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Osteoderms of Hoplophorus euphractus are historically mistaken by other glyptodonts osteoderms, such as Glyptodon, Glyptotherium and Neosclerocalyptus, which has created confusion regarding the proper identification of the remains. Recent revisions have granted a better taxonomic understanding of these taxa. In this work, we present a morphological description of a carapace fragment with four articulated osteoderms and other post-cranium bones. Morphological and histological information of an isolated osteoderm and a limb bone from Hoplophorus euphractus was combined, allowing some perception into their paleobiology. The combined paleohistological analysis of two bone elements, osteoderm and humerus, corroborates with the idea of how the pattern of bone microstructure is useful for making inferences about the functional morphology of extinct species. In the humerus, it is identifiable a bone tissue derived from dynamic osteogenesis, with elongated osteocytes lacunae and collagen fibre with a preferably transverse orientation (perpendicular to the long axis). In the superficial and deep layers of the osteoderm, a bone tissue derived from a combination of dynamic and static osteogenesis is seen. In the trabeculae of the osteoderm, a lamellar bone tissue is present, more organized than the ones present in the other regions of the bone. Both histological and morphological features of the osteoderm and humerus can be interpreted as a representation of a mature ontogenetic stage. The preferentially transversely fibre alignment found in H. euphractus bone could be indicative of good resistance of compressive forces, but a more extensive research with a broader sample is necessary for more definitive conclusions.

Proboscideans are megamammals widely recorded in South America Quaternary deposits, especially in Brazil, where many specimens were found in tanks and caves. In tank deposits, the fossil remains are usually recognized as adult individuals, although highly and usually fragmented. The records of immature proboscideans are rare, consisting of isolated teeth and jaw fragments, especially from tank deposits. Here we describe a new and rare occurrence of an immature proboscidean — a second upper left deciduous premolar (DP2) of Notiomastodon cf. platensis — from Pernambuco state, Brazil. This record increases the number of immature individuals known for Notiomastodon in Brazil, contributes to the understanding of the frequency of immature individuals in tank deposits, and increases Notiomastodon geographic distribution in South America. Keywords: South America, Quaternary, Notiomastodon platensis, immature, tank deposit.

Este trabalho descreve marcas encontradas em fosseis de mamiferos pleistocenicos do Sitio Lagoa da Pedra, que fica localizado no distrito de Conceicao das Creoulas, identificando possiveis relacoes temporais e/ou fisicas entre os grupos pre-historicos e a megafauna que coabitou a regiao nordeste do Brasil, em Salgueiro - PE, no Pleistoceno Final - Holoceno Inicial. A metodologia aplicada, utilizando microscopio estereoscopico, identificou fosseis que apresentam marcas que foram possivelmente causadas por instrumentos liticos. O trabalho apresenta indicios de interacao homem-megafauna atraves da caca desses animais, reforcando evidencias ja existentes sobre a coabitacao durante o final do Pleistoceno e inicio do Holoceno. BRANDS ON MEGAFAUNA FOSSILS IN LAGOA DA PEDRA, SALGUEIRO-PE, BRAZIL ABSTRACT This work describes marks found on fossil mammals of the Pleistocene Lagoa da Pedra Site, which is located in the Conceicao das Creoulas district, identifying possible temporal and / or physical relationships between prehistoric groups and the megafauna that cohabitated the northeast region of Brazil. , in Salgueiro - PE, in the Late Pleistocene - Early Holocene. The applied methodology, using stereoscopic microscope, identified fossils presenting marks that were possibly caused by lithic instruments. This work presents evidence of human-megafauna interaction through hunting of these animals, reinforcing existing evidence on cohabitation during the late Pleistocene and early Holocene. Keywords : Quaternary; marks; fossils; pleistocene mammals; megamammals.

