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The central tenet in PCOS is predicting the development of the development of metabolic syndrome is Insulin resistance (IR). Adipocytokines are hormones produced by adipose cells that help to regulate insulin secretion and resistance in the body. This study discusses the effect of different adipocytokines and their patterns (increased or reduced) in predicting insulin resistance in obese and lean PCOS patients. A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed which identified relevant studiesfrom 2010 to 2020. Data was analyzed using Review Manager Version (RevMan) 5.4 software. A fixed-effect model was fitted to estimate the pooled effect of adipocytokines. I2 test statistics were done to test the heterogeneity of included studies. Of 17 selected studies with 1504 participants, there is considerably lower levels of adiponectin among women with PCOS as compared with healthy controls with mean difference of −3.79 (95% CI = 3.97–3.60, I² = 73%; P = 0.005). In comparison to their healthy counterparts, leptin levels were shown to be higher in women with PCOS with mean difference of 3.64 (95% CI = 3.20–4.08, I² = 97%; P = 0.00001). Leptin concentration was shown to be directly related to IR and BMI. After controlling for BMI and age-related effects, adiponectin levels appear to be lower in women with PCOS compared to non-PCOS controls but leptin levels appear to be higher. In conclusion, increased in adipocytokines such as leptin, visfatin and chemerin predict IR among both obese and lean PCOS whereas decreased levels of zinc-alpha2 glycoprotein predict IR. Adipocytokines can be potential predictive serum biomarkers of insulin resistance (IR) in PCOS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As far as routing protocol design for self-organized wireless sensor networks is concerned, energy efficiency and energy balance are critical research topics (WSNs). The fundamental difficulty in every WSN is node die out, which causes loss of connectivity and shortens the network's lifespan. The development of low-power, scalable WSNs remains a major research challenge. The use of clustering and routing to extend the lifetime of a network, which is a significant issue in sensor networks, has been extensively researched. Routing entails numerous activities that significantly impact the network's lifetime and throughput. The clustering strategy with data aggregation on cluster heads impacts total network performance. The proposed method includes the k-medoid technique for clustering and a stochastic model of the CH selection for energy efficient green WSN. A predictive analysis of the slot scheduling model is also incorporated for further network energy conservation. Also, an improved ant colony optimization algorithm is used to find the optimal route. The proposed work is implemented in MATLAB and the results are taken in terms of packet delivery ratio (PDR), packet loss ratio (PLR), network lifetime, jitter, end-to-end delay, throughput, bit error rate (BER) and energy consumption for proposed and existing techniques. The performance matrix for proposed and existing methods is calculated with 100 nodes. The range of proposed PDR at 100 nodes is 87%, PLR at 100 nodes is 1.3%, network lifetime at 100 nodes is 5400 rounds, jitter at 100 nodes is 0.23 ms, delay at 100 nodes is 3.9, BER at 100 nodes is 2.3%, throughput at 100 nodes is 730 Mbps, and energy consumption at 100 nodes is 40 mJ. The proposed method got better performance when compared to existing techniques. This proposed work aims to achieve a high network lifetime and lesser energy consumption with higher reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nikolsky's sign has been a very useful diagnostic tool in cases of skin disorders like pemphigus, toxic epidermal necrolysis, etc., The sign is demonstrated when lateral pressure is applied on the border of an intact blister, which results in the dislodgment of the normal epidermis and extension of the blister. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is an autoimmune, potentially life-threatening disease causing blisters and erosions of the skin and mucous membranes associated with intraepithelial acantholysis. The underlying mechanism responsible for causing intraepithelial lesions is the binding of immunoglobulin G autoantibodies to desmoglein 3, a transmembrane glycoprotein adhesion molecule present on desmosomes. Histological features comprise intraepithelial cleft and Tzanck cells. Corticosteroids remain the mainstay of the treatment plan. In this article, we have discussed about the diagnosis of three patients suffering from PV, the treatment rendered, and the outcome of the same. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo discurre sobre la política y el gobierno en India incluyendo la justicia, la jerarquía y la democracia. La autora comenta sobre las ideas políticas del historiador griego Heródoto Aristóteles. Otros temas incluyen la Constitución de India, la igualdad y la compensación discriminatoria.

