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1. Opportunities Lost? Evolutionary Causes and Ecological Consequences of the Absence of Trehalose Digestion in Birds

Author

Antonio Brun, Yocelyn Gutiérrez-Guerrero, Melisa E. Magallanes, Enrique Caviedes-Vidal, William H. Karasov, and Carlos Martínez del Rio

Subjects
Birds, Proteomics, Physiology, Vertebrates, Animals, Trehalose, Digestion, Animal Science and Zoology, Trehalase, Biochemistry
Abstract

Trehalose is a nonreducing disaccharide that is a primary storage and energy source in prokaryotes, yeasts, fungi, and invertebrates. Vertebrates digest trehalose with the intestinal brush border membrane (BBM) enzyme trehalase. Intestinal trehalase activity is reported to be either very low or absent in several bird species. We assayed trehalase activity in 19 avian species, used proteomic analysis to quantify its abundance in the intestinal BBM, and used analyses of available genomes to detect the presence of the gene that codes for trehalase (

Published
2022

2. Rapid genome functional annotation pipeline anchored to the House sparrow (Passer domesticus, Linnaeus 1758) genome reannotation

Author

Melisa Eliana Magallanes-Alba, Agustín Barricalla, Natalia Rego, Antonio Brun, William H. Karasov, and Enrique Caviedes-Vidal

Abstract

House sparrow (Passer domesticus) is an important avian model for both laboratory and field-based studies of evolutionary genetics, development, neurobiology, physiology, behavior, and ecology. The current annotation of theP. domesticusgenome is available at Ensembl Rapid Release site, which currently only focuses on gene set building. Here, we provide the first functional reannotation of theP. domesticusgenome based on enrichment with intestinal Illumina RNA-Seq libraries. This revised annotation describes 38592 transcripts, compared to 23574 currently for Ensembl, and 14717 predicted protein-coding genes, with 96.4% complete Passeriformes lineage BUSCOs. A key improvement in this revised annotation is the definition of untranslated region (UTR) sequences, with 82.7% and 93.8% of transcripts containing 5’ and 3’ UTRs, respectively. Our reannotation highlights the benefits to genome annotation improvement when additional specific RNA-Seq data is available for analysis and rapid data throughput (>200 Mb h−1) is used.

Published
2023

3. A Fast and Accurate Method to Identify and Quantify Enzymes in Brush-Border Membranes: In Situ Hydrolysis Followed by Nano LC-MS/MS

Author

Antonio Brun, Melisa E. Magallanes, Carlos Martínez del Rio, Gregory A. Barrett-Wilt, William H. Karasov, and Enrique Caviedes-Vidal

Subjects
α-glucosidase, polyacrylamide gels, detection, proteomics, activity, Biology (General), QH301-705.5
Abstract

A simple method for the identification of brush-border membrane α-glucosidases is described. The proteins were first solubilized and separated in a gel under native, non-denaturing, conditions. The gel was then incubated in substrate solutions (maltose or sucrose), and the product (glucose) exposed in situ by the oxidation of o-dianisidine, which yields a brown-orange color. Nano-liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry analyses of proteins (nano LC-MS/MS) present in the colored bands excised from the gels, was used to confirm the presence of the enzymes. The stain is inexpensive and the procedure permits testing several substrates in the same gel. Once enzymes are identified, their abundance, relative to that of other proteins in the brush border, can be semi-quantified using nano LC-MS/MS.

Published
2020
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4. Duplications and Functional Convergence of Intestinal Carbohydrate-Digesting Enzymes

Author

Enrique Caviedes-Vidal, Carlos Martínez del Rio, Maude W. Baldwin, Antonio Brun, Daniel Mendez-Aranda, William H. Karasov, and Melisa E Magallanes

Subjects
CARBOHYDRATE DIGESTION, Dietary diversity, Starch digestion, FUNCTIONAL CONVERGENCE, purl.org/becyt/ford/1 [https], Evolution, Molecular, Songbirds, Sucrase, Mice, Enzyme system, Gene Duplication, biology.animal, Genetics, Animals, PHYSIOLOGY, purl.org/becyt/ford/1.6 [https], Molecular Biology, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, GENE DUPLICATIONS, SUCRASE, chemistry.chemical_classification, biology, Vertebrate, alpha-Glucosidases, Carbohydrate, EVOLUTION, Rats, Enzyme, chemistry, Evolutionary biology, Vertebrates, Digestive enzyme, biology.protein, Carbohydrate Metabolism, Chickens
Abstract

Vertebrate diets and digestive physiologies vary tremendously. Although the contribution of ecological and behavioral features to such diversity is well documented, the roles and identities of individual intestinal enzymes shaping digestive traits remain largely unexplored. Here, we show that the sucrase-isomaltase (SI)/maltase-glucoamylase (MGAM) dual enzyme system long assumed to be the conserved disaccharide and starch digestion framework in all vertebrates is absent in many lineages. Our analyses indicate that independent duplications of an ancestral SI gave rise to the mammalianspecific MGAM, as well as to other duplicates in fish and birds. Strikingly, the duplicated avian enzyme exhibits similar activities to MGAM, revealing an unexpected case of functional convergence. Our results highlight digestive enzyme variation as a key uncharacterized component of dietary diversity in vertebrates. Fil: Brun, Antonio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis; Argentina Fil: Mendez Aranda, Daniel. Max Planck Institute für Ornithologie; Alemania Fil: Magallanes Alba, Melisa Eliana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis; Argentina Fil: Karasov, William H.. University of Wisconsin; Estados Unidos Fil: Martínez del Rio, Carlos. University of Wyoming; Estados Unidos Fil: Baldwin, Maude W.. Max Planck Institute für Ornithologie; Alemania Fil: Caviedes Vidal, Enrique Juan Raul. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis; Argentina

Published
2020

5. NMR-Based Identification of Metabolites in Polar and Non-Polar Extracts of Avian Liver

Author

Fariba Fathi, Antonio Brun, Katherine H. Rott, Paulo Falco Cobra, Marco Tonelli, Hamid R. Eghbalnia, Enrique Caviedes-Vidal, William H. Karasov, and John L. Markley

Subjects
NMR spectroscopy, liver tissue, extraction protocol, metabolite identification by NMR, diet, effect of on liver metabolites, Microbiology, QR1-502
Abstract

Metabolites present in liver provide important clues regarding the physiological state of an organism. The aim of this work was to evaluate a protocol for high-throughput NMR-based analysis of polar and non-polar metabolites from a small quantity of liver tissue. We extracted the tissue with a methanol/chloroform/water mixture and isolated the polar metabolites from the methanol/water layer and the non-polar metabolites from the chloroform layer. Following drying, we re-solubilized the fractions for analysis with a 600 MHz NMR spectrometer equipped with a 1.7 mm cryogenic probe. In order to evaluate the feasibility of this protocol for metabolomics studies, we analyzed the metabolic profile of livers from house sparrow (Passer domesticus) nestlings raised on two different diets: livers from 10 nestlings raised on a high protein diet (HP) for 4 d and livers from 12 nestlings raised on the HP diet for 3 d and then switched to a high carbohydrate diet (HC) for 1 d. The protocol enabled the detection of 52 polar and nine non-polar metabolites in 1H NMR spectra of the extracts. We analyzed the lipophilic metabolites by one-way ANOVA to assess statistically significant concentration differences between the two groups. The results of our studies demonstrate that the protocol described here can be exploited for high-throughput screening of small quantities of liver tissue (approx. 100 mg wet mass) obtainable from small animals.

