266,704 results on '"EXECUTIVE FUNCTION"'
Search Results
202. Effects of HIIT VR Exergame on Attention and Executive Function in Young People With ADHD (VRADHD)
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University of Sao Paulo, Centro de Inovação em Saúde Mental (CISM), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, and Grupo UniEDUK
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- 2024
203. Bidirectional Longitudinal Relations between Executive Function and Social Function across Adolescence
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Ben-Asher, Eliya, Porter, Blaire M., Roe, Mary Abbe, Mitchell, Mackenzie E., and Church, Jessica A.
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Executive function (EF) and social function are both critical skills that continue to develop through adolescence and are strongly predictive of many important life outcomes. Longstanding empirical and theoretical work has suggested that EF shapes social function. However, there is little empirical work on this topic in adolescence, despite both EF and social function continuing to mature into early adulthood (e.g., Bauer et al., 2017). Further, adolescence might be a phase of life where social interactions can shape EF. We tested the longitudinal relation between EF and social function across adolescence utilizing a sample of 99 individuals (8-19 years) from the greater Austin area tested annually for 3 consecutive years. Although EF showed significant improvement in that span, the social function was largely consistent over age. Cross-lagged panel models revealed a bidirectional relation, such that Year 1 EF predicted social function in Year 2, and social function at Years 1 and 2 predicted EF in Year 3. When examining different components of social function, social motivation in earlier adolescence seemed to most consistently predict future EF outcomes, relative to other social functions. Our findings advance the field's theoretical understanding of how these two critical skills might develop alongside one another over adolescent development with particular emphasis on the role of social motivation on EF maturation.
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- 2023
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204. A Translational Application of Music for Preschool Cognitive Development: RCT Evidence for Improved Executive Function, Self-Regulation, and School Readiness
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Bentley, Laura A., Eager, Rebecca, Savage, Sally, Nielson, Cathy, White, Sonia L. J., and Williams, Kate E.
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The benefits of active music participation and training for cognitive development have been evidenced in multiple studies, with this link leveraged in music therapy approaches with clinical populations. Although music, rhythm, and movement activities are widely integrated into children's play and early education, few studies have systematically translated music therapy-based approaches to a nonclinical population to support early cognitive development. This study reports the follow-up effects of the Rhythm and Movement for Self Regulation (RAMSR) program delivered by generalist preschool teachers in low socioeconomic communities. This randomized control trial (RCT) involved 213 children across eight preschools in disadvantaged communities in Queensland, Australia. The intervention group received 16-20 sessions of RAMSR over 8 weeks, while the control group undertook usual preschool programs. Primary outcome measures included executive function (child assessment of shifting, working memory, and inhibition) and self-regulation (teacher report), with secondary outcomes of school readiness and visual-motor integration. Data were collected pre- and post-intervention, and again 6 months later once children had transitioned into school. Results demonstrated significant intervention effects across the three time points for school readiness (p = 0.038, n[subscript p] [superscript 2] = 0.09), self-regulation (p < 0.001, n[subscript p] [superscript 2] = 0.08), and inhibition (p = 0.002 n[subscript p] [superscript 2] = 0.23). Additionally, the feasibility of building capacity in teachers without any music background to successfully deliver the program was evidenced. These findings are important given that children from low socioeconomic backgrounds are more likely to need support for cognitive development yet have inequitable access to quality music and movement programs.
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- 2023
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205. Parenting Self-Efficacy in Relation to Children's Executive Function and Externalizing Behavior
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Yovita, Marcellina and Hendrawan, Donny
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Parenting has a prominent role in predicting children's externalizing behaviors (EB). Although parenting behavior has been shown by prior research to mediate the relationship between parenting self-efficacy (PSE) as the cognitive aspect of parenting and child EB, the role of children's cognitive aspects in the relationship is not yet well understood. To improve understanding of the relationship between PSE, children's EB, and children's cognitive aspect, the current study aims to investigate the mediating effect of children's executive function (EF) on the relationship between PSE and children's EB in early childhood. Questionnaire data on PSE, child EF, and child EB were collected from 217 mothers of typically developed children aged 3 years to 8 years in Indonesia. Hayes PROCESS analysis revealed an indirect effect of maternal PSE on child EB that is mediated by child EF when socioeconomic status is controlled. With this indirect effect accounted for, the direct effect of maternal PSE on child EB disappears, suggesting a full mediation effect. Specifically, the relationship between PSE and child EB is fully mediated by inhibitory control, but only partially mediated by working memory. The discovery indicates that children's EF deficit may increase child EB, along with a decrease in maternal PSE. These findings imply that in providing EB intervention for children, it is necessary to consider PSE and children's EF.
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- 2023
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206. Executive Function in Deaf Native Signing Children
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Kotowicz, Justyna, Woll, Bencie, and Herman, Rosalind
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The aim of this study is twofold: To examine if deafness is invariably associated with deficits in executive function (EF) and to investigate the relationship between sign language proficiency and EF in deaf children of deaf parents with early exposure to a sign language. It is also the first study of EF in children acquiring Polish Sign Language. Even though the mothers of the deaf children (N = 20) had lower levels of education compared with the mothers of a hearing control group, the children performed similarly to their hearing peers (N = 20) on a variety of EF task-based assessments. Only in the Go/No-go task were weaker inhibition skills observed in younger deaf children (6-9 years) compared with hearing peers, and this difference was not seen in older children (10-12 years). Hence, deafness does not necessarily impair EF; however, attentional and inhibition abilities may be acquired via a different route in deaf children. Sign language receptive skills predicted EF in deaf children. In conclusion, we highlight the importance of deaf parenting building the scaffolding for EF in deaf children.
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- 2023
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207. An Ecological View of Executive Function in Young Children: Variation in and Predictors of Executive Function Skills over One School Year
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Barnes, Sophie P., Jones, Stephanie M., and Bailey, Rebecca
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For many years, researchers studied executive functions (EFs) in the laboratory with a focus on understanding an individual child's development and brain processes in a controlled environment. Building on this foundational research, there is a growing interest in EFs in the context of a child's dynamic, social world, and the contextual and compositional factors influencing EF development. This paper provides a descriptive view of EFs in 1112 K-3 children from six schools in Phoenix, AZ, USA. The study's goals were to examine (1) variation in EF scores between and within schools and classrooms, (2) predictors of variation in children's spring EF scores, and (3) individual and compositional predictors of children's spring EF scores. Our findings indicate greater variation in children's EF within schools than between, with very little or no variation arising from differences between schools. Though we observed greater variation within classrooms than between them, a notable amount of variance in children's spring EF scores appears to arise from differences between classrooms. Classroom-level variables, including a fall leave-out classroom mean (without the students' own score) and the number of children in the top or bottom grade-level quartiles in each classroom, were significant predictors of variation in spring EF scores as well as in fall to spring changes in EF. In some cases, the classroom variables were stronger predictors than individual fall scores. Findings suggest that understanding variation and cultivating growth in EF skills requires intervention, measurement, and analytic approaches that extend beyond the individual to include compositional features of the classroom environment.
