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3. The diversity and evolution of pollination systems in large plant clades: Apocynaceae as a case study

Author

Ollerton, Jeff, Liede-Schumann, Sigrid, Endress, Mary E, Meve, Ulrich, Rech, André Rodrigo, Shuttleworth, Adam, Keller, Héctor A, Fishbein, Mark, Alvarado-Cárdenas, Leonardo O, Amorim, Felipe W, Bernhardt, Peter, Celep, Ferhat, Chirango, Yolanda, Chiriboga-Arroyo, Fidel, Civeyrel, Laure, Cocucci, Andrea, Cranmer, Louise, da Silva-Batista, Inara Carolina, de Jager, Linde, Deprá, Mariana Scaramussa, Domingos-Melo, Arthur, Dvorsky, Courtney, Agostini, Kayna, Freitas, Leandro, Gaglianone, Maria Cristina, Galetto, Leo, Gilbert, Mike, González-Ramírez, Ixchel, Gorostiague, Pablo, Goyder, David, Hachuy-Filho, Leandro, Heiduk, Annemarie, Howard, Aaron, Ionta, Gretchen, Islas-Hernández, Sofia C, Johnson, Steven D, Joubert, Lize, Kaiser-Bunbury, Christopher N, Kephart, Susan, Kidyoo, Aroonrat, Koptur, Suzanne, Koschnitzke, Cristiana, Lamborn, Ellen, Livshultz, Tatyana, Machado, Isabel Cristina, Marino, Salvador, Mema, Lumi, Mochizuki, Ko, Morellato, Leonor Patrícia Cerdeira, Mrisha, Chediel K, Muiruri, Evalyne W, Nakahama, Naoyuki, Nascimento, Viviany Teixeira, Nuttman, Clive, Oliveira, Paulo Eugenio, Peter, Craig I, Punekar, Sachin, Rafferty, Nicole, Rapini, Alessandro, Ren, Zong-Xin, Rodríguez-Flores, Claudia I, Rosero, Liliana, Sakai, Shoko, Sazima, Marlies, Steenhuisen, Sandy-Lynn, Tan, Ching-Wen, Torres, Carolina, Trøjelsgaard, Kristian, Ushimaru, Atushi, Vieira, Milene Faria, Wiemer, Ana Pía, Yamashiro, Tadashi, Nadia, Tarcila, Queiroz, Joel, and Quirino, Zelma

Subjects
Plant Biology, Biological Sciences, Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, Animals, Apocynaceae, Biodiversity, Biological Evolution, Birds, Insecta, Pollination, Asclepiadaceae, bimodal pollination system, biogeography, fly pollination, generalization, mutualism, phylogeny, plant-pollinator interactions, pollination ecology, specialization, stapeliads, Forestry Sciences, Plant Biology & Botany, Plant biology
Abstract

Background and aimsLarge clades of angiosperms are often characterized by diverse interactions with pollinators, but how these pollination systems are structured phylogenetically and biogeographically is still uncertain for most families. Apocynaceae is a clade of >5300 species with a worldwide distribution. A database representing >10 % of species in the family was used to explore the diversity of pollinators and evolutionary shifts in pollination systems across major clades and regions.MethodsThe database was compiled from published and unpublished reports. Plants were categorized into broad pollination systems and then subdivided to include bimodal systems. These were mapped against the five major divisions of the family, and against the smaller clades. Finally, pollination systems were mapped onto a phylogenetic reconstruction that included those species for which sequence data are available, and transition rates between pollination systems were calculated.Key resultsMost Apocynaceae are insect pollinated with few records of bird pollination. Almost three-quarters of species are pollinated by a single higher taxon (e.g. flies or moths); 7 % have bimodal pollination systems, whilst the remaining approx. 20 % are insect generalists. The less phenotypically specialized flowers of the Rauvolfioids are pollinated by a more restricted set of pollinators than are more complex flowers within the Apocynoids + Periplocoideae + Secamonoideae + Asclepiadoideae (APSA) clade. Certain combinations of bimodal pollination systems are more common than others. Some pollination systems are missing from particular regions, whilst others are over-represented.ConclusionsWithin Apocynaceae, interactions with pollinators are highly structured both phylogenetically and biogeographically. Variation in transition rates between pollination systems suggest constraints on their evolution, whereas regional differences point to environmental effects such as filtering of certain pollinators from habitats. This is the most extensive analysis of its type so far attempted and gives important insights into the diversity and evolution of pollination systems in large clades.

Published
2019

6. Systematics of Urostephanus: resurrection of a Mesoamerican taxon of Gonolobinae (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae), with eight new combinations

Author

González Martínez, César Adrián, Lozada Pérez, Lucio, Olson, Mark E., Alvarado Cárdenas, Leonardo, González Martínez, César Adrián, Lozada Pérez, Lucio, Olson, Mark E., and Alvarado Cárdenas, Leonardo

Abstract

Background and Aims: Recent studies have focused on resolving the systematics of the tribe Gonolobinae of the family Apocynaceae, as well as the controversial genus Matelea s.l. However, many species within Matelea s.l. have not been evaluated phylogenetically. This is the case of M. gonoloboides, previously recognized as the type species of Urostephanus, and other taxa with similar floral morphology. The aim of this study is to test the monophyly of Urostephanus, including some species with morphology similar to M. gonoloboides. Furthermore, we evaluate the taxonomic position of the Urostephanus clade within the subtribe Gonolobinae and compare morphology among related clades.Methods: To assess phylogenetic relationships within Gonolobinae, we downloaded sequences from four loci for 94 species of the subtribe from GenBank. We extracted DNA and sequenced the trnL-F intergenic spacer and rps16 intron from four species of Dictyanthus and six species of Matelea, which are considered to belong to Urostephanus. We reconstructed the phylogeny with Bayesian inference using the maximum clade credibility tree. Based on the phylogenetic pattern, we performed morphological comparisons between the clades Dictyanthus, Polystemma, and Urostephanus.Key results: Phylogenetic analysis recovered Urostephanus as monophyletic and sister to Dictyanthus. Based on this phylogenetic pattern and floral morphology, we resurrect the genus Urostephanus. We propose eight new combinations for the species included in the phylogeny, as well as for those that share floral morphological similarity. We designate two lectotypes. Finally, we discuss aspects of morphology between Urostephanus and closely related groups.Conclusions: The current circumscription of Matelea s.l. includes species with high morphological diversity. With the phylogenetic and morphological evidence among related taxa, we support the resurrection of Urostephanus, more than 120 years after its description. These results contribut

Published
2024

7. Una nueva Asclepias (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae) de la Sierra Gorda, Guanajuato-Querétaro, México

Author

Alvarado Cárdenas, Leonardo, Islas Hernández, C. Sofia, Alvarado Cárdenas, Leonardo, and Islas Hernández, C. Sofia

