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Key to the Genera of Myrtaceae of Boyacá The following key is heavily based on the works of Lucas et al., (submitted) and Landrum and Kawasaki (1997); Myrteola and Ugni are distinguished using characters presented in Landrum (1988). 1a. Fruits fleshy, adult leaves opposite..................................................................................................................................................... 2 2a. Stamens folded in the bud, testa membranous, cotyledons leafy and folded with hypocotyl encircling the cotyledons or swollen and starchy, hypocotyl reduced................................................................................................................................................................. 3 3a. Flowers c. 10 mm diameter, in terminal or sub-terminal fascicles, stamens white or pink, fruits more than 15 mm diameter, strongly fragrant, cotyledons free, white or cream, enlarged and homogenous, hypocotyl not evident............................................ Syzygium 3b. Flowers less than 7 mm diameter, in sub-terminal or axillary panicles, stamens white, fruits less than 12 mm diameter, not markedly fragrant, cotyledons green, free, leafy and folded, surrounded by the hypocotyl.................................................................... Myrcia 2b. Stamens straight in the bud, testa membranous or bony, cotyledons swollen and starchy or free and c-shaped or greatly reduced, never leafy and folded, hypocotyl never encircling the cotyledons................................................................................................... 4 4a. Shrubs exclusive to altitudes over 1,600 m., calyx lobes acutely pointed, leaves less than 2 cm long; flowers solitary; cotyledons and hypocotyl of about equal length.................................................................................................................................................. 5 5a. Flowers erect; stamens exserted, anthers sub-globose, not glandular, as long as the filaments; placentation biseriate....... Myrteola 5b. Flowers hanging; stamens included, anthers sagittate, glandular, as long as or shorter than the filaments; placentation usually multiseriate.................................................................................................................................................................................. Ugni 4b. Shrubs or trees of any altitude, calyx lobes usually ovate, leaves longer than 2 cm; inflorescence cymose, sometimes compound, racemose or flowers solitary............................................................................................................................................................... 6 6a. Flowers 4-merous, seed testa membranaceous, cotyledons swollen and starchy, hypocotyl reduced, usually fewer than 3 seeds per fruit; ovules emerging from the septum from a central placenta........................................................................................................ 7 7a. Individuals usually from altitudes over 1,400 m, flowers solitary or inflorescence of simple or complex dichasia, cotyledons swollen and homogenous, free........................................................................................................................................ Myrcianthes 7b. Individuals from any altitude, flowers solitary, in fascicles or racemes, cotyledons swollen and homogenous, fused......... Eugenia 6b. Flowers (4)5-merous; seed testa bony; usually many seeds per fruit; placentation various but not emerging from a central placenta............................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 8a. Flowers 4 or 5-merous, calyx lobes not extended, style capitate, locules 1–5(-18), placentation usually in one or more series along an often-well-developed placenta, seeds numerous........................................................................................................................... 9 9a. Petals and stamens white, mature fruits globose, as long as wide, often yellow or purple, not densely covered in lanate trichomes.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 10 10a. Leaves with widely looping lateral veins and no clear marginal vein, flowers with free calyx lobes, testa membranous or cartilaginous,.............................................................................................................................................................. Campomanesia 10b. Leaves usually with a distinct marginal vein, flowers with free or and tearing calyx lobes, testa bony................................ Psidium 9b. Petals and stamens red, mature fruits green, twice as long as wide, covered in white, lanate trichomes................................... Acca 8b. Flowers 5-merous, calyx lobes with long apical leafy appendages, style simple, locules 2–6, placentation usually around a protruding, peltate placenta, seeds usually fewer than 10................................................................................................. Calycolpus 1b. Fruits capsular, adult leaves alternate or whorled to sub-opposite................................................................................................... 11 11a. Leaves distinctly whorled, linear, needle-shaped, calyx and corolla free.......................................................................... Melaleuca 11b. Leaves lanceolate, more than 6 cm long and 1 cm wide, calyx and corolla fused into an operculum that is dehiscent at anthesis 12 12a. Inflorescence in compound corymbs, stamens red.............................................................................................................. Corymbia 12b. Inflorescence in simple corymbs, stamens white.............................................................................................................. Eucalyptus Checklist of the Myrtaceae of Boyacá (Table 6) New record for Boyacá For the Myrtaceae 10 new species records are registered for Boyacá, none are endemic to the department. New species records: Acca sellowiana, Calycolpus moritzianus, Corymbia ficifolia, Eucalyptus resinifera, Eugenia coffeifolia, E. linaresii, E. punicifolia, Myrcia bracteata, M. paivae, Myrcianthes rhopaloides.