Published
2017
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6. Rapid and parallel changes in activity and mRNA of intestinal peptidase to match altered dietary protein levels in juvenile house sparrows (

Author

Antonio, Brun, Melisa E, Magallanes, William H, Karasov, and Enrique, Caviedes-Vidal

Subjects
Animals, Digestion, Dietary Proteins, RNA, Messenger, Sparrows, Peptide Hydrolases
Abstract

Although dietary flexibility in digestive enzyme activity (i.e. reaction rate) is widespread in vertebrates, mechanisms are poorly understood. When laboratory rats are switched to a higher protein diet, the activities of apical intestinal peptidases increase within 15 h, in some cases by rapid increase in enzyme transcription followed by rapid translation and translocation to the intestine's apical, brush-border membrane (BBM). Focusing on aminopeptidase-N (APN), we studied intestinal digestive enzyme flexibility in birds, relying on activity and mRNA data from the same animals. Our model was nestling house sparrows (

Published
2020

7. Small intestinal epithelial permeability to water‐soluble nutrients higher in passerine birds than in rodents

Author

Antonio Brun, Enrique Caviedes-Vidal, William H. Karasov, and Cintia Garro

Subjects
030110 physiology, 0301 basic medicine, Proline, Rodent, Otras Ciencias Biológicas, Zoology, Permeability, Intestinal absorption, WATER-SOLUBLE NUTRIENTS, Ciencias Biológicas, INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, Mice, 03 medical and health sciences, Species Specificity, Food Animals, biology.animal, medicine, RODENTS, Animals, Passeriformes, Intestinal Mucosa, Transcellular, INTESTINAL PERFUSION, Intestinal permeability, BIRDS, L-ARABINOSE, biology, Biological Transport, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Arabinose, PARACELLULAR PATHWAY, Passerine, Small intestine, 030104 developmental biology, medicine.anatomical_structure, Paracellular transport, 3-O-Methylglucose, Animal Science and Zoology, Gerbillinae, CIENCIAS NATURALES Y EXACTAS, Taeniopygia
Abstract

In the small intestine transcellular and paracellular pathways are implicated in water-soluble nutrient absorption. In small birds the paracellular pathway is quantitatively important while transcellular pathway is much more important in terrestrial mammals. However, there is not a clear understanding of the mechanistic underpinnings of the differences among taxa. This study was aimed to test the hypothesis that paracellular permeability in perfused intestinal segments is higher in passerine birds than rodents. We performed in situ intestinal perfusions on individuals of three species of passerine birds (Passer domesticus, Taeniopygia guttata and Furnarius rufus) and two species of rodents (Mus musculus and Meriones ungiculatus). Using radio-labelled molecules, we measured the uptake of two nutrients absorbed by paracellular and transcellular pathways (L-proline and 3–O–methyl–D-glucose) and one carbohydrate that has no mediated transport (L-arabinose). Birds exhibited ~2 to ~3 times higher L-arabinose clearance per cm2 epithelium than rodents. Moreover, paracellular absorption accounted for proportionally more of 3–O–methyl–D-glucose and L-proline absorption in birds than in rodents. These differences could be explained by differences in intestinal permeability and not by other factors such as increased retention time or higher intestinal nominal surface area. Furthermore, analysis of our results and all other existing data on birds, bats and rodents shows that insectivorous species (one bird, two bats and a rodent) had only 30% of the clearance of L-arabinose of non-insectivorous species. This result may be explained by weaker natural selection for high paracellular permeability in animal- than in plant-consumers. Animal-consumers absorb less sugar and more amino acids, whose smaller molecular size allow them to traverse the paracellular pathway more extensively and faster than glucose. Fil: Garro, Cintia Araceli. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Humanas. Laboratorio de Biología "Profesor Enrique Cavides Codelia"; Argentina Fil: Brun, Antonio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Humanas. Laboratorio de Biología "Profesor Enrique Cavides Codelia"; Argentina. University of Wisconsin; Estados Unidos Fil: Karasov, William. University of Wisconsin; Estados Unidos Fil: Caviedes Vidal, Enrique Juan Raul. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Humanas. Laboratorio de Biología "Profesor Enrique Cavides Codelia"; Argentina

Published
2018

8. Gut microbes limit growth in house sparrow nestlings (Passer domesticus) but not through limitations in digestive capacity

Author

Seth R. Bordenstein, Antonio Brun, Enrique Caviedes-Vidal, Kevin D. Kohl, and William H. Karasov

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Aging, 030106 microbiology, HOST-MICROBE INTERACTIONS, Biology, Gut flora, antibiotics, host‐microbe interactions, Ciencias Biológicas, purl.org/becyt/ford/1 [https], 03 medical and health sciences, Biología Celular, Microbiología, biology.animal, Animals, Juvenile, purl.org/becyt/ford/1.6 [https], MALTASE, FOOD CONVERSION EFFICIENCY, Sparrow, gut microbiota, food conversion efficiency, Ecology, Host (biology), GUT MICROBIOTA, maltase, Original Articles, Zoología, Ornitología, Entomología, Etología, biology.organism_classification, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Diet, Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Gastrointestinal Tract, Altricial, 030104 developmental biology, Original Article, Digestion, Animal Science and Zoology, Maltase, ANTIBIOTICS, Sparrows, CIENCIAS NATURALES Y EXACTAS, Fitness cost
Abstract

Recent research often lauds the services and beneficial effects of host-associated microbes on animals. However, hosting these microbes may come at a cost. For example, germ-free and antibiotic-treated birds generally grow faster than their conventional counterparts. In the wild, juvenile body size is correlated with survival, so hosting a microbiota may incur a fitness cost. Avian altricial nestlings represent an interesting study system in which to investigate these interactions, given that they exhibit the fastest growth rates among vertebrates, and growth is limited by their digestive capacity. We investigated whether reduction and restructuring of the microbiota by antibiotic treatment would: (i) increase growth and food conversion efficiency in nestling house sparrows (Passer domesticus); (ii) alter aspects of gut anatomy or function (particularly activities of digestive carbohydrases and their regulation in response to dietary change); and (iii) whether there were correlations between relative abundances of microbial taxa, digestive function and nestling growth. Antibiotic treatment significantly increased growth and food conversion efficiency in nestlings. Antibiotics did not alter aspects of gut anatomy that we considered but depressed intestinal maltase activity. There were no significant correlations between abundances of microbial taxa and aspects of host physiology. Overall, we conclude that microbial-induced growth limitation in developing birds is not driven by interactions with digestive capacity. Rather, decreased energetic and material costs of immune function or beneficial effects from microbes enriched under antibiotic treatment may underlie these effects. Understanding the costs and tradeoffs of hosting gut microbial communities represents an avenue of future research. Fil: Kohl, Kevin. Vanderbilt University; Estados Unidos. University of Pittsburgh; Estados Unidos Fil: Brun, Antonio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. University of Wisconsin; Estados Unidos Fil: Bordenstein, Seth R.. Vanderbilt University; Estados Unidos Fil: Caviedes Vidal, Enrique Juan Raul. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis; Argentina Fil: Karasov, William. University of Wisconsin; Estados Unidos

Published
2018

9. Morphological bases for intestinal paracellular absorption in bats and rodents

Author

Manuel N. Gontero-Fourcade, Lucas A. Nell, Alexandre Castellar, Enrique Caviedes-Vidal, Guido Fernández Marinone, Beatriz Venturoso Simões, William H. Karasov, Ariovaldo P. Cruz-Neto, Edwin R. Price, and Antonio Brun