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- 2023
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208. The influence of relative pubertal maturity on executive function development in adolescent girls
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Patrícia Gerván, Gyöngyi Oláh, Katinka Utczás, Zsófia Tróznai, Andrea Berencsi, Ferenc Gombos, and Ilona Kovács
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Executive function ,Adolescence ,Numerical Stroop ,Inhibition ,Switching ,Pubertal maturation ,Medicine ,Science - Abstract
Abstract A positive association between pubertal maturity as assessed by skeletal development, and specific cognitive abilities has recently been demonstrated in a cohort of adolescent girls. The current study explores the impact of chronological age and relative pubertal maturity on executive function within the same cohort. Relative maturity, determined by the difference between chronological age and skeletal age, establishes the criteria for enrolling participants into average, advanced, or delayed relative maturity subgroups. Performance is assessed using the Numerical Stroop test and analyzed across four conditions, each with varying task requirements related to inhibition and task switching. The effects of chronological age and relative maturity on executive functions are tested by a linear mixed model. Within the examined age-range (12–15 y), a more protracted development was found for inhibition as compared to switching. In line with the previous findings, the results reveal significant development in executive performance as a function of chronological age, and relative maturity also demonstrated significant effect on the development of executing functioning. The significant interaction effect between Chronological Age and Relative Maturity suggests that the degree of interplay between these factors varies across the examined age range. Specifically, relative maturity may have a more noticeable impact on EF functioning in middle adolescence compared to early adolescence.
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- 2024
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209. Prenatal risk factors for child executive function at 3–5 years of age: the roles of maternal mood, substance use, and socioeconomic adversity in a prospective cohort study
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Yael K. Rayport, Santiago Morales, Lauren C. Shuffrey, Christine W. Hockett, Katherine Ziegler, Shreya Rao, William P. Fifer, Amy J. Elliott, and Ayesha Sania
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Prenatal anxiety ,Prenatal depression ,Prenatal alcohol and tobacco exposure ,Socioeconomic adversity ,Executive function ,EF touch battery ,Pediatrics ,RJ1-570 - Abstract
Abstract Background A growing body of literature links prenatal mood and substance use to children's cognitive and behavioral development. The relative contribution of these risk factors on children's executive function (EF) in the context of socioeconomic adversities needs further evaluation. To address this gap, we investigated the role of prenatal maternal anxiety and depression on childhood EF, specifically inhibitory control and working memory, within the context of socioeconomic adversities and prenatal substance use. We hypothesized that higher maternal mood symptoms, higher persistent prenatal drinking and smoking, and lower socioeconomic status would be associated with lower EF skills during early childhood. Methods We used data from 334 mother–child dyads followed prospectively through pregnancy and the offspring’s childhood. Prenatal maternal depression and anxiety were assessed via standardized questionnaires. Prenatal alcohol and tobacco consumption were assessed via a timeline follow-back interview. The EF touch battery assessed child inhibitory control and working memory at 3–5 years of age (4.76 ± 0.58 years, 171 females). Separate linear regression models were used to estimate the association of prenatal tobacco, alcohol, anxiety, and depression exposure with our two components of child EF, inhibitory control and working memory, while adjusting for gestational age, sex, and age at assessment. The following variables were also included as covariates: maternal educational achievement, employment status, parity, and household crowding index. Results Children of mothers with high trait anxiety scores had reduced inhibitory control compared to children of mothers without trait anxiety or depression (β = -0.12, 95% CI:-0.22,-0.01). Children of mothers in the moderate to high continuous smoking group showed lower inhibitory control (β = − 0.19, 95% CI:-0.38,-0.01) compared to children of mothers in the none smoking group. Additionally, lower maternal education and higher household crowding were each associated with reduced inhibitory control. We found no significant association between prenatal maternal depression, anxiety, or socioeconomic factors with working memory. Conclusions These results underscore the need for comprehensive context-specific intervention packages, including mental health support for women to promote healthy inhibitory control development in children.
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- 2024
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210. The Role of Executive Function at 6 Years in the Association between Behavioral Inhibition at 5 Years and Anxiety at 7 Years.
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Dumont É, Parent S, Castellanos-Ryan N, Jacques S, Freeston MH, Zelazo PD, and Séguin JR
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- Humans, Child, Male, Female, Longitudinal Studies, Child, Preschool, Child Development physiology, Quebec, Child Behavior psychology, Child Behavior physiology, Executive Function physiology, Anxiety psychology, Inhibition, Psychological, Memory, Short-Term physiology
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EF skills play a central role in the etiology and maintenance of anxiety, but it is unclear whether they act as moderators or mediators in the relation between early behavioral inhibition (BI) and later anxiety. The current study tested two models by examining whether two executive functions (EF) skills (cognitive flexibility and working memory) assessed at age 6 acted as moderators or mediators in the relation between BI at 5 years and anxiety symptoms at 7 years. The sample consisted of 422 children from the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development. We tested the moderation model, main and interaction effects using hierarchical multiple regression analyses and the mediation model with the product of coefficients test. Results showed that higher BI at 5 years predicted high anxiety at 7 years only at low levels of cognitive flexibility or working memory at 6 years. This suggests that high levels of cognitive flexibility or working memory at 6 years may act as protective factors. In contrast, neither cognitive flexibility nor working memory at age 6 acted as mediators in the association between BI at 5 years and anxiety at 7 years. Results support the hypothesis that goal-driven cognitive control processes act as moderators and promote adaptive functioning by dampening the effect of early BI on later anxiety., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)
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- 2024
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211. Cognitive Orientation to daily Occupational Performance to improve occupational performance goals for children with executive function deficits after acquired brain injury.
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Lebrault H, Martini R, Manolov R, Chavanne C, Krasny-Pacini A, and Chevignard M
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- Adolescent, Child, Female, Humans, Male, Canada, Goals, Orientation, Brain Injuries complications, Executive Function
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Aim: To determine the effectiveness of the Cognitive Orientation to daily Occupational Performance (CO-OP) approach in improving the occupational performance goals of children and young people with executive function deficits after acquired brain injury (ABI) (e.g. etiologies such as stroke, encephalitis, brain tumor, and traumatic brain injury)., Method: A replicated single-case experimental study using a randomized multiple baseline design across participants and goals was used. Three clusters of four participants (12 participants, nine males and three females, aged 8-16 years) were included. The intervention consisted of 14 individual CO-OP sessions. Each participant chose four goals; three goals were trained during the intervention sessions and a fourth goal served as the control. The Goal Attainment Scale (GAS) was used as a repeated measure to determine goal achievement while the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) was used to identify the perceived goal achievement of children, young people, and their parents., Results: For 26 of the 35 trained goals, the intervention led to statistically significant improvements in the GAS. Perceived occupational performance and satisfaction improved significantly for the trained goals (30 out of 35 goals for the COPM performance and satisfaction of participants; 26 out 31 goals for the COPM performance of parents; 24 out of 31 goals for the COPM satisfaction of parents) and were maintained at the follow-up. Almost all COPM control goal results were significant, but these changes were not supported by the GAS measures or the statistical analysis., Interpretation: The generally positive results of this study provide evidence of the benefits of using the CO-OP approach with this population., (© 2023 The Authors. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Mac Keith Press.)
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- 2024
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212. Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the cooking task to the French-Canadian context: assessing the impact of executive function disorders through cooking activities.
