SH, Kasaeian A, Kedir MS, Khader YS, Khang YH, Kim D, Leigh J, Linn S, Lunevicius R, El Razek HMA, Malekzadeh R, Malta DC, Marcenes W, Markos D, Melaku YA, Meles KG, Mendoza W, Mengiste DT, Meretoja TJ, Miller TR, Mohammad KA, Mohammadi A, Mohammed S, Moradi-Lakeh M, Nagel G, Nand D, Le Nguyen Q, Nolte S, Ogbo FA, Oladimeji KE, Oren E, Pa M, Park EK, Pereira DM, Plass D, Qorbani M, Radfar A, Rafay A, Rahman M, Rana SM, Søreide K, Satpathy M, Sawhney M, Sepanlou SG, Shaikh MA, She J, Shiue I, Shore HR, Shrime MG, So S, Soneji S, Stathopoulou V, Stroumpoulis K, Sufiyan MB, Sykes BL, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Tadese F, Tedla BA, Tessema GA, Thakur JS, Tran BX, Ukwaja KN, Uzochukwu BSC, Vlassov VV, Weiderpass E, Wubshet Terefe M, Yebyo HG, Yimam HH, Yonemoto N, Younis MZ, Yu C, Zaidi Z, Zaki MES, Zenebe ZM, Murray CJL, and Naghavi M
- Subjects
- Age Distribution, Female, Humans, Incidence, Male, Sex Distribution, Time Factors, Global Burden of Disease trends, Neoplasms epidemiology
- Abstract
Importance: Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Current estimates on the burden of cancer are needed for cancer control planning., Objective: To estimate mortality, incidence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 32 cancers in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015., Evidence Review: Cancer mortality was estimated using vital registration system data, cancer registry incidence data (transformed to mortality estimates using separately estimated mortality to incidence [MI] ratios), and verbal autopsy data. Cancer incidence was calculated by dividing mortality estimates through the modeled MI ratios. To calculate cancer prevalence, MI ratios were used to model survival. To calculate YLDs, prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights. The YLLs were estimated by multiplying age-specific cancer deaths by the reference life expectancy. DALYs were estimated as the sum of YLDs and YLLs. A sociodemographic index (SDI) was created for each location based on income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. Countries were categorized by SDI quintiles to summarize results., Findings: In 2015, there were 17.5 million cancer cases worldwide and 8.7 million deaths. Between 2005 and 2015, cancer cases increased by 33%, with population aging contributing 16%, population growth 13%, and changes in age-specific rates contributing 4%. For men, the most common cancer globally was prostate cancer (1.6 million cases). Tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer was the leading cause of cancer deaths and DALYs in men (1.2 million deaths and 25.9 million DALYs). For women, the most common cancer was breast cancer (2.4 million cases). Breast cancer was also the leading cause of cancer deaths and DALYs for women (523 000 deaths and 15.1 million DALYs). Overall, cancer caused 208.3 million DALYs worldwide in 2015 for both sexes combined. Between 2005 and 2015, age-standardized incidence rates for all cancers combined increased in 174 of 195 countries or territories. Age-standardized death rates (ASDRs) for all cancers combined decreased within that timeframe in 140 of 195 countries or territories. Countries with an increase in the ASDR due to all cancers were largely located on the African continent. Of all cancers, deaths between 2005 and 2015 decreased significantly for Hodgkin lymphoma (-6.1% [95% uncertainty interval (UI), -10.6% to -1.3%]). The number of deaths also decreased for esophageal cancer, stomach cancer, and chronic myeloid leukemia, although these results were not statistically significant., Conclusion and Relevance: As part of the epidemiological transition, cancer incidence is expected to increase in the future, further straining limited health care resources. Appropriate allocation of resources for cancer prevention, early diagnosis, and curative and palliative care requires detailed knowledge of the local burden of cancer. The GBD 2015 study results demonstrate that progress is possible in the war against cancer. However, the major findings also highlight an unmet need for cancer prevention efforts, including tobacco control, vaccination, and the promotion of physical activity and a healthy diet.
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Mortality from tetanus between 1990 and 2015: findings from the global burden of disease study 2015.