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Absorption (pharmacology), Rodent, Enterocyte, SMALL INTESTINE SURFACE AREA, Zoology, Rodentia, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Ciencias Biológicas, 03 medical and health sciences, Chiroptera, biology.animal, Intestine, Small, NUTRIENT ABSORPTION, medicine, Animals, RODENTS, Transcellular, biology, Tight junction, ENTEROCYTES, Body Weight, Zoología, Ornitología, Entomología, Etología, Arabinose, Small intestine, Diet, Intestines, Enterocytes, 030104 developmental biology, medicine.anatomical_structure, Intestinal Absorption, Paracellular transport, Nutrient absorption, BATS, Animal Science and Zoology, CIENCIAS NATURALES Y EXACTAS, Developmental Biology
Abstract

Flying mammals present unique intestinal adaptations, such as lower intestinal surface area than nonflying mammals, and they compensate for this with higher paracellular absorption of glucose. There is no consensus about the mechanistic bases for this physiological phenomenon. The surface area of the small intestine is a key determinant of the absorptive capacity by both the transcellular and the paracellular pathways; thus, information about intestinal surface area and micro‐anatomical structure can help explain differences among species in absorptive capacity. In order to elucidate a possible mechanism for the high paracellular nutrient absorption in bats, we performed a comparative analysis of intestinal villi architecture and enterocyte size and number in microchiropterans and rodents. We collected data from intestines of six bat species and five rodent species using hematoxylin and eosin staining and histological measurements. For the analysis we added measurements from published studies employing similar methodology, making in total a comparison of nine species each of rodents and bats. Bats presented shorter intestines than rodents. After correction for body size differences, bats had ~41% less nominal surface area (NSA) than rodents. Villous enhancement of surface area (SEF) was ~64% greater in bats than in rodents, mainly because of longer villi and a greater density of villi in bat intestines. Both taxa exhibited similar enterocyte diameter. Bats exceeded rodents by ~103% in enterocyte density per cm2 NSA, but they do not significantly differ in total number of enterocytes per whole animal. In addition, there is a correlation between SEF and clearance per cm2 NSA of L‐arabinose, a nonactively transported paracellular probe. We infer that an increased enterocyte density per cm2 NSA corresponds to increased density of tight junctions per cm2 NSA, which provides a partial mechanistic explanation for understanding the high paracellular absorption observed in bats compared to nonflying mammals. Fil: Brun, Antonio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis; Argentina. University of Wisconsin; Estados Unidos Fil: Fernández Marinone, Guido. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia; Argentina Fil: Price, Edwin R.. University of North Texas; Estados Unidos Fil: Nell, Lucas A.. University of Wisconsin; Estados Unidos Fil: Simões, Beatriz M. V.. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasil Fil: Castellar, Alexandre. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasil Fil: Gontero Fourcade, Manuel Nicolas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia; Argentina Fil: Cruz-Neto, Ariovaldo P.. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasil Fil: Karasov, William. University of Wisconsin; Estados Unidos Fil: Caviedes Vidal, Enrique Juan Raul. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia; Argentina

Published
2019

10. Age‐related changes in the gut microbiota of wild House Sparrow nestlings

Author

Kevin D. Kohl, William H. Karasov, Antonio Brun, and Enrique Caviedes-Vidal

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, PASSER DOMESTICUS, Sparrow, HOST-MICROBE INTERACTIONS, Zoology, Zoología, Ornitología, Entomología, Etología, Biology, Gut flora, biology.organism_classification, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, 010605 ornithology, Ciencias Biológicas, AVIAN, MICROBIOME, BIRD, Age related, biology.animal, Animal Science and Zoology, Microbiome, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, CIENCIAS NATURALES Y EXACTAS
Abstract

Here, we document the development of the House Sparrow Passer domesticus gut microbiota for the benefit of future ecological and evolutionary studies in this widely used avian system. We collected and inventoried luminal and mucosal samples from the distal guts of nestling House Sparrows between 3 and 12 days of age, and also collected similar samples from adult birds. Luminal bacterial community membership and structure differed significantly between nestlings and adults. The relative abundance of Proteobacteria in the lumen decreased around day 9, whereas the relative abundance of Firmicutes increased, demonstrating age‐related changes in the microbiota of House Sparrows. Fil: Kohl, Kevin. Vanderbilt University; Estados Unidos. University of Pittsburgh; Estados Unidos Fil: Brun, Antonio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis; Argentina. University of Wisconsin; Estados Unidos Fil: Caviedes Vidal, Enrique Juan Raul. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia. Departamento de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis; Argentina Fil: Karasov, William. University of Wisconsin; Estados Unidos

Published
2019

11. Aminopeptidase activity is related to the amino acids composition of the food in passerine birds

Author

Antonio Brun, Cintia Garro, and Enrique Juan Raul Caviedes Vidal

Subjects
2. Zero hunger, 0106 biological sciences, chemistry.chemical_classification, biology, BIRDS, PASSERINE, Otras Ciencias Biológicas, AMINOPEPTIDASE, Zoology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Aminopeptidase, Passerine, 010605 ornithology, Amino acid, purl.org/becyt/ford/1 [https], Ciencias Biológicas, chemistry, AMINO ACIDS, biology.animal, purl.org/becyt/ford/1.6 [https], CIENCIAS NATURALES Y EXACTAS
Abstract

Background. Passerine birds exploit different kinds of feeding habits and they have to face seasonal changes in food availability. Therefore, the composition of the principal nutrient in their food differs from the usual. In consequence the digestive function ? enzyme hydrolysis and absorption ? have to adapt to these nutrients. These changes in digestive physiology could respond to the adaptive modulation hypothesis which postulated that the activities of digestive enzymes should match the levels of their substrates in their diet so energy is not wasted on enzymes that are no need. Thus, we decide to measure intestinal enzymes activities of two species of passerine birds that differ in natural diet. Overall we hypothesized that species with different feeding habits present enzyme activity according to the mainly component of the diet (e.g., carbohydrates, proteins). Our prediction is that the individuals will present enzyme activity proportionally to the primary components of the diets. Methods. We select for study: red ovenbirds (Furnarius rufus), which are strict insectivores and zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata), which are specialist granivores. We complete the analysis with publish data for house sparrows (Passser domesticus) feed on high starch from the literature. To examine intestinal enzyme activities, we measured the activity of two disaccharidases (sucrase-isomaltase and maltase-glucoamilase) and one dipeptidase (aminopeptidase-N).Results. The average intestinal activity of sucrase shows that the omnivorous P. domesticus presents almost 4 times more activity than the granivorous T. guttata and more than 11 times than the insectivorous F. rufus. This difference is also reflected in the total sucrase hydrolytic capacity where P. domesticus has roughly 10 times more than the other two birds. Surprisingly in F. rufus we found maltase and aminopeptidase activity while sucrase activity was close to zero. In the case of the average activity of maltase for the omnivorous P. domesticus is approximately 40 % more than the granivorous T. guttata and more than 5 times than the insectivorous F. rufus. Although the total maltase hydrolytic capacity of P. domesticus is 5 times more than T. guttata and F. rufus. The average of aminopeptidase-N activity for F. rufus and T. guttata almost doubled the P. domesticus ones. Also F. rufus roughly doubles the other two birds in total aminopeptidase hydrolytic capacity.Discussion. This study has shown that exist a relationship between the levels of amino acids in the diet and the total aminopeptidase capacity, but in the case of carbohydrates this relationship is not evident. Fil: Garro, Cintia Araceli. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis; Argentina Fil: Brun, Antonio. University of Wisconsin; Estados Unidos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Caviedes Vidal, Enrique Juan Raul. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis; Argentina