Key to Leguminosae Genera in Boyacá This key is largely based on features of taxa occurring in Boyacá and will not necessarily work for specimens and species of a genus collected outside the department or country. Genera in the checklist are arranged alphabetically. For recent nomenclatural updates in some genera see the remarks section. Cultivated taxa are included in the key and indicated by an asterisk. For terminology on leaf morphology, see Figure 2. 1a. Leaves simple or 1-foliolate, or with expanded petioles (phyllodes), or leaves lacking (plant aphyllous).......................... Group 1 1b. Leaves with 2 or more leaflets............................................................................................................................................................ 2 2a. Leaves with 2 leaflets............................................................................................................................................................ Group 2 2b. Leaves with more than 2 leaflets........................................................................................................................................................ 3 3a. Leaves 3-foliolate or palmately divided into 5 to many leaflets........................................................................................... Group 3 3b. Leaves pinnate....................................................................................................................................................................... Group 4 3c. Leaves bipinnate.................................................................................................................................................................... Group 5 Group 1 Leaves 1-foliolate, simple, or plants with phyllodes, or leaves lacking (plant aphyllous). 1a. Leaves caducous, the plants often appearing leafless........................................................................................................................ 2 2a. Plants spiny; median petal inner-most; fruit indehiscent................................................................................... Parkinsonia praecox 2b. Plants unarmed; median petal outer-most; fruit dehiscent, valves twisting........................................................ Spartium junceum * 1b. Leaves (or phyllodes) persistent......................................................................................................................................................... 3 3a. Flowers large, showy, not papilionoid or mimosoid; leaves 2-lobed and palmately veined, or entire.............................................. 4 4a. Trees or shrubs without tendrils, sometimes with intrastipular spines................................................................................. Bauhinia 4b. Lianas with tendrils, spines lacking................................................................................................................... Schnella guianensis 3b. Flowers papilionoid or mimosoid, variable in size; leaves not 2-lobed or palmately veined............................................................ 5 5a. Flowers mimosoid, in dense heads; plants with pyllodes (= expanded petioles)..................................................................... Acacia 5b. Flowers papilionoid, solitary or in few-flowered inflorescences, never in dense heads; plants lacking phyllodes........................... 6 6a. Spiny shrubs with (seemingly) needle-like leaves................................................................................................... Ulex europaeus * 6b. Plants unarmed, leaves not needle-like.............................................................................................................................................. 7 7a. Trees; flowers with a single petal and multiple (well over 10) stamens............................................................................... Swartzia 7b. Herbs, rarely subshrubs; flowers papilionoid, with five petals and 10 stamens................................................................................. 8 8a. Leaves obscurely gland-dotted below (use a x 20 lens); corolla with keel not beaked; fruit not, or only slightly, inflated..................................................................................................................................................................................... Eriosema simplicifolium 8b. Leaves not gland-dotted; corolla with keel strongly beaked; fruits inflated....................................................................... Crotalaria Group 2 Leaves 2-foliolate 1a. Trees; leaflets asymmetrical, the midvein excentric; flowers with median petal innermost or a single petal................................... 2 2a. Petal 1 per flower........................................................................................................................................................... Macrolobium 2b. Petals 5 per flower.............................................................................................................................................................................. 3 3a. Flowers in terminal panicles............................................................................................................................................................... 4 4a. Fruit turgid, indehiscent, with pulpy endocarp (when fresh); leaflets lacking specialized marginal glands...................... Hymenaea 4b. Fruit compressed, 2-valved, usually dehiscent; leaflets with a thickening or definite gland on adaxial margin near base.............................................................................................................................................................................................................. Peltogyne 3b. Flowers in short, axillary racemes..................................................................................................................................... Cynometra 1b. Herbs; leaflets symmetrical; flowers papilionoid, median petal outer-most...................................................................................... 5 5a. Leaf without a tendril; flowers yellow; inflorescence bracteose; fruit a bristly loment........................................................... Zornia 5b. Leaf terminating in a tendril; flowers never yellow; inflorescence not bracteose; fruit a dehiscent pod without bristles................. 