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La especie Jatropha curcas L. se destaca por su rápido crecimiento y su adaptabilidad a suelos degradados y secos. Esta investigación, realizada en la granja experimental Andil de la Universidad Estatal del Sur de Manabí, tuvo como objetivo recopilar información sobre las características morfológicas de seis genotipos seleccionados, incluyendo cuatro híbridos y dos clones de Jatropha curcas. Se plantaron 576 plantas en 24 subparcelas, asignando cuatro parcelas a cada genotipo. Durante 23 meses, se midieron variables como altura, diámetro del tallo y número de ramas en ocho plantas seleccionadas por subparcela. Se calcularon estadísticos descriptivos y se realizó una interpolación para períodos no estudiados. El híbrido JAT 001100 destacó con una altura promedio de 197,72 cm y un rango de 199,44 cm, seguido por el JAT 001103 con 193,9 cm. El diámetro del tallo no mostró diferencias significativas, oscilando entre 7 cm y 6,5 cm. Los híbridos JAT 001100, JAT 001103 y JAT 001165 presentaron un mayor número de ramas (promedio de 8 a 8,1). En general, los híbridos comerciales superaron a los clones locales en crecimiento y desarrollo. Estos hallazgos contribuyen al conocimiento de Jatropha curcas y pueden ser útiles para la selección de genotipos en programas de mejoramiento genético.

Con el objetivo de evaluar la morfología del polen en especies melíferas del bosque seco tropical del recinto Quimis, se seleccionaron cinco apiarios distribuidos en dicha formación vegetal, se recolectaron las cargas de polen obtenidas directamente de los apiarios y se registró la flora apícola de acuerdo al tiempo de floración. Los resultados revelaron 21 especies melíferas pertenecientes a 13 familias y 21 géneros, Convolvulus arvensis, Eriotheca ruizii, Ceiba trischistandra y Prosopis pallida las especies más frecuentes y la familia más abundante fue la Fabaceae. En relación con las unidades de polen, el 0,95 % corresponde al tipo mónada y referente a la simetría, el 0,67 % se caracteriza por ser de tipo radiosimétrico, mientras que el 0,48 % presenta aberturas tricolporadas. Con respecto a la forma de la exina, el 0,43 % exhibe una forma psilada, y el 0,38 % mostró forma esferoidal. Los meses de mayor floración coincidieron con junio, julio y agosto, que corresponden a la temporada seca. La gran mayoría de las especies nectaríferas y poliníferas resultaron ser dominantes, con la excepción de Bonellia sprucei, Caesalpinia paipai y Trema micrantha, Muntingia calabura, Cojoba arborea, Sarcomphalus thyrsiflorus, Bursera graveolens, las cuales solo proporcionan polen y Cordia lutea y Cynophalla sclerophylla, que son productoras de néctar

El propósito fundamental de esta investigación fue documentar el uso de especies vegetales en la práctica culinaria de la parroquia El Anegado, con un enfoque destacado en su aplicabilidad como alimentos, condimentos y bebidas, especialmente relevantes para los visitantes. Para alcanzar este objetivo, se emplearon discusiones grupales, entrevistas y diálogos con los residentes locales, con el fin de capturar y documentar su conocimiento sobre las plantas utilizadas en la cocina tradicional. Se logró identificar un total de 41 especies, abarcando 24 familias de relevancia gastronómica. La mayoría de estas especies son cultivadas, reflejando la interacción activa entre las comunidades locales y el entorno natural circundante. Entre las familias destacan Fabaceae y Rutaceae, que sobresalen por albergar un mayor número de especies de interés culinario. Se registró 74 usos gastronómicos, distribuidos en tres categorías principales: bebidas (29), plantas comestibles (27) y condimentos (18). Es importante notar que una misma especie puede ser aprovechada para diversos fines culinarios. Resulta llamativa la importancia atribuida a especies como Musa paradisiaca y Zea mays, que constituyen la base fundamental de numerosos platos característicos de la gastronomía local. La variedad de especies identificadas y los usos atribuidos a ellas revelan una interacción rica y arraigada entre la comunidad y su entorno natural. La preservación de estas prácticas culinarias no solo enriquece la experiencia gastronómica, sino que también promueve la conservación de la biodiversidad local y la preservación de tradiciones valiosas.