Published
2017
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12. Gut microbial ecology of lizards: insights into diversity in the wild, effects of captivity, variation across gut regions and transmission

Author

Joshua Brinkerhoff, Antonio Brun, Melisa E Magallanes, Alejandro Laspiur, Enrique Caviedes-Vidal, Juan Carlos Acosta, Seth R. Bordenstein, and Kevin D. Kohl

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Ecology (disciplines), Otras Ciencias Biológicas, 030106 microbiology, HOST-MICROBE INTERACTIONS, Captivity, Zoology, CAPTIVITY, Gut flora, Ciencias Biológicas, 03 medical and health sciences, Feces, Microbial ecology, biology.animal, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Genetics, Animals, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Herbivore, biology, Bacteria, Lizard, Ecology, Microbiota, GUT MICROBIOTA, Lizards, Liolaemus, biology.organism_classification, Gastrointestinal Tract, REPTILES, Omnivore, CIENCIAS NATURALES Y EXACTAS
Abstract

Animals maintain complex associations with a diverse microbiota living in their guts. Our understanding of the ecology of these associations is extremely limited in reptiles. Here, we report an in-depth study into the microbial ecology of gut communities in three syntopic and viviparous lizard species (two omnivores: Liolaemus parvus and Liolaemus ruibali and an herbivore: Phymaturus williamsi). Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing to inventory various bacterial communities, we elucidate four major findings: (i) closely related lizard species harbour distinct gut bacterial microbiota that remain distinguishable in captivity; a considerable portion of gut bacterial diversity (39.1%) in nature overlap with that found on plant material, (ii) captivity changes bacterial community composition, although host-specific communities are retained, (iii) faecal samples are largely representative of the hindgut bacterial community and thus represent acceptable sources for nondestructive sampling, and (iv) lizards born in captivity and separated from their mothers within 24 h shared 34.3% of their gut bacterial diversity with their mothers, suggestive of maternal or environmental transmission.Each of these findings represents the first time such a topic has been investigated in lizard hosts. Taken together, our findings provide a foundation for comparative analyses of the faecal and gastrointestinal microbiota of reptile hosts. Fil: Kohl, Kevin D. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis; Argentina. Vanderbilt University; Estados Unidos Fil: Brun, Antonio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis; Argentina Fil: Magallanes Alba, Melisa Eliana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis; Argentina Fil: Brinkerhoff, Joshua. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis; Argentina Fil: Laspiur, Julio Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Juan. Centro de Investigaciones de la Geosfera y Biosfera. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Centro de Investigaciones de la Geosfera y Biosfera; Argentina Fil: Acosta, Juan Carlos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Juan. Centro de Investigaciones de la Geosfera y Biosfera. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Centro de Investigaciones de la Geosfera y Biosfera; Argentina Fil: Caviedes Vidal, Enrique Juan Raul. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis; Argentina Fil: Bordenstein, Seth R.. Vanderbilt University; Estados Unidos

Published
2017

13. Physiological and microbial adjustments to diet quality permit facultative herbivory in an omnivorous lizard

Author

Antonio Brun, Juan Carlos Acosta, Kevin D. Kohl, Joshua Brinkerhoff, Melisa E Magallanes, Enrique Caviedes-Vidal, Alejandro Laspiur, and Seth R. Bordenstein

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Male, Physiology, Nitrogen, Otras Ciencias Biológicas, HOST-MICROBE INTERACTIONS, Context (language use), PHENOTYPIC FLEXIBILITY, Aquatic Science, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, GUT MICROBIOME, Ciencias Biológicas, purl.org/becyt/ford/1 [https], 03 medical and health sciences, DIGESTION, Digestive System Physiological Phenomena, biology.animal, parasitic diseases, PLANT-ANIMAL INTERACTIONS, Animals, Herbivory, purl.org/becyt/ford/1.6 [https], Molecular Biology, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Facultative, Herbivore, biology, Lizard, Ecology, Vertebrate, Lizards, Diet, Gastrointestinal Microbiome, 030104 developmental biology, Microbial population biology, Insect Science, Animal Science and Zoology, Female, sense organs, Omnivore, Digestion, CIENCIAS NATURALES Y EXACTAS
Abstract

While herbivory is a common feeding strategy in a number of vertebrate classes, less than 4% of squamate reptiles feed primarily on plant material. It has been hypothesized that physiological or microbial limitations may constrain the evolution of herbivory in lizards. Herbivorous lizards exhibit adaptations in digestive morphology and function that allow them to better assimilate plant material. However, it is unknown whether these traits are fixed or perhaps phenotypically flexible as a result of diet. Here, we maintained a naturally omnivorous lizard, Liolaemus ruibali, on a mixed diet of 50% insects and 50% plant material, or a plant-rich diet of 90% plant material. We compared parameters of digestive performance, gut morphology and function, and gut microbial community structure between the two groups. We found that lizards fed the plant-rich diet maintained nitrogen balance and exhibited low minimum nitrogen requirements. Additionally, lizards fed the plantrich diet exhibited significantly longer small intestines and larger hindguts, demonstrating that gut morphology is phenotypically flexible. Lizards fed the plant-rich diet harbored small intestinal communities that were more diverse and enriched in Melainabacteria and Oscillospira compared with mixed diet-fed lizards. Additionally, the relative abundance of sulfate-reducing bacteria in the small intestine significantly correlated with whole-animal fiber digestibility. Thus, we suggest that physiological and microbial limitations do not sensu stricto constrain the evolution of herbivory in lizards. Rather, ecological context and fitness consequences may be more important in driving the evolution of this feeding strategy. Fil: Kohl, Kevin. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia. Departamento de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas; Argentina. Vanderbilt University; Estados Unidos Fil: Brun, Antonio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia. Departamento de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas; Argentina Fil: Magallanes Alba, Melisa Eliana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia. Departamento de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas; Argentina Fil: Brinkerhoff, Joshua. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia. Departamento de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas; Argentina Fil: Laspiur, Julio Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Juan; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Departamento de Biología; Argentina Fil: Acosta, Juan Carlos. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Departamento de Biología; Argentina Fil: Bordenstein, Seth R.. Vanderbilt University; Estados Unidos Fil: Caviedes Vidal, Enrique Juan Raul. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia. Departamento de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas; Argentina

Published
2016

14. Intestinal water absorption varies with expected dietary water load among bats but does not drive paracellular nutrient absorption

Author

Antonio Brun, Enrique Caviedes-Vidal, Edwin R. Price, Ariovaldo P. Cruz-Neto, William H. Karasov, Guido Fernández-Marinone, Manuel N. Gontero-Fourcade, University of Wisconsin, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Univ Wisconsin, Univ Nacl San Luis, Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, and Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)

Subjects
Absorption (pharmacology), Absorption of water, Physiology, Desmodus rotundus, Biochemistry, Solvent Drag, Intestinal absorption, Animal science, Nutrient, Species Specificity, Chiroptera, Animals, Water content, Gastric Absorption, Vampire, biology, digestive, oral, and skin physiology, Stomach, Water, biology.organism_classification, Arabinose, Diet, Intestines, Intestinal Absorption, Flight, CIENCIAS AGRÍCOLAS, Paracellular transport, Water absorption, Animal Science and Zoology, Otras Ciencias Agrícolas
Abstract