6 6a. Stipules smaller than the leaflets, margins not toothed; style flat......................................................................................... Lathyrus 6b. Stipules larger than the leaflets, margins toothed, at least along the lower half; style longitudinally folded........... Pisum sativum * Group 3 Leaves 3-foliolate or palmately divided (encountered in subfamily Papilionoideae only). 1a. Leaves palmately divided....................................................................................................................................................... Lupinus 1b. Leaves 3-foliolate............................................................................................................................................................................... 2 2a. Leaves digitately 3-foliolate (the terminal leaflet not on a rachis extension).................................................................................... 3 3a. Leaflet margins serrulate...................................................................................................................................................... Trifolium 3b. Leaflet margins entire......................................................................................................................................................................... 4 4a. Flowers purple or mauve; leaflets glandular-punctate (although glands sometimes obscured by indumentum)............. Otholobium 4b. Flowers yellow; leaflets not glandular-punctate................................................................................................................................. 5 5a. Flowers in compact bracteose heads; fruit a loment with only the upper of the two articles fertil................................. Stylosanthes 5b. Flowers in lax or dense racemes; fruits many-seeded........................................................................................................................ 6 6a. Corolla with the keel strongly beaked; pods inflated.......................................................................................................... Crotalaria 6b. Corolla with the keel not beaked; pods not inflated.................................................................................... Genista monspessulana * 2b. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate (the terminal leaflet on a rachis extension)........................................................................................... 7 7a. Leaflet margins serrat......................................................................................................................................................................... 8 8a. Petals persisting in fruit; stamens with filaments dilated below the anthers; fruit included in the calyx............ Trifolium dubium * 8b. Petals not persisting in fruit; stamen filaments not dilated; fruits exserted........................................................................................ 9 9a. Flowers in lax racemes; fruits nutlet-like, drying greenish or brownish............................................................................ Melilotus * 9b. Flowers in heads or short compact racemes; fruits coiled or falcate, spiny or not, if nutlet-like then drying black......... Medicago * 7b. Leaflet margins not serrate............................................................................................................................................................... 10 10a. Erect herbs, shrubs or trees, never scrambling or climbing............................................................................................................. 11 11a. Leaflets (especially the lower surface) with tiny yellow or orange glands, which sometimes dry black (use x10 lens; glands sometimes concealed by the indumentum)....................................................................................................................................... 12 12a. Petals mauve or purple; pod one-seeded and partially hidden in the calyx...................................................................... Otholobium 12b. Petals yellow; pod 2 or more seeded, not hidden by the calyx......................................................................................................... 13 13a. The standard shiny red on outside; fruits several-seeded, transversally indented between the seeds........................ Cajanus cajan * 13b. The standard yellow outside, sometimes with reddish insect guides; fruits usually c. 2-seeded, not transversally indented between the seeds ................................................................................................................................................................................ Eriosema 11b. Leaflets eglandular........................................................................................................................................................................... 14 14a. Flowers yellow, in compact bracteose heads; fruit a loment with only the upper of the two articles fertile.................. Stylosanthes 14b. Flowers of various colours but never yellow, in ± open racemes or nodose pseudoracemes; fruits various, if a loment then two or more articles fertile........................................................................................................................................................................... 15 15a. Herbs or small shrubs Desmodium 15b. Large shrubs or trees> 3 m tall; flowers> 2 cm long; fruit not a loment; hooked hairs lacking.................................................... 16 16a. Stipels not swollen; flowers resupinate, in ramiflorous, nodose pseudoracemes, the corolla salmon pink with magenta markings; seeds brown............................................................................................................................................................................. Clitoria 16b. Stipels swollen (glandular); flowers rarely resupinate, in non-ramiflorous racemes, the colour variable but never as above; seeds red or bicoloured (red and black)........................................................................................................................................ Erythrina 10b. Scrambling or twining herbs, vines, robust lianas, or shrubs with scrambling branches................................................................. 