Se presenta una introducción al periódico. Los autores discurren sobre los temas de la edición incluyendo el nacionalismo indio, la casta en India y la modernidad.

Abstract This research work investigates the facile biosynthesis of calcium oxide nanoparticles (CaO-NPs) using pomegranate peels. The characterizations of the prepared CaO-NPs were performed with the help of UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. In this investigation, we have evaluated the antimicrobial activities of the prepared CaO-NPs against the selected bacterial viz. Escherichia coli, Bacillus sp., and Pseudomonas sp., and fungal strains viz. Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, and Arthrographis cuboidea. The result of antimicrobial activity was determined with the obtained zones of inhibition on the culture plates. The maximum antibacterial and antifungal activities (zone of inhibitions) of the biosynthesized CaO-NPs was observed to be 24.67 ± 0.5 mm and 26.67 ± 0.5 mm against the Bacillus sp., and Arthrographis cuboidea, respectively. This study has deliberated on the facile and inexpensive method to synthesize ecological CaO-NPs of appropriate structural and morphological characteristics with adequate antimicrobial characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Inflammasome-activated caspase-1 cleaves gasdermin D to unmask its pore-forming activity, the predominant consequence of which is pyroptosis. Here, we report an additional biological role for gasdermin D in limiting cytosolic DNA surveillance. Cytosolic DNA is sensed by Aim2 and cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) leading to inflammasome and type I interferon responses, respectively. We found that gasdermin D activated by the Aim2 inflammasome suppressed cGAS-driven type I interferon response to cytosolic DNA and Francisella novicida in macrophages. Similarly, interferon-β (IFN-β) response to F. novicida infection was elevated in gasdermin D-deficient mice. Gasdermin D-mediated negative regulation of IFN-β occurred in a pyroptosis-, interleukin-1 (IL-1)-, and IL-18-independent manner. Mechanistically, gasdermin D depleted intracellular potassium (K+) via membrane pores, and this K+ efflux was necessary and sufficient to inhibit cGAS-dependent IFN-β response. Thus, our findings have uncovered an additional interferon regulatory module involving gasdermin D and K+ efflux. Graphical Abstract Highlights • Inflammasome-activated gasdermin D limits type I interferon responses to cytosolic DNA • Gasdermin D targets cGAS activation to inhibit IFN-β response to cytosolic DNA • Depletion of intracellular K+ by gasdermin D is responsible for limiting cGAS signaling • K+ efflux is sufficient to inhibit cGAS-dependent type I interferon responses Gasdermin D is a pore-forming protein, which upon activation by inflammasome complexes mediates pyroptotic cell death and IL-1 release. Banerjee et al. demonstrate a previously unknown regulatory role for gasdermin D-driven K+ efflux in reining in cGAS-dependent type I interferon response to cytosolic DNA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fish industry is one of the fastest-growing industries in the world, which generates massive waste, and its unsafe disposal may pose severe health and environmental hazards. Thus, the valorization of fish waste has attracted the scientific community's attention due to its dual benefits of waste management and resource recovery. This waste has been reported as a suitable feedstock for various industrial uses such as biodiesel, biogas, animal feeds, dietary foodstuffs, food packaging, cosmetics, and catalysts. Fish waste for biodiesel production has become attractive due to its rich oil content. There are some significant limitations of using fish waste for biodiesel production, such as oil content and quality variations depending on the fish type and processing methods. Despite this, fish waste remains a promising feedstock due to the presence of more easily biodegradable organic compounds than other conventional lignocellulosic substrates. Recently, a few industries have also implemented fish oil technology for biodiesel production at a demonstration scale to establish a biorefinery. However, biodiesel production from fish wastes is challenging due to different factors, such as finding efficient and economically viable techniques to extract fish oil and transesterification. This review work has intended on the prospects and challenges of the potential of fish processing wastes to convert into biodiesel. Different extraction procedures, factors affecting transesterification, characteristics of biodiesel, and industrial opportunities have been comprehensively discussed. [Display omitted] • Fish processing waste as a feedstock for industrial perspective in biofuels. • Valorization of fish wastes for resource recovery of biodiesel and waste management. • Economical and energy-efficient techniques to extract oil from fish processing wastes. • Factors affecting the transesterification in the fish biodiesel production process. • Industrial