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Bu çalışma, karasal iklim koşullarında Bafra kuzularda yaşama gücü ve büyüme özelliklerinin incelenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırmada 179 baş Bafra kuzunun büyümenin çeşitli dönemlerinde yaşama gücü, büyüme özellikleri ve bazı vücut ölçüleri incelenmiştir. Büyüme ve vücut ölçülerinin analizinde En Küçük Kareler, yaşama gücünün analizinde Ki-Kare yöntemlerinden yararlanılmıştır. Kuzuların 30. ve 90. gün yaşama gücü sırasıyla %96.65 ve 90.50 olmuştur. Yaşama gücüne doğum tipi ve cinsiyetin etkisinin önemsiz (P>0.05) olduğu belirlenmiştir. Kuzuların doğum, 30., 60. ve 90. gün canlı ağırlıkları yönünden en küçük kareler ortalamaları sırasıyla 3.58±0.541, 8.10±0.127, 12.71±0.223 ve 18.08±0.326 kg olarak bulunmuştur. Kuzu canlı ağırlıklarına incelenen çevre faktörlerinden cinsiyetin etkisin önemsiz (P>0.05), doğum tipinin etkisinin ise 60. güne kadar yüksek düzeyde önemli olduğu (P= 0.000), 60. günde ve sütten kesim döneminde (90. gün) ise tek doğanlarda canlı ağırlıklar rakamsal olarak yüksek olsa da doğum tipinin canlı ağırlığa etkisinin önemsiz (P>0.05) olduğu hesaplanmıştır. Kuzularda sütten kesim öncesi (ortalama 71. gün) cidago yüksekliği, göğüs derinliği, vücut uzunluğu, göğüs çevresi, incik çevresi ve kuyruk çevresi ölçüleri sırasıyla 47.86±0.615, 18.52±0.246, 45.68±0.840, 56.47±0.881, 6.50±0.075, ve 12.01±0.502 cm olmuştur. İncelenen bu vücut ölçülerine doğum tipi ve cinsiyetin etkisi önemli (P>0.05) olmamıştır. Sonuç olarak karasal iklim koşullarında yetiştirilen Bafra kuzuların büyüme ve yasama gücü özelliklerinin iyi düzeyde olduğu tespit edilmiştir., This study investigates the survival and growth characteristics of Bafra lambs born and reared under steppe climate conditions. The survival, growth and certain body measurements of 179 head of Bafra lambs were observed. Least Squares Method was applied for the analysis of growth and body measurements, and Chi square test was used for the analysis of survival rates. The survival rates of the lambs on days 30 and 90 were 96.65% and 90.50%, respectively. Birth type and sex had no significant effect on survival rates (P>0.05). The live weights of the lambs on days birth, 30, 60 and 90th were 3.58±0.541, 8.10±0.127, 12.71±0.223 and 18.08±0.326 kg, respectively. Among the environmental factors affecting the live weights of the lambs, the effect of sex was not significant (P>0.05), while the effect of birth type was highly significant (P=0.000) up until day 60, but decreased thereafter. Furthermore, the effect of birth type on live weight was not significant (P>0,05) in single lambs on day 60 and 90th, even though the live weights were numerically high. The pre-weaning (average 71 day) withers height, chest depth, body length, chest girth, cannon bone circumference and tail circumference of the lambs were 47.86±0.615, 18.52±0.246, 45.68±0.840; 56.47±0.881, 6.50±0.075, and 12.01±0.502 cm, respectively. The effect of birth type and sex on these body measurements were not significant (P>0.05). It was concluded that the growth and survival characteristics of Bafra lambs reared under the steppe conditions were at a satisfactory level.

Waste management is the protection of the environment and the health of the population. Paper waste sludge is produced during paper production and sepiolite is a natural clay mineral. The aim of the study was to investigate the usability of sepiolite-added paper waste sludge as a bedding material in the broiler production. Two hundred eighty-eight 1-day old male broiler chicks were divided into the 6 bedding material groups (wood shavings (control), paper waste sludge, sepiolite, mix of 25% paper waste sludge and 75% sepiolite, mix of 50% paper waste sludge and 50% sepiolite, and mix of 75% paper waste sludge and 25% sepiolite) with 6 replicate pens per group. Litter quality, performance, and some welfare parameters of broilers were assessed during the 6 weeks’ period. Body weight at 42 days of age and body weight gain from 0 to 42 days of broilers reared on the wood shavings and mix of 50% paper waste sludge and 50% sepiolite were found higher than those of the sepiolite and paper waste sludge groups. Feed consumption and feed to gain ratio from 0 to 42 days, yields of carcass and carcass parts, percentages of organs and abdominal fat, IgG, percentage of bursa Fabricius, burns of foot pad and breast, litter pH and meat properties of broilers reared on the wood shavings, paper waste sludge, and sepiolite litter groups were not found to be statistically different. Litter moisture was found higher in the paper waste sludge group than that in the sepiolite group at the 42 days of rearing. As a conclusion, usage of mix of 50% paper waste sludge and 50% sepiolite as a litter does not have any negative effects on performance, welfare, and litter quality. This result is important in terms of utilizing a waste product.