Este trabalho descreve marcas encontradas em fosseis de mamiferos pleistocenicos do Sitio Lagoa da Pedra, localizado no distrito de Conceicao das Creoulas, identificando possiveis relacoes temporais e/ou fisicas existentes entre os grupos pre-historicos e a megafauna que coabitou a regiao de Salgueiro no Pleistoceno Final - Holoceno Inicial. A metodologia aplicada identificou fosseis que apresentam marcas possivelmente causadas por instrumentos liticos. O trabalho apresenta indicios de interacao homem-megafauna atraves da caca desses animais, reforcando as evidencias sobre a coabitacao durante o final do Pleistoceno.

The Alianca Formation, within the Brazilian Reconcavo–Tucano–Jatoba Rift System, is a succession of Late Jurassic sedimentary rocks that record the maximum flooding surface of shallow Capianga Lake in the Afro-Brazilian Depression, Gondwana. Several aulacogens and drift-marginal Mesozoic basins of eastern Brazil and western Africa recorded the great extensional event that occurred during the early stage of Gondwana break-up. Lithologic, petrographic, micropaleontological and geochemical analyses of lacustrine carbonates collected near the city of Ibimirim, Pernambuco State, were carried out to establish the paleolimnological evolution of a marginal area of Capianga Lake, in the Jatoba Basin. The ostracode fauna, obtained from grainstone and calcareous quartzarenite, is constituted by Theriosynoecum pricei, Theriosynoecum uninodosa, Theriosynoecum quadrinodosum, Reconcavona? jatobaensis and Alicenula? spp. Carbon and oxygen stable isotopes in bulk rock, Theriosynoecum pricei and Alicenula? spp. were measured. Theriosynoecum pricei displays the most negative δ13C values, between − 2.1 and − 1.3‰. The δ13C values obtained from Alicenula? spp. and bulk rock were also negative. The δ18O values for Theriosynoecum pricei range from − 10.1 to + 4.1‰. Alicenula? spp. show δ18O values between − 4.6 and + 5.8‰. The bioclastic character of the carbonates and the presence of cross-bedding and ripple marks suggest deposition in a low-energy, low-gradient, ramp-type littoral zone of a shallow, balanced-fill lake. The ostracode association, characteristic of permanent, alkaline, freshwater bodies, corresponds to the Theriosynoecum pricei ostracode biozone, which is of Tithonian age. The lithofacies, along with covariation of δ13C and δ18O, and large δ18O fluctuations, suggest that this marginal area of Capianga Lake was characterized by stable hydrological conditions in a closed basin. The δ13C values display a slightly narrower range, suggesting oligotrophic to slightly mesotrophic conditions, and holomixis in this marginal area of Capianga Lake.

We performed a macroscopic and radiological inspection in a set of bones belonging to the fossil mammal assemblage of Zabele Paleontological Site (Late Pleistocene-Northgrippian), in northeastern B...

A Bacia de Jatobá pertence ao denominado Rifte Recôncavo-Tucano-Jatobá, estrutura geotectônica constituída por extenso rifte abortado no Cretáceo durante as fases de fragmentação do Supercontinente Gondwana. Este trabalho enfoca inédita análise de facies e sistemas deposicionais da Formação São Sebastião (Eocretáceo). As facies foram identificadas segundo a litologia predominante, geometria dos corpos, estruturas sedimentares e padrão de paleocorrentes. As principais litofacies reconhecidas foram: (i) conglomerados sustentados pela matriz e arenitos grossos a médios, conglomeráticos com estratificações cruzadas acanaladas de pequeno porte, ou maciços; (ii) arenitos grossos a médios com estratificações cruzadas acanaladas de médio e grande porte; (iii) arenitos médios com boa seleção e estratificação plano-paralela e (iv) arenitos médios com estratificação cruzada tabular de médio porte, bem selecionados. As facies (i) foram interpretadas como geradas por sistemas fluviais entrelaçados efêmeros. O conjunto de facies (ii), (iii) e (iv) foi interpretado como originado em campo de dunas eólicas, lenções de areia eólica e interduna. A Formação São Sebastião representa a interação de dois sistemas deposicionais: eólico e fluvial. As características sedimentológicas dos arenitos da Formação São Sebastião indicam ambiente de sedimentação inicialmente fluvial, com posterior retrabalhamento por vento, e a superior, um ambiente desértico, tipicamente eólico, com interações fluviais.