Abstract

Background and Aims:Asclepias is a highly diverse genus within Apocynaceae, with 78 species in Mexico, being the most diverse taxon of the family in the country. Due to its complex morphology and similarities in floral characters, some taxa have been misidentified. In the present work, a new species is described for the genus.Methods: Individuals were collected in the Sierra Gorda that could not be assigned to known species. National and foreign herbaria, digital databases, and specialized literature were reviewed to compare the collected specimens with similar species. Field expeditions were conducted in 2018 and 2023 to collect and monitor the phenology of the species of interest. The cohesive species concept was proposed as an explanatory hypothesis for the recognition of the taxa treated here. The conservation status was assigned following the IUCN criteria.Results: A new species of Asclepias is described, known from the states of Guanajuato and Querétaro, distributed in pine, oak, and cloud forests. It differs from similar species by its gynostegial corona with bell-shaped hoods of rounded base, and linear to linear-lanceolate cornicles emerging from the base of the hood. Photographic plates, a distribution map, and a comparative plate between similar species are included, as well as a dichoto-mous key with similar species and those distributed in the states of Guanajuato and Querétaro. Based on its reduced distribution area and impacted habitat, it is considered a species at risk according to IUCN criteria.Conclusions: In Mexico, Asclepias includes 79 species, reaffirming the country as a center of diversity for the genus. The new species forms a morpho-logically complex group with the species compared here, so it has gone unnoticed and been identified erroneously. The detailed review of morphol-ogy allowed suggesting these plants as a hypothesis of a species different from the rest, Antecedentes y Objetivos:Asclepias es un grupo de alta diversidad dentro de Apocynaceae, con 78 especies en México, siendo el taxón más diverso de la familia en este país. Debido a su compleja morfología y similitudes en los caracteres florales, algunos taxones han sido erróneamente identifica-dos. En el presente trabajo se describe una nueva especie para el género.Métodos: Se colectaron individuos en la Sierra Gorda que no se pudieron asignar a especies conocidas.Se revisaron herbarios nacionales y extranje-ros, bases de datos digitales y literatura especializada, para comparar los especímenes colectados con especies similares. Se realizaron expediciones a campo en 2018 y 2023 para la recolecta y monitoreo de la fenología de la especie de interés. Se planteó como hipótesis explicativa el concepto cohesivo de especie para el reconocimiento de los taxones aquí tratados. El estado de conservación se asignó siguiendo los criterios de la IUCN.Resultados: Se describe una nueva especie de Asclepias, conocida en los estados de Guanajuato y Querétaro, que se distribuye en bosque de pino, de encino y mesófilo. Se diferencia de especies similares por su corona ginostegial con capuchones campanulados de base redondeada, cornículos lineares a linear-lanceolados surgiendo de la base del capuchón. Se incluyen láminas fotográficas y un mapa de distribución, una clave dicotómica con las especies similares, así como las distribuidas en los estados de Guanajuato y Querétaro. Con base en su área de distribución reducida y hábitat impactado, se considera una especie en peligro de acuerdo con los criterios de la IUCN.Conclusiones: En México, Asclepias alcanza 79 especies, reafirmando al país como un centro de diversidad para el género. La nueva especie forma un grupo morfológicamente complejo con las especies aquí comparadas, por lo que había pasado desapercibida e identificada erróneamente. La revisión detallada de la morfología permitió sugerir estas plantas como una hipótesis de espe

Published
2024

8. Revisión taxonómica de Microstelma (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae, Asclepiadeae, Gonolobinae), endémica de México, con dos especies nuevas

Author

Alvarado Cárdenas, Leonardo and Alvarado Cárdenas, Leonardo

Abstract

Background and Aims: The subtribe Gonolobinae is one of the most diverse in the family Apocynaceae and its taxonomic history continues to un-dergo numerous changes. Matelea is one of the genera within the subtribe that has undergone the most changes and numerous taxa have been segregated, including the monotypic Microstelma. This paper aims to present an updated treatment of Microstelma and the description of two new species, as well as an identification key, images and descriptions of its species.Methods: Field trips were made and herbarium specimens including types were observed. Taxonomic literature on the taxa treated was consulted, a revision of the genus was made, species plates and distribution maps were prepared, and their conservation status was evaluated.Key results: Three species are recognized for Microstelma, allendemic to Mexico, two named as new species: M. jimenezii (Michoacán) and M. tenorioi (Guerrero and Oaxaca). The length of the pedicels, the morphology and the reticulation pattern of the corolla, as well as the morphology of the gynostegium and its distribution, allowed to recognize the species. Conclusions:Microstelma now has three species and is, together with Thoreauea, one of the most diverse endemic genera of Apocynaceae of Mexi-co. It is important to continue with the revision work for a better understanding of the morphology and systematics of these groups., Antecedentes y Objetivos: La subtribu Gonolobinae es una de las más diversas de la familia Apocynaceae y su historia taxonómica sigue pasando por numerosos cambios. Matelea es uno de los géneros dentro de la subtribu que más cambios ha presentado y del cual se han segregado numerosos taxones, entre ellos Microstelma que es monotípico. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar un tratamiento actualizado de Microstelma y la descrip-ción de dos especies nuevas, así como proporcionar una clave de identificación, imágenes y descripciones de sus especies.Métodos: Se realizaron salidas al campo y se observaron ejemplares de herbario incluyendo tipos. Se consultó la literatura taxonómica relacionada con los taxones tratados, se realizó una revisión del género, se presentan láminas de las especies y mapas de distribución, así como su evaluación del estado de conservación.Resultados clave: Se reconocen tres especies para Microstelma,todas endémicas de México, dos de ellas nombradas como nuevas especies: M. jimenezii (Michoacán) y M. tenorioi (Guerrero y Oaxaca). La longitud de los pedicelos, la morfología y patrón de reticulación de la corola, así como la morfología de la corona ginostegial y su distribución, permitieron el reconocimiento de las especies. Conclusiones:Microstelma ahora tiene tres especies y es, junto con Thoreauea, uno de los géneros de Apocynaceae endémicos de México con más diversidad. Es importante seguir con el trabajo de revisión para el mejor entendimiento de la morfología y sistemática de estos grupos.

Published
2024

32. Macroscepis sinalobolana (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae, Gonolobeae) a new and endemic species to Sinaloa, México

Author

Alvarado-Cárdenas, Leonardo O., Pío-León, Juan F., and Chávez-Hernández, María G.

Subjects
Apocynaceae, Tracheophyta, Magnoliopsida, Biodiversity, Plant Science, Plantae, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Taxonomy, Gentianales
Abstract

A new species of Macroscepis from Sinaloa, Mexico is described here. Macroscepis sinalobolana is morphologically similar to M. diademata and M. stevensii but differs in its corolla, gynostegial corona, and fruit morphology, as well as its distribution. Descriptions, illustrations, morphological comparisons, and geographic distribution maps of these species, together with its conservation status, are provided. This discovery is important because the diversity of the genus increases to five species in México, with three of them endemic to the country.

Published
2022
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34. Sinopsis del género Spigelia (Loganiaceae) en Norteamérica, Centroamérica y el Caribe

Author

Islas Hernández, C. Sofia, Alvarado Cárdenas, Leonardo, Islas Hernández, C. Sofia, and Alvarado Cárdenas, Leonardo

