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The paper is divided into two parts to facilitate a clearer understanding of all aspects of the change in the position of people with psychosocial disabilities, regarding the right to liberty and security, through the historical development of national and international legal frameworks. The first part briefly presents an overview of national legislation on the protection of persons with psychosocial disabilities and the circumstances in which states adopted the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities earlier this century. The second part of the paper underscores the challenges the States Parties face in the implementation of Article 14 of the Convention. The State Parties' reports show that the processes of changing the perceptions of persons with psychosocial disabilities, when it comes to their involuntary detention, have been changing quite slowly and partially and that the realisation of their human rights is one of the Convention's greatest challenges.

This paper analyzes the macrohistory of social change in the work of Randall Collins, with a special focus on the phenomena of revolution and the sociogenesis of ethnicity, or nationalism, americanization and balkanization. This aspect of his work is of particular importance because Collins is primarily known as a theorist of radical microsociology and social interaction. However, it is argued that his work on macrohistory and his usage of comparative historical analysis generates a specific macrosociological theory of social change, or a macrosociology of revolutions and the macrosociology of ethnicity. In this sense, this paper also deals with the (inter)relationship between history and sociology, together with the issues such as the future of ethnicity and nationalism, as well as the origins of ethnically motivated violence after the collapse of socialist states (like Yugoslavia). Finally, it is claimed that Collins' macrohistory of social change, i.e. his structural theories of revolutions and nationalism, call for a new reading and a return to a classical theoretical heritage in sociology, in the first place to theories of Weber and Durkheim.

This study examined whether the morphological attributes of Austrian pine (Pinus nigra ssp. nigra var. nigra Arnold) seedlings measured in the nursery could be used to forecast subsequent field performance over an extended time frame. Seedlings from three seed sources were produced in two types of containers and in bareroot seedbeds. These seedlings were measured for an array of morphological attributes (height, HT; root collar diameter, RCD; shoot height/diameter ratio, HD; shoot and root dry weight, SDW and RDW, respectively; shoot:root ratio, S:R; number of the first order lateral roots, FOLR; and Dickson quality index, DQI) and then planted at two sample plots with different soil depth. Seedling attributes were tested against field survival and growth in the first three years and growth in the twelfth year for their ability to forecast field performance. Correlations between morphological attributes and field performance were stronger for the plot with shallower soil, having potentially drier conditions. HT, HD, and S:R were the best attributes for forecasting seedling survival. HD was the most reliable attribute to forecast growth during the first three years after planting, defining the largest proportion of variation for growth (r2=0.36 to 0.86). Morphological attributes were better able to forecast field performance in the first three years at the shallow soil site, with FOLR the best single morphological variable. HT, DIA, and RDW were the best attributes to forecast growth during the first three years after planting on both sites. Morphological attributes were not able to forecast growth 12 years after planting.

This paper explores the phenomenon of revisionism in historiography, while focusing in particular on illegitimate revisionism and negationism. It is indisputably true that historiography must be subject to constant revisions. Like all scientific theories, it needs to be characterized by a sort of “conservative” openness towards new ideas; however, revisions and negations are often put forward without scientific grounding. They reject the well-established historiographical methods, while opening themselves to various kinds of ideologies, biases and manipulations. The paper further offers a synthesized overview of the revisionist practice in dominant parts of the society and historiography in post-communist Serbia. The change in the ideological paradigm that occurred in the 1980s was accompanied by a politically motivated reinterpretation of the past, which primarily focused on World War II in Yugoslavia. In Serbia in the 1990s, Tito’s Partisans were no longer celebrated as national heroes and fighters against fascism; they were replaced by the royalist and nationalist Chetniks led by Draža Mihailović, whose collaboration with the occupying forces was purposefully glossed over. The nationalist interpretation of history and the new revisionist politics in Serbia were supported by the state and the activities of its three branches: legislative, executive and judicial. In spite of the political changes that took place in Serbia in 2000, the dominant nationalist matrix in historical interpretations and revisionist politics remained unchanged. [Project of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. 179037 and Grant no. 43007: Etika i politike životne sredine: institucije, tehnike i norme pred izazovom promena prirodnog okruženja]