The Pediomyiodea has been largely regarded as a Late Cretaceous North American metatherian lineage; however, some studies have suggested that a few South American taxa could be related to this family. Herein, Austropediomys marshalli gen. et sp. nov. from the Itaborai Basin, Brazil (lower Eocene – Itaboraian SALMA), is described. Austropediomys gen. nov. represents the first report of a pediomyoid metatherian in the Paleogene of South America backed by a phylogenetic analysis. Several derived features in the upper molars support its belonging to the Pediomyoidea: presence of accessory ‘conular-like’ structures (here named conuloids) lingual to the conules; supernumerary stylar cusps; asymmetric stylar shelf, with parastylar shelf reduced to a narrow rim in M1; straight centrocrista; short and obliquely oriented prepacrista, which contacts StA in M2–3. The presence of ‘conular-like’ structures lingual to the paraconule and metaconule is identified in Austropediomys gen. nov. and in Late Cretaceous pediomyoids as well, and results in the phylogenetic analysis as a synapomorphy of the Pediomyoidea. Austropediomys gen. nov. is autapomorphyc in the presence of enlarged conuloids on protocristae. The record of a pediomyoid in the Paleogene of South America increases the temporal and biogeographical range of this lineage. Also, our results support the hypothesis that several non-related metatherian lineages dispersed from North to South America via the Caribbean Plate, most probably during the latest Cretaceous, in an island-hopping or sweepstakes model.

In Brazil, Glyptotherium findings occur mainly in the Northeastern region. In the northeast, Brazilian Intertropical Region (BIR), there are records of Glyptotherium of the Upper Pleistocene, mainly in the State of Pernambuco. This work reports new findings of Glyptotherium in a tank deposit from the Upper Pleistocene of Pernambuco, corresponding to isolated osteoderms and an astragalus which approaches in detail to North American forms. This record expands both the distribution of Glyptotherium to the BIR, and the data regarding the paleobiogeographic relations among the faunas of megamammals of the North of South America, Central America, and the South of North America during the Late Pleistocene.

Xenarthran osteoderms are integumentary bones with high fossilization potential presenting a high degree of morphological and histological diversity. Here, new data on the osteoderms histology of two glyptodonts, Panochthus and Neuryurus are presented. The poor spatial organization of the mineralized fibers and a large trabecular area in the middle zone identified in Neuryurus indicate a different bone pattern than the one found in Panochthus, which is mainly characterized by a middle zone with less spongiosa. Through the Bone Profiler program, the degree of compactness of the specimens was obtained, with about 70% for Neuryurus sp. and approximately 90% for Panochthus sp., showing the difference in bone pattern. These values confirm the visible difference in the histological patterns of these taxa, especially in the middle zone. This work demonstrates the microstructural variation studied in osteoderms and shows the importance of paleohistology as a starting point for a better understanding of extinct taxa.

The Paleogene vertebrate-bearing sites of Brazil are restricted to few formations such as Maria Farinha (Late Cretaceous-early Paleocene), Itaborai (early Eocene), Entre-Corregos (Eocene-Oligocene), and Tremembe (late Oligocene-early Miocene). A new Paleogene fauna is reported from an outcrop of the Guabirotuba Formation located at Curitiba, Parana State, southern Brazil. The Guabirotuba Formation is a stratigraphic unit of the Curitiba Basin, which belongs to the Cenozoic continental rift system of southeastern Brazil, a predominantly half-graben and horst system. The sedimentary facies indicate a fluvial distributary depositional system associated with floodplain, generated under humid climate conditions alternating with drier periods. This new Paleogene fauna, here named the Guabirotuba Fauna, has invertebrate and vertebrate taxa, including mammals (Cingulata, Notoungulata, Astrapotheria, and Metatheria). The fossil remains of seven armored xenarthrans are identified, including the description of a new species and genus named Proeocoleophorus carlinii. The Guabirotuba ungulates are assigned to Interatheriidae, Oldfieldthomasiidae, and Astrapotheria. The metatherian mammals are represented by a sparassodont, a palaeothentoid, and an argyrolagoid. This new mammalian fauna preliminarily suggests a late middle Eocene age (Barrancan South American Land Mammal Age) for the Guabirotuba Formation.