Rapid absorption and elimination of dietary water should be particularly important to flying species and were predicted to vary with the water content of the natural diet. Additionally, high water absorption capacity was predicted to be associated with high paracellular nutrient absorption due to solvent drag. We compared the water absorption rates of sanguivorous, nectarivorous, frugivorous, and insectivorous bats in intestinal luminal perfusions. High water absorption rates were associated with high expected dietary water load but were not highly correlated with previously measured rates of (paracellular) arabinose clearance. In conjunction with these tests, we measured water absorption and the paracellular absorption of nutrients in the intestine and stomach of vampire bats using luminal perfusions to test the hypothesis that the unique elongated vampire stomach is a critical site of water absorption. Vampire bats’ gastric water absorption was high compared to mice but not compared to their intestines. We therefore conclude that (1) dietary water content has influenced the evolution of intestinal water absorption capacity in bats, (2) solvent drag is not the only driver of paracellular nutrient absorption, and (3) the vampire stomach is a capable but not critical location for water absorption. Fil: Price, Edwin R.. University of Wisconsin; Estados Unidos Fil: Brun, Antonio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico San Luis. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Humanas; Argentina Fil: Gontero Fourcade, Manuel Nicolas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico San Luis. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Humanas; Argentina Fil: Fernández Marinone, Guido. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico San Luis. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Humanas; Argentina Fil: Cruz Neto, Ariovaldo P.. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasil Fil: Karasov, William H.. University Of Wisconsin; Estados Unidos Fil: Caviedes Vidal, Enrique Juan Raul. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico San Luis. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Humanas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Quimica, Bioquimica y Farmacia. Departamento de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas; Argentina

Published
2015

15. Digestive adaptations of aerial lifestyles

Author

Edwin R. Price, William H. Karasov, Antonio Brun, and Enrique Caviedes-Vidal

Subjects
Mammals, Pparacellular, animal structures, Mediated, Physiology, Ecology, Otras Ciencias Biológicas, Biology, Adaptation, Physiological, Absorption, Intestine, Ciencias Biológicas, purl.org/becyt/ford/1 [https], Birds, Transporters, Paracellular transport, Nutrient absorption, Chiroptera, Intestine, Small, Animals, Humans, Digestion, purl.org/becyt/ford/1.6 [https], Life Style, CIENCIAS NATURALES Y EXACTAS
Abstract

Flying vertebrates (birds and bats) are under selective pressure to reduce the size of the gut and the mass of the digesta it carries. Compared to similar sized non-flying mammals, birds and bats have smaller intestines and shorter retention times. We review evidence that birds and bats have lower spare digestive capacity and partially compensate for smaller intestines with increased paracellular nutrient absorption. Fil: Price, Edwin. University Of Wisconsin; Estados Unidos Fil: Brun, Antonio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico San Luis. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis; Argentina Fil: Caviedes Vidal, Enrique Juan Raul. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Quimica, Bioquimica y Farmacia. Departamento de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Humanas. Laboratorio de Biología "Profesor Enrique Cavides Codelia"; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico San Luis. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis; Argentina Fil: Karasow, William H.. University Of Wisconsin; Estados Unidos

Published
2015

16. NMR-Based Identification of Metabolites in Polar and Non-Polar Extracts of Avian Liver

Author

William H. Karasov, Fariba Fathi, Katherine H. Rott, Enrique Caviedes-Vidal, Paulo Falco Cobra, Marco Tonelli, Hamid R. Eghbalnia, John L. Markley, and Antonio Brun

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, lcsh:QR1-502, EXTRACTION PROTOCOL, Biology, Biochemistry, lcsh:Microbiology, DIET, purl.org/becyt/ford/1 [https], 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, EFFECT OF ON LIVER METABOLITES, NMR spectroscopy, Metabolomics, extraction protocol, Liver tissue, purl.org/becyt/ford/1.4 [https], Molecular Biology, diet, effect of on liver metabolites, liver tissue, Chloroform, Chromatography, Otras Ciencias Químicas, Communication, LIVER TISSUE, Ciencias Químicas, Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Carbohydrate, NMR SPECTROSCOPY, 030104 developmental biology, chemistry, Proton NMR, Polar, Methanol, METABOLITE IDENTIFICATION BY NMR, metabolite identification by NMR, CIENCIAS NATURALES Y EXACTAS
Abstract

Metabolites present in liver provide important clues regarding the physiological state of an organism. The aim of this work was to evaluate a protocol for high-throughput NMR-based analysis of polar and non-polar metabolites from a small quantity of liver tissue. We extracted the tissue with a methanol/chloroform/water mixture and isolated the polar metabolites from the methanol/water layer and the non-polar metabolites from the chloroform layer. Following drying, we re-solubilized the fractions for analysis with a 600 MHz NMR spectrometer equipped with a 1.7 mm cryogenic probe. In order to evaluate the feasibility of this protocol for metabolomics studies, we analyzed the metabolic profile of livers from house sparrow (Passer domesticus) nestlings raised on two different diets: livers from 10 nestlings raised on a high protein diet (HP) for 4 d and livers from 12 nestlings raised on the HP diet for 3 d and then switched to a high carbohydrate diet (HC) for 1 d. The protocol enabled the detection of 52 polar and nine non-polar metabolites in 1H NMR spectra of the extracts. We analyzed the lipophilic metabolites by one-way ANOVA to assess statistically significant concentration differences between the two groups. The results of our studies demonstrate that the protocol described here can be exploited for high-throughput screening of small quantities of liver tissue (approx. 100 mg wet mass) obtainable from small animals. Fil: Fathi, Fariba. University of Wisconsin; Estados Unidos Fil: Brun, Antonio. University of Wisconsin; Estados Unidos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Rott, Katherine H.. University of Wisconsin; Estados Unidos Fil: Cobra, Paulo Falco. University of Wisconsin; Estados Unidos Fil: Tonelli, Marco. University of Wisconsin; Estados Unidos Fil: Eghbalnia, Hamid R.. University of Wisconsin; Estados Unidos Fil: Caviedes Vidal, Enrique Juan Raul. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis; Argentina Fil: Karasov, William. University of Wisconsin; Estados Unidos Fil: Markley, John L.. University of Wisconsin; Estados Unidos

Published
2017

17. Rapid genome functional annotation pipeline anchored to the house sparrow (Passer domesticus, Linnaeus 1758) genome reannotation.

Author

Magallanes-Alba, Melisa Eliana, Baricalla, Agustín, Rego, Natalia, Brun, Antonio, Karasov, William H, and Caviedes-Vidal, Enrique

Subjects
BIOLOGICAL research, RNA sequencing, NEUROBIOLOGY, PHYSIOLOGY, GENOMES
Abstract

The house sparrow (Passer domesticus) is a valuable avian model for studying evolutionary genetics, development, neurobiology, physiology, behavior, and ecology, both in laboratory and field-based settings. The current annotation of the P. domesticus genome available at the Ensembl Rapid Release site is primarily focused on gene set building and lacks functional information. In this study, we present the first comprehensive functional reannotation of the P. domesticus genome using intestinal Illumina RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) libraries. Our revised annotation provides an expanded view of the genome, encompassing 38592 transcripts compared to the current 23574 transcripts in Ensembl. We also predicted 14717 protein-coding genes, achieving 96.4% completeness for Passeriformes lineage BUSCOs. A substantial improvement in this reannotation is the accurate delineation of untranslated region (UTR) sequences. We identified 82.7% and 93.8% of the transcripts containing 5′- and 3′-UTRs, respectively. These UTR annotations are crucial for understanding post-transcriptional regulatory processes. Our findings underscore the advantages of incorporating additional specific RNA-Seq data into genome annotation, particularly when leveraging fast and efficient data processing capabilities. This functional reannotation enhances our understanding of the P. domesticus genome, providing valuable resources for future investigations in various research fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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18. The impact of 2020 French municipal elections on the spread of COVID-19.