The present study was aimed to investigate the elicitation possibility of the main secondary metabolites production in Nepeta cataria L. and N. pannonica L. plants, by exposing them to synthetic compounds from the group of tetraoxanes and tiophenes. The effect of DO63 (1,2,4,5-tetraoxane) and DOVF15 (2,5-diphenyl-tiophene) on the production of cis,trans-nepetalactone (NL) and rosmarinic acid (RA) in two Nepeta species, was investigated in shoots grown on culture medium with addition of synthetic compounds in concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 2 mg L-1. The content of targeted metabolites in tested in vitro shoots depended on the type and the concentration of applied synthetic compounds. Application of DO63, primarily in concentration of 0.1 mg L-1 to 1 mg L-1, affected only NL production in both Nepeta species resulting in increased NL content in treated shoots, while production of RA was not influenced. Addition of DOVF15 caused decrease of RA content in N. pannonica shoots and increase in N. cataria shoots, whereas NL production was not affected. The presented results highlight the possibility of DO63 and DOVF15 application for the elicitation of the main secondary metabolites production in species from the genus Nepeta. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 172008 i br. 173024]

Toxoplasma gondii is a food-borne zoonotic parasite widespread in a variety of hosts, including humans. With a majority of infections in Europe estimated to be meat-borne, pork, as one of the most consumed meats worldwide, represents a potential risk for consumers. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the progress of T. gondii infection and tissue tropism in experimentally infected pigs, using different T. gondii isolates and infectious stages, i.e. tissue cysts or oocysts. Twenty-four pigs were allocated to treatment in four groups of six, with each group inoculated orally with an estimated low dose of either 400 oocysts or 10 tissue cysts of two European T. gondii isolates, a type II and a type III isolate. The majority of pigs seroconverted two weeks post-inoculation. Pigs infected with the type III isolate had significantly higher levels of anti-T. gondii antibodies compared to those infected with the type II isolate. Histopathological exams revealed reactive hyperplasia of the lymphatic tissue of all pigs. Additionally, a selected set of nine tissues was collected during necropsy at 50 dpi from each of the remaining 22 pigs for T. gondii DNA detection by quantitative real-time PCR. A positive result was obtained in 29.8 % (59/139) of tested tissues. The brain was identified as the most frequently positive tissue in 63.6 % (14/22) of the animals. In contrast, liver samples tested negative in all animals. The highest mean parasite load, calculated by interpolating the average Cq values on the standard curve made of ten-fold serial dilutions of the genomic DNA, corresponding to 10 0 to 10 4 tachyzoites/µL, was observed in shoulder musculature with an estimated concentration of 84.4 [0.0-442.5] parasites per gram of tissue. The study highlights the variability in clinical signs and tissue distribution of T. gondii in pigs based on the combination of parasite stages and strains, with type III isolates, particularly oocysts, causing a stronger antibody response and higher tissue parasite burden. These findings suggest the need for further investigation of type III isolates to better understand their potential risks to humans., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Common eland bulls are important game ranching animals in southern Africa, for tourism, breeding/live sales, trophy hunting, and game meat production. Interest has grown in their production potential, intensifying animal husbandry and breeding approaches. However, little scientific information is available regarding the intensive management of this species, including information regarding scientifically based selection criteria for breeding bulls. Often, simple phenotypic traits are utilised unless high-value game animals are being bred, with horn and body size often being the only traits considered for breeding bulls. This study provides basic information about the reproductive tract morphology, symmetry, and their relationships with secondary sexual traits, social rank, and temperament in common eland. Six eland males (2-2.5 years old; 203 ± 20 kg) were utilised for the study. Social rank, body weight and body condition score, temperament score, and horn size were determined before the animals were culled, and their reproductive tracts were collected for morphometric and histological evaluation. Results indicate relatively low asymmetry in bilateral reproductive tract components. Individual traits of eland bulls such as age, body weight, and social rank correlated the development of some testicular morphologies and thus may possibly be used in zoos, game ranching, and commercial production for the selection of breeding males, but not temperament and horn length, which should be carefully evaluated. Whilst this study provides baseline information from a limited sample size, further studies should incorporate the assessment of testicular hemodynamics, as well as the effects of factors such as season and androgen secretion patterns over a wider age range of common eland males and populations to provide further information for the management practices of breeding common eland bulls., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) may be a rare cause of granulomatous pneumonia in horses. The mortality of IPA is almost 100%; direct diagnostic tools in horses are needed. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and serum samples were collected from 18 horses, including individuals suffering from IPA (n = 1), equine asthma (EA, n = 12), and 5 healthy controls. Serum samples were collected from another 6 healthy controls. Samples of BALF (n = 18) were analyzed for Aspergillus spp. DNA, fungal galactomannan (GM), ferricrocin (Fc), triacetylfusarinin C (TafC), and gliotoxin (Gtx). Analysis of 24 serum samples for (1,3)-β-D-glucan (BDG) and GM was performed. Median serum BDG levels were 131 pg/mL in controls and 1142 pg/mL in IPA. Similar trends were observed in BALF samples for GM (Area under the Curve (AUC) = 0.941) and DNA (AUC = 0.941). The fungal secondary metabolite Gtx was detected in IPA BALF and lung tissue samples (86 ng/mL and 2.17 ng/mg, AUC = 1).