The fossil mammals that lived in the Brazilian Intertropical Region during the Quaternary are found in different types of deposits (e.g. natural tanks, ponds, caves, rockshelter, and riverbeds) throughout the Brazilian territory. The state of Bahia, located on northeastern Brazil, stands out for the presence of large and important caves, which are characterized by the natural deposition of sediments and fossils. The study aims to identify the fauna found in the Borboletas Cave, and to provide the first paleoecological inferences for the environment during the Late Pleistocene-Holocene. Here we present the first record of Palaeolama major, Hippidion principale and Smilodon populator in Paripiranga, Bahia. Coendou sp., Mazama gouazoubira, and Toxodon platensis, already known to the region, were also collected and identified. Based on the chronological and geographical distribution of the taxa, it is suggested that the faunal content found lived during the Late Pleistocene – Holocene. The presence of the taxa found indicate an open paleoenvironment, similar to savanna, with areas covered with grasses associated with areas with forest cover. This study demonstrates that the Borboletas Cave is the richest paleontological site carrying the mammals in this region.

Occurrences of gomphotheres in northeastern Brazil there are in tank deposits, caves and lagoons and many of these records are from the Pleistocene tank deposits, formed by physical and chemical erosion in crystalline rock. These deposits are common in northwestern of State of Ceara and correspond to the most Pleistocene fossil findings. This paper presents the description of two specimens of gomphotheres identified as Gomphotheriidae constituting an unprecedented record for the City of Iraucuba, Ceara, located 150 km from Fortaleza. In the same place, Xenarthra, Liptoterna, Notoungulata and Perissodactyla were also found.

The present study acknowledges the diversity of fossil marsupials from the Gruta dos Moura cave, as well as environmental and climatic aspects during the Quaternary. The results show that this is the largest diversity of Pleistocene marsupials recorded in a single cave: Didelphis albiventris, D. aurita, Gracilinanus agilis, G. microtarsus, Marmosa murina, Monodelphis brevicaudata, M. domesticaand Sairadelphys tocantinensis. Furthermore, the described specimens are also part of the only fossil assemblage unequivocally referable to the late Pleistocene. Paleontological studies suggest an intimate association with dry and open environments with high abundance of water sources. Since most of the identified taxa are characteristic of open forests and gallery forests, this could represent the actual environment around the Gruta dos Moura cave. Recent studies identified sympatric occurrences between species from open and dry environments and species from humid forests that were identified among our material and are characteristic of humid regions. Therefore, these species could inhabit gallery forests and capons, or even ecotones, inside a dry and open environment. Moreover, the extinction of Sairadelphyscould also indicate that the climatic and environmental conditions changed or that the past environment was more heterogeneous than the current environment of the region. Neste estudo pretende-se reconhecer a diversidade de marsupiais fósseis da Gruta dos Moura além dos seus aspectos ambientais e climáticos durante o Quaternário. Constatou-se que esta é a maior diversidade de marsupiais Pleistocênicos coletados em uma única caverna: Didelphis albiventris, D. aurita, Gracilinaus agilis, G. microtarsus, Marmosa murina, Monodelphis brevicaudata, M. domestica e Sairadelphys tocantinensis. Além disso, esses marsupiais também reúnem a única assembleia fossilífera que seguramente está associada ao Neopleistoceno. Estudos paleontológicos realizados sugerem uma íntima associação com ambientes secos, abertos e de alta profusão de recursos hídricos. Assim, como a maioria dos táxons identificados são característicos de florestas abertas e matas de galerias, essa poderia ser de fato a paisagem do entorno da Gruta dos Moura. Estudos recentes identificaram simpatria entre espécies de ambientes secos/abertos e de florestas úmidas dos táxons aqui identificados e característicos de regiões úmidas. Assim, essas espécies poderiam habitar matas de galeria e capões, ou até ecótonos, em um ambiente mais seco e aberto. Além disso, a extinção de Sairadelphyspode ser outro indício de que as condições climático-ambientais mudaram ou que o ambiente pretérito era mais heterogêneo que o encontrado atualmente na região.