- Author
-
Kyu HH, Mumford JE, Stanaway JD, Barber RM, Hancock JR, Vos T, Murray CJ, and Naghavi M
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Africa epidemiology, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Asia epidemiology, Australasia epidemiology, Caribbean Region epidemiology, Child, Child, Preschool, Europe epidemiology, Female, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Latin America epidemiology, Male, Middle Aged, Middle East epidemiology, North America epidemiology, Oceania epidemiology, Young Adult, Global Burden of Disease statistics & numerical data, Internationality, Tetanus mortality
- Abstract
Background: Although preventable, tetanus still claims tens of thousands of deaths each year. The patterns and distribution of mortality from tetanus have not been well characterized. We identified the global, regional, and national levels and trends of mortality from neonatal and non-neonatal tetanus based on the results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015., Methods: Data from vital registration, verbal autopsy studies and mortality surveillance data covering 12,534 site-years from 1980 to 2014 were used. Mortality from tetanus was estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble modeling strategy., Results: There were 56,743 (95% uncertainty interval (UI): 48,199 to 80,042) deaths due to tetanus in 2015; 19,937 (UI: 17,021 to 23,467) deaths occurred in neonates; and 36,806 (UI: 29,452 to 61,481) deaths occurred in older children and adults. Of the 19,937 neonatal tetanus deaths, 45% of deaths occurred in South Asia, and 44% in Sub-Saharan Africa. Of the 36,806 deaths after the neonatal period, 47% of deaths occurred in South Asia, 36% in sub-Saharan Africa, and 12% in Southeast Asia. Between 1990 and 2015, the global mortality rate due to neonatal tetanus dropped by 90% and that due to non-neonatal tetanus dropped by 81%. However, tetanus mortality rates were still high in a number of countries in 2015. The highest rates of neonatal tetanus mortality (more than 1,000 deaths per 100,000 population) were observed in Somalia, South Sudan, Afghanistan, and Kenya. The highest rates of mortality from tetanus after the neonatal period (more than 5 deaths per 100,000 population) were observed in Somalia, South Sudan, and Kenya., Conclusions: Though there have been tremendous strides globally in reducing the burden of tetanus, tens of thousands of unnecessary deaths from tetanus could be prevented each year by an already available inexpensive and effective vaccine. Availability of more high quality data could help narrow the uncertainty of tetanus mortality estimates.
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Mapping Plasmodium falciparum Mortality in Africa between 1990 and 2015.
- Author
-
Gething PW, Casey DC, Weiss DJ, Bisanzio D, Bhatt S, Cameron E, Battle KE, Dalrymple U, Rozier J, Rao PC, Kutz MJ, Barber RM, Huynh C, Shackelford KA, Coates MM, Nguyen G, Fraser MS, Kulikoff R, Wang H, Naghavi M, Smith DL, Murray CJ, Hay SI, and Lim SS
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Africa South of the Sahara epidemiology, Antimalarials therapeutic use, Child, Child, Preschool, Communicable Disease Control trends, Geographic Mapping, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Insecticide-Treated Bednets, Malaria, Falciparum drug therapy, Malaria, Falciparum prevention & control, Models, Statistical, Mortality trends, Parasite Load, Prevalence, Young Adult, Malaria, Falciparum mortality, Plasmodium falciparum isolation & purification
- Abstract
Background: Malaria control has not been routinely informed by the assessment of subnational variation in malaria deaths. We combined data from the Malaria Atlas Project and the Global Burden of Disease Study to estimate malaria mortality across sub-Saharan Africa on a grid of 5 km
2 from 1990 through 2015., Methods: We estimated malaria mortality using a spatiotemporal modeling framework of geolocated data (i.e., with known latitude and longitude) on the clinical incidence of malaria, coverage of antimalarial drug treatment, case fatality rate, and population distribution according to age., Results: Across sub-Saharan Africa during the past 15 years, we estimated that there was an overall decrease of 57% (95% uncertainty interval, 46 to 65) in the rate of malaria deaths, from 12.5 (95% uncertainty interval, 8.3 to 17.0) per 10,000 population in 2000 to 5.4 (95% uncertainty interval, 3.4 to 7.9) in 2015. This led to an overall decrease of 37% (95% uncertainty interval, 36 to 39) in the number of malaria deaths annually, from 1,007,000 (95% uncertainty interval, 666,000 to 1,376,000) to 631,000 (95% uncertainty interval, 394,000 to 914,000). The share of malaria deaths among children younger than 5 years of age ranged from more than 80% at a rate of death of more than 25 per 10,000 to less than 40% at rates below 1 per 10,000. Areas with high malaria mortality (>10 per 10,000) and low coverage (<50%) of insecticide-treated bed nets and antimalarial drugs included much of Nigeria, Angola, and Cameroon and parts of the Central African Republic, Congo, Guinea, and Equatorial Guinea., Conclusions: We estimated that there was an overall decrease of 57% in the rate of death from malaria across sub-Saharan Africa over the past 15 years and identified several countries in which high rates of death were associated with low coverage of antimalarial treatment and prevention programs. (Funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and others.).- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. US County-Level Trends in Mortality Rates for Major Causes of Death, 1980-2014.