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Crépeau-Hubert F, Baril AC, Di Caprio S, Haddad D, Picq C, and Poncet F
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- Humans, Canada, Reproducibility of Results, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Cooking, Language, Surveys and Questionnaires, Psychometrics, Executive Function, Activities of Daily Living
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Background: Acquired brain injury (ABI) often leads to deficits in executive functioning (EF) which is responsible for severe and longstanding disabilities in activities of daily living. The "Cooking Task" (CT), an ecological test of EF involving multi-tasking, was developed in France and exhibits excellent psychometric properties but has not yet been adapted and validated for the French-Canadian context., Objectives: Conduct a cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the CT for the French-Canadian context., Methods: The CT was translated and adapted by a committee of experts and was validated., Results: Adaptation-changes were made to the language (e.g., cartable vs classeur), the materials (e.g., measuring cup vs scale), and the measuring units (e.g., ml/cups vs grams). Validation-Preliminary analyses were conducted on 24 participants with an ABI and 17 controls. Construct convergent validity: The French-Canadian-CT discriminates between ABI and control total score on the CT and on most error type categories. Construct known-group validity: French-Canadian-CT scores correlated with another measure of EF deficits (Dysexecutive Questionnaire and Six Elements Task). Inter-rater reliability score for the total error was high (ICC= .84) and results were similar to those obtained for the France-CT., Contributions: This study will provide a new ecologically valid tool for clinicians in Canada.
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- 2024
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213. Executive Function in Early Childhood
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Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) and Laura Cutting, Principal Investigator
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- 2024
214. Associations of Gross Motor Skills with Self-Regulation and Executive Function in Preschool-Aged Children
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Veldman, Sanne L. C., Hammersley, Megan L., Howard, Steven J., Stanley, Rebecca M., Okely, Anthony D., and Jones, Rachel A.
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This study aimed to examine associations between gross motor skills and executive functions (EF) in a large sample of Australian preschool-aged children. Of 566 children (mean age = 3.2 ± 0.4 years, 51.2% girls), locomotor, object control, and total skill competence were significantly associated with visual spatial working memory and inhibition (p < 0.05). Total skill competence was associated with shifting and locomotor skills were significantly associated with self-regulation (p < 0.05). Static balance was significantly associated with inhibition and shifting (p < 0.05). In boys, an association between object control skills and visual spatial working memory was observed. In girls, an association between static balance and visual spatial working memory, phonological working memory, and shifting was observed. The identification of significant associations between gross motor skills and different EFs is an important contribution to the growing evidence on the relationship between motor skills and EFs in early childhood.
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- 2023
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215. Bilingualism and the Executive Function Trade-Off: A Latent Variable Examination of Behavioral and Event-Related Brain Potentials
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Fernandez, Mercedes, Banks, Jonathan B., Gestido, Samantha, and Morales, Maria
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The impact of bilingualism on the executive functioning constructs of inhibition, shifting, and updating remains unclear, with prior findings yielding inconsistent results. Several explanations for the lack of congruency have been suggested, including the dependence on observed variables, the impact of test modality on performance, and the need to examine the density of dual languages in the environment. To address these concerns, the current study examined differences between a large group of monolingual (n = 109) and bilingual (n = 152) college students on nonlinguistic behavioral and neural measures of inhibition, shifting, and updating using a latent variable approach. We investigated the impact of test modality by presenting each task in the auditory and visual modalities. Additionally, we examined the effects of language balance and language switching in daily life on the measures of executive functioning. Results revealed greater neural expenditure (i.e., higher ERP amplitude) and weaker performance on tasks assessing response inhibition and shifting abilities in bilinguals. Further, although a neural marker of memory updating did not reveal group differences, performance was stronger in monolinguals. These findings were consistent across test modality. Last, language balance was a stronger predictor of behavioral and neural measures than language switching frequency. Our findings highlight the importance of examining differences at the latent level and exploring the influence of linguistic balance.
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- 2023
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216. Duration of Poverty and Ghanaian Children's Learning and Executive Function Outcomes
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Noelle M. Suntheimer and Sharon Wolf
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This study investigated whether transitory and persistent poverty spells were associated with children's learning (literacy and numeracy scores) and executive function outcomes in Ghana. Children resided in the Greater Accra region (N = 2,154; 49% female; M[subscript age] = 5.2 years at wave-1) and were followed at four-time points over three years. Multivariate regression models were used to test whether exposure to transitory poverty (1-2 times) or persistent poverty (3-4 times) were differentially associated with child learning and executive function outcomes at wave-4 (M[subscript age] = 7.5 years) compared to children who did not experience poverty at any wave. Our results show that transitory poverty was significantly and negatively associated with children's literacy scores. Persistent poverty had the largest negative relations for both learning outcomes. Findings were mixed for executive function, with persistent poverty negatively related to cognitive flexibility, but not inhibitory control. Implications for global child development and learning are discussed. [This is the online version of an article published in "Applied Developmental Science."]
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- 2023
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217. Executive Function Training for Kindergarteners after the Great East Japan Earthquake: Intervention Effects
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Yamamoto, Noriko and Imai-Matsumura, Kyoko
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Japan's Social Thinking and Academic Readiness Training (START) program Academic Readiness (AR) lesson aims to improve self-regulation, executive function, and behavior problems in kindergarten children, but the effects of the START program AR lessons in unfavorable circumstances are unclear. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of the START program AR lesson in affected areas after the Great East Japan Earthquake. A cluster randomized trial was conducted with 111 5-year-old children in two kindergartens in Miyagi Prefecture to evaluate the effectiveness of the six-week AR lesson. One kindergarten was randomly chosen to implement the AR lesson, and the other maintained standard education. In the intervention group, trained classroom teachers provided the children with a 20-min AR lesson once a week. Executive function, behavioral self-regulation, and internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors were measured before and after the six-week intervention. The intervention group showed improved inhibitory control and enhanced behavioral self-regulation compared with the standard practice group. In addition, teachers' evaluations showed that children's internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors improved significantly. The results indicate that the START program AR lesson was effective in enabling teachers to help students improve executive function, self-regulation, and problematic behaviors. Therefore, educators and policy-makers should consider implementing the START program AR lesson in kindergartens after a disaster.
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- 2023
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218. Associated Biological and Environmental Factors of Impaired Executive Function in Preschool-Aged Children: A Population-Based Study
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Likhitweerawong, Narueporn, Khorana, Jiraporn, Boonchooduang, Nonglak, Phinyo, Phichayut, Patumanond, Jayanton, and Louthrenoo, Orawan
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Executive function (EF) is essential for academic achievement, successful work, and physical and mental health. Although evidence shows that several factors have been linked to EF, these results are mixed. This study aims to identify both biological and environmental variables associated with impaired EF in preschoolers. This study was a population-based cross-sectional study of healthy children aged 2-5 years from public and private schools in Chiang Mai, Thailand. EF was assessed using a parent report of the Behaviour Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Preschool (BRIEF-P). Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to explore the biological and environmental factors relevant to impaired executive functioning. In a total of 1540 included children, 213 children (13.83%) were defined as impaired EF. We found that biological factors--male (odds ratio [OR], 1.41, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.04-1.91]), overweight/obesity (OR, 1.59, 95% CI [1.10-2.31]), less physical activity (OR, 1.77, 95% CI [1.10-2.84]), and environmental factors--low maternal education (OR, 1.61, 95% CI [1.13-2.31]), permissive parenting style (OR, 2.75, 95% CI [1.24-6.13]), and excessive screen exposure (OR, 1.66, 95% CI [1.15-2.41])--are associated with an increased risk of impaired EF. Adjusting modifiable factors, such as healthy weight status, positive parenting, appropriate screen time, and adequate physical activities, may be necessary for children to promote EF.
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- 2023
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219. Bi-Directional Relations between Behavioral Problems and Executive Function: Assessing the Longitudinal Development of Self-Regulation
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Li, Chen, Hart, Emma R., Duncan, Robert J., and Watts, Tyler W.