Author

Cassan, Guilhem and Sangnier, Marc

Subjects
LOCAL elections, VOTER turnout, COVID-19, COVID-19 pandemic, ELECTIONS
Abstract

Soon after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the French government decided to still hold the first round of the 2020 municipal elections as scheduled on March 15. What was the impact of these elections on the spread of COVID-19 in France? Answering this question leads to intricate econometric issues as omitted variables may drive both epidemiological dynamics and electoral turnout, and as a national lockdown was imposed at almost the same time as the elections. In order to disentangle the effect of the elections from that of confounding factors, we first predict each department's epidemiological dynamics using information up to the election. We then take advantage of differences in electoral turnout across departments to identify the impact of the election on prediction errors in hospitalizations. We report a detrimental effect of the first round of the election on hospitalizations in locations that were already at relatively advanced stages of the epidemic. Estimates suggest that the elections accounted for at least 3,000 hospitalizations, or 11% of all hospitalizations by the end of March. Given the sizable health cost of holding elections during an epidemic, promoting ways of voting that reduce exposure to COVID-19 is key until the pandemic shows signs of abating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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20. Dietary adaptation to high starch involves increased relative abundance of sucrase-isomaltase and its mRNA in nestling house sparrows.

Author

Brun, Antonio, Magallanes, Melisa E., Barrett-Wilt, Gregory A., Karasov, William H., and Caviedes-Vidal, Enrique

Abstract

Dietary flexibility in digestive enzyme activity is widespread in vertebrates but mechanisms are poorly understood. When laboratory rats are switched to a higher carbohydrate diet, the activities of the apical intestinal α-glucosidases (AGs) increase within 6– 12 h, mainly by rapid increase in enzyme transcription, followed by rapid translation and translocation to the intestine’s apical, brush-border membrane (BBM). We performed the first unified study of the overall process in birds, relying on activity, proteomic, and transcriptomic data from the same animals. Our avian model was nestling house sparrows (Passer domesticus), which switch naturally from a low-starch insect diet to a higher starch seed diet and in whom the protein sucrase-isomaltase (SI) is responsible for all maltase and sucrase intestinal activities. Twenty-four hours after the switch to a high-starch diet, SI activity was increased but not at 12 h post diet switch. SI was the only hydrolase increased in the BBM, and its relative abundance and activity were positively correlated. Twenty-four hours after a reverse switch back to the lower starch diet, SI activity was decreased but not at 12 h post diet switch. Parallel changes in SI mRNA relative abundance were associated with the changes in SI activity in both diet-switch experiments, but our data also revealed an apparent diurnal rhythm in SI mRNA. This is the first demonstration that birds may rely on rapid increase in abundance of SI and its mRNA when adjusting to high-starch diet. Although the mechanisms underlying dietary induction of intestinal enzymes seem similar in nestling house sparrows and laboratory rodents, the time course for modulation in nestlings seemed half as fast compared with laboratory rodents. Before undertaking modulation, an opportunistic forager facing limited resources might rely on more extensive or prolonged environmental sampling, because the redesign of the intestine’s hydrolytic capacity shortly after just one or a few meals of a new substrate might be a costly mistake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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21. Duplications and Functional Convergence of Intestinal Carbohydrate-Digesting Enzymes.

Author

Brun, Antonio, Mendez-Aranda, Daniel, Magallanes, Melisa E, Karasov, William H, Rio, Carlos Martínez del, Baldwin, Maude W, and Caviedes-Vidal, Enrique

Abstract

Vertebrate diets and digestive physiologies vary tremendously. Although the contribution of ecological and behavioral features to such diversity is well documented, the roles and identities of individual intestinal enzymes shaping digestive traits remain largely unexplored. Here, we show that the sucrase-isomaltase (SI)/maltase-glucoamylase (MGAM) dual enzyme system long assumed to be the conserved disaccharide and starch digestion framework in all vertebrates is absent in many lineages. Our analyses indicate that independent duplications of an ancestral SI gave rise to the mammalian-specific MGAM , as well as to other duplicates in fish and birds. Strikingly, the duplicated avian enzyme exhibits similar activities to MGAM, revealing an unexpected case of functional convergence. Our results highlight digestive enzyme variation as a key uncharacterized component of dietary diversity in vertebrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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23. La guerra de Candía (1645-1669): ¿Causa común en una Europa dividida?

Author

Quiles Albero, David

Subjects
REPUBLIC of Venice, 697-1797, THIRTY Years' War, 1618-1648, OTTOMAN Empire, MONARCHY, HEGEMONY
Abstract

Copyright of Tiempos Modernos is the property of Tiempos Modernos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Published
2019

24. Age‐related changes in the gut microbiota of wild House Sparrow nestlings.

Author

Kohl, Kevin D., Brun, Antonio, Karasov, William H., and Caviedes‐Vidal, Enrique

Subjects
ENGLISH sparrow, GUT microbiome, BABY birds, HOST-parasite relationships, BIOLOGICAL evolution
Abstract

Here, we document the development of the House Sparrow Passer domesticus gut microbiota for the benefit of future ecological and evolutionary studies in this widely used avian system. We collected and inventoried luminal and mucosal samples from the distal guts of nestling House Sparrows between 3 and 12 days of age, and also collected similar samples from adult birds. Luminal bacterial community membership and structure differed significantly between nestlings and adults. The relative abundance of Proteobacteria in the lumen decreased around day 9, whereas the relative abundance of Firmicutes increased, demonstrating age‐related changes in the microbiota of House Sparrows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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25. Small intestinal epithelial permeability to water‐soluble nutrients higher in passerine birds than in rodents.

Author

Garro, Cintia, Brun, Antonio, Karasov, William H., and Caviedes‐Vidal, Enrique

Subjects
EPITHELIAL cells, PASSERIFORMES, INTESTINAL absorption, AMINO acids in animal nutrition, ARABINOSE
Abstract

In the small intestine transcellular and paracellular pathways are implicated in water‐soluble nutrient absorption. In small birds the paracellular pathway is quantitatively important while transcellular pathway is much more important in terrestrial mammals. However, there is not a clear understanding of the mechanistic underpinnings of the differences among taxa. This study was aimed to test the hypothesis that paracellular permeability in perfused intestinal segments is higher in passerine birds than rodents. We performed in situ intestinal perfusions on individuals of three species of passerine birds (Passer domesticus, Taeniopygia guttata and Furnarius rufus) and two species of rodents (Mus musculus and Meriones ungiculatus). Using radio‐labelled molecules, we measured the uptake of two nutrients absorbed by paracellular and transcellular pathways (L‐proline and 3–O–methyl–D‐glucose) and one carbohydrate that has no mediated transport (L‐arabinose). Birds exhibited ~2 to ~3 times higher L‐arabinose clearance per cm2 epithelium than rodents. Moreover, paracellular absorption accounted for proportionally more of 3–O–methyl–D‐glucose and L‐proline absorption in birds than in rodents. These differences could be explained by differences in intestinal permeability and not by other factors such as increased retention time or higher intestinal nominal surface area. Furthermore, analysis of our results and all other existing data on birds, bats and rodents shows that insectivorous species (one bird, two bats and a rodent) had only 30% of the clearance of L‐arabinose of non‐insectivorous species. This result may be explained by weaker natural selection for high paracellular permeability in animal‐ than in plant‐consumers. Animal‐consumers absorb less sugar and more amino acids, whose smaller molecular size allow them to traverse the paracellular pathway more extensively and faster than glucose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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26. LA REAL CABALLERIZA EN TIEMPOS DE CARLOS III: REFORMAS Y COMPOSICIÓN (1759-1788).

