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The paper describes an experimental study on the behavior of crib fire with open ventilation conditions. An experimental setup is designed and fabricated in the fire research laboratory, IIT Roorkee to investigate and analyze the crib fire behavior in a compartment. Experiments are carried out in a compartment of the dimension of 4 * 4 * 4 and having a door of 2 * 1(All in meters). The parameters, including the gas temperature, mass loss rate, heat flux, flame temperature, and compartment pressure, were measured during the experiments. Based on experimental results and recognized fire theories, the effect of ventilation conditions on the burning properties of wood cribs was studied.

Purpose In the event of a disaster, educational institutions like schools serve as lifeline buildings. Hence, it is crucial to safeguard these buildings for the communities that may depend on the school as a disaster shelter and aid center. Thus, this paper aims to conduct a multihazard risk assessment survey at 50 schools (with 246 building blocks) in Dehradun. Design methodology approach The past few decades have witnessed the impact of multihazard frequency in Uttarakhand, India, due to the geographical features of the Himalayas and its neo-tectonic mountain-building process. Dehradun is the capital of Uttarakhand state and comes under seismic zone IV, which is highly prone to earthquakes. Findings The hazard assessment is divided into two types of surveys: first, building-level surveys that include rapid visual screening, nonstructural risk assessment and fire safety audit, and second, campus-level surveys that include vulnerability analysis for earthquake, flood, industrial hazard, landslide and wind. Social implications This paper will list several gaps and unrecognized practices in the region that increase the schools’ multihazard risk. The study’s outcome will help prioritize the planning of disaster awareness, retrofitting execution, future construction practices and decision-making to minimize the risk and prepare the school for the upcoming disasters. Originality value Physical data were collected by the author to determine the multihazard risk analysis in 50 schools in the Dehradun District of Uttarakhand, India. The building- and campus-level surveys have been used to generate a database for the retrofit and renovation process for each individual school to use their budget fruitfully and in a planned way. The survey conducted is more effort and a more detailed risk evaluation which necessitates effectively mitigating and ensuring the potential safety of the region’s schools.

The Indian Himalayan Region possesses a unique place among the world's mountain ecosystems. Being a geographic young region and tectonically active, it is subject to multiple hazards and has seen a significant loss of life and property each year. Historically, the Himalayas have been subject to various disasters (earthquakes, landslides, floods, etc.), resulting in devastating socio-economic effects on the country's population, further straining an already stressed economy.Haridwar, the most populous city in Uttarakhand, attracts tourists from all over the world. It is a state in northern India with young mountains and is affected by multiple disasters every year. Many national and international organizations are doing disaster risk reduction research, studies, and initiatives in the Himalayas.Educational institutions, such as schools, act as lifeline structures in the case of a crisis. As a result, it's critical to protect these structures for those who rely on the school as a disaster shelter and help center. Schools and hospitals, which are considered lifeline structures, play a critical role in the aftermath of disasters. The essential elements to recognize are coping capability, multi-hazard vulnerability, and their risk should be readily available for better planning and decision-making.In Haridwar District, multi-hazard risk assessment assessments were undertaken at 50 schools (with 285 building blocks) with the same goal. The hazard assessment is divided into two types: building-level surveys that include Rapid Visual Screening (RVS), Non-Structural Risk Assessment (NSRA), and Fire Safety Audit, and campus-level surveys that include vulnerability analysis for earthquakes, floods, industrial hazards, landslides, and wind. The Rapid Visual Screening will highlight potential weaknesses in a building's wall, roof, site condition, block geometry, foundation, seismic band availability, and other components.This research aims to find hazard vulnerabilities and overlooked behavioral patterns in the region that raise the multi-hazard risk of the schools and the community. The analysis findings should be utilized to prioritize hazard preparedness, retrofitting, prospective building activities, and decision-making to decrease risk and prepare the school for possible catastrophes.Multiple surveys are employed in this study to identify deficiencies/gaps in building methods and development patterns in existing Haridwar district schools, and solutions for risk assessment and retrofitting are proposed based on the findings. The research findings can be utilized to prioritize disaster preparedness, retrofitting, future building practices, and decision-making to lower risk and better prepare the school for future calamities.