Las alternativas asociadas a la generación de ingresos económicos en comunidades rurales nacen de la utilización de los Productos Forestales No Maderables. El objetivo de esta investigación es evaluar el aprovechamiento y las potencialidades de usos de Carludovica palmata Ruiz & Pav. como producto forestal no maderable en la comunidad Pile, Cantón Montecristi. Se realizaron entrevistas para indagar sobre los usos de la especie, ubicación, época y objeto de cosecha; para analizar aspectos ecológicos, incluyendo la diversidad de especies, la densidad poblacional y otros atributos relevantes que caracterizan a las comunidades de palmas se establecieron transectos de 5 m de ancho por 100 m de longitud (500 m²). La categoría de artesanías resultó la más importante con 167 citaciones (97,66 %). La parte de la planta que más utilizan es la hoja; los sombreros son los productos más fabricados con paja toquilla (166 citaciones); los tejidos gruesos y finos son los más usados (79 y 83 citaciones), respectivamente. Entre los aspectos que influyen en la calidad de los productos resaltan el estado de maduración de la paja toquilla y la época del año, 110 y 55 citaciones, respectivamente; el 90,29 % de los entrevistados afirmaron que el aprovechamiento de Carludovica palmata es bajo y que solo utilizan la yema terminal del tallo para confeccionar artesanías. La perspectiva sobre la abundancia de la especie es muy baja, sin embargo, la información obtenida en los transectos reveló 2 503 individuos/ha, lo que refleja la carencia de prácticas de manejo silvicultural donde habita Carludovica palmata en la comunidad Pile. La especie Carludovica palmata no es aprovechada y manejada adecuadamente, sus potencialidades de usos son limitadas.

La regeneración natural juega un papel importante en el mantenimiento de las poblaciones de árboles, conservación y diversidad de los bosques secos tropicales. Este tipo de bosque es vulnerable con poco conocimiento sobre su vegetación, razón por la cual este trabajo permitió el análisis de la regeneración natural de las especies forestales del jardín botánico de la Universidad Técnica de Manabí. Se establecieron tres parcelas de muestreo aleatoriamente de 50 x 50 m, para definir el comportamiento del estrato brinzal, latizal y fustal mediante un inventario forestal estimando la abundancia de las especies forestales de regeneración natural, el índice de valor importancia ecológica, índice de Shannon-Wiener e índice de Margalef. El inventario forestal determinó la identificación de 18 especies y 15 familias botánicas, las especies de mayor abundancia en regeneración natural fueron Acnistus arborescens, Bursera cinerea, Albizia guachapele y Ochoterenaea colombiana. La categoría brinzal presentó mayor cantidad de individuos mientras que el latizal y el fustal obtuvieron la misma cantidad. El índice de valor importancia ecológica mostró mayor representatividad a las especies Albizia guachapele y Acnistus arborescens, mientras el índice de diversidad Shannon-Wiener y el índice de Margalef determinó al bosque seco tropical del jardín botánico con diversidad y riqueza especifica media indicando al bosque investigado en proceso de recuperación de especies de regeneración natural. ARK CAICYT: http://id.caicyt.gov.ar/ark:/s26182734/xi67r0kk3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6975372

Agroforestry systems are an alternative land use and constitute a combination of agronomic and forest species. With the objective of characterizing the agroforestry systems of the San Francisco enclosure of the El Anegado parish, a floristic inventory was carried out and information was collected on the use and management of the components of the farms, between February and March, 2022; Margalef, Simpson, Shannon and Pielou Equity diversity indices were calculated. Among the inventoried species, Coffea arabica L., Handroaunthus billbergii (Bureau & K. Schum.) S. O. Grose and Theobroma cacao L. stand out; while, Cedrela montana Moritz ex Turcz.; Cecropia maxima Snethl. and Handroanthus chrysanthus (Jacq.) SO Grose, are categorized as vulnerable. In the El Palmital farm, food use predominates (54.55%) and in La Fortuna, timber prevails (51.72 %). The diversity indices in both farms showed high, medium and low values, according to the Margalef, Simpson and Shannon indices, respectively. The largest use of land in El Palmital is the planted area 74.23% (1.80 ha) and in La Fortuna the non-agricultural area dominated 55.88 % (0.95 ha). The characterization of agroforestry systems provides a better view of them, by conducting inventories of species that reflect their importance, management and organization, allowing redesign and optimization of their operation.

In the Quimis area of the Jipijapa Canton, an investigation was carried out related to the characterization of plant species that provide sustenance to bees in the production of honey that is used by local residents involved in the Aroma y Miel Association, among other uses, to market it. The objective of this study was based on characterizing the melliferous species of the tropical dry forest oriented to its conservation. Seven active apiaries distributed within the enclosure were selected, where four weekly samplings were made, with a total of 28 transects of 20 m x 50 m, taking as a starting point the apiaries to identify and count the number of species of apicultural use. A total of 31 species, 1,527 individuals, belonging to 16 families were determined. The botanical family with the highest abundance was Fabaceae with 290 individuals, and the most abundant species were Ceiba trichistandra (A. Gray) Bakh and Prosopis pallida (Willd.) Kunth, due to the greater beekeeping use and commercialization. The most frequent biological types were trees, followed by shrubs, herbaceous and lianas, respectively. The months of greatest flowering are from March to the beginning of October.

