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Samiksha Fouzdar Jain,1,2 Sidra Akhter,3 Rhys Ishihara,3 Safeer Siddicky,4 Robin High,2 Donny W Suh3,4 1Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology & Adult Strabismus, Children’s Hospital, and Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; 2College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; 3Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA; 4Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USACorrespondence: Samiksha Fouzdar Jain, Ophthalmology Department, Children’s Hospital and Medical Center, 8400 Dodge Street, Omaha, NE, 68114, USA, Tel +1 402 955 8280, Email sjain@childrensOmaha.orgIntroduction: Work-related musculoskeletal disease (MSD) is the second leading cause of disability globally. Ophthalmologists widely report MSDs in the neck (70%) and back pain (40– 80%). Our study intended to identify the prevalence of MSDs among pediatric ophthalmologists.Methods: Pediatric ophthalmologists self-reported chronic pain, instrumentation used, years practiced, surgeries performed, work schedule/environment modifications due to MSD, and treatment for MSD via an anonymous online survey. Statistical analysis of responses included odds ratios, Pearson chi-square testing, and Spearman correlations.Results: This study had 101 respondents, with 66% reporting chronic pain. Chronic neck pain (41%) and lower back pain (31%) followed by shoulder pain (30%) were the leading MSD complaints and significantly correlated with years of experience (p< 0.05). Participants often had multiple types of pain, including 13% of the sample who experienced all three types of pain. Those reporting shoulder and back pain also reported a greater incidence in work modification (68– 83%). Those suffering from chronic neck, shoulder, and lower back pain have sought treatment for their MSD (p< 0.05).Discussion: With such wide reporting of chronic neck, back, and shoulder pain, the development of MSDs likely leads to disability. Ergonomic innovations in the workplace may reduce the healthcare burden and prolong pediatric ophthalmologists’ ability to provide services.Conclusion: In our study, the reported prevalence of chronic neck and back pain was comparable to previous studies and published literature, with 2/3 of participants reporting pain. There is a tremendous need for ongoing innovations, especially surgical loupes, operating microscopes, and slit-lamp modifications to prevent musculoskeletal disease.Keywords: musculoskeletal disease, ergonomics, neck pain, back pain

Droplets capture an environment-dictated equilibrium state of a liquid material. Equilibrium, however, often necessitates nanoscale interface organization, especially with formation of a passivating layer. Herein, we demonstrate that this kinetics-driven organization may predispose a material to autonomous thermal-oxidative composition inversion (TOCI) and texture reconfiguration under felicitous choice of trigger. We exploit inherent structural complexity, differential reactivity, and metastability of the ultrathin (∼0.7-3 nm) passivating oxide layer on eutectic gallium-indium (EGaIn, 75.5% Ga, 24.5% In w/w) core-shell particles to illustrate this approach to surface engineering. Two tiers of texture can be produced after ca. 15 min of heating, with the first evolution showing crumpling, while the second is a particulate growth above the first uniform texture. The formation of tier 1 texture occurs primarily because of diffusion-driven oxide buildup, which, as expected, increases stiffness of the oxide layer. The surface of this tier is rich in Ga, akin to the ambient formed passivating oxide. Tier 2 occurs at higher temperature because of thermally triggered fracture of the now thick and stiff oxide shell. This process leads to inversion in composition of the surface oxide due to higher In content on the tier 2 features. At higher temperatures (≥800 °C), significant changes in composition lead to solidification of the remaining material. Volume change upon oxidation and solidification leads to a hollow structure with a textured surface and faceted core. Controlled thermal treatment of liquid EGaIn therefore leads to tunable surface roughness, composition inversion, increased stiffness in the oxide shell, or a porous solid structure. We infer that this tunability is due to the structure of the passivating oxide layer that is driven by differences in reactivity of Ga and In and requisite enrichment of the less reactive component at the metal-oxide interface.

Purpose: Information on carbon dioxide (CO2) emission from different organic sources and their temperature sensitivity to decomposition is scarce in Bangladesh. Therefore, this study quantified the rates of CO2 emission and carbon (C) degradation constants from different organic material mixed soils at variable temperatures in two laboratory experiments. Methods: The first experiment was conducted at room temperature for 26 weeks to study CO2 emission and C mineralization using vermicompost, chicken manure, cow dung, rice straw, and rice husk biochar. Weekly CO2 emission was measured by alkali absorption followed by acid titration. The second experiment comprised two factors, viz. four organic materials (vermicompost, chicken manure, cow dung, and rice straw) and six temperature regimes (25, 30, 35, 40, 45, and 50 °C). Organic materials at 2.5 g C kg−1 soil were mixed in both experiments. Results: CO2 emission reached the peak at 5th weeks of incubation and then decreased with irregular fashion until 21st week. The C emission loss followed in the order of chicken manure > rice straw > vermicompost > cow dung > rice husk biochar, and C degradation constants indicated the slower decomposition of rice husk biochar compared to cow dung, vermicompost, chicken manure, and rice straw. Temperature positively enhanced the mineralization of organic materials in the order of 50 > 45 > 40 > 35 > 30 > 25 °C, which contributed to higher availability of soil phosphorus. Conclusions: High temperature increased mineralization of tested organic materials. Because of slower decomposition rice husk biochar, cow dung and vermicompost application can be considered as climate-smart soil management practices that might help in reducing CO2 emission from soil.