Abstract

Background and Aims:Spigelia is a Neotropical genus with about 90 species distributed from the United States of America to Argentina. The diversity of the genus presents a spatial separation with a group in North-Central America/ the Caribbean (NA) and another in South America (SA), each with an important center of diversification. However, the systematic knowledge of the group has not been updated in the last 10 years, so the objective of this work is to generate a systematic synopsis for the genus distributed in the NA region.Methods: The work was carried out through the search for bibliographic information to obtain the taxonomic history, field work and review of her-barium material, based on which diagnostic descriptions and distribution maps were made.Key results: Twenty-nine species distributed in the NA region were found, which represents about 30% of the diversity of the genus, distributed in the tropical and subtropical zones. In the NA region, Mesoamerica is one of the regions in which plant diversity is concentrated, which classifies it as a hotspot. This work includes novel information on the morphology of the group, such as descriptions of the pollen and carpological characters, identification keys for regions in NA and distribution maps in the study area.Conclusions: This study represents the first taxonomic treatment for the genus Spigelia that includes all the species of the central and northern re-gions of the Americas. The information collected in this work may be useful to be integrated into phylogenetic analyzes that help resolve the infrage-neric relationships of the group. Likewise, the application of potential distribution modeling tools that would allow locating areas for future collection, as well as the development of biogeographic analyzes that help us understand the distribution patterns of Spigelia diversity along the continent., Antecedentes y Objetivos: Spigelia es un género neotropical con cerca de 90 especies distribuidas desde los Estados Unidos de América hasta Argen-tina. La diversidad del género presenta una separación espacial entre un grupo en Norte-Centroamérica/Caribe (NA) y otro en Sudamérica (SA), cada uno con un importante centro de diversificación. Sin embargo, el conocimiento sistemático del grupo no ha sido actualizado en los últimos 10 años, por lo que el objetivo de este trabajo es generar una sinopsis sistemática para el género distribuido en la región NA.Métodos: El trabajo se realizó a través de la búsqueda de información bibliográfica para obtener la historia taxonómica, así como trabajo de campo y revisión de material herborizado, a partir del cual se realizaron descripciones diagnósticas y mapas de distribución.Resultados clave: Se encontraron 29 especies distribuidas en la región NA, lo que representa alrededor de 30% de la diversidad del género, en las zonas tropical y subtropical. En la región NA, Mesoamérica es una de las regiones en las que se concentra la diversidad vegetal, lo que la cataloga como hotspot. El trabajo incluye información novedosa sobre la morfología del grupo, como descripciones de los caracteres polínicos y carpológicos, claves de identificación por regiones en NA y mapas de distribución en el área de estudio.Conclusiones: Este estudio representa el primer tratamiento taxonómico para el género Spigelia que incluye todas las especies de la región central y norte del continente americano. La información recopilada en este trabajo puede ser útil para ser integrada en análisis filogenéticos que ayuden a resolver las relaciones intragenéricas del grupo. Asimismo, la aplicación de herramientas de modelado de distribución potencial que permitan ubicar áreas para futuras colectas, así como el desarrollo de análisis biogeográficos que ayuden a comprender la distribución de la diversidad de Spigelia a lo largo del continente.

Published
2023

35. Gonolobus gonzaleziarum (Apocynaceae), especie nueva de la ecorregión Madrense Tropical de la Sierra Madre Occidental, México

Author

Pío León, Juan Fernando, Castro Castro, Arturo, Alvarado Cárdenas, Leonardo, Pío León, Juan Fernando, Castro Castro, Arturo, and Alvarado Cárdenas, Leonardo

Abstract

Background and Aims: Gonolobuscomprises around 150 species in the world, with just over 40 of them distributed in Mexico. In the last two years, at least five new species have been described for this country. This paper describes a new species within the subgenus Pseudolachnostoma.Methods: Thirteen herbaria, three digital databases, and specialized literature were revised. Based on this, similar species were compared, and an identifica-tion key was generated. Field expeditions were made from 2019 to 2022 to gather botanical collections and monitor the phenology of the species of interest. The cohesive species concept was proposed as an explanatory hypothesis for the recognition of the taxa discussed here. Key results: The new species, Gonolobus gonzaleriarum,is described and located in two forests ofPinus-Quercusbetween the southeastern and southwest-ern limits of the states of Sinaloa and Durango, respectively. It differs from the species of the subgenusPseudolachnostomaby having a gynostegium with a reduced stipe, lobes of the corolla and sepals of shorter length than the tube, citrus aroma, and a dense inflorescence. We included photographic plates, and an illustration with the distinctive characters, as well as a dichotomous key for the species of the subgenus Pseudolachnostoma. Based on its reduced range and impacted habitat, it is considered a threatened species, according to IUCN criteria.Conclusions: With the present discovery, the genus Gonolobusreaches 45 species in Mexico with 24 endemics. Gonolobus gonzaleriarum has great ornamen-tal potential considering its conspicuous inflorescences and pleasant citrus aroma, which could encourage strategies for its conservation, since it is found in a restricted distribution and threatened habitat., Antecedentes y Objetivos: Gonolobus comprende alrededor de 150 especies en el mundo, con poco más de 40 de ellas  distribuidas en México. En los últimos dos años se han descrito  al menos cinco nuevas especies de este país. En el presente  trabajo se describe una nueva especie dentro del subgénero  Pseudolachnostoma. Métodos: Se revisaron 13 herbarios, tres bases de datos digitales y literatura especializada. Con base en esto se  compararon las especies similares y se generó una clave de  identificación. Se realizaron expediciones a campo de 2019 a  2022 y se colectó y monitoreó la fenología de la especie de  interés. Se planteó como hipótesis explicativa el concepto  cohesivo de especie para el reconocimiento de los taxones aquí  tratados. Resultados clave: Se describe la especie nueva Gonolobus gonzaleriarum, conocida de dos localidades de bosques de Pinus-Quercus entre los límites sureste y suroeste de los estados de Sinaloa y Durango, respectivamente. Se diferencia de las especies del subgénero Pseudolachnostoma por poseer ginostegio con un estípite reducido, lóbulos de la corola y sépalos de menor longitud que el tubo, aroma cítrico e inflorescencia densa. Se incluyen láminas fotográficas y una ilustración con los caracteres distintivos de la nueva especie, así como una clave dicotómica con las especies del subgénero Pseudolachnostoma. Con base en su área de distribución reducida y hábitat impactado, se considera una especie amenazada de acuerdo con los criterios de la IUCN.Conclusiones: Con el presente descubrimiento, el género Gonolobus llega a 45 especies en México con 24 endémicas. Gonolobus gonzaleriarum se considera con gran potencial ornamental por sus inflorescencias conspicuas y agradable aroma cítrico, lo que motiva en fomentar estrategias para su conservación, ya que se encuentra en una distribución restringida y hábitat amenazado.

Published
2023

39. Asclepias graogramanii L. O. Alvarado, M. G. Chavez & J. A. Alvarez 2023, sp. nov

Author

Chávez-Hernández, María Guadalupe, Álvarez-Ruiz, Julio Alejandro, and Alvarado-Cárdenas, Leonardo Osvaldo

Subjects
Apocynaceae, Tracheophyta, Magnoliopsida, Asclepias graogramanii, Biodiversity, Plantae, Asclepias, Taxonomy, Gentianales
Abstract

