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Las malformaciones vasculares representan un heterogéneo espectro de lesiones que suelen presentarse como un reto diagnóstico y terapéutico, por lo cual se requiere de un alto índice de sospecha clínica para llegar al diagnóstico definitivo. El síndrome Cloves es un trastorno de sobrecrecimiento poco común y de etiología genética asociada a una mutación somática activadora de PIK3CA, que forma parte de la vía de señalización intracelular PI3K-Akt-mTOR. Clínicamente, se caracteriza por un sobrecrecimiento lipomatoso congénito de cualquier parte del cuerpo (principalmente el tórax), acompañado de malformaciones vasculares y linfáticas, nevus epidermal y anomalías estructurales del sistema óseo como escoliosis y alteraciones de la columna vertebral. Actualmente el pilar terapéutico de este síndrome es la terapia con rapamicina, un inhibidor de la vía mTOR. Por su parte, el síndrome de Klippel-Trenaunay, de igual manera, es una afección vascular compleja asociada al sobrecrecimiento, resultado de mutaciones somáticas en el gen PIK3CA con presencia de traslocaciones cromosómicas y alteraciones en el gen vascular VG5Q. Como características clínicas, posee una tríada clásica compuesta por hemihipertrofia de los tejidos blandos y los huesos de una extremidad, hemangiomas cutáneos y várices en posiciones anatómicamente anormales. Las principales características distintivas de este síndrome residen en la presencia de anomalías vasculares de tipo lento, desprovistas de fístulas arteriovenosas significativas, en comparación con el síndrome Cloves. En ambos casos, la presencia de características clínicas coincidentes relacionadas con los síndromes de sobrecrecimiento con alteraciones en el gen PIK3CA pone en manifiesto el reto de un diagnóstico certero.

Copyright of Acta Comportamentalia is the property of Instituto de Psicologia y Educacion de la Universidad Veracruzana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de la Facultad de Medicina Humana is the property of Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Biomedicas de la Universidad Ricardo Palma and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Estudos Politicos is the property of Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (Revista Brasileira de Estudos Politicos) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Patologia Revista Latinoamericana is the property of Asociacion Latinoamericana de Patologia/Asociacion Mexicana de Patologia/Consejo Mexicano de Medicos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article outlines a model of proportionality analysis for the adjudication of positive constitutional economic and social rights. This model is the key for answering three questions: (i) First, to what extent constitutional courts hold the power to determine the substantive content of positive constitutional economic and social rights when the right- holders claim that their addressees have violated those rights by failing to comply with what they require? (ii) Second, how constitutional courts should ground the determination of that substantive content? (iii) Third, how constitutional courts should choose appropriate remedies when they have established a violation of one of those rights? Three distinctions are the basis of the above-mentioned proportionality model, namely, the differences: (i) between empirical and normative aspects of the adjudication of positive constitutional economic and social rights; (ii) between the level and mode of fulfillment of those rights; and (iii) between the competence of political authorities and courts to determine the appropriate level and mode of satisfaction. Using some elements of Wittgenstein methodology of family resemblance, this article adjusts the structure of proportionality analysis, which courts apply to adjudicate freedoms, and incorporates elements drawn from those three distinctions. The outcome is an analysis suitable for the specificities of the adjudication of positive economic and social rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research / Revue Canadienne de Recherche Vétérinaire is the property of Canadian Veterinary Medical Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

International investment law faces five core legitimacy challenges: the state-dependency challenge, the human and constitutional rights challenge, the equality challenge, the standard of protection challenge, and the investor state dispute settlement system challenge. This Article endorses the claim that constitutional courts can contribute to the solution of those legitimacy challenges when they exercise the power to review the constitutionality of international investment treaties. From a transformative perspective, constitutional courts of host states can: (i) create public deliberation and raise awareness concerning the legitimacy challenges of international investment law; (ii) grant equal treatment to national and foreign investors; (iii) require governments to negotiate balanced and less open-textured provisions in international investment treaties; (iv) safeguard the protection of human and constitutional rights, and other common goods; and (v) raise due process, predictability, transparency, and proportionality standards concerning the investor state dispute settlement system. These judicial undertakings can strengthen the bargaining power of host executive branch authorities in the negotiation of international investment treaties and can narrow down the space of discretion of international investment arbitral tribunals. Both outcomes could render international investment treatises' creation and enforcement more legitimate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Medica del IMSS is the property of Direccion de Prestaciones Medicas - IMSS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)