17 17a. Leaflets (especially the lower surface) with tiny yellow or orange glands (use x10 lens); fruits 2-seeded..................... Rhynchosia 17b. Leaflets eglandular; fruits with a varying number of seeds............................................................................................................. 18 18a. Flowers 3.5–11 cm long, in pendent racemes; fruits often with irritant orange-brown hairs................................................. Mucuna 18b. Flowers 19 19a. Fruit a loment breaking into 1-seeded articles................................................................................................................. Desmodium 19b. Fruit a dehiscent pod, not lomentaceous.......................................................................................................................................... 20 20a. The upper two calyx teeth largely or entirely fused so that the calyx appears 4-lobed; keel petals not coiled................................ 21 21a. Leaflets usually (3-)lobed; fruits pilose, drying black............................................................................. Neustanthus phaseoloides * 21b. Leaflets not lobed; fruits variously pubescent or glabrous, not drying black.................................................................................. 22 22a. Robust lianas with woody pseudoracemes; the larger leaflets> 10 cm long; pods> 15 mm wide........................................ Dioclea 22b. Weak herbaceous twiners with slender pseudoracemes; the larger leaflets Galactia 20b. The upper two calyx teeth not or ± fused, calyx 5-lobed; keel petals sometimes coiled................................................................. 23 23a. Fruit suture tuberculate (blistered or warty along the margin)............................................................................. Lablab purpureus * 23b. Fruit suture not tuberculate............................................................................................................................................................... 24 24a. Wing petals distinctly larger than the standard.............................................................................................................. Macroptilium 24b. Wing petals smaller than or equalling the standard.......................................................................................................................... 25 25a. Fruit with a distinct upturned apical beak......................................................................................................................... Teramnus * 25b. Fruit without an upturned beak......................................................................................................................................................... 26 26a. Bracts and bracteoles persistent until flowering; hooked hairs always present on at least some parts (x 25 magnification); inflorescence nodes not swollen, lacking glands................................................................................................................. Phaseolus 26b. Bracts and bracteoles caducous before flowering; hooked hairs absent; inflorescence nodes swollen, with glands....................... 27 27a. Flowers cream or yellow, lacking any pink or purple markings ................................................................................................ Vigna 27b. Flowers violet, purple, pink, red or blue (rarely with some petals green)........................................................................................ 28 28a. Keel petals coiled, often through several spirals.............................................................................................................................. 29 29a. Keel petals coiled with a single spiral.......................................................................................................... Sigmoidotropis speciosa 29b. Keel petals coiled in 3 or more spirals....................................................................................................... Cochliasanthus caracalla 28b. Keel petals not coiled....................................................................................................................................................................... 30 30a. Flowers Calopogonium 30b. Flowers> 1 cm long........................................................................................................................................................................., Published as part of Lucas, Eve J., Haigh, Anna L., Castellanos, Cesar, Aguilar-Cano, José, Biggs, Nicola, Castellanos, Carolina C., Fabriani, Federico, Frisby, Susan, García, Lina, Klitgård, Bente B., Morales-Puentes, Maria Eugenia, Parra-O, Carlos, Perezescobar, Oscar, Zuluaga, Alejandro & Lewis, Gwilym P., 2023, An updated checklist of Araceae, Leguminosae and Myrtaceae of the department of Boyacá, Colombia, including keys to genera and new occurrence records, pp. 137-178 in Phytotaxa 589 (2) on pages 145-150, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.589.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7762400

Key to Genera of Araceae of Boyacá This key has been partly adapted from Mayo, Bogner and Boyce (1997). It includes all genera from Colombia, as those that are not currently recorded from Boyacá (marked with *) are either widely introduced or occur in biogeographic areas that extend into Boyacá and are therefore highly likely to occur there. Genera in the checklist are arranged alphabetically. 1a. Plants free floating aquatics................................................................................................................................................................ 2 2a. Plants forming a conspicuous rosette with many roots, not minute........................................................................................... Pistia 2b. Plants small to minute, few-rooted to rootless, thallus-like leafless bodies....................................................................................... 3 3a. Roots present...................