Author

Quiles Albero, David

Abstract

Copyright of Librosdelacorte.es is the property of Instituto Universitario "La Corte en Europa" - IULCE and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Published
2018
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27. Gut microbes limit growth in house sparrow nestlings (<italic>Passer domesticus</italic>) but not through limitations in digestive capacity.

Author

KOHL, Kevin D., BRUN, Antonio, BORDENSTEIN, Seth R., CAVIEDES‐VIDAL, Enrique, and KARASOV, William H.

Subjects
GUT microbiome, ENGLISH sparrow, BABY birds, BODY size, BIRD growth
Abstract

Abstract: Recent research often lauds the services and beneficial effects of host‐associated microbes on animals. However, hosting these microbes may come at a cost. For example, germ‐free and antibiotic‐treated birds generally grow faster than their conventional counterparts. In the wild, juvenile body size is correlated with survival, so hosting a microbiota may incur a fitness cost. Avian altricial nestlings represent an interesting study system in which to investigate these interactions, given that they exhibit the fastest growth rates among vertebrates, and growth is limited by their digestive capacity. We investigated whether reduction and restructuring of the microbiota by antibiotic treatment would: (i) increase growth and food conversion efficiency in nestling house sparrows (Passer domesticus); (ii) alter aspects of gut anatomy or function (particularly activities of digestive carbohydrases and their regulation in response to dietary change); and (iii) whether there were correlations between relative abundances of microbial taxa, digestive function and nestling growth. Antibiotic treatment significantly increased growth and food conversion efficiency in nestlings. Antibiotics did not alter aspects of gut anatomy that we considered but depressed intestinal maltase activity. There were no significant correlations between abundances of microbial taxa and aspects of host physiology. Overall, we conclude that microbial‐induced growth limitation in developing birds is not driven by interactions with digestive capacity. Rather, decreased energetic and material costs of immune function or beneficial effects from microbes enriched under antibiotic treatment may underlie these effects. Understanding the costs and tradeoffs of hosting gut microbial communities represents an avenue of future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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28. NMR-Based Identification of Metabolites in Polar and Non-Polar Extracts of Avian Liver.

Author

Fathi, Fariba, Brun, Antonio, Rott, Katherine H., Cobra, Paulo Falco, Tonelli, Marco, Eghbalnia, Hamid R., Caviedes-Vidal, Enrique, Karasov, William H., and Markley, John L.

Subjects
NUCLEAR magnetic resonance spectroscopy, METABOLITES, METABOLOMICS, LIVER, ANALYSIS of variance
Abstract

Metabolites present in liver provide important clues regarding the physiological state of an organism. The aim of this work was to evaluate a protocol for high-throughput NMR-based analysis of polar and non-polar metabolites from a small quantity of liver tissue. We extracted the tissue with a methanol/chloroform/water mixture and isolated the polar metabolites from the methanol/water layer and the non-polar metabolites from the chloroform layer. Following drying, we re-solubilized the fractions for analysis with a 600 MHz NMR spectrometer equipped with a 1.7 mm cryogenic probe. In order to evaluate the feasibility of this protocol for metabolomics studies, we analyzed the metabolic profile of livers from house sparrow (Passer domesticus) nestlings raised on two different diets: livers from 10 nestlings raised on a high protein diet (HP) for 4 d and livers from 12 nestlings raised on the HP diet for 3 d and then switched to a high carbohydrate diet (HC) for 1 d. The protocol enabled the detection of 52 polar and nine non-polar metabolites in 1H NMR spectra of the extracts. We analyzed the lipophilic metabolites by one-way ANOVA to assess statistically significant concentration differences between the two groups. The results of our studies demonstrate that the protocol described here can be exploited for high-throughput screening of small quantities of liver tissue (approx. 100 mg wet mass) obtainable from small animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2017
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29. ASPECTOS NAVALES EN EL TRASLADO DE LA CASA DE CONTRATACIÓN.

Author

TAPIAS HERRERO, Enrique

Subjects
MERCHANTS, HISTORY, COMMERCE
Abstract

Copyright of Studia Histórica: Historia Moderna is the property of Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Published
2017
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30. Gut microbial ecology of lizards: insights into diversity in the wild, effects of captivity, variation across gut regions and transmission.

Author

Kohl, Kevin D., Brun, Antonio, Magallanes, Melisa, Brinkerhoff, Joshua, Laspiur, Alejandro, Acosta, Juan Carlos, Caviedes‐Vidal, Enrique, and Bordenstein, Seth R.

Subjects
MICROBIAL ecology, LIZARDS, VIVIPAROUS lizard, REPTILES, MICROORGANISMS
Abstract

Animals maintain complex associations with a diverse microbiota living in their guts. Our understanding of the ecology of these associations is extremely limited in reptiles. Here, we report an in-depth study into the microbial ecology of gut communities in three syntopic and viviparous lizard species (two omnivores: Liolaemus parvus and Liolaemus ruibali and an herbivore: Phymaturus williamsi). Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing to inventory various bacterial communities, we elucidate four major findings: (i) closely related lizard species harbour distinct gut bacterial microbiota that remain distinguishable in captivity; a considerable portion of gut bacterial diversity (39.1%) in nature overlap with that found on plant material, (ii) captivity changes bacterial community composition, although host-specific communities are retained, (iii) faecal samples are largely representative of the hindgut bacterial community and thus represent acceptable sources for nondestructive sampling, and (iv) lizards born in captivity and separated from their mothers within 24 h shared 34.3% of their gut bacterial diversity with their mothers, suggestive of maternal or environmental transmission. Each of these findings represents the first time such a topic has been investigated in lizard hosts. Taken together, our findings provide a foundation for comparative analyses of the faecal and gastrointestinal microbiota of reptile hosts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2017
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32. Intestinal Water Absorption Varies with Expected Dietary Water Load among Bats but Does Not Drive Paracellular Nutrient Absorption.

Author

Price, Edwin R., Brun, Antonio, Gontero-Fourcade, Manuel, Fernández-Marinone, Guido, Cruz-Neto, Ariovaldo P., Karasov, William H., and Caviedes-Vidal, Enrique

Subjects
NUTRITIONAL requirements, WATER activity of food, RADIATION absorption, WATER analysis, FRUGIVORES, PERFUSION
Abstract

Rapid absorption and elimination of dietary water should be particularly important to flying species and were predicted to vary with the water content of the natural diet. Additionally, high water absorption capacity was predicted to be associated with high paracellular nutrient absorption due to solvent drag. We compared the water absorption rates of sanguivorous, nectarivorous, frugivorous, and insectivorous bats in intestinal luminal perfusions. High water absorption rates were associated with high expected dietary water load but were not highly correlated with previously measured rates of (paracellular) arabinose clearance. In conjunction with these tests, we measured water absorption and the paracellular absorption of nutrients in the intestine and stomach of vampire bats using luminal perfusions to test the hypothesis that the unique elongated vampire stomach is a critical site of water absorption. Vampire bats' gastric water absorption was high compared to mice but not compared to their intestines. We therefore conclude that (1) dietary water content has influenced the evolution of intestinal water absorption capacity in bats, (2) solvent drag is not the only driver of paracellular nutrient absorption, and (3) the vampire stomach is a capable but not critical location for water absorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2015
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33. Digestive Adaptations of Aerial Lifestyles.