This study is a part of a research project concerned with maternal behaviors before, during and after parturition of the Akkaraman, Bafra, and F1 BA (Bafra × Akkaraman) ewes; and behaviors in the early postpartum period of the Akkaraman, Bafra, F1 BA, and R1 BBA (Bafra × F1 BA) lambs. In this second part, maternal-offspring behaviors after parturition were studied. This study was conducted at Gozlu State Farm between 2014 and 2016. The study of the Bafra × Akkaraman crossbreeding was started in 2012. In the presented project, a total of 56 multiparous ewes and their lambs were used. The means for behaviors of the Akkaraman, Bafra, and F1 BA ewes in the 3 hours after parturition were 69.0, 53.3, and 63.6 % (P > 0.05) for the rates of head-neck, which is the first groomed region of the lambs; 0.96 ± 0.32, 2.06 ± 1.45 and 0.34 ± 0.12 min (P > 0.05) for the time taken to first groom the single lambs; 3.01 ± 1.16, 1.38 ± 0.78, and 1.80 ± 0.89 min (P > 0.05) for the time taken to first groom the first lamb of the twins; 0.83 ± 0.26, 4.16 ± 3.76, and 6.54 ± 4.27 min (P > 0.05) for the time taken to first groom in the second lamb of the twins. In the Akkaraman, Bafra, F1 BA, and R1 BBA lambs, the time taken to make the first successful stand attempt were 22.61 ± 5.17, 45.40 ± 5.17, 25.68 ± 5.20, and 30.22 ± 6.38 min (P

The study aimed to identify the effects of birth time, birth weight, and the time to first grooming on the time to first successful stand up and sucking of the pure and crossbred native lambs. Data were recorded from pure (22 B-Bafra and 20 AKK-Akkaraman) and crossbred (19 BA F

Hybrids with different morphological and yield characteristics are used in the table egg production. There is no change in the cage systems according to the different hybrids in the regulation. This study aimed to investigate the effects of genotype (brown laying hybrids (BLH) and white laying hybrids (WLH)) and cage type (conventional and enriched cages) on behaviours of hens at the 90% egg production level. Behavioural data were recorded with video cameras during the 4 days. Data were analysed in 6 time periods as 05.00-08.00 am, 09.00-12.00 am, 01.00-04.00 pm, 05.00-08.00 pm, 09.00-12.00 pm and 01.00-04.00 am. Behaviour inspection each hour was divided into 4 quarters and the first 3 min of each quarter were evaluated. Behaviours were represented as the proportion of the total behaviour performed in the time period by a given hen. There was no interaction between hens' behaviour and the genotype at the same egg production level. The frequency of feeding behaviour was found to be significantly lower (P 0.01), but comfort behaviour was higher (P 0.05) in hens that were reared in the enriched cages. Only preening was seen as a comfort behaviour due to the cage size. The feeding, drinking, pecking hen, comforting, walking, sitting, resting and perching behaviours changed during the day (P 0.01). Especially, the transition from light to dark influenced the perching behaviour negatively. No interactions were detected amongst genotype, cage type and time period. Feeding behaviour decreased and the comfort behaviour increased in the hens that were reared in the enriched cages because there were materials that would exhibit different behaviours. Hens in the enriched cage could not suddenly adapt to the dark and light period. For this reason, transitions to light and dark periods in poultry houses should be provided gradually, as in natural life.

The purpose of this study was to draw attention to the number of the lumbar vertebrae in R1 BBA crosses (Bafra x F1 (Bafra x Akkaraman)) lambs (75% Bafra and 25% Akkaraman), and the effect of 7 lumbar vertebrae on some carcass traits. Even though some studies reported that the number of the lumbar vertebrae might be considerably different dependent on the sheep genotype, this has not been reported for Turkish breeds. While a study on the R1 BBA lambs has been performed, seven lumbar vertebrae have been identified in four of the eighteen lambs. The means of the carcass length (80.800±0.583 and 84.375±1.375 cm) (P= 0.036), leg weight (5.942±0.079 and 6.209±0.052 kg) (P= 0.032), loin weight (1.560±0.096 and 1.849±0.060 kg) (P= 0.048), and loin’s lean weight (0.875±0.059 and 1.058±0.032 kg) (P= 0.040) were statistically different between the groups of lambs (6 and 7 lumbar vertebrae, respectively). In conclusion, the number of lumbar vertebrae has economically affected important parts of the carcass.