perspective and challenges in comprehensive fish biodiesel applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work reports the synthesis of semiconductor selenium nanoparticles/micro-rods (Se-NP/MRs) using the bio-fabrication approach and studies its photocatalytic activity under natural sunlight irradiation. Cabbage leaf extract was used as a reducing agent to fabricate Se-NP/MRs. X-ray diffraction patterns shown the crystalline structure with a crystallite size of 28.17 nm, conferring to planes of hexagonal structure. A characteristic sharp resonance peak in Raman spectra at 235 cm−1 endorsed to the Se – Se bond of crystalline Se-NP/MRs. The prominent peak in the FTIR spectra at 621 cm−1 supported the formation of Se-NP/MRs. Scanning electron micrograph revealed a nearly spherical shape with irregular layers in the 35‒95 nm size range. In contrast, the dimension of the micro-rods was observed to be ~ 10 µm in length and 2.5 µm in diameter. The bandgap energy of Se-NP/MRs was analysed to be 2.14 eV using the Tauc plot. The exciting photocatalytic performance of the bio-fabricated Se-NP/MRs revealed that the methylene blue degradation was ~ 86% in 40 min and ~ 97% in 140 min. Kinetic analysis shows that the pseudo-second-order correlation coefficient is well fitted compared to the pseudo-first-order. Therefore, this work opens the door to further exploration of nano-materials/composites with mixed nanoparticles/micro-rods morphology for sustainable applications in the removal of various textile and industrial contaminants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflammasomes are cytosolic multi-molecular complexes that sense intracellular microbial danger signals and metabolic perturbations. Inflammasome activation leads to the activation of caspase-1 and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 accompanied by cell death. An inflammasome-based surveillance machinery for Gram-negative bacterial infections has been recently discovered. This noncanonical inflammasome relies on sensing the cytosolic presence of lipopolysaccharide of Gram-negative bacteria via inflammatory caspases such as caspase-4, -5, and -11. This review discusses the recent findings related to the mechanism of activation of the noncanonical inflammasome and its biological functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This research have examined the facile bio-fabrication of the rutile phase of TiO2-NPs nanoparticles using phytoconstituents of Phyllanthus emblica seeds as a reducer and stabilizers under microwave irradiations. XRD confirmed the incidence of phase with the formation of nanostructured crystals with average crystallite size ∼ 19 nm. FTIR spectra exhibited the attendance of the O–Ti–O band with a remnant of phytoconstituents. SEM and HRTEM have shown an almost spherical morphology with smooth particle surfaces in the 30–50 nm size range. The results of the antimicrobial tests were determined with the zone of inhibitions observed in the incubated culture plates. The effective zone of inhibitions were noted to be 23.33 ± 0.5, 24.67 ± 0.5, and 22.67 ± 0.5 mm against Bacillus sp., Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas sp., respectively. This research has demonstrated an inexpensive, rapid, and facile technique for the formation of rutile TiO2-NPs with suitable structural and morphology features for antimicrobial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Odontomas are the benign odontogenic tumors, usually asymptomatic and discovered incidentally during routine radiologic investigations, but sooner when infected. Complex odontomas are irregular calcified masses of dental tissues, with a disorderly arrangement, that bear no morphologic similarity to teeth. We report a case of infected unerupted complex odontoma in the posterior mandible of an adult patient with clinical and radiological features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Sensing of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the cytosol triggers caspase-11 activation and is central to host defense against Gram-negative bacterial infections and to the pathogenesis of sepsis. Most Gram-negative bacteria that activate caspase-11, however, are not cytosolic, and the mechanism by which LPS from these bacteria gains access to caspase-11 in the cytosol remains elusive. Here, we identify outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) produced by Gram-negative bacteria as a vehicle that delivers LPS into the cytosol triggering caspase-11-dependent effector responses in vitro and in vivo. OMVs are internalized via endocytosis, and LPS is released into the cytosol from early endosomes. The use of hypovesiculating bacterial mutants, compromised in their ability to generate OMVs, reveals the importance of OMVs in mediating the cytosolic localization of LPS. Collectively, these findings demonstrate a critical role for OMVs in enabling the cytosolic entry of LPS and, consequently, caspase-11 activation during Gram-negative bacterial infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]