In order to verify the criteria that affect the identification and use of plants of interest to tourism, an ethnobotanical survey was conducted in the 10 parishes of the Jipijapa canton, Manabí, Ecuador. The initial hypothesis stated that factors such as age, gender and level of education influence the pattern of knowledge about plants. We worked with 47 residents who were knowledgeable about plants and entrepreneurs in the tourism sector, focusing on theoretical and practical knowledge, defined here as the ability to recognize plants and the ability to identify their uses, respectively. In general, the results show that the people interviewed in Jipijapa have a good knowledge of the plants, useful for tourists and this knowledge is not affected by the level of education. The criteria of age and gender influence the acquisition of practical knowledge. This study can serve as a basis for comparative studies in Ecuador.

Los saberes que posee la población manabita sobre la utilización de plantas medicinales contribuyen a cubrir vacíos de información sobre la medicina natural y tradicional en Ecuador. Esta investigación de alcance descriptivo tuvo el objetivo de profundizar en el conocimiento de los usos medicinales de plantas en Membrillal, Julcuy, Pedro Pablo Gómez y Quimis, en el sur de Manabi. Los datos fueron facilitados por 200 entrevistados, durante el periodo comprendido entre julio y noviembre de 2019. Además del componente sociocultural (edad, género, nivel educacional), la entrevista indagó sobre las plantas, las partes que se usan, las formas de uso, la abundancia, el ambiente donde crecen, la frecuencia de uso, la distancia desde sus casas al lugar de recolección, finalidades de usos y época de recolección. También se estudió las características fitoquímicas de las plantas, que validan los usos medicinales. En total fueron citadas 144 especies vegetales con algún uso medicinal, pertenecientes a 58 familias botánicas y 118 géneros. Las familias más citadas fueron Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Asteraceae y Rutaceae. Las especies Mentha spicata L. y Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf, alcanzaron el mayor número de citas. Las partes de las plantas más utilizadas fueron las hojas (65,5 %), para hacer infusiones (70,5 %). Las enfermedades del sistema digestivo, infecciosas y parasitarias fueron las enfermedades tratadas con las plantas medicinales en Membrillal, Julcuy, Pedro Pablo Gómez y Quimis, con una frecuencia de 35,9 %, 27,8 %, 30,3 % y 35,0 % de los entrevistados, respectivamente. Los principios bioactivos que están contenidos en las especies de plantas medicinales fueron los flavonoides, fenoles, triterpenos y alcaloides.

In order to identify the phyto resources of interest for tourism, existing in the dry forests of the coastal region, an ethnobotanical interview was conducted in 10 parishes of the Jipijapa canton, Manabí, Ecuador. It was obtained 246 species with at least one known use, belonging to 191 gender and 63 families. Uses were: material stock (373 species), environmental (175), medicinal (152) and edible (64). A single species may have more than one use.

In the Andil and Caña Brava communities, adjacent to the estate of the Southern State University of Manabí located on the Jipijapa-Noboa road, a study was conducted in order to obtain information on the properties and uses of the species Phytelephasaequatorialis as a Product Non-timber forest (NWFP). Based on interviews and discussions, the problem arose that the use of the species mentioned in the area is not sustainable; therefore, the objective of the work is related to evaluating the use of Phytelephasaequatorialis, in these two communities. Field trips were conducted to verify in situ the most common potentials and uses of this species. The empirical survey method was used, and a simple random sampling was carried out by establishing plots of 2 000 m2 (20 m x 100 m). It was verified that there are potentialities for the sustainable use of Phytelephasaequatorialis. Among the main uses of the species were found, food and beverages, essential oils, handicrafts and in a lesser proportion it is used as ornamental. According to the location of the sites and the way of extraction of this species, actions are needed that contribute to its sustainable use and that involve the social actors of both the University and the communities, including gender and aimed at giving greater protagonism to young people.