Background: Cerebral Palsy (CP) is one of the most common causes of chronic disability in children. Childhood malnutrition is a major public health issue in low- and middleincome countries. The gross motor function of children with CP can easily be assessed by the tool Gross Motor Function Classification System-Expanded &Revised (GMFCS-E&R). This study aimed to determine the relationship between GMFCS and nutritional status in children with cerebral palsy. Materials & Method: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted in the Department of Pediatric Neurology, IPNA, BSMMU from October 2019 to August 2020. All the patients aged 2-12 years were diagnosed as CP by clinical criteria and classified by GMFCS. Nutritional status (weight for age, height for age, weight for height, BMI) is assessed and classiûed according to the World Health Organization growth charts. Then linear and multinomial logistic regression methods to determine the associations between GMFCS and nutritional status. The correlation between motor function and nutritional status was assessed. Results: Among the 50 children 68% were male and 32% were female. The mean age of the CP children was 4.90±3.05 years. Most patients (66.0%) came from poor families followed by 24% from the middle class. Functionally majority of patients were in GMFCS level IV (28.0%) and level V (20.0%). Maximum patients in spastic quadriplegia 42%, spastic hemiplegia 16%. The level of GMFCS was associated with nutritional status, as determined by anthropometry. Moderate and severe underweight significantly related with GMFC level IV and V. Moderate and severe stunted was significantly related with IV and V GMFC level. Moderate wasted was significantly related to GMFC levels III and IV. Mild malnutrition was significantly with GMFC level II and III. Severe malnutrition is significantly related to GMFC level IV and V. Conclusion: This study showed majority of cerebral palsy cases had severe functional gross motor disability and also severe grade of malnutrition. A significant association between severe grade of malnutrition and severe grade of motor disability was found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inter-annual climatic variability in Bangladesh is significant and the probability of occurrence of extreme episodic/ climatic events has increased in the last couple of decades and thus threatening food security. Impact of inter-seasonal climatic va riability on Boro rice (dry season) yield in north-western parts of Bangladesh was analyzed using the historic weather datasets for 1971 to 2010 and MAKESENS model. Boro rice yield increased from 1980 onwards and the growth rate picked up with time. Inter-annual and inter-seasonal climatic variability was noticed through maximum and minimum temperatures, rainfall and sunshine hours. In general, temperatures and rainfall showed increasing trends but sunshine hours were decreasing gradually during the study period. Growth rates in average annual maximum, minimum and mean air temperatures were 0.001, 0.016 and 0.009°C year-1, respectively. On regional scale, Boro-rice seasonal maximum temperature was decreasing by 0.013°C year-1 but minimum and mean temperatures were increasing by 0.024 and 0.006°C year-1, respectively. Annual average sunshine hours in the study location were in decreasing trend by 0.027 hr year-1, but reduction in seasonal sunshine hours was 0.035 hr year-1. Inter-seasonal climatic variability was characterized through the Boro-rice yields in four test regions of north-west region of Bangladesh. Trend line equations were evolved for assessing the impact of climatic variations on Bororice yield. If maximum temperature changes by 1oC, Boro rice yield could be increased by 0.13 t ha-1, but it would reduce by 0.34 t ha-1 with one degree rise in minimum temperature. If sunshine hour decreases by 1 hr, Boro rice yield would decrease by 0.70 t ha-1 in study locations. Combined effects of maximum and minimum temperatures and sunshine hours showed significant influence on grain yields of Boro rice. These imply that temperature tolerant and solar radiation use-efficient rice varieties need to be bred for combating climate change impact in Bangladesh. There is a need to identify optimum sowing/transplanting window for the region, choice of suitable cultivars/ideo-types, and adoption of appropriate water and nutrients management strategies and adoption of appropriate resource conservation technologies for sustainable Boro rice production in Bangladesh.