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 4a. One root per frond.................................................................................................................................................................... Lemna 4b. Several roots per frond......................................................................................................................................................... Spirodela 3b. Roots absent........................................................................................................................................................................................ 5 5a. Fronds globose to ovoid......................................................................................................................................................... Wolffia * 5b. Fronds flat, with airspaces.................................................................................................................................................. Wolffiella * 1b. Plants terrestrial or helophytes, climbing hemiepiphytes, epiphytes or lithophytes or other but never floating............................... 6 6a. Flowers with obvious perigone of free or fused tepals....................................................................................................................... 7 7a. Higher order leaf venation parallel to primary lateral veins; tissues with abundant trichosclereids........................... Spathiphyllum 7b. Higher order leaf venation clearly reticulated; tissues without trichosclereids or trichosclereids very few...................................... 8 8a. Stem aerial, not tuberous or rhizomatous.......................................................................................................................... Anthurium 8b. Stem typically subterranean............................................................................................................................................................... 9 9a. Leaf blade dracontioid (blades basally trifurcate, thereafter further divided, or at least basally trifurcate...................... Dracontium 9b. Leaf blade deeply sagittate or lanceolate.......................................................................................................................... Urospatha * 6b. Flowers without perigone of free or fused tepals............................................................................................................................. 10 10a. Flowers bisexual; spadix uniform in appearance with flowers of only one type (sometimes with sterile flowers at spadix base). 11 11a. Petiole usually very short with non-annular insertion; trichosclereids not present in tissues, leaf never perforated or lobed; primary lateral veins forming distinct submarginal vein............................................................................................................... Heteropsis * 11b. Petiole well-developed with annular insertion and usually conspicuous sheath; trichosclereids present in tissues........................ 12 12a. Ovary 1-locular or incompletely 2-locular................................................................................................................... Epipremnum * 12b. Ovary 2–5-locular............................................................................................................................................................................. 13 13a. Leaf blade entire; seeds fusiform, claviform or lenticular, less than 3 mm long, endosperm present; ovules (2–)3-many per locule.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 14 14a. Placentation basal; seeds fusiform to claviform; leaf blades thickly coriaceous..................................................... Stenospermation 14b. Placentation axile; seeds lenticular and flattened, strongly curved; leaf blades mostly membranous........................... Rhodospatha 13b. Leaf blade variously shaped, often perforated or pinnatifid or both; seeds globose to oblong, 6–22 mm long, the raphe S-shaped; endosperm absent; ovules 2 per locule................................................................................................................................. Monstera 10b. Flowers unisexual; spadix clearly divided into basal female zone and apical or intermediate male zone....................................... 15 15a. Stamens of each male flower free or only the filaments connate..................................................................................................... 16 16a. Higher order leaf venation reticulate................................................................................................................................................ 17 17a. Spadix fertile to apex, terminal appendix absent. Robust herb................................................................................. Montrichardia * 17b. Spadix with ± smooth terminal appendix. Small herb................................................................................................. Zomicarpella * 16b. Higher order leaf venation parallel-pinnate...................................................................................................................................... 18 18a. Upper part of spathe persisting as long as lower part; ovary 1-many locular; thecae dehiscing by subapical pores or longitudinal slits; connective usually conspicuously thickened........................................................................................................................... 19 19a. Spathe variously shaped, never campanulate; peduncle usually short............................................................................................. 20 20a. Plants suffruticose. Fruits conspicuous red or pink berries not surrounded by a persistent spathe................................. Aglaonema * 20b. Plants not suffruticose. Fruits various, if red or orange berries then surrounded by a persistent spathe......................................... 21 21a. Climbing hemiepiphytes, epiphytes or terrestrial herbs with petiolar sheath much reduced; if petiolar sheath well-developed then plants climbing; leaf blades highly variable – ranging from linear-lanceolate to complexly bipinnatifid; ovules orthotropous or hemianatropous.............................................................................................................................................................. Philodendron 21b. Plants always terrestrial, rarely aquatic, never climbing or epiphytic; petiolar sheath well developed; often armed with prickles; leaves lanceolate, elliptic, oblong, subtriangular or cordate to sagittate; ovules anatropous............................................ Adelonema 19b. Spathe obconic to campanulate; plants from Southern Africa (naturalized in America and Asia); peduncle long, sometimes longer than leaves...................................................................................................................................................................... Zantedeschia 18b. Upper part of spathe marcescent or caducous at anthesis, lower part long-persistent; ovary 1-locular; thecae dehiscing by apical pores, connective not conspicuously thickened.............................................................................................................. Philonotion * 15b. Stamens of each male flower entirely connate into a distinct synandrium............................................................................. 22 22a. Laticifers simple........................................................................................................................................................... Dieffenbachia 22b. Laticifers anastomosing.................................................................................................................................................................... 23 23a. Plants climbing hemiepiphytes, sometimes creeping on ground in submature growth, internodes long; berries connate into a syncarp............................................................................................................................................................................... Syngonium 23b. Plants terrestrial or geophytic, rarely aquatic, not climbing; internodes very short, berries free from each other.......................... 24 24a. Spadix without an appendix (occasionally absent in Colocasia esculenta, excluded here)............................................................. 25 25a. Pollen shed in tetrads; style usually laterally thickened or expanded into a diaphanous mantle; leaf blade entire or pedatifid...... 26 26a. Spathe tube subglobose, inflated; female zone of spadix free; styles normally discoid (laterally swollen) and coherent; synandrodes (sterile flowers) between male and female flowers well-developed, ± prismatic........................................................... Xanthosoma 26b. Spathe tube narrow, elongate; female zone of spadix mostly adnate to spathe; stylar region thin, spreading, diaphanous, mantlelike; synandrodes (sterile flowers) betweeen male and female flowers usually irregular or fungiform, not prismatic Chlorospatha 25b. Pollen shed in monads; stylar region not laterally expanded; leaf blade entire or trifid......................................................................................................................................................................................................... Caladium (including Phyllotaenium lindenii) 24b. Spadix with an appendix (occasionally absent in Colocasia esculenta); palaeotropical plants....................................................... 27 27a. Placentas parietal; ovules many; leaf blade always entire................................................................................................... Colocasia 27b. Placenta basal; ovules few; leaf blade entire or pinnatifid.................................................................................................... Alocasia Checklist of the Araceae of Boyacá (Table 5) New records for Boyacá For the Araceae one new genus and 57 new species records are registered for Boyacá. New genus record: Adelonema. New species records: Adelonema picturatum, A. wendlandii, Anthurium amoenum, A. breviscapum, A. clavigerum, A. crassinervium, A. denudatum, A. eminens, A. fendleri, A. formosum, A. glaucospadix, A. gracile, A. hodgei, A. lingua, A. longegeniculatum, A. macarenense, A. magnificum, A. mindense, A. obtusilobum, A. ptarianum, A. pulverulentum, A. sagittatum, A. uleanum, A. versicolor, Dieffenbachia parlatorei, D. seguine, Monstera dubia, M. lechleriana, Philodendron barrosoanum, P. deflexum, P. fragrantissimum, P. grandipes, P. gloriosum, P. hederaceum, P. holtonianum, P. inaequilaterum, P. longirrhizum, P. ornatum, P. radiatum, P. sagittifolium, P. tenue, P. wurdackii, Phyllotaenium lindenii, Pistia stratiotes, Rhodospatha latifolia, R. wendlandii, Spathiphyllum cannifolium, S. friedrichsthalii, S. wallisii, Stenospermation angosturense, S. angustifolium, S. popayanense, S. wallisii, Syngonium podophyllum, Xanthosoma caquetense, X. helleborifolium, Zantedeschia aethiopica. Number of ENDEMIC SPECIES Twelve species of Araceae are endemic to Boyacá Excluded species The seven species below were recorded for Boyacá in the CPLC or elsewhere in the relevant literature but are excluded from our checklist either because a) the binomial is a synonym of another name, or b) the specimen(s) on which the record for Boyacá was based was(were) misidentified. Anthurium corrugatum Sodiro: the species does not occur in Boyacá. Anthurium nitidum Benth.; the species does not occur in Boyacá. Anthurium pulchrum Engl = A. oxybelium Schott Anthurium tenerum Engl.; the species does not occur in Boyacá. Xanthosoma hylaeae Engl. & K. Krause; the species does not occur in Boyacá. Xanthosoma robustum Schott; the species does not occur in Boyacá. Xanthosoma undipes (K. Koch & C.D. Bouché) K. Koch; the species does not occur in Boyacá. Remarks Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) G.Donis is widely cultivated as a subsistence crop and as an ornamental. Anthurium magnificum Linden is an attractive plant used in horticulture. The determination of Anthurium pulverulentum Sodiro is not confirmed. Anthurium scandens (Aubl.) Engl. is the most widespread aroid in the New World. Caladium bicolor (Aiton) Vent. is widely used in horticulture; it is a common plant of roadsides and steep slopes in forests. The type specimen of Chlorospatha croatiana var. enneaphylla Grayum is from Boyacá. Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott is widely cultivated for the edible tuber. Dieffenbachia seguine (Jacq.) Schott is a widespread and variable species which includes D. maculata (G. Lodd) Sweet as a synonym. Dracontium spruceanum (Schott) G.H.Zhu is the most widespread and morphologically variable member of this genus.

Key to the species of Thismia sect. Ophiomeris (adapted from Maas et al. 1986) 1. Tepals equal in shape and size, all triangular to ovate, without appendages....................................................... T. espirito-santensis - Tepals unequal, one outer whorl of shorter triangular to lanceolate tepals and one inner whorl of longer tepals with the proximal portion triangular to lanceolate, gradually tapering into a filiform distal portion or appendage......................................................2. 2. Annulus continuous...........................................................................................................................................................................3. - Annulus segmented, with segments alternating with outer tepals.....................................................................................................5. 3. Floral tube zygomorphic; annulus without papillose zone, ornamented with three rings of ridges.............................. T. macahensis - Floral tube actinomorphic; annulus with papillose zone, ornamented with a ring of 6 V-shaped ribs or pitted by 6 depressions...4. 4. Floral tube campanulate; outer surface of floral tube with 12 swellings at base; stigma capitate...................................... T.glaziovii - Floral tube urceolate; outer surface of floral tube smooth with 6 double longitudinal lamellae; stigma trilobed.......... T. prataensis 5. Inner tepals appendaged, appendage inserted just below the apex of the laminar portion.............................................. T. saulensis - Inner tepals without appendage, with the laminar portion tapering into the filiform portion...........................................................6. 6. Inner tepals with thickened apex of filiform portion.................................................................................................... T. luetzelburgii - Inner tepals with slender apex of filiform portion.............................................................................................................................7. 7. Floral tube slightly zygomorphic, tubular to slightly urceolate at apex; connective not projecting beyond thecae (supraconnective absent)............................................................................................................................................................................. T. janeirensis - Floral tube strongly zygomorphic, urceolate; supraconnective present............................................................................................8. 8. Connective and supraconnective glabrous; sagittate lobes at base of connective ca. 1.3 mm long; stigma obovoid, fully and evenly covered by simple, multicellular uniseriate trichomes..................................................................................................... T. andicola - Connective and supraconnective pubescent o glabrous; sagittate lobes at base of connective ca. 0.5 mm long; stigma cylindric, proximally papillose and distally with tufts of simple, multicellular uniseriate trichomes........................................... T. panamensis, Published as part of Aguilar-Cano, José, Guzmán-Guzmán, Santiago & Lopera-Toro, Alejandro, 2023, Thismia andicola sp. nov. (Thismiaceae): a new species from the northern Andes in Colombia, pp. 107-116 in Phytotaxa 579 (2) on pages 112-113, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.579.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7543134, {"references":["Maas, P. J. M., Maas-van de Kamer, H., van Benthem, J., Snelders, H. C. M. & Rubsamen, T. (1986) Burmanniaceae. Flora Neotropica Monograph 42: 1 - 189."]}

Thismia andicola Aguilar-Cano, S. Guzman-Guzman & Lopera-Toro, sp. nov. (Figures 1, 3) Diagnosis:— Thismia andicola sp. nov. is unique in sect. Ophiomeris in its combination of the following features: outer surface of the floral tube light blue and densely punctate with sky-blue metallic dots, inner tepals 4.6–5 mm long and stigma obovoid, covered adaxially by regularly distributed simple uniseriate multicellular trichomes. Type:— COLOMBIA. Norte de Santander: municipio de Toledo, vereda San Alberto, Cuenca del Río Talco, Zona Amortiguadora del Parque Nacional Natural Tamá, 7°13’40.98”N, 72°18’42.22”O, 2030 m, 17 April 2019 (fl.), Alejandro Lopera-Toro, s.n. (holotype: COL-615794!, in alcohol). Terrestrial achlorophyllous herbs, 8–15 cm high. Tuber ovoid, 11.6 × 4.9 mm, whitish to yellowish; roots filiform, up to 50 mm long, sometimes with a small tuber at the top. Stem erect, 3.7–10.6 × 1.9–2.0 cm, longitudinally bisulcate, whitish. Leaves bract-like, 4, crowded at apex of stem with internode ca. 1 mm long, decussate, surrounding the base of ovary in the form of an involucre, navicular, ovate-lanceolate, 4–4.5 × 1.7–1.8 mm, whitish, apex obtuse. Flower terminal, solitary. Floral tube zygomorphic with respect to perianth, urceolate, 7 × 9.1–10.2 mm; outer surface light blue, densely punctate with sky-blue metallic dots and sulcate with 12 dark blue longitudinal depressions; inner surface papillose, with ribs and sparse simple unicellular trichomes 0.7 mm long. Tepals 6, heteromorphic, inserted more or less at the same level in the distal portion of the floral tube, inflexed in flower bud and erect in pre-anthesis; outer tepals, 4.6–5 × 3 mm, ovate, yellow-greenish, apex obtuse, margin