Asclepias graogramanii L.O. Alvarado, M.G. Chávez & J.A. Alvarez sp. nov. Type: — MÉXICO. Jalisco: Mascota, Ca. 4 mi. S of Mascota, 1400 m, 20°27’24’’N 104°46’24’’W, 1 May 1951, R. McVaugh & D.V. Hoover 12211 (Holotype: MEXU!). Asclepias graogramanii is morphologically similar A. glaucescens due to its sessile and oblong to lanceolate leaves and the gynostegial corona with conspicuous hoods and its horns perpendicular or diagonal to the hoods, but differs from this taxon by its pink corolla lobes (vs. green to white in A. glaucescens), its sessile gynostegium (vs. short to clearly stipitate gynostegium), its hoods cylindrical to oblongoid, and rarely slightly conduplicated, of the same size or smaller than the gynostegium (vs. hoods oblongoid, conduplicated and taller than the gynostegium in A. glaucescens), and its pink with purple in the base hoods (vs. white or yellowish in A. glaucescens).. Perennial herb 30-80 cm tall. Stem single, cylindrical, branched, densely puberulent, internodes 6.8–11.5 cm long Leaves opposite, 6–10 pairs, sessile, oblong to lanceolate, sometimes oblong, base truncate to slightly cordate, apex acute, 6.1–12.2 cm long × (1.4)2.7–3.9(4.8) cm wide, margin entire, shortly pubescent adaxially, trichomes erect, more dense at the midvein, shortly pubescent abaxially, brochidodromous venation, 10–25 pair of veins, a pair of glandular multicellular trichomes (colleters) present in a stipular position. Inflorescences of 1–3 umbels adjacent to upper leaf axils, the last produced sometimes appearing terminal, on densely pubescent peduncles (4.2)5.6–9.6(13.5) cm long, bracts linear to lanceolate, 3–4 mm long, caducous; umbels of (8)14–20(33) flowers on pubescent pedicels 1.4–2.8 cm long. Calyx lobes ovate-lanceolate, reflexed, green, 3–4.2 mm long × 1.2–2 mm wide, abaxially puberulent. Corolla lobes ovate, reflexed, pink to white-pinkish, 0.5–0.8 cm long × 0.3–0.5 cm wide, glabrous. Gynostegium sessile, corona composed of five purple to pink, cucullate segments (hoods) opposite the filaments, cylindrical to oblongoid, and sometimes slightly conduplicated, 3 mm tall in its adaxial side, apex acute, without touching the gynostegium, 4–5 mm tall in its abaxial side, acute, each hood with a digitate appendage (horn), curved, white, 1 mm long, adnate to the dorsal surface of the hood and emerging from the hood’s sinus; anthers brown, 1.5–2 mm long, the lateral margins with corneus, with ovate white appendages inflexed over the apex of style head, style head 2 mm diameter, pentagonal, apex convex; pollinarium composed of a pair of pollinia 0.8–1 mm long, oblong-ovate, translator arms 0.7–0.8 mm long, linear, corpusculum 0.35–0.4 mm long, broadly elliptic to subcircular, black. Fruits fusiform follicles, 9–15 cm long, densely puberulent, held erect on an erect stalk; seeds not observed. (Fig. 3). Phenology & ecology:— Flowering occurs between April and July, and the fruiting in the months of May to October. Distribution & habitat:— The new species is endemic to Mexico and distributed in Jalisco and Nayarit. Habitat and ecology:—Growing in oak-pine forest and secondary vegetation derived thereof. It can also grow in xerophytic scrub and secondary vegetation derived, as well as beside the roads. The species grows on elevations between 900 to 1106 m a.s.l. (Fig. 3). The species is visited by two different species of ants and the Apis mellifera bee (Fig. 3E), and parasited by Aphis nerii and a milkweed bug (Lygaeidae family). Etymology:— The name of the new species refers to the fictional character Graograman, a multicolored lion from Michael Ende’s novel “The Neverending Story”, due to the colorful flowers. Proposed conservation assessment: — Vulnerable (VU B1b(iii)+B2b(iii) (IUCN 2022)). Asclepias graogramanii has a minimum Area of Occupancy (AOO) of 60 km 2, and an estimated Extent of Occurrence (EOO) of 15,209.643 km 2. One of its populations grows in the Zona de Protección Forestal y Refugio de Fauna Silvestre “La Primavera”. Observations by the second author (Julio Alejandro Álvarez-Ruiz) in the field point out that plant populations are scarce, but it seems to tolerate the disturbance and grows in secondary vegetation or along roads. Notes:— This species is similar to A. glaucescens and usually misidentified as A. elata Bentham (1849: 290) or A. macroura in herbarium specimens (Fig. 4). Asclepias graogramanii is similar to those species due to its sessile and oblong to lanceolate leaves and the morphology of the gynostegial corona (Woodson 1954, Stevens 2009). The new species can be separated from morphological similar taxa based on the following differences: pink corolla lobes (vs. green in A. elata and A. macroura and green to white in A. glaucescens), its sessile gynostegium (vs. short to clearly stipitate gynostegium in A. glaucescens), its hoods cylindrical to oblongoid, and rarely slightly conduplicated, of the same size or smaller than the gynostegium (vs. hoods oblongoid, conduplicated and taller than the gynostegium in A. glaucescens), its pink with purple in the base hoods (vs. white with green to yellowish in the base in A. elata, white or yellowish in A. glaucescens, and green or white in A. macroura), its horns perpendicular or diagonal to the hoods, rested on the gynostegium (vs. horns without touching the gynostegium in A. elata, and erect and curved horns in A. macroura). Additional specimens examined:— MÉXICO. Jalisco: Jocotepec, Fields, San Marcos, C. G. Pringle 4399 (MEXU). Nayarit: Compostela, Rancho de los platanitos, San Blas, J. González-Ortega w/n (MEXU). Jala, 15 km al NE de Jalpa, Volcán el Ceboruco, G. Flores-Franco 1902 (MEXU); Ca. 5 mi. NW of Tepic, on grassy hills, R. McVaugh 12089 (MEXU); El Presidio, 9 km al SW del entronque de la carretera El Izote-Jalcocotan, camino al Cuarenteño o 500 m al W de El Rancho La Noria, G. Flores-Franco 3447 (MEXU). Xalisco, 8 km al NW del entronque a Cofradia de Chocolon-Xalisco, G. Flores-Franco 3499 (MEXU). Additional observation from Naturalista examined:— MÉXICO. Jalisco: Mascota, E. Canales 3447911 (Naturalista, https://www.naturalista.mx/observations/3447911); Paisaje biocultural, F. Esparza 42674686 (Naturalista, https://www.naturalista.mx/observations/42674686). Tepic, Tepic, V. Luja 24009756 (Naturalista, https://www. naturalista.mx/observations/24009756). Zapopan, Bosque La Primavera, J. A. Álvarez-Ruiz 22547425 (Naturalista, https://www.naturalista.mx/observations/22547425), J.A.Álvarez-Ruiz 22547427 (Naturalista, https://www.naturalista. mx/observations/22547427), M. Castillo 28703220 (Naturalista, https://www.naturalista.mx/observations/28703220), V. Shalisko 11287784 (Naturalista, https://www.naturalista.mx/observations/11287784); Zona metropolitana de Guadalajara, A. Galindo 55296707 (Naturalista, https://www.naturalista.mx/observations/55296707). Nayarit: Cuencas, Tanniae 45337944 (Naturalista, https://www.naturalista.mx/observations/45337944). Tepic, Alrededores de Tepic, A. Türkmen 20776897 (Naturalista https://www.naturalista.mx/observations/20776897), N. Campos 42234168 (Naturalista, https://www.naturalista.mx/observations/42234168); Xalisco, D. Amador 42908315 (Naturalista, https:// www.naturalista.mx/observations/42908315)., Published as part of Chávez-Hernández, María Guadalupe, Álvarez-Ruiz, Julio Alejandro & Alvarado-Cárdenas, Leonardo Osvaldo, 2023, Two new Mexican species of Asclepias (Apocynaceae; Asclepiadoideae; Asclepiadeae), pp. 255-266 in Phytotaxa 592 (3) on pages 261-262, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.592.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7850513, {"references":["IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee (2022) Guidelines for using the IUCN red list categories and criteria. Version 15.1. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee. Available from: https: // www. iucnredlist. org / resources / redlistguidelines (accessed Dec 2022).","Bentham, G. (1849) Plantas Hartwegianas imprimis Mexicanas. pp. 290 - 291.","Woodson, R. E. (1954) The North American species of Asclepias L. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 41 (1): 1 - 211.","Stevens, W. D. (2009) Asclepias. In: Davidse, G., Sousa, M., Knapp, S. & Chiang, F. (Eds.) Flora Mesoamericana. Vol. 4. Missouri Botanical Garden, U. S. A. pp. 662 - 768."]}

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2023
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40. Asclepias sauronii M. G. Chavez & L. O. Alvarado 2023, sp. nov

Author

Chávez-Hernández, María Guadalupe, Álvarez-Ruiz, Julio Alejandro, and Alvarado-Cárdenas, Leonardo Osvaldo

Subjects
Apocynaceae, Tracheophyta, Magnoliopsida, Asclepias sauronii, Biodiversity, Plantae, Asclepias, Taxonomy, Gentianales
Abstract