Pleistocene sites with mammals in Brazil are commonly recorded from limestone or dolomite caves, outcrops at rivers and creeks, coastal plain lagoon deposits, rock shelters, and natural tanks. This work presents a new late Pleistocene site containing bones and footprints of mammals. The footprints are assigned to llama (Lamaichnum), cervid (Pecoripeda), horse (Hippipeda), and at least one megamammal (?Toxodon), constituting the northernmost record for the late Pleistocene of South America and the first record from Brazil. Mammals are related to fluvial environments along with treeless vegetation during a sub-humid climate, in a region currently dominated by a semiarid biome.

The sparassodonts were the main mammalian predators during most of Cenozoic in South America. The lower Eocene Itaborai Basin/Formation includes the second oldest fossil records of this group in South America: Patene and Nemolestes. Patene is by far the most abundant sparassodont from this formation, with more than 30 specimens referable to a single taxon, Patene simpsoni. Some specimens recovered from the Quebrada de Los Colorados Formation (former Lumbrera Formation – middle Eocene) in Northwestern Argentina have been also referred to P. simpsoni. In order to test the affinities of Patene and the taxonomy of the Argentinean specimens, we performed a review of the genus. We concluded that the specimens from Northwestern Argentina show significant differences from the Brazilian specimens: smaller size, paraconid more developed; metaconid, entoconid and hypoconid more reduced. As a result, the specimens from the Quebrada de Los Colorados Formation were assigned to a new species, Patene coloradensis. Our phylogenetic analysis supported previous hypotheses that exclude Patene from the “Hathliacynidae”, as the former was recovered as an earlier divergent lineage. The results also supported the hypothesis that Allqokirus australis and Mayulestes ferox from the Tiupampa Basin (El Molino Formation, lower Paleocene – Tiupampian), Bolivia, are the oldest known representatives of the Sparassodonta. The results also supported the monophyly of the Pucadelphyida with the inclusion of the Jaskhadelphyidae and closely related taxa in addition to the Pucadelphyidae + Sparassodonta. The Late Cretaceous, North American Varalphadon was not recovered in our phylogenetic analysis as a representative of the Sparassodonta.Based on our results, the Sparassodonta should be considered, based on the current fossil record, as a South American endemic lineage. doi: 10.5710/AMGH.06.05.2019.3222

Zeusdelphys complicatus is one of the most enigmatic metatherians from the Itaboraí Basin. The type and only known specimen was previously regarded as the upper dentition of Eobrasilia; an M4 of a new taxon; an M3 of a Kollpaniidae (now regarded as a group of “condylarths”); a probable M1 of an incertae sedis taxon; and as an M1 of a Protodidelphidae. Herein, we present a morphological review of the dental structures of Zeusdelphys complicatus, presenting new interpretations and comparing it with other North and South American taxa. We also perform a phylogenetic analysis in order to test the affinities of Zeusdelphys and the validity of most studied characters. The results recovered Zeusdelphys complicatus as more closely related to Hatcheritherium alpha than to any other metatherian. Glasbiidae were recovered as the sister lineage of Protodidelphidae within Didelphimorphia, as true marsupials. Ectocentrocristus was recovered as the sister taxon of Zeusdelphys + Hatcheritherium, as a Hatcheriformes. The analysis recovered this suborder as an independent lineage from Polydolopimorphia, being more closely related to “Alphadontidae”. The affinities with Protodidelphidae are a result of convergent evolution, as Zeusdelphys is more closely related to Hatcheritherium alpha from the Late Cretaceous of North America. The results support a North American origin for Hatcheriformes. The presence of strong sea-level lowstands and islands in the Caribbean Plate during the Late Cretaceous provide valid data to support a faunal interchange between Americas during the latest Late Cretaceous. Based on the results, Zeusdelphys represents a South American early Eocene surviving Hatcheriformes.