entire, venation finely hyphodromous; inner tepals with laminar portion lanceolate, 5 × 2.2 mm, yellow-greenish, gradually tapering into a filiform portion; filiform portion 25.3–30.6 mm long, cloudy, whitish light blue, twisted in pre-anthesis, apex slightly rounded. Annulus extending horizontally from the bases of tepals to form a circular orifice ca. 2.5 mm in diam., consisting of 3 green segments arranged in the radii of longer tepals; each segment 4.4 × 2.9 mm, ornamented with three finely raised ridges on the upper side, running parallel to the orifice, outermost ridge 0.5 mm wide, middle and inner ridges 0.5 mm wide, separated by 0.3 mm between them. Stamens 6, arranged in the radii of tepals, free, stamen filament bases expand laterally and fuse into a ring, ca. 0.9 mm wide beneath the point of tepal insertion with stamens hanging from it; filament 1.0–2.0 × 0.6–0.9 mm, glabrous; connective 1.8 × 1.5 mm (including apical lobes); lateral lobes 2, linearlanceolate, 1.3 × 0.2 mm, divaricating; apical lobes 2, ovate, 0.7 × 0.3 mm, apex rounded; united thecae, arranged subterminally on the connective (just below the apical lobes), ovoid, 0.8 × 0.8 mm, glabrous; interstaminal lobes inserted at the margin of ring formed by the expanded bases of the stamen filaments, 6, alternating with the tepals, free, triangular-elliptic, 0.9–1.6 × 0.9 mm. Ovary inferior, broadly obconical, 2.4 × 2.6 mm, unilocular, with parietal placentation; placentas inserted in the basal part of the locule, 3, in the form of longitudinal lines, bearing numerous ovules; style erect, cylindrical, 1.8 × 0.5 mm; stigma divaricate, trilobed, obovoid, 1.7 × 1.1 mm, covered adaxially by regularly distributed simple uniseriate multicellular trichomes 0.03–0.11 mm long. Fruit not seen. Etymology: —The specific epithet refers to the distribution of the species in the South American Andes cordillera. Phenology: —The only known population of the new species was recorded at the beginning of flowering period in late April, coinciding with the rainy season in the region (Guzman & Ruiz 2012). Distribution and ecology: —A single population of Thismia andicola is known in the northern Cordillera Oriental of the Andean Region of Colombia (Fig. 2), at an elevation of 2030 m a.s.l., where two individuals were observed. The vegetation in the type locality is classified as sub-Andean Forest (Cuatrecasas 1958). The two individuals were found in bare soil on a recently cleared trail, where the thick layer of leaf litter (approximately 15 cm deep) had been removed after four days of using the trail. Conservation status: —The new species is known from the buffer conservation zone proposed by the Tamá National Natural Park (PNN 2018), where two individuals were found in a single locality. Although the species is found in a protected area, albeit near the edge, its range could still be affected by human pressures, mainly by agriculture, livestock grazing and logging, as well as climate change. Population density could not be assessed due to the small number of individuals encountered. It is suspected that the population is in decline as a result of high levels of environmental threat. Research is urgently needed to identify other possible localities of Thismia andicola and establish the current size of population(s) and its dynamics. Present knowledge of the population status is insufficient to establish a conservation status, therefore, according to the IUCN (2019) we categorize T. andicola as Data Deficient (DD).

Extremely high levels of plant diversity in the American tropics are derived from multiple interactions between biotic and abiotic factors. Previous studies have focused on macro-evolutionary dynamics of the Tropical Andes, Amazonia, and Brazil’s Cerrado and Atlantic forests during the last decade. Yet, other equally important Neotropical biodiversity hotspots have been severely neglected. This is particularly true for the Chocó region on the north-western coast of South and Central America. This geologically complex region is Earth’s ninth most biodiverse hotspot, hosting approximately 3% of all known plant species. Here, we test Gentry’s [1982a,b] hypothesis of a northern Andean-Central American Pleistocene origin of the Chocoan flora using phylogenetic reconstructions of representative plant lineages in the American tropics. We show that plant diversity in the Chocó is derived mostly from Andean immigrants. Contributions from more distant biogeographical areas also exist but are fewer. We also identify a strong floristic connection between the Chocó and Central America, revealed by multiple migrations into the Chocó during the last 5 Ma. The dated phylogenetic reconstructions suggest a Plio-Pleistocene onset of the extant Chocó flora. Taken together, these results support to a limited extend Gentry’s hypothesis of a Pleistocene origin and of a compound assembly of the Chocoan biodiversity hotspot. Strong Central American–Chocoan floristic affinity may be partly explained by the accretion of a land mass derived from the Caribbean plate to north-western South America. Additional densely sampled phylogenies of Chocoan lineages also well represented across the Neotropics could enlighten the role of land mass movements through time in the assembly of floras in Neotropical biodiversity hotspots.

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