Asclepias sauronii M.G.Chávez & L.O.Alvarado sp. nov. Type: — MÉXICO. Coahuila: Arteaga, Sierra Zapalinamé, 2705 m, 25°28’01’’N 100°51’00’’W, 27 June 1990, G.S. Hinton et al. 20460 (Holotype: GBH!). Asclepias sauronii is morphologically similar to A. hypoleuca (Gray 1882: 222) Woodson (1941: 206), due to their similar sized flowers (more than 1 cm long), the stipitate gynostegium and sigmoid-shape corona hoods of the gynostegial corona, but differs from this taxon by its ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate leaves, its reddish or carmine petals and yellow hoods, its acute adaxial apex of the hood (vs. bilobed in A. hypoleuca), and its exerted and curved horn without reaching the gynostegium (vs. horns included in A. hypoleuca). Perennial herb 30–100 cm tall. Stem single, cylindrical, unbranched, densely puberulent, internodes 13.7–15.1 cm long. Leaves opposite, 4–6 pairs on each stem, sessile to shortly petiolate, petiole when present ca. 4 mm long, lamina ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, 11.6–13.9 cm long × 3.7–4.8 cm wide, base truncate to slightly cordate, apex acute, margin entire, pubescent adaxially, trichomes adpressed, more dense at the midvein, abaxially densely pubescent to tomentose, venation brochidodromous, 15–25 veins on each side of main vein, a pair of glandular multicellular trichomes (colleters) present in a stipular position. Inflorescences extra-axillary, 1–2 per node, umbelliform, the last produced sometimes appearing terminal, on densely pubescent peduncles (2.8)3.7–5.5(8.8) cm long, bracts linear to lanceolate, glabrous, 3.3–4.5 mm long, caducous; 20–32 flowers on pubescent pedicels 1.6–2.4 cm long. Calyx lobes lanceolate, reflexed, 4.5–4.9 mm long × 0.9–1.3 mm wide, green, abaxially puberulent. Corolla 1–1.8 cm diameter, lobes lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, reflexed, 0.93–1.3 cm long × 0.28–0.4 cm wide, reddish or carmine, glabrous. Gynostegium stipitate, with a white to yellow column 6–8 mm tall, corona composed of five yellow with a purple base, cucullate segments (hoods) opposite the filaments, ca. 2 mm tall in its adaxial side, apex acute, rested on the gynostegium, 7.2–8.6 mm tall in its abaxial side, acuminate, slightly curved, each hood with a digitate appendage (horn), curved, yellow, ca. 1 mm long, adnate to the dorsal surface of the hood and emerging from the hood’s sinus; anthers brown, ca. 2 mm long, with ovate white appendages inflexed over the apex of style head, style head pentagonal, 1.7–2 mm diameter, apex concave; pollinarium composed of a pair of pollinia 1.8–2 mm long, ovate-lanceolate, translator arms 0.5–0.6 mm long, oblanceolate, corpusculum 0.38–0.45 mm long, elliptic, black. Fruits fusiform follicles, 9.5– 10.5 cm long, densely puberulent, held erect on an erect stalk; seeds not observed. (Fig. 1). Phenology: —Flowering between May and July. Collected with fruits in August. Distribution: — Asclepias sauronii is endemic to Mexico and distributed in the states of Coahuila and Nuevo León. Habitat and ecology: —The species grows in oak-pine forest and disturbed areas derived thereof, range from 2115 to 2747 m a.s.l. (Fig. 1). The flowers are visited by small bees of the genus Colletes (Colletidae). Etymology:— The name of the new species refers to the fictional character Sauron, the main antagonist of J. R. R. Tolkien’s “The Lord of the Rings”, due to the color of the plant with gray tones in the leaves and red tones in the flowers, as well as the presence of the elongated corona that resembles the helmet of Sauron in the Lord of the Rings movies. Proposed conservation assessment:— Endangered (EN B1ab(iii)+B2ab(iii)) (IUCN 2022). Asclepias sauronii has a minimum Area of Occupancy (AOO) of 24 km 2, and an estimated Extent of Occurrence (EOO) of 1,062.751 km 2. It is only known from two locations, one in Coahuila and another in Nuevo León, both outside the Mexican Protected Areas. Also, the species is restricted to the Quercus - Pinus forests of the north of Mexico, which is a highly vulnerable ecosystem due to erosion, wildfires, etc. (Alanís-Rodríguez et al. 2015). More research is needed to know the population trends and the specific threats that could affect this species. Notes:— This species is similar to A. hypoleuca, A. lemmonii Gray (1883: 85) and A. otarioides due to their similar sized (more than 1 cm long) flowers, the stipitate gynostegium and the very prominent marginal lobes (hoods) of the gynostegial corona (Fig. 2). The new species can be separated from morphological similar taxa based on the following differences: lamina ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate (vs. broadly oblong-ovate to oval in A. hypoleuca, and broadly oblong-ovate to ovate in A. lemmonii and A. otarioides), reddish or carmine petals and yellow hoods (vs. reddish petals and hoods in A. hypoleuca, green or yellow petals and white hoods in A. lemmonii and pink, pinkish or pink-yellowish petals, and white to pink hoods in A. otarioides), sigmoid-shape corona hoods (vs. usually tubular corona hoods in A. otarioides), acute adaxial apex of the hood (vs. bilobed in the other species), exerted and curved horn (vs. horns, when present, included in A. hypoleuca, and laminar and erected horns in A. lemmonii), and its shorter (ca. 2 mm long) and curved horns without reaching the gynostegium (vs. longer (ca. 4 mm long) and curved horns reaching and resting the gynostegium in A. otarioides). Besides the morphological features, the new species is also distinguished by its geographic distribution restricted to the states of Coahuila and Nuevo León (vs. Chihuahua to A. hypoleuca, Chihuahua, Durango, Jalisco, and Sonora to A. lemmonii and states of the north and center of Mexico to A. otarioides). Additional specimens examined:— MÉXICO. Nuevo León: Galeana, SE of El Potosí, G. B. Hinton 18758 (GBH). Additional observation from Naturalista:— MÉXICO. Coahuila: Arteaga, Sierra de Zapalinamé, Arturoc 26998910 (Naturalista, https://www.naturalista.mx/observations/26998910), L. Jiménez 53088784 (Naturalista, https:// www.naturalista.mx/observations/53088784). Saltillo, Sierra de Zapalinamé, A. Huereca 48207926 (Naturalista, https://www.naturalista.mx/observations/48207926), Arturoc 3970732 (Naturalista, https://www.naturalista.mx/ observations/3970732), cesargzz 80694311 (https://www.naturalista.mx/observations/80694311)., Published as part of Chávez-Hernández, María Guadalupe, Álvarez-Ruiz, Julio Alejandro & Alvarado-Cárdenas, Leonardo Osvaldo, 2023, Two new Mexican species of Asclepias (Apocynaceae; Asclepiadoideae; Asclepiadeae), pp. 255-266 in Phytotaxa 592 (3) on pages 256-261, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.592.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7850513, {"references":["Gray, A. (1882) Contributions to American botany. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 17: 222.","Woodson, R. E. (1941) The North American Asclepiadaceae. I. Perspective of the genera. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 28 (2): 193 - 244.","IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee (2022) Guidelines for using the IUCN red list categories and criteria. Version 15.1. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee. Available from: https: // www. iucnredlist. org / resources / redlistguidelines (accessed Dec 2022).","Alanis-Rodriguez, E., Valdecantos-Dema, A., Jimenez-Perez, J., Rubio-Camacho, E. A., Yerena-Yamallel, J. I. & Gonzalez-Tagle, M. A. (2015) Post-fire ecological restoration of a mixed Pinus - Quercus forest in northeastern Mexico. Revista Chapingo serie ciencias forestales y del ambiente 21 (2): 157 - 170.","Gray, A. (1883) Contributions to American botany. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 19: 85."]}

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2023
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44. The online Flora of Mexico: eFloraMEX

Author

Sosa, Victoria, primary, Alvarado-Cárdenas, Leonardo O., additional, Duno de Stefano, Rodrigo, additional, González-Gallegos, Jesús G., additional, Hernández-Sandoval, Luis, additional, Jiménez-Rosenberg, Raul, additional, Ochoterena, Helga, additional, Rodríguez, Aarón, additional, Vibrans, Heike, additional, and Angulo, Diego F., additional

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2023
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46. Revision of the genus Agrostis (Poaceae, Pooideae, Poeae) in Megamexico.