- Author
-
Dwyer-Lindgren L, Bertozzi-Villa A, Stubbs RW, Morozoff C, Kutz MJ, Huynh C, Barber RM, Shackelford KA, Mackenbach JP, van Lenthe FJ, Flaxman AD, Naghavi M, Mokdad AH, and Murray CJ
- Subjects
- Cause of Death, Humans, United States, Mortality trends
- Abstract
Importance: County-level patterns in mortality rates by cause have not been systematically described but are potentially useful for public health officials, clinicians, and researchers seeking to improve health and reduce geographic disparities., Objectives: To demonstrate the use of a novel method for county-level estimation and to estimate annual mortality rates by US county for 21 mutually exclusive causes of death from 1980 through 2014., Design, Setting, and Participants: Redistribution methods for garbage codes (implausible or insufficiently specific cause of death codes) and small area estimation methods (statistical methods for estimating rates in small subpopulations) were applied to death registration data from the National Vital Statistics System to estimate annual county-level mortality rates for 21 causes of death. These estimates were raked (scaled along multiple dimensions) to ensure consistency between causes and with existing national-level estimates. Geographic patterns in the age-standardized mortality rates in 2014 and in the change in the age-standardized mortality rates between 1980 and 2014 for the 10 highest-burden causes were determined., Exposure: County of residence., Main Outcomes and Measures: Cause-specific age-standardized mortality rates., Results: A total of 80 412 524 deaths were recorded from January 1, 1980, through December 31, 2014, in the United States. Of these, 19.4 million deaths were assigned garbage codes. Mortality rates were analyzed for 3110 counties or groups of counties. Large between-county disparities were evident for every cause, with the gap in age-standardized mortality rates between counties in the 90th and 10th percentiles varying from 14.0 deaths per 100 000 population (cirrhosis and chronic liver diseases) to 147.0 deaths per 100 000 population (cardiovascular diseases). Geographic regions with elevated mortality rates differed among causes: for example, cardiovascular disease mortality tended to be highest along the southern half of the Mississippi River, while mortality rates from self-harm and interpersonal violence were elevated in southwestern counties, and mortality rates from chronic respiratory disease were highest in counties in eastern Kentucky and western West Virginia. Counties also varied widely in terms of the change in cause-specific mortality rates between 1980 and 2014. For most causes (eg, neoplasms, neurological disorders, and self-harm and interpersonal violence), both increases and decreases in county-level mortality rates were observed., Conclusions and Relevance: In this analysis of US cause-specific county-level mortality rates from 1980 through 2014, there were large between-county differences for every cause of death, although geographic patterns varied substantially by cause of death. The approach to county-level analyses with small area models used in this study has the potential to provide novel insights into US disease-specific mortality time trends and their differences across geographic regions.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Health in times of uncertainty in the eastern Mediterranean region, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.
- Author
-
Mokdad AH, Forouzanfar MH, Daoud F, El Bcheraoui C, Moradi-Lakeh M, Khalil I, Afshin A, Tuffaha M, Charara R, Barber RM, Wagner J, Cercy K, Kravitz H, Coates MM, Robinson M, Estep K, Steiner C, Jaber S, Mokdad AA, O'Rourke KF, Chew A, Kim P, El Razek MM, Abdalla S, Abd-Allah F, Abraham JP, Abu-Raddad LJ, Abu-Rmeileh NM, Al-Nehmi AA, Akanda AS, Al Ahmadi H, Al Khabouri MJ, Al Lami FH, Al Rayess ZA, Alasfoor D, AlBuhairan FS, Aldhahri SF, Alghnam S, Alhabib S, Al-Hamad N, Ali R, Ali SD, Alkhateeb M, AlMazroa MA, Alomari MA, Al-Raddadi R, Alsharif U, Al-Sheyab N, Alsowaidi S, Al-Thani M, Altirkawi KA, Amare AT, Amini H, Ammar W, Anwari P, Asayesh H, Asghar R, Assabri AM, Assadi R, Bacha U, Badawi A, Bakfalouni T, Basulaiman MO, Bazargan-Hejazi S, Bedi N, Bhakta AR, Bhutta ZA, Bin Abdulhak AA, Boufous S, Bourne RR, Danawi H, Das J, Deribew A, Ding EL, Durrani AM, Elshrek Y, Ibrahim ME, Eshrati B, Esteghamati A, Faghmous IA, Farzadfar F, Feigl AB, Fereshtehnejad SM, Filip I, Fischer F, Gankpé FG, Ginawi I, Gishu MD, Gupta R, Habash RM, Hafezi-Nejad N, Hamadeh RR, Hamdouni H, Hamidi S, Harb HL, Hassanvand MS, Hedayati MT, Heydarpour P, Hsairi M, Husseini A, Jahanmehr N, Jha V, Jonas JB, Karam NE, Kasaeian A, Kassa NA, Kaul A, Khader Y, Khalifa SE, Khan EA, Khan G, Khoja T, Khosravi A, Kinfu Y, Defo BK, Balaji AL, Lunevicius R, Obermeyer CM, Malekzadeh R, Mansourian M, Marcenes W, Farid HM, Mehari A, Mehio-Sibai A, Memish ZA, Mensah GA, Mohammad KA, Nahas Z, Nasher JT, Nawaz H, Nejjari C, Nisar MI, Omer SB, Parsaeian M, Peprah EK, Pervaiz A, Pourmalek F, Qato DM, Qorbani M, Radfar A, Rafay A, Rahimi K, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Rahman SU, Rai RK, Rana SM, Rao SR, Refaat AH, Resnikoff S, Roshandel G, Saade G, Saeedi MY, Sahraian MA, Saleh S, Sanchez-Riera L, Satpathy M, Sepanlou SG, Setegn T, Shaheen A, Shahraz S, Sheikhbahaei S, Shishani K, Sliwa K, Tavakkoli M, Terkawi AS, Uthman OA, Westerman R, Younis MZ, El Sayed Zaki M, Zannad F, Roth GA, Wang H, Naghavi M, Vos T, Al Rabeeah AA, Lopez AD, and Murray CJ