In this work, levofloxacin (LVX), a third-generation fluoroquinolone antibiotic, is encapsulated within amphiphilic polymeric nanoparticles of a chitosan-g-poly(methyl methacrylate) produced by self-assembly and physically stabilized by ionotropic crosslinking with sodium tripolyphosphate. Non-crosslinked nanoparticles display a size of 29 nm and a zeta-potential of +36 mV, while the crosslinked counterparts display 45 nm and +24 mV, respectively. The cell compatibility, uptake, and intracellular trafficking are characterized in the murine alveolar macrophage cell line MH-S and the human bronchial epithelial cell line BEAS-2B in vitro. Internalization events are detected after 10 min and the uptake is inhibited by several endocytosis inhibitors, indicating the involvement of complex endocytic pathways. In addition, the nanoparticles are detected in the lysosomal compartment. Then, the antibacterial efficacy of LVX-loaded nanoformulations (50% w/w drug content) is assessed in MH-S and BEAS-2B cells infected with Staphylococcus aureus and the bacterial burden is decreased by 49% and 46%, respectively. In contrast, free LVX leads to a decrease of 8% and 5%, respectively, in the same infected cell lines. Finally, intravenous injection to a zebrafish larval model shows that the nanoparticles accumulate in macrophages and endothelium and demonstrate the promise of these amphiphilic nanoparticles to target intracellular infections., (© 2022 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Background: Antimicrobial submicrometer particles are being studied as promising interventions against a wide range of skin conditions, such as fungal or bacterial infections. Aims: To submicronize chloroxine, the crystalline compound 5,7-dichloro-8-hydroxyquinoline, by nanoprecipitation and characterize the resulting assemblies. Methods: The chloroxine particles were stabilized by a nonionic surfactant and were studied by a broth microdilution assay against 20 medically important bacteria and fungi. The intervention was studied using a murine model of skin irritation. Results & conclusion: Chloroxine nanoparticles with a diameter of 600-800 nm exhibit good tolerability in terms of skin irritation in vivo and good antimicrobial activity. Thus, the fabricated formulation shows great promise for interventions for both cutaneous infection control and prophylaxis.

Rabbit venereal spirochetosis, a disease caused by Treponema paraluisleporidarum ecovar Cuniculus (TPeC), affects both wild and pet rabbits, and is transmitted sexually and via direct contact among animals. Treatment of syphilis in pet rabbits requires administration of antibiotics, including penicillin G, chloramphenicol, or fluoroquinolones. The aim of this work was to elucidate the cause of penicillin treatment failure in rabbit syphilis in a pet rabbit treated in Brno, Czech Republic, and to assess the phylogenetic relatedness of the agent to previously characterized pathogenic treponemes. Following amputation of the infected digits, the second round of penicillin treatment using the same dosage and application route resulted in the disappearance of clinical symptoms within a period of two weeks. The bacterium was successfully isolated from the claws, propagated in three experimental rabbits, and the resulting TPeC strain was designated as Cz-2020. Analysis of four genetic loci revealed that the Cz-2020 strain was similar but also clearly distinct from the only TPeC strain, which had been characterized in detail to date, i.e., the Cuniculi A strain, which was isolated in North America. The strain Cz-2020 represents the first available viable TPeC strain of European origin. DNA sequences encoding five penicillin-binding proteins of the strain Cz-2020 were compared to those of Cuniculi A, which is known to be sensitive to penicillin. The sequences differed in six nucleotides resulting in single amino acid changes in Penicillin-binding protein 1, 2, and 3. Since the second round of treatment was successful, we conclude that the penicillin treatment failure in the first round resulted from the presence of infection foci in claws where treponemes persisted., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Jekl, Nováková, Jeklová, Pospíšilová, Křenová, Faldyna, Škorič and Šmajs.)