Author

Vigosa-Mercado, J. Luis, Delgado-Salinas, Alfonso, Alvarado Cárdenas, Leonardo O., and Eguiarte, Luis E.

Subjects
AGROSTIS, BIOGEOGRAPHY, TEMPERATE forests, COLD regions
Abstract

Copyright of PhytoKeys is the property of Pensoft Publishers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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2023
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48. Macroscepis Kunth 1819

Author

Alvarado-Cárdenas, Leonardo O., Pío-León, Juan F., and Chávez-Hernández, María G.

Subjects
Apocynaceae, Tracheophyta, Magnoliopsida, Biodiversity, Plantae, Macroscepis, Taxonomy, Gentianales
Abstract

An identification key of Macroscepis in México. 1. Apex of the gynostegial corona exerted from the corolla tube..........................................................................................................2 - Apex of the gynostegial corona included in the corolla tube.............................................................................................................3 2. Corolla greenish-brown to brown, rarely orange; gynostegial corona apex straight, rectangular. Fruit wings with margin entire to slightly lobulated. Plants distributed from México (Jalisco to Chiapas) to Nicaragua ................................. Macroscepis diademata - Corolla orange, gynostegial corona apex inflexed, sub-quadrangular. Fruit wings with margin irregularly crenate to slightly dentate. Plants endemic to Sinaloa, México........................................................................................................... Macroscepis sinalobolana 3. Inflorescences usually with 8 or more flowers.............................................................................................. Macroscepis pleistantha - Inflorescences usually with 2–5 flowers............................................................................................................................................4 4. Corolla greenish-brown to green; gynostegial corona pinkish to purple, apex concave............................ Macroscepis yucatanensis - Corolla orange; gynostegial corona yellowish to brown, apex plane................................................................ Macroscepis stevensii, Published as part of Alvarado-Cárdenas, Leonardo O., Pío-León, Juan F. & Chávez-Hernández, María G., 2022, Macroscepis sinalobolana (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae, Gonolobeae) a new and endemic species to Sinaloa, México, pp. 104-112 in Phytotaxa 564 (1) on page 109, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.564.1.8, http://zenodo.org/record/7077905

Published
2022
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49. Macroscepis sinalobolana L. O. Alvarado, Pio-Leon et M. G. Chavez 2022, sp. nov

Author

Alvarado-Cárdenas, Leonardo O., Pío-León, Juan F., and Chávez-Hernández, María G.

Subjects
Apocynaceae, Tracheophyta, Magnoliopsida, Biodiversity, Plantae, Macroscepis, Taxonomy, Gentianales, Macroscepis sinalobolana
Abstract

