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The agricultural, Industrial and Services sectors have crucial role in the economic development of Pakistan economy. The goal of this study was to investigate the interrelationships among the key sectors and between the key sectors and GDP. To accomplish the study time series data ranging 1950 to 2014 were obtained from different sources. Stationarity analysis of time series was made by applying Augmented Dickey- Fuller and Philips - Perron unit root tests, stationarity analysis indicated that all the variables were not level I (0) stationary but differenced I (1) stationary which satisfied the condition of same order of integration and study variables to be cointegrated. Correlation analysis depicted positive and negative correlations among study variables. To attain the objective of the study Engel Granger two step method was applied. The co-efficient indicated long run relationship among the variables. The Error Correction Model’ short run coefficient was found significant and depicted convergence to long run equilibrium. The Granger causality analysis explored the existence of bidirectional causality between agriculture and GDP, bidirectional causality between industry and GDP, bidirectional causality between GDP and services sector, unidirectional causality between industry and agriculture and industry was found granger cause agriculture, bidirectional causality between agriculture and services sector and indicated unidirectional causality between industry and services sector and industry was found granger cause services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This case control study had been carried out to evaluate antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of Tinospora cordifolia (T. cordifolia; family: Menispermaceae) against streptozotocin induced diabetes in experimental rats to scientifically validate its use against diabetes. Ethanolic extract of T. cordifolia stem extract and standard drug (glibenclamide) macerated with aqueous gum acacia (2%, w/v) suspension and fed orally to streptozotocin induced male adult diabetic rats of Charles Foster strain for 30 days. Biochemical parameters in normal, diabetic control, standard (600µg/kg bw p.o.) and treated (500 mg/kg bw p.o.) animals group were determined and compared. Treatment of streptozotocin induced diabetic rats with ethanolic extract caused significant (p<0.001) reduction in blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, phospholipids, free fatty acid, lipid peroxide and significant increased (p<0.001) post heparin lipolytic activity. Furthermore, the stem extract (100-400 µg) when tested for its antioxidant activity in vitro, shown significant (p<0.001) inhibit the generation of super oxide anions in enzymic system a, in enzymic system b, non enzymic system and hydroxyl radicals in enzymic system and non-enzymic system. The results of the present study demonstrated antidiabetic antidyslipidemic and anti oxidant activities of T. cordifolia stem extract which could help in prevention of diabetic-dyslipidemia and related complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]