Author

Price, Edwin R., Brun, Antonio, Caviedes-Vidal, Enrique, and Karasov, William H.

Subjects
BIOLOGICAL adaptation, DIGESTION, VERTEBRATES, SMALL intestine, BIRD physiology, ABSORPTION (Physiology), BIRDS
Abstract

Flying vertebrates (birds and bats) are under selective pressure to reduce the size of the gut and the mass of the digesta it carries. Compared with similarsized nonflying mammals, birds and bats have smaller intestines and shorter retention times. We review evidence that birds and bats have lower spare digestive capacity and partially compensate for smaller intestines with increased paracellular nutrient absorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2015
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36. Los últimos tercios. El Ejército de Carlos II

Author

Davide Maffi and Davide Maffi

Abstract

La tradición nos presenta el reinado de Carlos II como una época marcada por los desastres, con la España del último Austria en plena crisis, sumida en la decadencia e incapaz de defender sus posesiones contra las agresiones de sus enemigos. Sin medios, con unas fuerzas armadas ridículas, mandadas por generales incompetentes, coléricos y vanidosos, el poderoso imperio se había reducido a poco más que un pobre cuerpo carcomido, enfermo, que esperaba su sombrío final. Ante este cuadro nos surge una pregunta: ¿fue en realidad el reinado de Carlos II tan nefasto como la historiografía tradicional nos ha dado a entender hasta ahora? Los últimos tercios. El Ejército de Carlos IIde Davide Maffi, uno de los mayores expertos en los ejércitos de la España imperial, nos sitúa en una época de grave crisis en la que las capacidades de la Monarquía Hispánica se hallaban muy lejos del clímax del reinado de los Austrias mayores, pero en la que, a pesar de las dificultades, las fuerzas de la Corona demostraron mantener una capacidad notable que le hicieron merecer el respecto de los adversarios y el de los aliados. La aportación militar hispana, desgranada punto por punto en este trabajo, resultó fundamental para frenar las ambiciones de la Francia de Luis XIV y el ejército de Carlos II se reveló, en última instancia, como una fuerza en constante evolución en consonancia con la época. Además de trazar un minucioso recorrido por las grandes contiendas de la época y las vastas fronteras de la Monarquía, de Flandes a Berbería y de Nápoles a América, en Los últimos tercios. El Ejército de Carlos II Maffi profundiza en los entresijos del ejército del último Austria, desde el reclutamiento en los distintos reinos de la Monarquía y la oficialidad profesional hasta la organización, las tácticas y el armamento de las tropas, sin olvidar los aspectos fundamentales sobre el arte de la guerra en una época de cambios.

Published
2020

37. Memorias del Nuevo Mundo

Author

Homero Aridjis and Homero Aridjis

Abstract

«Homero Aridjis, además de un gran rigor documental, ha encontrado un tono particular entre la fría relación histórica y el calor del relato épico.» Michel Schneider Huyendo de la persecución de los judíos por la Santa Inquisición, Juan Cabezón de Castilla se embarca como gaviero a bordo de la Santa María. Con Cristóbal Colón desembarca en la isla Guanahaní y más tarde pasa a México, donde asiste al encuentro entre Hernán Cortés y Moctezuma. Testigo impávido de la conquista de México Tenochtitlan y de la vida colonial en la Nueva España, hasta 1559, la peripecia vital de Juan Cabezón se vuelve inseparable de los hombres y los acontecimientos de su época. En Memorias del Nuevo Mundo Homero Aridjis nos sumerge en la atroz y maravillosa epopeya de la conquista de México, y sus secuelas coloniales, haciéndonos oír la voz de un continente a través de los hombres y mujeres que lo habitaron y transformaron.

Published
2019

38. Locuras de Europa :$bDiego de Saavedra Fajardo y la Guerra de los Treinta Años /$cSònia Boadas.

Author

Boadas, Sònia and Boadas, Sònia

Subjects
Thirty Years' War, 1618-1648--Literature and the war
Abstract

En el verano de 1645 y mientras asistía a las negociaciones del congreso de paz en Münster, Diego de Saavedra Fajardo escribió sus Locuras de Europa, un diálogo con tintes lucianescos que hacía una radiografía política del continente en la fase final de la Guerra de los Treinta Años. Este opúsculo literario se inserta de pleno en la guerra de panfletos y de hojas volantes que surgieron en esas décadas convulsas de la historia europea, y refleja la visión del experimentado diplomático español ante lo que previsiblemente sería el fin de la hegemonía continental de los Habsburgo. Las Locuras de Europa se imprimieron por primera vez en Alemania en el siglo siguiente a su redacción, en 1748, por causas históricas que se analizan en este volumen, y por primera vez en España en 1787. Pero, a pesar de no pasar por los tórculos de la imprenta hasta mediados del siglo XVIII, su circulación manuscrita fue muy considerable: Sònia Boadas ha conseguido reunir catorce versiones diferentes, casi todas descubiertas por ella misma. El cotejo de las múltiples variantes supone alcanzar un stemma perfecto que permite alcanzar la verdadera edición crítica de la obra. Así, este ejemplar estudio ecdótico permite ofrecer un texto crítico cualitativamente superior, que enmienda errores y lagunas que se habían transmitido hasta ahora en las anteriores ediciones de la obra de Saavedra Fajardo.

Published
2016

39. El galeón San José y otros tesoros : Relatos de intrigas y conspiraciones

Author

Nelson Freddy Padilla and Nelson Freddy Padilla

Subjects
Spanish galleons, Shipwrecks, Buried treasure, Sunken treasure, Salvage operations, Caribbean Area, Fiction
Abstract

Todos los aspectos de las negociaciones para rescatar el galeón San José son secretos y confidenciales. Por eso los detalles hasta ahora se revelan en estas páginas. A finales de 2015 el presidente colombiano Juan Manuel Santos anunció el hallazgo, en aguas del mar Caribe, del galeón San José, considerado como el Santo Grial de los naufragios de la época de la Colonia. Este libro, fruto de una investigación de 15 años, de decenas de viajes del autor y de entrevistas a un centenar de fuentes de todo el mundo, revela la verdadera importancia de este tesoro y de muchos otros que son patrimonio cultural de la humanidad. El texto de Nelson Padilla es al tiempo una novela de aventuras y un expediente político-judicial protagonizados por las polémicas motivaciones de reyes, curas, conquistadores, cazatesoros, historiadores, abogados, políticos, un actor de Hollywood y un implicado en el Watergate, entre decenas de interesados en las toneladas de oro, plata, perlas y esmeraldas que yacen en el lecho marino cercano a Cartagena de Indias.

Published
2016

40. Studies in the Area of Dietary Proteins Reported from Melisa E. Magallanes and Co-Researchers [Rapid and parallel changes in activity and mRNA of intestinal peptidase to match altered dietary protein level in juvenile house sparrows (Passer ...]

Subjects
English sparrow -- Genetic aspects -- Health aspects, Proteins in human nutrition -- Health aspects, Proteases -- Health aspects, Messenger RNA -- Health aspects, Biological sciences, Health
Abstract

2020 DEC 22 (NewsRx) -- By a News Reporter-Staff News Editor at Life Science Weekly -- A new study on Proteins - Dietary Proteins is now available. According to news [...]

Published
2020

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