Macroscepis sinalobolana L.O. Alvarado, Pío-León et M.G. Chávez, sp. nov. Type:— MÉXICO. Sinaloa: Elota, entrada a presa Aurelio Benassini “El Salto”, 24°07’58’’N 106°44’10’’W, 105 m, 23 August 2020, Pio León J. F. 112 (holotype CIIDIR! Isotypes FCME! MEXU!). Macroscepis sinalobolana is morphologically similar to M. diademata by their flowers are about 3 cm of diameter, brown to orange in colour, and the corona lobes apices are exerted from the corolla tube; the new species is distinguished from the later by its gynostegial corona that is bilobed at the union with the stipe of gynostegium (vs. trilobed at the union with the stipe in M. diademata); the corona lobes apex are inflexed and slightly bilobed (vs. corona lobes apex erect and truncated in M. diademata); and the fruit wing margins are irregularly crenate to slightly dentate (vs. margins entire to slightly lobulated in M. diademata). Additionally, M. sinalobolana is endemic to Sinaloa, México, while M. diademata is found from central México to Nicaragua). Herbaceous perennial vines. Latex white. Stems cylindrical, with mixed indumentum, glandular, yellow trichomes, ca. 0.1 mm long, eglandular yellow to brown trichomes, 3–4.5 mm long. Leaves petioles 1.2–2.6 cm long, with mixed indumentum, glandular, yellow trichomes, ca. 0.1 mm long, eglandular yellow to brown trichomes, 2.5–3.5 mm long; laminas 5.5–14 × 3–9.5 cm, elliptic, base bilobate, apex mucronate, abaxially and adaxially pubescent, with long, multiseptate, scattered and sub-appressed trichomes, and a few tiny erect glandular trichomes; secondary veins 5–6 on each side of midvein, more prominent in the abaxial side; (2)4–8 colleters at the base of the midvein on the adaxial side, conical, 0.7–1 mm long. Inflorescences umbelliform, 3–8 flowers; peduncles 1–1.6 cm long, with mixed indumentum, glandular, yellow trichomes, ca. 0.1 mm long, eglandular yellow to brown trichomes, 1.5–4 mm long; bracts linear to lanceolate, 6–13 mm × 1 mm, pubescent; pedicels 1.1–2 × 0.6 cm long, with mixed indumentum, glandular, yellow trichomes, ca. 0.1 mm long, eglandular yellow to brown trichomes, 3–4 mm long. Calyx green, lobes 14–15 × 7–9 mm, membranous, glabrous or glabrescent adaxially and abaxially, ovate to elliptic, apex acuminate, 1–2 colleters between each lobe, conical, ca. 1 mm long. Corolla rotate, 3.1–3.3 cm diameter, brown to orange, tube 7.3–7.5 × 10–12 mm, faucal annulus ca. 0.5 mm thick, green to brownish, corolla lobes ovate, 1.1–1.2 × 1.2–1.4 cm, orange, sometimes slightly reticulated, adaxial face strigosus with trichomes ca. 1 mm long, abaxial face velutinous with trichomes 1–3 mm long. Corona lobes fleshy, 3.7–4 mm long from attachment to stipe, laterally connate and forming a tube adnate to the corolla tube, slightly bilobed at the junction with the stipe, apices free, 1.5–2 × 3.7–4 × 1.2–1.5 mm, thickened, laterally concave, exerted and inflexed, slightly bilobed. Gynostegium stipitated, 5–6 mm long, with a plane to slightly convex stylar head, anthers 1.6 mm long, wings 1.5 × 1.6 mm. Pollinarium ca. 1.75 × 1.1 mm, corpuscle broadly elliptic, ca. 0.6 × 0.65 mm, brown; caudicle ca. 0.55 mm long; pollinia pseudoreniform, 1.15 × 0.7 mm, laterally excavated. Fruits 1 rarely 2 per flower, asymmetrically fusiform, 8.5–10.5 × 3–5 cm, glabrous to glabrescent, slightly verrucose, 5 complete and 2 incomplete wings, wigs 0.3–0.8 cm tall, margin irregularly crenate to slightly dentate. Seeds 150–200 per fruit, obovate, compressed, 7 × 5 mm, irregularly dentate distally, verrucose on both sides, more on the concave side, farinaceous on the convex side, margins 0.5 mm long, white coma 2.2–3.3 cm long. Figure 1. Phenology: —Flowering between August and September. Fruiting between October and December (Figures 1, 2). Distribution and Habitat: — Macroscepis sinalobolana is found in the state of Sinaloa, in tropical dry forest, observed in areas with low to moderate anthropogenic impact, often associated with Lysiloma sp. Bentham (1844: 82) and Vachellia spp. Wight & Arnott (1834: 272), growing from 50 to 300 of elevation. (Figure 3). Ants (Formicidae) were observed visiting the flowers and approached the faucal annulus and the corona lobes (Figure 1H). Etymology: —The specific epithet refers to the name of the state of Sinaloa to which the species is restricted. Sinaloa comes from the Cahíta language, where Sina, which means “pitaya” (a columnar Cactaceae), and Lobola, “rounded”. Thus, Sinalobola, which later derived to Sinaloa, means “round pitaya” (CEDEMUN 1986). Conservation Status: —Based on GeoCAT (Bachman et al. 2011) M. sinalobolana has an EOO= 10,665 km 2 (qualifying for IUCN category: Vulnerable) and AOO= 52 km 2 (qualifying for IUCN category: Endangered) (Figure 3). The individuals of this species grow in tropical dry forest and, based on the observations from the second author and Naturalista records, appear to tolerate some anthropogenic impact, growing on the fences of the houses or agricultural land associated with the remaining trees and shrubs.Additionally, this species is not frequent, but some of its populations have numerous individuals, and some of them showed several fruits (Naturalista, Sosar 70893741, Pío-León comm. pers.). Although individuals of this species have an apparent tolerance to disturbance, the probable decrease in habitat quality due to land use change in the region, may negatively affect populations; likewise, the species is restricted to one state of Mexico and in a reduced area with few populations (Additional specimens examined: — MÉXICO. Sinaloa: Culiacán de Rosales. Cercanías de Bebelama de San Lorenzo a 7 km al E de Tabalá, R. Vega 5766 (UAS); Sinaloa de Leyva. Cerro del puerto al oriente de Santa Fé, G. Bojórquez 386 (MEXU, UAS). Additional observation from Naturalista examined:— MÉXICO. Sinaloa: San Ignacio. Agua Caliente de los Yuriar, J. Castro 10128264. Culiacán de Rosales. Culiacán, licepayan 60561687, 60561690. Elota. Elota, J. Pio 38771995, 44178284, 57867410; Miramar, La Cruz, laurareginaac 54811785. Mazatlán. Mazatlán, laurabrivera 78199290, P. Samperio 25358979, S. Escutia 25364245. San Ignacio. San Ignacio, S. Escutia 39475456, 9413850. Sinaloa de Leyva. sin localidad, Sosar 70893741. Notes: — Macroscepis is a very poorly known genus in Gonolobinae because the collections are scarce, many of them are fruiting specimens, and due to the absence of an updated revision for the genus. This new species is a remarkable finding because it increases the morphological patterns of the flowers, such as the slightly reticulated corolla and the inflexed apex of the gynostegial corona, and distribution of the genus, attributes very important in the systematic of the group, as pointed out by Stevens (2009) and Morillo (2012, 2013). With this addition, there are five species of Macroscepis recorded in Mexico, and three of them are endemic (M. sinalobolana, M. stevensii, and M. yucatanensis). Macroscepis sinalobolana is morphologically similar to M. diademata, and M. stevensii. They share sepals with a similar length (around 1 cm long) and corolla brownish to orange, densely pubescent (Figure 2, Stevens 2009, Morillo 2012), but we can recognize each of them by the following characters. The new species has a gynostegial corona that is bilobed at the union with the gynostegium (Figure 2b); the corona lobes are exerted and apically inflexed and slightly bilobed, and are in contact with each other; the fruit wigs have margins irregularly crenate to slightly dentate. Macroscepis diademata, on the other hand, has a gynostegial corona that is slightly trilobed at the union with the gynostegium (Figure 2d); its corona lobes are exerted and apically straight and truncated to slightly bilobed, and are apically in contact with each other (Stevens 2009; Hernández-Barón et al. 2019 Figure 2d); the fruit wigs have margins entire to slightly lobulated. In M. stevensii the corona lobes are included and apically truncated to slightly bilobed (Morillo 2012). The lobes apically are not in contact with each other (Figure 2e). The fruits of this species are unknown. Additionally to the morphological attributes, the geographic distribution of the new taxon is helpful in its delimitation within this species complex (Figure 3). Macroscepis sinalobolana is restricted to Sinaloa state. This is the species with the northernmost distribution among the members of the genera. M. diademata is distributed from the center of México to Nicaragua, and M. stevensii is restricted to Chiapas, Mexico., Published as part of Alvarado-Cárdenas, Leonardo O., Pío-León, Juan F. & Chávez-Hernández, María G., 2022, Macroscepis sinalobolana (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae, Gonolobeae) a new and endemic species to Sinaloa, México, pp. 104-112 in Phytotaxa 564 (1) on pages 105-109, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.564.1.8, http://zenodo.org/record/7077905, {"references":["Wight, R. & Arnott, G. A. W. (1834) Leguminosae. Prodromus Florae Peninsulae Indiae Orientalis 1. Parbury, Allen & CO., London, 480 pp.","CEDEMUN (Centro Nacional de Desarrollo Municipal). (1986) Enciclopedia de los municipios de Mexico. Secretaria de Gobernacion. Ciudad de Mexico: Secretaria de Gobernacion. Available from: http: // www. inafed. gob. mx / work / enciclopedia / (accessed June 2021).","Bachman, S., Moat, J., Hill, A., de la Torre, J. & Scott, B. (2011) Supporting Red List threat assessments with GeoCAT: Geospatial Conservation Assessment Tool. ZooKeys 150: 117 - 126. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 150.2109","IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee (2019) Guidelines for using the IUCN red list categories and criteria. Version 14. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee. Available from: http: // www. iucnredlist. org / documents / RedListGuidelines. pdf (accessed Jan 2021)","Stevens, W. D. & Morales, J. F. (2009) Apocynaceae. In: Davidse, G., Sousa, S. M., Knapp, M., Chiang, F. & Barrie, F. R. (Eds.) Flora Mesoamericana: Cucurbitaceae a Polemoniaceae. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Instituto de Biologia, Missouri Botanical Garden, The Natural History Museum, pp. 662 - 768. [ISBN 979 - 607 - 02 - 0901 - 7]","Morillo, G. (2012) Aportes al conocimiento de las Gonolobinae (Apocynaceae - Asclepiadoideae). Pittieria 36: 13 - 57.","Morillo, G. (2013) Aportes al conocimiento de las Gonolobinae II (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae). Pittieria 37: 115 - 154.","Hernandez-Baron, G. M., Juarez-Jaimes, V. & Campos-Villanueva, A. (2019) La subfamilia Asclepiadoideae (Apocynaceae) de la region de Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, Mexico. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 90: e 902897. https: // doi. org / 10.22201 / ib. 20078706 e. 2019.90.2897"]}

Published
2022
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50. Dictyanthus nichongus L. O. Alvarado, R. Sanchez et A. Lopez 2022, sp. nov

Author

Alvarado-Cárdenas, Leonardo O., Hernández, Alexis López, and Crisóstomo, Raúl Sánchez

Subjects
Apocynaceae, Tracheophyta, Magnoliopsida, Dictyanthus, Biodiversity, Dictyanthus nichongus, Plantae, Taxonomy, Gentianales
Abstract