Waste management is the protection of the environment and the health of the population. Paper waste sludge is produced during paper production and sepiolite is a natural clay mineral. The aim of the study was to investigate the usability of sepiolite-added paper waste sludge as a bedding material in the broiler production. Two hundred eighty-eight 1-day old male broiler chicks were divided into the 6 bedding material groups (wood shavings (control), paper waste sludge, sepiolite, mix of 25% paper waste sludge and 75% sepiolite, mix of 50% paper waste sludge and 50% sepiolite, and mix of 75% paper waste sludge and 25% sepiolite) with 6 replicate pens per group. Litter quality, performance, and some welfare parameters of broilers were assessed during the 6 weeks' period. Body weight at 42 days of age and body weight gain from 0 to 42 days of broilers reared on the wood shavings and mix of 50% paper waste sludge and 50% sepiolite were found higher than those of the sepiolite and paper waste sludge groups. Feed consumption and feed to gain ratio from 0 to 42 days, yields of carcass and carcass parts, percentages of organs and abdominal fat, IgG, percentage of bursa Fabricius, burns of foot pad and breast, litter pH and meat properties of broilers reared on the wood shavings, paper waste sludge, and sepiolite litter groups were not found to be statistically different. Litter moisture was found higher in the paper waste sludge group than that in the sepiolite group at the 42 days of rearing. As a conclusion, usage of mix of 50% paper waste sludge and 50% sepiolite as a litter does not have any negative effects on performance, welfare, and litter quality. This result is important in terms of utilizing a waste product.

Layer hybrids are more superior in the egg yield than pure breeds. But this superiority causes some problems in the bones during the production period. There are a lot of differences among genotypes in the production period that have been examined extensively, however, the differences throughout incubation period aren’t known yet. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the differences in femur properties of pure breed and layer hybrid embryos during the incubation period. A total of 354 fresh hatching eggs were used from one hybrid (Lohman White) and two pure breeds (Denizli & Gerze). The eggs were incubated. Hatching eggs from each genotype at the beginning of embryonic days (E) 19 and E21 were examined. At these embryonic ages, 12 eggs were selected from each genotype. The eggs were opened and embryos were sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Both femurs were dissected from each embryo and then structure, mineral composition and mechanical properties of femur were determined. The genotype affected the length, width and Zn level in the femur of embryos. Weight, length, width, load of yield and ultimate, ash and all examined minerals increased with embryonic development. These results showed that some femur properties of embryos were influenced by the genotype and layer hybrid embryos are beginning to be advantageous in terms of Zn level in the femur at E21. This study leads to better understanding femur development during the incubation period in layer hybrid and pure breeds.

WOS:000564411900001 The present study was carried out to identify the reproductive characteristics, survival rate, growth traits and some body measurements of Bafra (B), Akkaraman (A), Bafra x Akkaraman F-1 (BAF(1)) and Bafra x Akkaraman B-1 (BAB(1)) sheep genotypes. The research was performed at Gozlu State Farm, belonging to the General Directorate of Agricultural Enterprise (TIGEM), during the years of 2014-2016. In the study, lambing rates of BxB, AxA, BxA and BxBAF(1) mating groups were 55.25, 69.97, 67.25 and 64.91%; the lamb production were 92.27, 88.93, 87.54 and 122.81% and the litter sizes were 1.67, 1.27, 1.30 and 1.89, respectively. The survival rates of B, A, BAF(1) and BAB(1) lambs were calculated as 89.89, 94.23, 88.79 and 98.36% in the 90th day, respectively (P

As most of the unenriched cages will soon switch to enriched cages, it is important to characterize all the effects in the laying hens for sustainable production. Laying hens can be used in several production periods by applying molting. The aim of this study was to determine the cage type (unenriched and enriched) on performance, welfare, and microbiological properties of laying hens during the molting period and the second production cycle. Overall, 840 brown laying hybrids were used in the experiment. Laying hens were reared on two different cage types (unenriched cage (UEC) and enriched cage (EC)) in the same poultry house. When the hybrids were 75 weeks old, they were subjected to force molting with whole grain barley. Performance, welfare, microbiological, and serological data of laying hens were obtained from 73 to 107 weeks of age. Egg production, egg weight, feed conversion ratio, breaking strength, albumen and yolk index, Haugh unit, feather condition, and breaking force of femur and metatarsus were better in the post-molting period. However, keel bone deformities and Newcastle disease virus antibody titers are the worst in the post-molting period. Stiffness of femur and metatarsus was increased with period. These results indicate that necessary precautions should be taken against the problems that may occur in the direction of bone and health. During the molting period, hens kept in EC had lower egg production but they returned to egg production at a high rate. EC type had a positive effect on egg production, feed conversion ratio, feather and foot condition, and breaking force of metatarsus.

