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Background: This study investigates the effectiveness of new-generation mosquito nets, like Olyset® Plus and PermaNet® 3.0, and dual-action nets such as Interceptor® G2, against pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes following the 2023 mass distribution of long-lasting insecticidal nets in Benin. Methods: We tested wild mosquito populations from six communes in Benin against various pyrethroid (permethrin 0.75%, alphacypermethrin 0.05%, and deltamethrin 0.05%) using WHO tube tests. Additionally, we exposed mosquitoes to chlorfenapyr 100 µg/ml using the CDC bottle bioassay method. A subset of mosquitoes underwent biochemical and PCR tests to check the overexpression of metabolic enzymes and the Kdr L1014F mutation. We evaluated the effectiveness of Olyset® Plus, PermaNet® 3.0, and Interceptor® G2 nets using cone and tunnel tests on both laboratory and field populations of An. gambiae. Results: Overall, the highest mortality rate was 60% with pyrethroid and 98 to100% with chlorfenapyr. In cone tests, all three types of nets induced mortality rates above 80% in the susceptible laboratory strain of An. gambiae. Notably, Olyset® Plus showed the highest mortality rates for pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes in cone tests, ranging from 81.03% (95% CI: 68.59–90.13) in Djougou to 96.08% (95% CI: 86.54–99.52) in Akpro-Missérété. PermaNet® 3.0 had variable rates, from 42.5% (95% CI: 27.04–59.11) in Djougou to 58.54% (95% CI: 42.11–73.68) in Porto-Novo. However, revealed good results for Interceptor® G2, with 94% (95% CI: 87.40–97.77) mortality and 89.09% blood sampling inhibition in local populations of An. gambiae. In comparison, Interceptor® had lower rates of 17% (95% CI: 10.23–25.82) and 60%, respectively. Conclusion: These results suggest that tunnel tests are effective for evaluating dual-active ingredient nets. Additionally, Interceptor® G2 and PBO nets like Olyset® Plus could be considered as alternatives against pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study investigates the effectiveness of new-generation mosquito nets, like Olyset ® Plus and PermaNet ® 3.0, and dual-action nets such as Interceptor ® G2, against pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes following the 2023 mass distribution of long-lasting insecticidal nets in Benin., Methods: We tested wild mosquito populations from six communes in Benin against various pyrethroid (permethrin 0.75%, alphacypermethrin 0.05%, and deltamethrin 0.05%) using WHO tube tests. Additionally, we exposed mosquitoes to chlorfenapyr 100 µg/ml using the CDC bottle bioassay method. A subset of mosquitoes underwent biochemical and PCR tests to check the overexpression of metabolic enzymes and the Kdr L1014F mutation. We evaluated the effectiveness of Olyset ® Plus, PermaNet ® 3.0, and Interceptor ® G2 nets using cone and tunnel tests on both laboratory and field populations of An. gambiae., Results: Overall, the highest mortality rate was 60% with pyrethroid and 98 to100% with chlorfenapyr. In cone tests, all three types of nets induced mortality rates above 80% in the susceptible laboratory strain of An. gambiae. Notably, Olyset ® Plus showed the highest mortality rates for pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes in cone tests, ranging from 81.03% (95% CI: 68.59-90.13) in Djougou to 96.08% (95% CI: 86.54-99.52) in Akpro-Missérété. PermaNet ® 3.0 had variable rates, from 42.5% (95% CI: 27.04-59.11) in Djougou to 58.54% (95% CI: 42.11-73.68) in Porto-Novo. However, revealed good results for Interceptor ® G2, with 94% (95% CI: 87.40-97.77) mortality and 89.09% blood sampling inhibition in local populations of An. gambiae. In comparison, Interceptor ® had lower rates of 17% (95% CI: 10.23-25.82) and 60%, respectively., Conclusion: These results suggest that tunnel tests are effective for evaluating dual-active ingredient nets. Additionally, Interceptor ® G2 and PBO nets like Olyset ® Plus could be considered as alternatives against pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: The purpose of this report is to provide information on Culicidae diversity; biting behavior and spatio-seasonal variation of abundance of Anopheles gambiae s.l. and Culex quinquefasciatus in rural and urban settings of the Alibori and Donga regions, Northern Benin, where an indoor residual spraying (IRS) campaign to control malaria is planned. Methods: Both human landing catches, associated with pyrethrum spray catches were used to monitor the mosquito populations in 12 sites with 1 urban and 1 rural located in each of the 6 districts randomly selected in the two targeted regions. After morphological identification of all mosquito specimens, biting behavior and density of An. gambiae s.l. and Cx quinquefasciatus were studied. PCR was also performed on An. gambiae s.l., to identify sibling species and its seasonal variation. Results: A total of 10,367 mosquitoes were captured, related to 14 species of the genera, Anopheles , Aedes , Culex and Mansonia . Of the total species collection, 40.39% were An. gambiae s.l. and 56.85% were Cx. quinquefasciatus. An. gambiae s.l. was more abundant in Donga (2521 specimens) compared with Alibori (1666 specimens). The opposite trend was observed with Cx. quinquefasciatus (2162 specimens in Donga against 4028 in Alibori). An. gambiae s.l. was predominant and displayed a higher blood feeding rate in rural areas, whereas Cx. quinquefasciatus was in majority in urban areas. An. gambiae s.l. was more endophagic, whereas Cx. quinquefasciatus showed similar indoor and outdoor biting behavior. An. gambiae s.l. was composed of An. coluzzii found in majority in the drought, and An. gambiae , which was predominant in the rainy season. Conclusion: The predominance of the malaria vector, An. gambiae s.l. and their higher blood feeding rate and their significantly high endophagy in rural areas indicate that these areas should be primarily targeted with the IRS operations to have a substantial impact on malaria transmission. Endophagy, characteristic of An. gambiae s.l. in our study area, suggests that IRS will have a positive impact on vector control if implemented 1 week before June that is the onset of the rainy season.