Dictyanthus nichongus L.O. Alvarado, R. Sánchez et A. López sp. nov. (Figs. 1 –4) Type:— México. Jalisco: Municipio Tomatlán. Camino hacia “ La Compuerta ” ca. 1 km del poblado de José María Morelos, cercano a la Laguna de Chalacatepec. 4 June 2021, R. Sánchez 1 (fl.) (holotype FCME!; isotype MEXU!). Dictyanthus nichongus is morphologically similar to D. macvaughianus but differs by its smaller flowers, corollas yellow to almost purple corolla with parallel to reticulated purple lines, gynostegial corona lobes rhomboid, and style head conic, reddish to purple, and exserted from the corolla tube. Twining vines, base suberized or slightly lignified, root not observed. Stems with indumentum hirtulose, more or less homogeneously distributed, made with uncinated or straight trichomes (long and short), dense to sparse, buds with a tuft of straight long trichomes. Leaves: stipular colleters 0.5‒0.7 mm, 0‒2, axilar; petioles (1.5‒)4.6‒5.5(‒7.5) cm long, puberulent with short straight trichomes, distally with scarce uncinated trichomes; blade membranous, ovate to broadly-ovate, 4.3‒6.6 (10.6) × (1.8)2.3‒5 (6.8) cm, with (5‒)7‒8 secondary veins, surfaces scarcely pubescent with both long and short uncinated trichomes distributed on the blade and veins, margins wavy to straight, base cordate, lobes 1.3‒1.9 cm long, divergent, apex acute; laminar colleters orange, 2‒4 at the base of the blade. Inflorescences racemose, with 1‒4 flowers open, indumentum similar to the stem in the following structures; peduncle 5.0‒ 9.3 mm long; bracts 2.5‒3.1 × 0.5‒0.7 mm, linear to lanceolate; pedicels 1.2‒1.7 cm long. Flowers with valvate aestivation: Calyx lobes lanceolate, 7.0‒9.9 × 2.2‒2.5 mm, adaxially glabrate or glabrous, abaxially pubescent with both long and short uncinated trichomes, mostly at the margin, with 1 colleter between the lobes. Corolla yellowish to almost purple, campanulate-rotate, deeply sacciform, 1.8‒2.0 cm in diameter, abaxially diminutively pubescent, adaxially glabrous, tube 5‒6.4 × 9.8‒10 mm, with vertical and parallel purple lines, limb 1.0‒ 1.35 mm long, reflexed, lobes ovate, 6.5‒8.3 × 6.5‒7.6 mm, patent, apex rounded to truncate, margin revolute, limb and lobes with reticulated pattern to completely purple-colored, adaxially glabrous or short and scarce straight trichomes, abaxially hirtulose; gynostegial corona 5‒ lobed, reaching the mouth of the tube to slightly exserted, staminal elements 1.7‒2.1 × 1.4‒1.7 mm, rhombus-shaped, apex rounded, white to yellowish, lobes connate at the corolla tube, adnate basally to the stipe of the gynostegium through a thick septum; gynostegium ca. 3.6 × 3.3 mm, pentagonal, stipe 1.8‒2 mm long; corpusculum ca. 0.25 × 0.12 mm, sagittate, dark brown; pollinia 0.7‒0.9 × 0.3‒0.33 mm, apically sterile and excavated; style head yellow, distally reddish to purple, convex, conical, 2.7‒3.2 mm tall, exserted, base pentagonal, apex rounded, slightly bilobed. Follicle brown with white-yellowish irregular stripes, fusiform, 6.5‒7 cm, with 35‒40 arcuate or straight projections. Seeds nearly circular to obovate, 5‒5.8 × 3.8‒5 mm, coma 2‒2.5 cm long. Etymology: —The specific epithet is an anagram of the word “ chingón ”, which is a Mexican slang term with several meanings (Montes de Oca 2010, RAE 2021), one of them being “remarkable or of high quality”, herein used as an adjective. Distribution & habitat: — Dictyanthus nichongus is only known from two localities in Jalisco. One of them is the population of the type specimen collected in Chalacatepec deciduous forest; the second locality corresponds to photographs posted on social media (Fig. 1A, 3A) from the locality of Tenamaxtlan, Municipality of Tenamaxtlan, for which we have no further information. The area of Chalacatepec belongs to the Pacific Coastal Plain, a physiographic region of Jalisco, Mexico. The new species is scarce and no more than 50 individuals were observed in the area. The population can be found between 20 and 45 m elevations. We observed a fly, probably Sarcophagydae, visiting the flowers, but we did not observe if the pollinaria were carried out, nor did we perceive an odor from the flower at the time (Fig. 1. D). Phenology: —The specimen were collected with flowers and fruits in June. Provisional conservation assessment: — The individuals of this species are restricted to Jalisco, Mexico, and two populations are known; one from the type locality close to the Chalacatepec beach, Jose Maria Morelos, Municipality of Tomatlan (Fig. 1 B-D, 2, 3B), and the second from an observation, recorded only by photographs, in the locality of Tenamaxtlan, Municipality of Tenamaxtlan, Jalisco (Fig. 1A, 3A). According to the people of José María Morelos, a hotel project is about to be carried out in the region, which could impact negatively on the vegetation where the population of Dictyanthus nichongus grows.The information about its population, phenology, and distribution is scarce, and the imminent habitat fragmentation and land-use change could place the plant populations at risk. Considering that we only know data from the type locality, together with the anthropogenic impact, we suggest the category of Critically Endangered B 2ab(ii) according to the red list criteria of the IUCN (2019). Notes: — Dictyanthus is a morphologically interesting genus due to their flowers with a reticulated pattern of colors, sacciformed corollas, palmatilobed gynostegial corona with diverse morphology and fused to the corolla. This new species highlights Mexico as a center of diversity (17 spp.) and endemism for the genus (88%). Additionally, Dictyanthus nichongus increases the number of species of the genus in Jalisco to eight (Fig. 3), which places it, along with Oaxaca, the state with the highest diversity of Dictyanthus (Alvarado-Cárdenas et al. 2020). The individuals of D. nichongus are distinct from all known species of the genus, but show some similarity with those in D. macvaughianus (Stevens 1988). Both species have corollas with pronounced sacs between the corona, with mainly parallel lines, and the stylar head apex is convex (Fig 3A–B, D). Dictyanthus nichongus has a flower diameter of 1.8‒2.0 cm, yellowish to almost purple with purple lines, rhombus-shaped corona lobes, and reddish to purple stylar head apex exserted from the corolla tube (Fig 1, 2). While D. macvaughianus has a flower diameter of 3 cm, brownish with purple to gray lines, linear-spatulate corona lobes, and the stylar head apex is pink and included in the corolla tube (Stevens 1988; Fig 3D). Dictyanthus parviflorus shares some similarities with D. nichongus in their campanulaterotate flowers with pronounced sacs between the corona lobes (Fig 3E). The former differs by its reticulate pattern in the corolla tube, linear-lanceolate gynostegial corona, and its gynostegium and stylar apex included in the corolla. Dictyanthus tuberosus showed some resemblance with the new species in its small and purple flowers with parallel lines in the corolla tube. It differs by its campanulate corolla, and gynostegium and stylar head apex deeply included in the corolla (Fig 3I)., Published as part of Alvarado-Cárdenas, Leonardo O., Hernández, Alexis López & Crisóstomo, Raúl Sánchez, 2022, A remarkable new species of Dictyanthus (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae, Asclepiadeae, Gonolobinae) restricted to Jalisco, México, pp. 178-184 in Phytotaxa 558 (2) on pages 179-182, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.558.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7002925, {"references":["Montes De Oca Sicilia, M. P. (2010) Chingonario, el diccionario de uso, reuso y abuso del chingar y sus derivados. Lectorum (Sin Promo), Mexico, 190 pp.","IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee (2019) Guidelines for using the IUCN red list categories and criteria. Version March 13. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee. Available from: http: // www. iucnredlist. org / documents / RedListGuidelines. pdf (accessed 1 st September 2021)","Alvarado-Cardenas, L. O., Lozada-Perez, L., Islas-Hernandez, C. S., Cortez-Castro, E. B., Maya-Mandujano, K. & Chavez-Hernandez, M. G. (2020) Apocinaceas de ayer y hoy. Conocimiento historico y reevaluacion de la diversidad de Apocynaceae en Mexico. Botanical Sciences 98: 393 - 416. https: // doi. org / 10.17129 / botsci. 2525","Stevens, W. D. (1988) A synopsis of Matelea subg. Dictyanthus (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 47: 1533 - 1564. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2399300"]}

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2022
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