Pure breeds are important due to the fact that they adapt well to poor husbandry conditions. However, gene expression of digestive enzymes and nutrient transporters of pure breeds and layer hybrids have not been studied yet. Therefore, this study was directed to detect the gene expression of digestive enzymes and nutrient transporters in the yolk sac membrane and small intestine of the embryos in layer hybrid and pure breeds. A total of 354 hatching eggs were collected from 29 wk old Denizli, Gerze and Lohman White (LW) breeder flocks. Twelve eggs from each genotype were selected at embryonic day 19 (E19) and day 21 (E21). APN, SI, PepT1, EAAT3, CAT1, B0AT, SGLT1 and GLUT5 mRNA expressions were evaluated in the yolk sac membrane (YSM) and small intestine of the embryos from different genotypes. Expressions of APN and EAAT3 in the small intestine of Denizli embryo were upregulated from E19 to E21. B0AT, PepT1 and SGLT1 expressions were upregulated in the small intestine of pure breed and layer hybrid embryos with increasing embryonic age. SI expression in the small intestine of the LW embryos was upregulated from E19 to E21. APN, B0AT and EAAT3 expressions in the YSM of Denizli embryos were dowregulated from E19 to E21. EAAT3 and SGLT1 expressions in the YSM of Gerze embryos were upregulated at E21 and compared to E19. Taken together, our results indicate that genotype and embryonic age influenced the expression of digestive enzymes and nutrient transporter genes in the small intestine and YSM of embryos.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the comparison of different brown and white layers in embryonic development and uptake of nutrients in the egg. A total of 360 fertilized eggs obtained from two brown (Atak-S and Brown Nick) and two white (Atabey and Nick) layer breeders at 28 wk old. Hatching eggs from each genotype were examined on the day of setting for fresh egg analysis and then at the beginning of the embryonic day (E19) and embryonic day (E21) for egg, embryo and villus analysis. Differences in egg weight, shell percentages, relative weight of yolk and albumen, relative weight and length of embryo, villus height, some values of shell, yolk and albumen and relative chick weight in examined hybrids were significant. Yolk sac utilization of embryos during the incubation in the white layer hybrids was greater than that in the brown layer hybrids. Villus heights in the duodenum, jejenum and ileum of embryos in the brown layer hybrids was greater than that in the white layer hybrids. Genotype is important parameter to determine the egg composition at the same age and in animals being fed the same diet. It was observed that the consumption of yolk and shell nutrients from the embryos during the incubation was not related to whether embryos were from the brown or white layer hybrids. Only uptake of the yolk sac and villus height in the embryo among examined variables varied depending on whether the embryos were from the brown or white layer hybrids.