Objective: Wilson Disease (If D) of neurological presentation is rare in pediatric population . Very limited study has been done in this disorder particularly from Bangladesh. This study was done to describe clinical profile of children with Wilson Disease with neurological presentation. Methods: This cohort study was conducted in the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMV) from July 20 IS to July 2021. Children under IS years of age having either neurological or combined hepatic und neurological features of WD were included. Results: Total 74 patients were taken as study case. A male predominance was observed. Age of presentation was comparatively late in neuro-heputic group. Jaundice and cirrhosis of liver was observed in more than two third cases of neuro-heputic group. Most of the patients of both group presented with deterioration of school performance (100% and 88.89%, respectively), dystonia (95% und 75.63%. respectively), drooling (85% and 75.93%, respectively). altered activity of daily living (85% and 77.78%, respectively), dysphasia (95% and 81.48%, respectively). Patients with neuro-hepatic manifestations had significantly lower serum ceruloplasmin and serum albumin while that of urinary total copper excretion was significantly higher in this group. In MR1 of brain, most affected parts were puramen, head of caudate nucleus and thalamus. C on elusion: The most important clinical features were school performance deterioration, dystonia, impaired daily activity and jaundice. Patients with neuro-hepatic features had lower serum ceruloplasmin and higher urinary total copper. In MR I, most affected part was putamen, thalamus and head of caudate nucleus. Most patients showed some improvement or remained stable after treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sadika Akhter,1,2 Shannon Rutherford,1 Feroza Akhter Kumkum,2 David Bromwich,1 Iqbal Anwar,2 Aminur Rahman,2 Cordia Chu1 1Centre for Environment and Population Health, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; 2International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh Background: Traditionally, women in Bangladesh stayed at home in their role as daughter, wife, or mother. In the 1980s, economic reforms created a job market for poor, uneducated rural women in the ready-made garment industry, mostly located in urban areas. This increased participation in paid work has changed the gender roles of these women. Women’s earnings support their family, but they are also separated from their children, with impacts on their mental health and well-being. This study explores the lived experience of women in Bangladesh working in the ready-made garment industry as they strive to be mothers and family providers, often in high-stress conditions.Methods: The study was conducted in two industrial areas of Dhaka over 8 months. Data collection included a literature review, 20 in-depth interviews with married female garment workers, and 14 key-informant interviews with officials from the Ministry of Labour and Employment, health-service providers within the garment factories, factory managers, and representatives of the Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association. The data collected were analyzed thematically.Results: Poverty was a key motivating factor for female migrant workers to move from rural areas. Their children stay in their village with their grandparents, because of their mothers’ work conditions and the lack of childcare. The women reported stress, anxiety, restlessness, and thoughts of suicide, due to the double burden of work and separation from their children and family support. Further, they cannot easily access government hospital services due to their long work hours, and the limited medical services provided in the workplace do not meet their needs.Conclusion: In order to improve the health and well-being of female garment workers, steps should be taken to develop health interventions to meet the needs of this important group of workers who are contributing significantly to the economic development of the country. Keywords: female workers, Bangladesh, ready-made garment industry, gender, health, work

Aminur Rahman,1,2 Sadika Akhter,1 Monjura Khatun Nisha,3 Syed Shariful Islam,4 Fatema Ashraf,5 Monjur Rahman,1 Nazneen Begum,6 Mahbub Elahi Chowdhury,1 Anne Austin,7 Iqbal Anwar1 1International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh; 2College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; 3Sydney School of Public Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; 4Department of Public Health and Informatics, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, 5Department of Gyenaecology and Obstetric, Shaheed Suhrawardi Medical College and Hospital, 6Department of Gyenaecology and Obstetric, Dhaka Medical College and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh; 7JSI Research & Training Institute, Inc., Boston, MA, USA Purpose: Of the 99% maternal deaths that take place in developing countries, one-fourth is due to postpartum hemorrhage (PPH). PPH accounts for one-third of all blood transfusions in Bangladesh where the transfusion process is lengthy as most facilities do not have in-house blood bank facilities. In this context, the location where blood is obtained and the processes of obtaining blood products are not standardized, leading to preventable delays in collecting blood, when it is needed. This study evaluated the effectiveness of an online Blood Information Management Application (BIMA) system for reducing lag time in the blood transfusion process.Patients and methods: The study was conducted in a public medical college hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh, and in two proximate, licensed blood banks between January 2014 and March 2015, using a before after design. A total of 310 women (143 before and 177 after), who needed emergency blood transfusion during their perinatal period, as determined by a medical professional, were included in the study. A median linear regression model was employed to assess the adjusted effect of BIMA on transfusion time.Results: After the introduction of BIMA, the median duration between the identified need for blood and blood transfusion reduced from 152 to 122 minutes (P

The impact of climate change on ecosystems, especially at the species level, can be currently observed in many parts of the world. Species distribution models (SDMs) are widely used to predict the likely changes in the distribution of species in future climate change scenarios. The aim of the present study is to predict the effect of climate change on a valuable threatened tree species Dysoxylum binectariferum in the northeastern part of Bangladesh using the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model on species’ occurrence data. The future distribution of D. binectariferum was predicted under two scenarios from the IPCC 5th assessment (RCP 4.5, and RCP 8.5) in 2050 and 2070. Model results showed that approximately 32% (2177 km2) of the studied area is currently suitable for this species to grow. However, future predictions obtained by the model projected a complete loss of suitable habitat for D. binectariferum in the studied area by both 2050 and 2070. Therefore, urgent measures are required for the conservation of D. binectariferum in northeastern Bangladesh. The application of species distribution models to simple inventory data (such as the occurrence of the species) may provide policymakers and conservationists with a useful tool for the prediction of future distribution (at both local and regional scales) of poorly known species with high preservation concerns.