The Wnt signaling pathway is well known to be involved in many types of human cancer; however, in veterinary medicine, the investigation of individual Wnt members' expression, and their role in or association with oral tumor pathogenesis, is still underevaluated. We aim to determine the expression pattern of Frizzled-6 (FZD6) as one of the Wnt receptors in two of the most common canine oral neoplastic lesions-canine oral squamous cell carcinoma (COSCC) and canine acanthomatous ameloblastoma (CAA). While COSCC is a malignant tumor with aggressive biological behavior and a tendency to metastasize, CAA is a benign tumor with high local invasiveness. In CAA, the expression of FZD6 was mostly located in the center of the epithelial tumorous tissue, and cells exhibiting features of squamous metaplasia were strongly positive. In well-differentiated COSCC, FZD6 was expressed in the tumorous epithelium as well as the tumorous stroma. There was a negative correlation between cytokeratin expression and FZD6 expression in COSCC, where the central parts of the epithelial tumorous tissue were often FZD6-negative. The non-differentiated COSCC with low expression of cytokeratin exhibited a diffuse FZD6 signal. The invasive front with areas of tumor budding exhibited high FZD6 expression with a loss of cytokeratin expression. Moreover, the expression of β-catenin and AXIN2 was increased in comparison to gingiva. In conclusion, our study revealed significant differences in the expression patterns and the levels of FZD6 between COSCC and CAA, indicating the differential engagement of the Wnt pathway in these tumors.

Tuberculosis represents a major global health problem for which improved approaches are needed to shorten the course of treatment and to combat the emergence of resistant strains. The development of effective and safe nanobead-based interventions can be particularly relevant for increasing the concentrations of antitubercular agents within the infected site and reducing the concentrations in the general circulation, thereby avoiding off-target toxic effects. In this work, rifampicin, a first-line antitubercular agent, was encapsulated into biocompatible and biodegradable polyester-based nanoparticles. In a well-established BALB/c mouse model of pulmonary tuberculosis, the nanoparticles provided improved pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. The nanoparticles were well tolerated and much more efficient than an equivalent amount of free rifampicin., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

INTRODUCTION Traumatic bone injuries or pathological processes may sometimes result in very extensive bone defects. Currently, the standard procedure applied in clinical humane as well as veterinary medicine to fill a bone defect is the autogenous bone graft which, however, necessitates a more invasive procedure for the patient and in the cases of extensive defects it fails to provide adequate amount of graft. Synthetic bone replacements can be used with no further burden for the patient and can simultaneously be used as the carriers for bioactive molecules or therapeutic drugs. For clinical use, an easy and simple application is one of the requirements that have to be taken into consideration. These requirements are best satisfied by preparations in the form of gel, which may be injected into the defects of various shapes even through minimal surgical approach. MATERIAL AND METHODS Synthetic transparent PGD-AlphaProA hydro-peptide-gel was used as a basis to develop a composite hydrogel scaffold. This gel was enriched by cryogenically ground poly- -caprolactone nanofibers (PCL) in a ratio of 1 ml of gel to 16 μg of nanofibres. In experimental animals (laboratory rat Wistar, n=20), a single regular circular defect of 1.5 mm in diameter was drilled by a low speed drill machine across the whole width of distal femur diaphysis, identically in both the hind legs. In the right hindleg, this defect was filled by injection of 0.05 ml of the composite peptide gel with nanofibers (experimental defect). In the contralateral limb a similar defect was left untreated, without filling (control defect), for spontaneous healing. The group of experimental animals was subsequently divided into four sub-groups (A, B, C, D) for the purpose of further follow-up. One week after the surgical implantation, in the first group of experimental animals (Group A; n = 5) lege artis euthanasia was performed, a radiological examination of both the hind legs was carried out and a sample of the bone from both the control and experimental defect was collected for histologic examination. The other groups of experimental animals were evaluated similarly at 2, 4 and 6 weeks after the surgical procedure (Group B, C, D; n = 5). These groups of experimental animals were assessed using various histological techniques by two independent pathologists. RESULTS A difference between the control and the experimental bone defect was observed only at the healing stage at two weeks after the implantation, when a tendency for greater formation of new bone trabeculas was seen in the defect treated with the composite hydro-peptide-gel with PCL nanofibers. The results show a slightly higher angiogenesis and cellularity at the bone defect site with an increase of newly formed bone tissue and faster colonisation of lamellar bone structures by bone marrow cells at early stages of the healing process (1-2 weeks old defect). In the experimental and control groups, at the later stage of healing (4-6 weeks old defect), the process of healing and bone modelling at the defect site shows no detectable morphological differences. CONCLUSIONS The experimental use of hydro-peptide-gel with PCL nanofibers in vivo in laboratory rats shows very good applicability into the defect site and, compared to the untreated defect within two weeks after the implantation, accelerates the bone healing. This fact could be an advantage especially at the early stage of healing, and thus accelerate the healing of more extensive defects. Key words: peptide gel, polycaprolactone, PCL, replacement, bone, healing, scaffold, nanofibers, biomaterial.