The work was carried out in the "El Palmar" farm, in the Pinar del Río municipality, Cuba, with the objective of demonstrating that the agroecological conversion process ensures an adequate level of food security and sovereignty, and improves the living conditions of the farmers. The method of direct observation and that of the Action Participation Research was used, and for the analysis of the food safety of the Rodríguez family four aspects were considered: availability, access, stability and use with the relative indicators. The study of the effects of the agroecological conversion process of a tobacco family farm is proposed. In particular, it is studied how agricultural production changes and how the food habits and living conditions of peasants are affected. The list of the plants cultivated within the farm is updated and it is concluded that the four most important aspects to be taken into account have confirmed that the family's food security has increased after the adoption of the agro-ecological approach. Due to the great variety of crops produced, the composition of the diet has also improved, including fruits and vegetables.

The paramo Casaiches Arenal, shares its resources with the community of the same name. Although conservation has been carried out in Ecuador on a voluntary basis, this has not been enough for the productive and population requirements, which has caused the loss of characteristics typical of the páramo. In this situation, the world community has joined efforts to mitigate the anthropogenic effects on this ecosystem. In 2008, the Association of Agricultural Workers Casaiches Arenal entered the forest conservation program and put 80 ha of páramo under this system. The knowledge of the socio-environmental effects of the program will allow us to answer your questioning. To know aspects of socio-economic development in the community under study, the empirical method of the survey was used, which investigated socioeconomic aspects in the area. As an independent variable, the paramos conservation incentive program was conceived and as dependent variables, social development; economic development and the conservation of the páramo ecosystem. To assess the environmental impact from the adhesion as beneficiaries, a cause-effect matrix was applied, as a method of identification and assessment with qualitative and quantitative results. It is concluded that the national policies on which the conservation program is based decrease the pressures on the paramo ecosystem, as long as it is complemented with on-site actions that allow for an efficient and systematic intervention in the region.

A study was carried out in the Quimis enclosure, located in the road Jipijapa - Manta - Portoviejo, in the canton of Jipijapa, province of Manabí, Ecuador, in order to obtain information about the properties and uses of Non-woods Forest Products (NWFPs) by the inhabitants of the enclosure Quimis. Based on interviews and conversations, the problem arose that the use of non-woods forest products (NWFPs) in the area does not lead to the sustainable management of ecosystems in the region. The use of the empirical method of surveys and the realization of a simple random probabilistic sampling showed that there are potentialities for the sustainable use of the NTFPs. The distance to the sites and the form of NTFP extraction in the Quimis enclosure may be indicating impoverishing processes of tropical dry forest. Actions are needed that contribute to the sustainable use of NTFPs that involve the social actors of the campus, including gender and aimed at giving greater prominence to the youth.

Burseragraveolens (palosanto) is a native species widely used for its medicinal properties. This specie grows on the banks of canyon and in low and medium mountains up to 1,300 m above sea level on the coasts of Ecuador and Peru. This research aimed to evaluate the effect of auxin-type growth regulators for the regeneration of plant tissue in B. graveolens. Samples of the species were collected in the tropical dry forest located in Quimis, JipijapaTown, Manabí province. Four concentrations of auxin indole-butyric acid (IBA) (2,000; 4,000; 6,000; 8,000 ppm) were used for the regeneration of cuttings of the species under study. After sowing the production of shoots, calluses and roots was documented at different time intervals, as well as mortality. A completely randomized design with four replicates was used. Statistical processing consisted of an analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey test to check the differences between the means of the treatments. The substrate used was dry forest land, guava land and river sand, in a ratio of 4:2:1. The best results for shoot and callus production as well as lower mortality were achieved with the T4 treatment (AIB at 8,000 ppm dose). In this study there was no root formation in any of the treatments, but presence of callus at 60 days after sowingyielded averages between 5.00 (treatment 3) and 11.25 (treatment 4) per plant.

The work was developed in the Los Amaros, the Santa Cruz river, Artemisa, Cuba. The objective was to evaluate how it influences the expansion of the agricultural frontier on riparian vegetation where the semi-deciduous mesophytic forest (BsdMe) predominates. A floristic characterization was performed, identifying the effects of disturbances on the structure and composition of these forests and their relation to human disturbance. A semi-structured interview was applied to all landowners in the study area. Species richness, dominance, basal area, total number of individuals, width of the strip covered by trees and shrubs, and area without vegetation on both banks of the river, respectively were considered as variables. There are differences in the structure and patterns of diversity of the studied forest, as a result of disturbances, with the consequent reduction of species; also anthropogenic disturbances, are the main factors that explain changes in the structure of these forests. They are identified as major species: Cupania macrophylla A. Rich., Roystonea regia HBK O. F. Cook., Guarea guidonia L. Sleumer and Trichilia hirta L. It is proposed to deepen the effect of the expansion of agriculture into other sectors of the river in interaction with local communities.