O objetivo do estudo foi analisar o papel da família no processo de aprendizagem e reprodução do gosto pela prática futebolística amadora. Para isto, optou-se em utilizar os princípios da Etnografia para estudar a equipe do Mirante E. C., localizada na cidade de Ponta Grossa-PR. Utilizou-se como baliza temporal o período de 2013 a 2017, momento que observou-se jogos oficiais, peladas (jogos não oficiais), amistosos e também os espaços de socialização dos atletas, totalizando 180 saídas de campo. Nessa análise, identificou-se um imbricamento entre a estrutura familiar e a estrutura do clube, emergindo a necessidade de preservação deste lócus, ou seja, um espaço em que se valoriza a herança cultural futebolística, as trajetórias dos agentes, a coletividade e o próprio lugar.

With less than 3 g of estimated body mass, the early Eocene Minusculodelphis minimus Paula Couto (Mammalia, Metatheria, Jaskhadelphyidae) is one of the smallest mammals, living or extinct. It has alternatively been regarded as a didelphid or a derorhynchid "ameridelphian," or even as an eometatherian marsupial. Here, we describe a new species of Minusculodelphis coming from the same locality (Itaborai Quarry, Brazil) and age (Itaboraian age) of the type species of the genus. It differs from M. minimus in its larger size and several dental characters. The new species offers data on the upper dentition and femur, which are unknown in the type species. Compared to other Paleogene metatherians, Minusculodelphis shows closer relationships with Jaskhadelphys, from the early Paleocene of Tiupampa, Bolivia, as well as with Kiruwamaq, from the late Eocene-early Oligocene of Peru. A cladistic analysis places all three genera within the family Jaskhadelphyidae (Metatheria, Order indet.), which includes small to tiny, insectivorous-like metatherians. We argue that insectivory (soft insects) is the best-supported diet for both species of Minusculodelphis, and that the most probable microhabitat for them was the understorey or leaf litter of tropical, rain forested environments.

We describe a new metatherian of the genus Gaylordia Paula Couto, from the early Eocene Itaboraí Basin, Brazil. This new species (estimated body mass ~60-90.9 g) is based on lower and upper dentition elements and is characterized by a more plesiomorphic dental morphology with respect to G. macrocynodonta Paula Couto (with a larger body mass, estimated in ~74-103 g for large individuals or males). The species G. doelloi Marshall, represented by small individuals or females, is regarded a junior synonym of G. macrocynodonta. A phylogenetic analysis as well as details of the occlusal surface of its upper and lower molars suggests that Gaylordia is closely related to the Pucadelphyidae, a non-marsupial “ameridelphian” group previously recorded at the early Paleocene locality of Tiupampa, Bolivia., Descreve-se um novo marsupial basal do gênero Gaylordia Paula Couto, do Eoceno inicial da bacia de Itaboraí, Brasil. Esta nova espécie (massa corporal estimada ~60-90.9 g) está baseada na dentição superior e inferior, e é caracterizada por uma morfologia dentária mais plesiomórfi ca em relação a G. macrocynodonta Paula Couto (cuja maior massa corporal é estimada em ~74-103 g para grandes indivíduos ou machos). A espécie G. doelloi Marshall, representada por indíviduos pequenos ou fêmeas, é considerada um sinônimo junior de G. macrocynodonta. Uma análise fi logenética, bem como detalhes da superfície oclusal de seus molares superiores e inferiores sugerem uma relação próxima de Gaylordia aos Pucadelphyidae, um grupo de ameridélfi os não marsupiais previamente registrados no Paleoceno inicial da localidade de Tiupampa, Bolivia., Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo