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言語学

本研究では，日越両言語間で使用される2字漢字語の音韻類似性を，音韻的距離と音素類似性の2つの指標で客観的に計算した。日越で共通に使用される2字漢字語（訓読みを含まない）1,475語の音韻的距離は，Rで提供されたcba パッケージ（Buchta & Hahsler, 2016）で，音素類似性は，Rのphonosimパッケージ（Yu, 2016; Version 0.1）で，自動的に計算した。その結果，日越両言語間の音韻的距離の平均は6.06で，標準偏差は2.52であった。音韻的距離が小さければ小さいほど，音韻類似性が高くなることを示す。一方，日越両言語間の音素類似性の平均は0.5で，標準偏差は0.2であった。音素類似性は0から1まで分散し，1に近いほど，音韻類似性が高いということを示す。音韻的距離と音素類似性の相関係数は非常に高く（N=1,475, r=-0.92, p, In this study, phonological similarities of two-kanji compound words used by both the Japanese and Vietnamese languages were objectively calculated by two indexes of phonological distance and phoneme similarity. The phonological distance of 1,475 (71,67%) of two-kanji compound words used in both languages (71,67%) was automatically calculated by R cba package (Buchta & Hahsler, 2016), and by the R phonosim package (Yu, 2016; Version 0.1) for phoneme similarity. The mean of phonological distance was 6.06 with a standard deviation of 2.52. This index indicates that the smaller the phonological distance, the higher the phonological similarity. On the other hand, the mean of phoneme similarity between two languages was 0.5 with a standard deviation of 0.2. Phoneme similarity was dispersed from 0 to 1, and the closer it was to 1, it showed that phonological similarity was higher. The correlation between phonological distance and phoneme similarity was very high (N=1,475, r=-0.92, p

論文 Articles

研究ノート, 本稿は日本人学生の、ベトナム語を学習する上で見られるいくつかの典型的な「文法的な間違い」を追究することを目的とする。「文法的な間違い」には敗の移転による誤用（interlingual error）と学習言語において何らかの原因による誤用（intralingual error）があり、ここで扱う間違いは前者―ベトナム語を使用する際、母国語である日本語から影響を受けた結果、文法的に間違えてしまった場合―をいう。学生の卒業論文原稿等で収集した様々な文法的誤用のデーターから「đó」と「của」 の誤用例を研究対象として選出し、それらを分析、原因を追究し、今後ベトナム語教育を施していく上で活用することを目指す。一つは指示詞の「đó」である。ベトナム語の指示詞と日本語の指示詞体系は類似点が多く、日本人学習者にとっては習得しやすいと思われる。しかしその類似性が災いし、初心者ばかりか3，4 回生の間でも「đó」の誤りは多く見られる。彼らの誤りを分析した結果、「đó」を日本語の指示詞「それ」と同じ感覚で使う傾向があるということが分かった。日本語の「それ」は主語としても目的語としても使うことができるが、ベトナム語では「đó」は「Đó là … .」の構文に限り主語として使う。また、目的語として使う場合には名詞の後に置かなければならない。二つは所有格の「của」である。ベトナム語の「của」と日本語の格助詞「の」の意味と用法を比較した結果、日本語の「の」のほうが多用途であることが分かった。両者の類似点は所有関係（所有主、行動・物事の主体、所属）を示すということだと思われる。修飾される名詞の他の属性（時間、空間、材料、内容説明等）を示すにはベトナム語では「của」 は使えない。しかし、学生の誤用例を見ると、修飾される名詞の内容説明（対象）のために「của」が使われる傾向にある。以上より、ベトナム語指示詞「đó」と所有関係を示す「của」について、学生に指導する際には本稿の事柄を踏まえる。

ベトナム語１には ra（出る）、vào（入る）、lên（上がる）、xuống（降りる）、sang（渡る）、qua（渡る）、về（帰る）、lạ（i 帰る）、tớ（i 来る）、đến（来る）、đ（i 行く）などの方向動詞がある。ここでは、r（a 出る）に注目し、本動詞としての使用がなく、文法化が進んでいる本動詞以外の意味と用法の特徴を明らかにすると同時に、日本語の対応表現「出る」、「出す」と対照したい。ベトナム語の ra の用法の、「動詞＋方向動詞 ra」と「方向動詞 ra＋動詞」の二つの構造で、前者は、ベトナム語の ra と他の動詞の間には、副詞や接続詞など入れることができ、後者は、目的という意味を表す。一方、日本語では「動詞＋方向動詞『出る』」の形だけがあり、「方向動詞『出る』＋動詞」の形がほとんどなく、動詞と方向動詞『出る』の間に何も入らないという特徴がある。

学術論文, Tóm tắt: Mục đích của bài nghiên cứu này là tìm hiểu tất cả các nghĩa của động từ “ăn” trong tiếng Việt hiện đại đang được người Việt Nam sử dụng. Phần I là những nghĩa chỉ sự cho, nhận theo cả hai hướng tích cực（ lợi ích） và tiêu cực（ thiệt hại）. Phần II là những nghĩa chỉ sự thẩm thấu, kết hợp, hài hòa theo cả hai hướng tích cực（ mang lại kết quả tốt đẹp） và tiêu cực（ tạo ra kết quả xấu）. Phần III là những nghĩa chỉ hành vi thu lợi thông qua những biện pháp, thủ đoạn xấu. Phần IV là những nghĩa được cho là phái sinh từ động từ ‘thắng’ bao gồm: sự quy đổi, ngang giá; khuếch đại, mở rộng về mặt không gian, địa hình của sự vật; và phạm vi trực thuộc của sự vật, hiện tượng. Ở từng phần, trong giới hạn có thể, tác giả cố gắng xem xét động từ “ăn” ở đó có thể được thay thế bằng những động từ hoặc cách nói nào với mong muốn tìm hiểu ngữ nguồn của động từ này trong từng phạm vi nghĩa cụ thể.

著者は先行研究において日本、韓国、タイ、ベトナム、フィリピンを含むアジアのソイソースおよび塩味系発酵調味料に関する報告を行った。原語で収集された製品名等の一般名詞は、まずローマ字で表記し、読者への便宜を図って原語の発音に近いカタカナ表記を添えた。本報告では、一連の翻訳プロセスにおける課題として原語のローマ字表記規準の有無、原語の発音表記に正確に対応できないカタカナ表記の限界、そして食品の原料と完成した製品の微妙な相違に言語表記が対応できないことなどに言及し、IPA の使用を含めた解決策を提案するととも、比較食文化研究においては言語学者の参画が効果的かつ必要要件であると結論づけた。, The author has previously reported on research into soy sauces and salty fermented seasonings around Asia, including Japan, Korea, Thailand, Vietnam, and the Philippines. Common nouns such as product names initially captured in local languages were romanized and then translated phonetically into katakana for the benefit of readers. This report highlights the various problems encountered in that circuitous process, including a lack of romanization standards, limitations of katakana in accurately expressing pronunciation differences, and a disregard for nuanced differences in ingredients or end-products. This report proposes a number of solutions, including adoption of the IPA, and makes clear that the participation of linguists will be critical for effective comparative food culture research going forward.

会議名: 言語資源活用ワークショップ2016, 開催地: 国立国語研究所, 会期: 2017年3月7日-8日, 主催: 国立国語研究所 コーパス開発センター, 情報交流の国際化に伴い多言語情報の充実は今や喫緊の課題である。特に固有名詞やPOI (points of interest)は膨大な数量に加え頻繁な名称変更にも対応する必要があるため，正確で充実した多言語辞書データ資源が必須だ。そこで，機械翻訳の作業効率と精度を格段に向上させる，超大規模辞書データ資源(Very Large Scale Lexica: VLSL)の構築例として，固有名詞・専門用語等を含む日中韓英辞書データベースや多言語固有名詞辞書データベースを紹介する。VLSLは情報検索・形態素解析・固有表現認識・用語抽出等，自然言語処理の幅広い分野に応用が可能で更なる展開が期待される。

It has previously been indicated that shadowing has a beneficial effect on pronunciation in terms of prosody. This study analyzed the speech of Vietnamese learners in terms of changes in their accent and intonation, over a period of four months of shadowing practice. The results demonstrated that: 1) word accents increased in accuracy; 2) the intonation of the ka at the end of interrogative sentences began to be inflected upwards; and 3) the intonation of the yo at the end of sentences expressing transmission of information continued to be expressed as a rising tone, though it is supposed to be a falling tone. It was the shift in focus towards phonetics that assisted Vietnamese learners in achieving overall improvement in their fourmonth period of pronunciation study., Article

研究ノート Source Materials and Remarks

研究ノート Source Materials and Remarks

The Vietnamese language includes vocabulary derived from Chinese called “Han-Viet words (từ Hán Việt)”, and each Chinese character (Kanji) has a Vietnamese reading, which is referred to as “Han-Viet sounds (âm Hán Việt)”. The purpose of this study was to survey phonological similarity between Japanese Kanji-words and its corresponding Vietnamese Han-Viet sounds. Native speakers of Vietnamese who have never studied Japanese participated in the survey, and they were required to rate the phonological similarity between Han-Viet sounds and Japanese Kanji-words presented auditorily on a seven-point scale. The results of the survey were compiled in a list. After the survey, a memory experiment was conducted to verify the results. In the experiment, Vietnamese students learning Japanese as a second language were required to memorize visually-presented Japanese Kanji-words through reading aloud. The phonological similarity obtained from the survey was treated as an independent variable and the recall-test scores were dependent variables. The results showed that high phonological similarity led to better recall. This suggests that the phonological similarity data obtained from the survey is reliable.