- Subjects
- Adult, Africa epidemiology, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Child, Child, Preschool, Diarrhea epidemiology, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Life Expectancy, Middle Aged, Middle East epidemiology, Noncommunicable Diseases epidemiology, Obesity complications, Risk Factors, Cardiovascular Diseases epidemiology, Global Burden of Disease trends, Infections epidemiology, Obesity epidemiology, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Social Problems, Wounds and Injuries epidemiology
- Abstract
Background: The eastern Mediterranean region is comprised of 22 countries: Afghanistan, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. Since our Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 (GBD 2010), the region has faced unrest as a result of revolutions, wars, and the so-called Arab uprisings. The objective of this study was to present the burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors in the eastern Mediterranean region as of 2013., Methods: GBD 2013 includes an annual assessment covering 188 countries from 1990 to 2013. The study covers 306 diseases and injuries, 1233 sequelae, and 79 risk factors. Our GBD 2013 analyses included the addition of new data through updated systematic reviews and through the contribution of unpublished data sources from collaborators, an updated version of modelling software, and several improvements in our methods. In this systematic analysis, we use data from GBD 2013 to analyse the burden of disease and injuries in the eastern Mediterranean region specifically., Findings: The leading cause of death in the region in 2013 was ischaemic heart disease (90·3 deaths per 100 000 people), which increased by 17·2% since 1990. However, diarrhoeal diseases were the leading cause of death in Somalia (186·7 deaths per 100 000 people) in 2013, which decreased by 26·9% since 1990. The leading cause of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) was ischaemic heart disease for males and lower respiratory infection for females. High blood pressure was the leading risk factor for DALYs in 2013, with an increase of 83·3% since 1990. Risk factors for DALYs varied by country. In low-income countries, childhood wasting was the leading cause of DALYs in Afghanistan, Somalia, and Yemen, whereas unsafe sex was the leading cause in Djibouti. Non-communicable risk factors were the leading cause of DALYs in high-income and middle-income countries in the region. DALY risk factors varied by age, with child and maternal malnutrition affecting the younger age groups (aged 28 days to 4 years), whereas high bodyweight and systolic blood pressure affected older people (aged 60-80 years). The proportion of DALYs attributed to high body-mass index increased from 3·7% to 7·5% between 1990 and 2013. Burden of mental health problems and drug use increased. Most increases in DALYs, especially from non-communicable diseases, were due to population growth. The crises in Egypt, Yemen, Libya, and Syria have resulted in a reduction in life expectancy; life expectancy in Syria would have been 5 years higher than that recorded for females and 6 years higher for males had the crisis not occurred., Interpretation: Our study shows that the eastern Mediterranean region is going through a crucial health phase. The Arab uprisings and the wars that followed, coupled with ageing and population growth, will have a major impact on the region's health and resources. The region has historically seen improvements in life expectancy and other health indicators, even under stress. However, the current situation will cause deteriorating health conditions for many countries and for many years and will have an impact on the region and the rest of the world. Based on our findings, we call for increased investment in health in the region in addition to reducing the conflicts., Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation., (Copyright © 2016 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY license. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
Catalog
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.