Las quemas controladas son comúnmente utilizadas por los agricultores en tierras de vocación forestal para la limpieza del terreno previo al establecimiento de cultivos agrícolas. El presente trabajo experimental tuvo como objetivo evaluar el comportamiento del fuego en quemas controladas en tierras de vocación forestal en la comuna Sancán, provincia de Manabí, Ecuador. Se delimitaron 10 parcelas de 1,18 x 5 m en hileras de combustible y tres parcelas de 20 x 50 m en combustibles dispersos. Durante la quema se midieron las variables temperatura del aire, humedad relativa y velocidad del viento a 0,50 metros de altura del suelo y a más de 3,00 m de distancia del extremo de la parcela por donde se inició el fuego. El material combustible se caracterizó considerando peso, espesura y contenido de humedad antes de la quema. Los parámetros del comportamiento del fuego evaluados fueron velocidad de propagación, intensidad lineal del fuego, alturas de las llamas, altura de secado letal y calor liberado por unidad de área. El comportamiento del fuego mostró valores medios superiores para todos los parámetros en las parcelas ubicadas en las hileras de combustible, excepto para el caso de la velocidad de propagación. Además, en esas parcelas los valores de la desviación estándar obtenidos para cada variable indican mayor dispersión de los datos con respecto a la media lo cual supone un comportamiento del fuego menos homogéneo en sentido general. Los resultados obtenidos pueden ser utilizados para fundamentar el uso responsable del fuego en tierras de vocación forestal.

Tourism planning processes are developed under sustainability indicators. For this reason, decision-makers and planners need management tools to assess the degree of sustainability, in particular biological indicators. This research was carried out within the protected area of Machalilla National Park, with the objective of determining sustainability indicators, with emphasis on the conservation status of the tropical dry forest of the commune of Agua Blanca, within the framework of the project "Sustainability indicators for environmental management focused on tourism. Phase 1. Methodological theoretical references". For the identification of species with potentialities for key biological indicators based on their representativeness, singularity and monitoring possibility, a simple random probabilistic sampling was carried out through the establishment of 28 transects of 20 m x 100 m, with a group of variables such as height, abundance, diameter, basal area and frequency. Harvesting practices were also considered in relation to the conservation status of these species. Criteria and indicators were generated for the qualification of conservation objects, as well as the key ecological attributes of the Agua Blanca commune and forest species as biological indicators, aimed at biodiversity conservation, which constitutes a useful tool for restoration in the context of Ecuador's dry forests.

During the last decades, the frequency and severity of forest fires in the tropical region and in other parts of the world, have increased. The accumulation of forest fuel on the forest floor over the years dramatically increases the risk of fire. One of the alternatives to reduce this risk or the potential for damages is to reduce the amount of forest fuel using prescribed burns. This work had the objective of planning a prescribed burning at a Tectonagrandis plantation in Jipijapa, Manabí, Ecuador. The amount of woody dead fuel was determined using the planar intersections method. The amount of miscellaneous and green fuels was evaluated by collecting the material in boxes of 30 x 30 cm and in a plot of 1 m2, respectively, placing samples in stoves to remove moisture. Fire behavior was estimated by calculating parameters such as fire intensity, flame length and lethal scorch height. The total amount of forest fuel estimated was 11.17 t ha-1. The prescriptions obtained for the optimal intervals of the fire behavior parameters presented values of fire intensity between 16.43 and 33.89 kcal m-1 s-1; flame length between 0.54 and 0.76 m and lethal scorch height between 1.38 and 4.20 m. These values sufficiently argue the application of fire in the stand of T. grandis without danger to the trees.

The study was conducted in the nature reserve "El Mulo," and the objective was to characterize the mesophilic semi-deciduous forest of this area, which is one of the three core areas of Managed Resource Protected Area "Sierra del Rosario" in the province Artemisa, Cuba. We are analyzing horizontal and vertical structure, and the Alpha and Beta diversity is performed. The index ecological importance's value of species was obtained by the sum of the parameters of horizontal structure. Were prepared graphs of relative abundance for the 15 most important species from the ecological point of view. Were identified 19 families, 42 genera and 45 species of angiosperm woody plants? In total 1 468 individuals were recorded in the six sampled plots. The composition and structure found in the investigation corroborates the presence of mesophytic semi-deciduous forest in the area. The parameters of the horizontal structure that most affect the ecological importance of the species are abundance and dominance relative. The dominant species in the sampling sites have been mostly introduced. The relationship established between sites, species and some environmental variables indicates that Ficus aurea Nutt., Erythrina poeppigiana O. F., Laurocerasus occidentalis Roem., Guarea guidonia L.Sleumer y Oxandra lanceolata SW: Baill., reached the highest values ecologically important.