Türkiye’deki rahvan yürüyüşlü ve değişik orijinlere sahip 265 atta DMRT3 mutant allel dağılımını incelemek amacıyla yapılan bu çalışmada, 182 Türkiye, 31 İran, 24 Afganistan ve 28 Bulgaristan orijinli at kullanılmıştır. Kan ve kıldan DNA izolasyonu yapılarak Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) genotiplendirmesi gerçekleştirilmiştir. SNP genotiplendirmesi 5’nükleaz yöntemine göre yapılmış, her örnek için bir yabanıl tip, bir de mutant tip Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) karışımı hazırlanmış ve genotiplendirmeler bu karışımlara göre okunmuştur. Homozigot mutant genotip (AA) oranları orijinlere göre sırasıyla, %85.71, 96.77, 91.67 ve 96.43; heterozigot mutant genotip (CA) oranları %9.89, 3.23, 8.33 ve 0.00 olurken; homozigot yabanıl genotip (CC) oranları %4.40, 0.00, 0.00 ve 3.57 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Mutant allel (A) frekansları ise aynı sıraya göre %90.70, 98.40, 95.80 ve 96.40 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Hardy-Weinberg eşitliğine uyum için yapılan ki-kare analizinde Türkiye ve Bulgaristan orijinli atların genetik dengede olmadığı saptanmıştır (P, The study was carried out to investigate the DMRT3 mutant allele distribution of 265 pacing horses in Turkey from different origins (182 Turkish, 31 Iranian, 24 Afghan and 28 Bulgarian) were used in the study. Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) genotyping was determined according to the method of 5ʹ nuclease by DNA isolation from blood/hair samples. A wild type and also one mutant type Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) mix was prepared for each sample and the genotypes were read by using these mixtures. According to origins, the genotype percentages were determined as 85.71, 96.77, 91.67 and 96.43 % for homozygote mutant (AA); 9.89, 3.23, 8.33 and 0.00 % for heterozygote mutant (CA); 4.40, 0.00, 0.00 and 3.57 % for homozygote wild (CC), respectively. Mutant allele (A) frequencies were calculated as 90.70, 98.40, 95.80 and 96.40%, in the same order. Horses that Turkish and Bulgarian origins were not in the genetic equilibrium (P˂0.001). Mutant allele (A) frequencies were very high level (0.907-0.984) in examined different origin horses, so all these horses were defined as “alternative walking horses”. Some of the horses had homozygote (CC) or heterozygote (CA) wild type allele had showed pacing gait indicated that relationships of pacing and genotype should be investigated in these genotypes. In conclusion, the presence of DMRT3 mutant allele in pacing horses in Turkey was detected for the first time. Thus, DMRT3 genotypes might be predetermined and those genotypes could be used to get pacing or gated horses easily and as soon as possible

WOS: 000411218900011, PubMed: 28938781, Because of consumers' preferences and also due to changes in production systems, the importance of pure breeds has increased again. There are a lot of differences among breeds which have been studied extensively, however, the differences during the incubation period are not yet fully known. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate the composition of the egg parts, absorption of nutrients, and development of embryos from different genotypes. A total of 354 fresh hatching eggs were obtained from one hybrid (Lohman White, LW) and two pure breeds (Denizli and Gerze). Hatching eggs from each genotype were examined on the day of setting for egg analysis and then at the beginning of the embryonic d 19 (E19) and embryonic d 21 (E21) for egg, embryo, jejunum, and tibia analysis. On d 21 of incubation, the healthy chicks were removed and weighed. Egg weight, shell thickness, percentages of albumen, and some parameters of albumen composition (dry matter, water, ash, protein, energy, Na, Ca, K, and Mg) were higher in fresh eggs obtained from LW hens. Furthermore, the relative yolk sac and embryo weight, some yolk parameters (dry matter, water, protein, fat, and energy) and some shell parameters (dry matter, ash, Na, Ca, and K) were also higher in eggs obtained from LW hens during incubation. However, tibia deformation and villus width were lower in LW embryos than the other genotypes. Relative chick weights were 68.9, 72.0, and 68.0% in LW, Denizli, and Gerze genotypes, respectively. During incubation, differences in all examined parameters were significant except thickness and weight of shell, tibia deformation, and crypt depth. Yolk sac weight, some yolk composition parameters, K level in the shell, Cu level in the tibia, and villus height were also affected by genotype and period interaction. Based on these results, LW was found advantageous in terms of egg composition, however, regarding villus development and tibia deformation in embryos during incubation, pure breeds showed better results., TUBITAKTurkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [110O933], This study was supported by TUBITAK Fund (Project No: 110O933).

This study intended to investigate slaughter, carcass and meat quality characteristics of Damascus male kids reared under different production systems and antioxidant effect (Vit E). The kids, housed in pen groups and grazing groups, were equally divided for production systems and later each group was again equally divided for determination of Vit E effect. Production systems and Vit E were found to have no significant effect on slaughter and carcass traits. Differences between production systems were found significant for meat pH(24), water holding capacity, cooking loss, tenderness, ether-extractable lipid and some color characteristics and concentrate feed supplemented with Vit E was effective on TBARS values. Each of the fatty acids except C18:2 n6 was affected by the production system but Vit E influence was superior on long-chain fatty acids. Grazing kids had a lower percentage of total SFA, n6, n6/n3, AI and TI ratio, while kids housed in pens had the lowest percentage of total UFA, NV and n3 ratio. On the other hand, kids that consumed supplemental Vit E had a higher percentage of total UFA, ratio of UFA/SFA, n3 and lower percentage of SFA, ratio of n6/n3, AI, TI compared to the kids fed by non-supplemental concentrate feed with Vit E. In accordance with the meat fatty acid composition, meat obtained from the kids that grazed and consumed supplemental Vit E was healthier than that of those housed in pen kids and non-supplemental Vit E consumed kids. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.