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During childhood, the ability to limit problem behaviors (i.e., externalizing) and the capacity for cognitive regulation (i.e., executive function) are often understood to develop in tandem, and together constitute two major components of self-regulation research. The current study examines bi-directional relations between behavioral problems and executive function over the course of childhood and adolescence. Relying on a diverse sample of children growing up in low-income neighborhoods, we applied a random intercept cross-lagged panel model to longitudinally test associations between behavioral problems and executive function from age 4 through age 16. With this approach, which disaggregated between- and within-child variation, we did not observe significant cross-lagged paths, suggesting that within-child development in one domain did not strongly relate to development in the other. We also observed a moderate correlation between the stable between-child components of behavioral problems and executive function over time in our preferred model, suggesting that these two domains may be relatively distinct when modeled from early childhood through adolescence.
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- 2023
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220. Longitudinal Reciprocal Relations among Reading, Executive Function, and Social-Emotional Skills: Maybe Not for All
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Zhang, Zheng and Peng, Peng
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In this study, we investigated longitudinal reciprocal relations among reading, executive function, and social-emotional skills in students from Grades 2 to 5, using the data set from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class of 2010-2011. We addressed several important gaps in the literature on longitudinal reciprocal relations by using latent factors to represent the executive function and social-emotional skills in latent growth models with structured residuals, separating between- and within-person effects, and examining sample effects with a general population sample, students with reading difficulties, and high-performing students. Our results showed longitudinal reciprocal relations between reading and executive function in high-performing students, such that with development, the contribution of executive function to reading grew stronger while the contribution of reading to executive function remained stable; we found no longitudinal reciprocal relations between reading and social-emotional skills in any of the three sample groups; and these patterns of results remained the same based on the control of socioeconomic status and sensitivity analyses. Together, the results of this study support the heterogenous hypothesis of mutualism theory in education: The effect of mutualism may be stronger in some contexts and populations than in others. Longitudinal reciprocal relations between executive function and reading may be driven mostly by high-quality and intensive learning and practice in reading, not by socioeconomic status.
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- 2023
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221. The relationship between different components of executive function and depression in Chinese adolescents: Sequential mediation involving rumination
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Li, Ying, Li, Tiantian, Zhang, Quanling, Kan, Ranran, Cao, Lei, Kong, Huiyan, and Wang, Yue
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- 2024
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222. The association between depressive symptoms and executive function in type 1 diabetes population: A scoping review.
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Dandamrongrak C, Rechenberg K, Granger J, Johnson A, Yan K, and Kue J
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- Humans, Adult, Female, Male, Risk Factors, Middle Aged, Adolescent, Young Adult, Child, Aged, Cognition, Cognitive Dysfunction epidemiology, Cognitive Dysfunction psychology, Cognitive Dysfunction diagnosis, Cognitive Dysfunction etiology, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 psychology, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 diagnosis, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 complications, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 epidemiology, Executive Function, Depression epidemiology, Depression psychology, Depression diagnosis
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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the existing literature on the relationship between depressive symptoms and executive function in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) across the lifespan., Methods: The scoping review followed the PRISMA protocol by using three databases: PubMed, CINAHL, and PsycINFO on May 14, 2023. Primary research that included reported executive function and the association with depressive symptoms was included in the review., Results: Of 1470 de-duplicated publications identified, nine articles were included in the review. Five studies evaluated the T1DM population, while four studies evaluated T1DM and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) as an aggregate result. Three studies indicated an association between depressive symptoms and executive function in adults with T1DM, and four studies indicated an association between depressive symptoms and executive function in adults with either T1DM or T2DM. In general, participants who reported depressive symptoms also exhibited poor executive function. However, two studies did not find an association between depressive symptoms and executive function., Conclusion: In summary, the seven studies in this review suggest that individuals with T1DM who report depressive symptoms are at a higher risk of poor executive function; a clear association between depressive symptoms and executive function in individuals with T1DM remains inconclusive. There is a need to explore this relationship in the future., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors have no competing interests to report, (Copyright © 2024 Primary Care Diabetes Europe. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
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- 2024
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223. Longitudinal Relations Among Executive Function, Theory of Mind, and Japanese Language Skills Achievement in Elementary School: A 4-year Longitudinal Study.
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Nakamichi K, Nakamichi N, and Nakazawa J
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- Humans, Child, Male, Longitudinal Studies, Female, Japan, Language, Schools, East Asian People, Executive Function physiology, Academic Success, Theory of Mind physiology
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This longitudinal study investigated the roles of elementary schoolers' executive function (EF) and theory of mind (ToM) as predictors in their academic achievements in Japanese language skills (e.g., speaking and listening ability, writing ability, reading ability, and linguistic knowledge) from first through fifth grade. We assessed the EF, ToM, and academic achievements of 85 Japanese elementary schoolers, when they were grade 1 ( M = 90.19 months) and grade 3 ( M = 114.34 months). Moreover, academic achievements of same children tested in grade 5 ( M = 137.92 months). A path analysis revealed that EF abilities in Grades 1 and 3 predicted Japanese language achievement via ToM ability, and EF and ToM in Grade 1 had an indirect effect on achievements in Grades 3 and 5. Further, Japanese language skills achievement in Grade 1 predicted EF ability in Grade 3 and EF predicted achievement in Grade 5. These findings indicate the vital role of elementary schoolers' EF on academic achievement in Japan., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
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- 2024
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224. Comparative efficacy of different interventions on executive function in adolescents with internet use disorder.
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Ma P, Xia Z, Zhao Y, and Zhao Y
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- Humans, Adolescent, Female, Male, Combined Modality Therapy, Exercise Therapy methods, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Executive Function physiology, Internet Addiction Disorder therapy, Internet Addiction Disorder physiopathology, Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation
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Background: The formation and relapse of Internet use disorder (IUD) are related to the decline in executive function. Previous studies have indicated that exercise intervention and high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) can improve the cognitive abilities of adolescents with IUD. However, the combined intervention's impact on executive function in these adolescents remains unclear. Therefore, this study aims to explore the effects and differences of multimodal exercise, HD-tDCS intervention, and combined intervention on the executive function of adolescents with IUD., Methods: Forty-eight adolescents with IUD were randomly assigned to the multimodal exercise group, HD-tDCS intervention group, combined intervention group, and control group. The intervention groups received 4 weeks of moderate-intensity multimodal exercise, HD-tDCS intervention (2 mA, 20min/session, 3 times/week), or combined multimodal exercise with HD-tDCS intervention. The control group received conventional educational learning. Executive function measurements were taken before intervention, after intervention, and 2 weeks post-intervention., Results: Compared to pre-intervention, different interventions effectively improved the behavioral performance of adolescents with IUD in executive function tasks. In comparison to single interventions, the combined intervention significantly outperformed multimodal exercise and HD-tDCS intervention in influencing the executive function (especially inhibitory control and working memory) in adolescents with IUD., Conclusion: Combined multimodal exercise with HD-tDCS intervention proves to be an effective means of enhancing executive function in adolescents with IUD, particularly contributing to the improvement of explicit behavioral performance related to executive function., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors have no conflict of interest to report., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)
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- 2024
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225. Assessment of Executive Function Skills in Children with Isolated Growth Hormone Deficiency: A Cross-sectional Study
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Yitik Tonkaz G and Çayır A
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- Humans, Child, Female, Male, Cross-Sectional Studies, Human Growth Hormone deficiency, Neuropsychological Tests, Dwarfism, Pituitary diagnosis, Dwarfism, Pituitary psychology, Dwarfism, Pituitary physiopathology, Memory, Short-Term physiology, Case-Control Studies, Executive Function physiology
- Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate executive function (EF), such as inhibition and working memory, in children with isolated growth hormone deficiency (IGHD) using performance-based tests and parent-report scales., Methods: A total of seventy children between the ages of 7 and 12 years were included in the study. Half (n=35) had children with IGHD and half were healthy controls. To evaluate the EF performances of the participants, the Visual Aural Digit Span Test-B Form (VADS-B) and Stroop task were applied. EF was also evaluated using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF)., Results: Children with IGHD scored lower on the VADS-B form for short-term memory (p<0.05) compared to healthy controls. In addition, the completion time for the Stroop-color/word test was significantly longer in children with IGHD (p<0.05). For children with IGHD, their parents reported higher scores on all sub-scales of the BRIEF scale, with statistically significant differences for all sub-scales with the exception of “organization of materials” (p<0.05)., Conclusion: In this study, children with IGHD had poorer EF skills compared to unaffected peers. EF skills may influence academic success by affecting children’s language skills, mathematical comprehension, cognitive flexibility, and hypothetical thinking. We believe that psychiatric evaluation of children with IGHD before and during treatment may positively contribute to both their academic performance and social relationships., (©Copyright 2024 by Turkish Society for Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes / The Journal of Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology published by Galenos Publishing House.)
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- 2024
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226. Multimodal neuroimaging network associated with executive function in adolescent major depressive disorder patients via cognition-guided magnetic resonance imaging fusion.
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Liao QM, Liu YL, Dou YK, Du Y, Wang M, Wei JX, Zhao LS, Yang X, and Ma XH
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- Humans, Adolescent, Male, Female, Brain diagnostic imaging, Brain physiopathology, Gray Matter diagnostic imaging, Gray Matter pathology, Neuroimaging methods, Cognition physiology, Nerve Net diagnostic imaging, Nerve Net physiopathology, Neuropsychological Tests, Brain Mapping methods, Depressive Disorder, Major diagnostic imaging, Depressive Disorder, Major physiopathology, Executive Function physiology, Magnetic Resonance Imaging methods, Multimodal Imaging methods
- Abstract
Adolescents are high-risk population for major depressive disorder. Executive dysfunction emerges as a common feature of depression and exerts a significant influence on the social functionality of adolescents. This study aimed to identify the multimodal co-varying brain network related to executive function in adolescent with major depressive disorder. A total of 24 adolescent major depressive disorder patients and 43 healthy controls were included and completed the Intra-Extra Dimensional Set Shift Task. Multimodal neuroimaging data, including the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations from resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging and gray matter volume from structural magnetic resonance imaging, were combined with executive function using a supervised fusion method named multimodal canonical correlation analysis with reference plus joint independent component analysis. The major depressive disorder showed more total errors than the healthy controls in the Intra-Extra Dimensional Set Shift task. Their performance on the Intra-Extra Dimensional Set Shift Task was negatively related to the 14-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety score. We discovered an executive function-related multimodal fronto-occipito-temporal network with lower amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation and gray matter volume loadings in major depressive disorder. The gray matter component of the identified network was negatively related to errors made in Intra-Extra Dimensional Set Shift while positively related to stages completed. These findings may help to deepen our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of cognitive dysfunction in adolescent depression., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)
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- 2024
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227. Distinct Constellations of Common Risk Factors Differentially Relate to Executive-Function Ability in Children.
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Ben-Asher E, Porter BM, and Church JA
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- Humans, Child, Female, Male, Risk Factors, United States, Socioeconomic Factors, Academic Success, Executive Function physiology
- Abstract
Executive functioning (EF) has been shown to relate to academic achievement and well-being. Independent bodies of work have aimed to understand what environmental or personal attributes influence EF ability. However, most research has not considered how constellations of risk factors create distinct patterns of influence on EF ability. The current study tested a sample of children aged 9 to 10 years from the United States ( N = 10,323, 48.06% female, M
ag e = 9.9 years, age range = 8.9-11.08 years) using a latent profile analysis (LPA) to detect subgroups that varied in their combinations of various risk factors. Six distinct groups of risk factors for children emerged, which in turn related to different average EF abilities. We found that family socioeconomic measures related to a subgroup having above- or below-average EF ability, but we also found an effect on EF across different risk factors. These results inform our understanding of individual variations in EF ability and highlight the idea that EF interventions should consider risk holistically.- Published
- 2024
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228. Executive function and preterm birth: A longitudinal study.
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Blasco PM, Acar S, Guy SM, Saxton SN, Duvall S, Atkins KL, and Markwardt S
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- Humans, Female, Male, Infant, Newborn, Infant, Longitudinal Studies, Child Development, Child, Preschool, Executive Function, Infant, Premature growth & development, Infant, Premature physiology
- Abstract
Infants born low birth weight (LBW) and preterm are at risk for developmental delay and cognitive deficits. These deficits can lead to lifelong learning difficulties and high-risk behaviors. Preterm (PT) and full-term (FT) groups were compared across infant and toddler measures of behavior and development to extract early indicators of executive function (EF). The goal was to extract indicators of EF from standardized infant assessments. PT (<2500 grams and <37 weeks) and FT (> 2500 grams and >37 weeks) were compared across assessment and EF components were identified from the BSID-III. A multivariate linear model was used to examine group differences. All children (99 PT and 46 FT) were administered the Bayley III and the DMQ assessments for session 1 (6-8 months). During session 2, N=78 PT and 37 FT (18-20 months), the CBCL was added to previous assessments, and the BRIEF-P was added to previous assessments in session 3, N= 52 PT and 36 FT for session 3 (See Table 1). Significant change scores were found on BSID-III subtests and EF components across all 3 sessions. The PT group also showed significantly more behavioral concerns on the CBCL at 18 months and 36 months and had lower scores on the BRIEF-P than their FT peers. The number of children born PT (N = 27, 52%) who were in Early Intervention (EI) increased across the 3 sessions. Examining early indicators of EFs supported the development of early identification that could lead to decrease adverse outcomes often associated with preterm birth., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest No conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
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- 2024
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229. Doxepin is more effective than zolpidem in improving executive function in patients with insomnia disorder.
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Yu Z, Han L, Yan P, Liu W, Ren L, Xu Y, Yang L, Ma L, Liu Y, and Wang S
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- Humans, Female, Male, Adult, Middle Aged, Hypnotics and Sedatives therapeutic use, Treatment Outcome, Sleep Aids, Pharmaceutical therapeutic use, Sleep Aids, Pharmaceutical adverse effects, Zolpidem therapeutic use, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders drug therapy, Doxepin therapeutic use, Executive Function drug effects, Pyridines therapeutic use, Pyridines adverse effects, Polysomnography drug effects
- Abstract
BACKGROUND : Insomnia disorder is associated with an impairment in cognitive performance. Doxepin and zolpidem have been found to be effective in improving sleep. In this study, we aimed to compare the effects of doxepin and zolpidem on sleep structure and executive function in patients with insomnia disorder., Methods: Patients with primary insomnia were randomly assigned to receive doxepin 6 mg/day orally or zolpidem 5-10 mg/day orally. Polysomnography (PSG) and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) were used at baseline and after the 8-week treatment to compare clinical efficacy in the two groups. Safety was assessed using the Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale (TESS). Executive function was evaluated using the Wisconsin sorting card test (WSCT)., Results: Of 120 patients enrolled in the study, 60 participants were assigned to each group. A total of 109 participants (53 in the doxepin group and 56 in the zolpidem group) completed the study. After treatment, the wake after sleep onset (WASO) and total sleep time (TST) values in the doxepin group were 80.3 ± 21.4 min and 378.9 ± 21.9 min, respectively, which were significantly better than those in the zolpidem group (132.9 ± 26.5 min and 333.2 ± 24.2 min, respectively; (P < 0.05)). The sleep onset latency (SOL) value in the zolpidem group (20.3 ± 4.7 min) was significantly better than that in the doxepin group (28.2 ± 5.6 min; P < 0.05). The sleep efficiency (SE) in the doxepin group was 77.8 ± 4.2%, which was significantly better than that in the zolpidem group (68.6 ± 5.0%; P < 0.05). The PSQI score of the doxepin group was 6.1 ± 1.1, which was significantly lower than that in the zolpidem group (7.9 ± 1.9; P < 0.05). The treatment adverse events in the doxepin group was 23.3%, which was significantly higher than that in the zolpidem group (13.3%; P < 0.05). The WSCT showed a significant improvement in persistent errors (PE), random errors (RE), and categories in the two groups after 8-week treatment, and the improvement in RE and the categories was more obvious in the doxepin group (P < 0.05)., Conclusions: Both doxepin and zolpidem were found to be effective in improving sleep quality, but the effects exhibited different patterns. Doxepin improved executive function more effectively than zolpidem in patients with insomnia disorder., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)
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- 2024
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230. The association of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy with reduced executive function in chemotherapy-treated cancer survivors: A cross-sectional study.
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McNeish BL, Dittus K, Mossburg J, Krant N, Steinharter JA, Feb K, Cote H, Hehir MK, Reynolds R, Redfern MS, Rosano C, Richardson JK, and Kolb N
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- Humans, Female, Male, Cross-Sectional Studies, Aged, Middle Aged, Neoplasms drug therapy, Peripheral Nervous System Diseases chemically induced, Cancer Survivors psychology, Executive Function drug effects, Antineoplastic Agents adverse effects
- Abstract
Introduction: Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is common and disabling among cancer survivors. Little is known about the association of CIPN with other measures of the nervous system's integrity, such as executive dysfunction. We compared measures of executive function in older chemotherapy-treated cancer survivors with and without CIPN., Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled 50 chemotherapy-treated cancer survivors (65.6 ± 11.5 years, 88% female) post-chemotherapy treatment who were previously referred for outpatient rehabilitation at the request of the cancer survivor or a medical provider. Twenty-two participants (44%) had CIPN defined by patient-reported distal paresthesia or numbness, which began with chemotherapy and continued to the time of cognitive testing. Measures of executive function included Trails-B, Stroop, and rapid reaction accuracy (RRA) and were evaluated between cancer survivors with and without CIPN using t-tests. Multivariable models were then used to determine whether CIPN was an independent determinant of the measures of executive function (Trails-B, Stroop Incongruent, and RRA). Models were adjusted for age, sex, history of anxiety, and benzodiazepine use due to their known associations with CIPN and executive function., Results: Cancer survivors with CIPN (CIPN+) had reduced executive function compared to survivors without CIPN (CIPN-) on Trails-B (CIPN+: 84.9 s ± 44.1 s, CIPN-: 59.1 s ± 22.5 s, p = 0.01), Stroop (CIPN+: 100.6 s ± 38.2 s, CIPN-: 82.1 s ± 17.3 s, p = 0.03), and RRA (CIPN+: 60.3% ± 12.9%, CIPN-: 70.6% ± 15.7%, p = 0.01). There were no differences in cancer stage severity or functional status by patient report or sit-to-stand function. The association between CIPN and reduced executive function was found in multivariable models after adjusting for age, sex, anxiety, and benzodiazepine use for Trails-B (ß:17.9, p = 0.046), Stroop (ß:16.9, p = 0.02), and RRA (ß:-0.072, p = 0.03)., Discussion: In this population, CIPN is associated with reduced executive function in older cancer survivors treated with chemotherapy. Future research is required to further understand this preliminary association, the causality, and the potential risk factors., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest MKH reports receiving consulting fees from Argenx, Alexion, UCB Pharma, Janssen, and Immunovant; honoraria from Medscape, Springer Health, AANEM, Medlink Neurology, and Continuum Lifelong Learning in Neurology; grants from University of Vermont Medical Center and Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America; and leadership roles in the Neuromuscular Study Group and AANEM Neuromuscular Fellowship Committee. NK reports funding from the National Cancer Institute; receiving consulting fees from the Eisana Corporation; and receiving honoraria from AANEM. JKR reports funding from the Newman Family Foundation; payment for expert testimony; sharing a patent for the ReacStick with colleagues James Ashton-Miller, James T. Eckner, and Hogene Kim., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
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- 2024
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231. CO-OP helps children and young people with executive function deficits achieve their occupational performance goals.
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Froude EH
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- Child, Humans, Adolescent, Goals, Cognition, Motor Skills, Executive Function, Occupational Therapy
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- 2024
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232. Aerobic fitness as a moderator of acute aerobic exercise effects on executive function.
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Dai YF, Zhong XK, Gao XY, Huang C, Leng WW, Chen HZ, and Jiang CH
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- Humans, Memory, Short-Term, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex, Executive Function, Exercise
- Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the moderating role of aerobic fitness on the effect of acute exercise on improving executive function from both behavioral and cerebral aspects. Thirty-four young individuals with motor skills were divided into high- and low-fitness groups based on their maximal oxygen uptake. Both groups completed 30 min of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on a power bike. Executive function tests (Flanker, N-back, More-odd-shifting) were performed before and after exercise and functional near-infrared spectroscopy was used to monitor prefrontal cerebral blood flow changes during the tasks. The results indicated significant differences between the two groups regarding executive function. Participants with lower aerobic fitness performed better than their higher fitness counterparts in inhibitory control and working memory, but not in cognitive flexibility. This finding suggests that the aerobic fitness may moderate the extent of cognitive benefits gained from acute aerobic exercise. Furthermore, the neuroimaging data indicated negative activation in the frontopolar area and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in response to three complex tasks. These findings underscore the importance of considering individual aerobic fitness when assessing the cognitive benefits of exercise and could have significant implications for tailoring fitness programs to enhance cognitive performance., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permission@oup.com.)
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- 2024
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233. Inside a child's mind: The relations between mind wandering and executive function across 8- to 12-year-olds.
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Hasan F, Hart CM, Graham SA, and Kam JWY
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- Adult, Child, Humans, Memory, Short-Term physiology, Task Performance and Analysis, Executive Function physiology, Attention physiology
- Abstract
Mind wandering refers to attention oriented away from a current task to thoughts unrelated to the task, often resulting in poorer task performance. In adults, mind wandering is a common occurrence that is associated with the executive function facets of inhibitory control, working memory capacity, and task switching. In this study, we cross-sectionally examined whether the relation between mind wandering frequency and executive function changes across 8- to 12-year-old children. A total of 100 children completed three tasks targeting three facets of executive function. During each task, participants were occasionally prompted to report whether they were focused on the task or mind wandering. In examining the association between mind wandering frequency and executive function across the age range, we found a significant interaction between age and working memory capacity, such that it was negatively associated with mind wandering frequency only in 12-year-olds. This interaction with age was not significant for inhibitory control and task switching ability. Our results revealed differential relations between mind wandering and executive function facets, which vary with developmental stages. These findings highlight potential areas for targeted intervention to improve mind wandering regulation in children., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
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- 2024
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234. Effect of Baduanjin exercise on executive function in older adults with cognitive frailty: A randomized controlled trial.
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Wang X, Wu J, Zhang H, and Zheng G
- Subjects
- Humans, Aged, Exercise Therapy, Exercise, Cognition, Executive Function, Frailty
- Abstract
Objective: To investigate the effectiveness of Baduanjin exercise on executive function in community-dwelling older adults with cognitive frailty., Design: Randomized controlled trial., Setting: Community residential centers., Subjects: 120 eligible older adults., Interventions: Baduanjin training group received supervised Baduanjin training, 60 min sessions three times per week for 24 weeks. The control group did not receive any exercise intervention., Main Measures: Primary outcome was executive function, assessed using Clock Drawing Test. Secondary outcomes included the subcomponents of executive function (working memory, inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility), attention and cognitive frailty (global cognitive function, physical frailty) assessed using Verbal Fluency Test, Trail Making Test-A/B, Stroop Test, Montreal Cognitive Assessment and Edmonton Frailty Scale, respectively, at baseline and 24 weeks after intervention., Results: After the 24-week intervention, the scores of Clock Drawing Test and Verbal Fluency Test, the Trail Making Test-B time and the Card correct numbers of Stroop Test in Baduanjin training group showed significant improvement compared with control group (all P < 0.05) with small to moderate effect sizes and the significant interaction effect of group by time in the Clock Drawing Test and Trail Making Test-B test ( P = 0.003 and P = 0.043); cognitive frailty variables, including Montreal Cognitive Assessment and Edmonton Frail Scale scores, also showed significant improvement ( P = 0.002 and P = 0.004) with a moderate effect sizes and a significant interaction effect ( P < 0.001, P = 0.013). No adverse events were reported., Conclusion: Regular Baduanjin training may be an effective and safe intervention to improve cognitive frailty and executive function in community-dwelling older adults with cognitive frailty., Trial Registration: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR2100050857. Data of registration: 8/5/2020, https://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.html?proj = 133037., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
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- 2024
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235. Executive Function in Preschool Children with Congenital Heart Disease and Controls: The Role of a Cognitively Stimulating Home Environment.
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Chew ATM, Bonthrone AF, Alford A, Kelly C, Pushparajah K, Egloff A, Hajnal JV, Simpson J, Rutherford M, Edwards AD, Nosarti C, and Counsell SJ
- Subjects
- Humans, Child, Preschool, Home Environment, Parenting, Parents, Executive Function, Heart Defects, Congenital complications
- Abstract
Objective: To assess the relationships between (1) environmental and demographic factors and executive function (EF) in preschool children with congenital heart disease (CHD) and controls and (2) clinical and surgical risk factors and EF in preschool children with CHD., Study Design: At 4-6 years of age, parents of children with CHD (n = 51) and controls (n = 124) completed the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function, Preschool Version questionnaire and the Cognitively Stimulating Parenting Scale (CSPS). Multivariable general linear modeling assessed the relationship between Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function, Preschool Version composite scores (Inhibitory Self-Control Index [ISCI], Flexibility Index [FI], and Emergent Metacognition Index [EMI]) and group (CHD/control), sex, age at assessment, gestational age, Index of Multiple Deprivation, and CSPS scores. The relationships between CHD type, surgical factors, and brain magnetic resonance imaging injury rating and ISCI, FI, and EMI scores were assessed., Results: The presence of CHD, age at assessment, sex, and Index of Multiple Deprivation were not associated with EF scores. Lower gestational age was associated with greater ISCI and FI scores, and age at assessment was associated with lower FI scores. Group significantly moderated the relationship between CSPS and EF, such that CSPS significantly predicted EF in children with CHD (ISCI: P = .0004; FI: P = .0015; EMI: P = .0004) but not controls (ISCI: P = .2727; FI: P = .6185; EMI: P = .3332). There were no significant relationships between EF scores and surgical factors, CHD type, or brain magnetic resonance imaging injury rating., Conclusions: Supporting parents to provide a cognitively stimulating home environment may improve EF in children with CHD. The home and parenting environment should be considered when designing intervention studies aimed at improving EF in this patient group., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest. This work received funding from the Medical Research Council UK (MR/V002465/1; MR/L011530/1), Action Medical Research (GN2630), the British Heart Foundation (FS/15/55/31649), and the European Research Council under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/20072013/ECR grant agreement no [319456] Developing Human Connectome Project project). This work was supported by core funding from the Wellcome/EPSRC Centre for Medical Engineering [WT203148/Z/16/Z]. The study sponsors had no role in study design; collection, analysis and interpretation of data; writing the report; or decision to submit the paper for publication. The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
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- 2024
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236. Executive Function Training Through a Mindfulness-Based Neuroeducational Program in Elementary School Students
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Diéguez, Miriam Portela, García, Marta Cerezo, Asencio, Enrique Navarro, and Vergara-Moragues, Esperanza
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- 2024
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237. A Comparison of Cognitive-Motor Dual-Task Exercise and Exergaming on Balance, Functional Mobility, and Executive Function in Down Syndrome Children
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safia Darweesh halwsh, Principal Investigator
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- 2024
238. Effect of Computer-Based Game and HIIT Towards Symptoms, Executive Function and Neuroplasticity in Teens with IGD
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A M Y Eva Suryani, Eva Suryani, dr., Sp.KJ
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- 2024
239. tDCS and Executive Function Training for Schizophrenia
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Ontario Shores Centre for Mental Health Sciences and Michael Best, Assistant Professor
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- 2024
240. The Purpose of This Research is to Investigate the Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Executive Function in Obese Children
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Jing Xin, PHD
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- 2024
241. Training With Exergame and Treadmill on Executive Function and Dual-task Performance
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Yea-Ru Yang, Professor
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- 2024
242. Nationally Representative Evidence on the Association between Preschool and Executive Function Skills throughout Elementary School
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Little, Michael
- Abstract
Executive function skills are a set of cognitive processes that help individuals to engage in goal-directed behavior and have been linked to benefits in academic achievement and other learning-related outcomes. Recently, there has been interest in understanding how attending center-based preschool may relate to the development of executive function skills. This study used the nationally representative Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class of 2010-2011 (n [approximately] 9,270) to examine the association between preschool attendance and executive function skills in each grade of elementary school. The results of the analysis suggest small initial associations of preschool attendance with some subdomains of executive function (working memory) but not others (cognitive flexibility). These associations are heterogenous based on preschool type (i.e., public vs. private). The longitudinal analysis revealed rapid attenuation of initially positive associations, but also some indications of so-called "sleeper effects" emerged in late elementary school for working memory. Implications for research and policy are discussed.
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- 2021
243. Question Timing, Language Comprehension, and Executive Function in Inferencing
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Butterfuss, Reese, Kendeou, Panayiota, McMaster, Kristen L., Orcutt, Elly, and Bulut, Okan
- Abstract
We examined the extent to which the timing of inferential questioning influenced kindergartners' inferencing performance in a non-reading context, while also taking into account individual differences in language comprehension and executive function. Students completed the eight-week Early Language Comprehension Individualized Instruction (ELCII) application by responding to audiovisual inferential questions administered in one of two timing conditions: either (1) during video watching at various points (online) or (2) after the video was finished ("offline"). Results suggest that online questioning fostered greater overall gains in inferencing skill from pretest to posttest. Moreover, students with higher executive function demonstrated greater gain in inferencing than students with lower executive function. Likewise, students with higher language comprehension skills demonstrated greater gains in inferencing than students with lower language comprehension skills. Theoretical and instructional implications of the findings and areas for future research are discussed. [This is the online version of an article published in "Scientific Studies of Reading."]
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- 2021
244. Null Relations between CLASS Scores and Gains in Children's Language, Math, and Executive Function Skills: A Replication and Extension Study
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Guerrero-Rosada, Paola, Weiland, Christina, McCormick, Meghan, Hsueh, JoAnn, Sachs, Jason, Snow, Catherine, and Maier, Michelle
- Abstract
General measures of process quality are widely used in the early childhood education (ECE) field. However, the evidence regarding associations between the most widely used process quality measure, the Classroom Assessment Scoring System (CLASS; Pianta et al., 2008), and children's school readiness gains during the preschool year is mixed. Using data collected during the 2016-2017 school year, we replicate prior work from the 2009-2010 school year which analyzed associations between CLASS scores and children's gains in language and executive function during the year when children were enrolled in a high-quality public prekindergarten program (Weiland et al., 2013). Additionally, we extend prior work by examining gains in numeracy skills and heterogeneous associations by children's skills at preschool entry. Participants were teachers in 42 preschool classrooms and a random sample of 307 children. Across linear, quadratic, and spline models, we found that none of the CLASS domains were associated with children's gains in vocabulary and executive function skills. We found no evidence of moderation by child baseline skills. We discuss future directions for measuring and analyzing process quality in prekindergarten.
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- 2021
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245. Comparing the Executive Function Skills of Turkish and Refugee Preschool Children: Flexible Item Selection Task (FIST)
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Tuncer, Nuran
- Abstract
Executive function skills constitute an important basis for learning and adaptation in early childhood. The executive function skills can easily improve in children who uses good practices in preschool. These skills are especially important because they help children overcome all complex tasks required to manage themselves. The aim of the present study was to examine abstraction and cognitive flexibility components, which are important components of executive functions, in 4-6-year-old Turkish children and refugee children attending kindergarten and nursery school using Flexible Item Selection Task (FIST). In addition, the research aimed to compare the abstraction and cognitive flexibility according to gender and age variables using three different sections: Turkish students attending kindergarten, Turkish students attending nursery school and refugee children attending nursery school. The study was a survey type of quantitative research, and a cross-sectional survey approach was used. The participants were 99 Turkish and refugee children who were 4-6-year-old and attended kindergarten and nursery schools in central town of a province in Turkey. The schools where 48-60-month-old children are taught are called kindergarten in Turkey while the schools for 61-72-month-olds are called nursery schools. The study included one kindergarten and two nursery schools. These schools are located in the city center, long distances from each other and in different neighborhoods. The Turkish children in the study were both kindergarten and nursery school children whereas refugee children were only nursery school children who attended to the nursery school together with Turkish children. Children were evaluated by their class-gender and class-age combinations. There were 16 Turkish boys and 16 Turkish girls attending kindergarten, 17 Turkish boys and 19 Turkish girls attending nursery school, and 16 refugee boys and 15 refugee girls attending nursery school. In terms of class-age combinations, there were 15 Turkish students in kindergarten, 16 Turkish students in nursery school and 16 refugee students in nursery school in 48-60-month age group while 61-72 months age group had 17 Turkish students in kindergarten, 20 Turkish students in nursery school and 15 refugee students in nursery school. Flexible Item Selection Task (FIST) was used as the data collection tool in the study. The implementation of the measuring tool was carried out individually with each child by the researcher and took about 10 minutes. The results of the study revealed that there was no significant difference among Turkish kindergarten, nursery school and refugee children nursery school groups for abstraction scores based on gender and age groups. However, a significant difference was found between Turkish and refugee children for the cognitive flexibility scores. While the gender and age groups of Turkish and refugee children attending kindergarten had no significant differences for the abstraction component, there was a significant difference between gender and age groups for cognitive flexibility scores. For a more detailed analysis, studies dealing with high-level cognitive skills and working memory, one of the components of executive functions, are needed.
- Published
- 2021
246. Parents’ work-family conflict and children’s behavioral problems: Mediating roles of parental warmth and children’s executive function difficulties
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Lim, Yangmi
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- 2024
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247. Executive Function, Attention and Autism Symptomatology in School-Aged Children with Cerebral Palsy
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Wotherspoon, Jane, Whittingham, Koa, Sheffield, Jeanie, and Boyd, Roslyn N.
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- 2024
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248. Executive function in children with disruptive mood dysregulation disorder compared to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant disorder, and in children with different irritability levels
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Brænden, Astrid, Coldevin, Marit, Zeiner, Pål, Stubberud, Jan, and Melinder, Annika
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- 2024
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249. The Heterogeneity and Interrelationships among Theory of Mind, Executive Function, and Reading Comprehension Deficits in Hong Kong Chinese Children with Autism
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Lee, Hyun Kyung, Chan, Wai Sum, and Tong, Shelley Xiuli
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Reading comprehension difficulties exhibited by children with autism are related to executive function (EF) and theory of mind (ToM) deficits. However, the potential heterogeneity of ToM, EF, and reading comprehension abilities, and their interrelationships, among Chinese children with autism remains unclear. Using comprehensive sets of ToM and EF tasks, the present study assessed basic and advanced ToM, EF, and reading comprehension skills for 36 seven- to nine-year-old Hong Kong Chinese children with autism and 36 typically developing (TD) peers. Despite comparable age, intelligence, and working memory, children with autism performed significantly worse than their TD peers on advanced ToM and EF tasks and overall reading comprehension skills. Moreover, linear mixed-effects modelling analyses revealed that specific impairments in EF and ToM were associated with different components of reading comprehension deficits and language abilities in children with autism. These findings suggest that children with autism have multiple but specific cognitive and reading comprehension difficulties and that EF and ToM uniquely contribute to their deficits in reading comprehension.
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- 2023
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250. Contingent Conversations Build More than Language: How Communicative Interactions in Toddlerhood Relate to Preschool Executive Function Skills
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Masek, Lillian R., Weiss, Staci Meredith, McMillan, Brianna T. M., Paterson, Sarah J., Golinkoff, Roberta Michnick, and Hirsh-Pasek, Kathy
- Abstract
High-quality communicative interactions between caregivers and children provide a foundation for children's social and cognitive skills. Although most studies examining these types of interactions focus on child language outcomes, this paper takes another tack. It examines whether communicative, dyadic interactions might also relate to child executive function (EF) skills and whether child language might mediate this relation. Using a subset of data from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development, dyadic interactions between 2-year-olds and their mothers were coded for three behaviors: symbol-infused joint engagement, routines and rituals, and fluency and connectedness. Child language was assessed at age 3 and three facets of EF (self-regulation, sustained attention, and verbal working memory) were assessed at age 4.5. Structural equation modeling showed that dyadic interaction related to later child sustained attention and verbal working memory, indirectly through child language and directly related with child self-regulation. This suggests that communicative interactions with caregivers that include both verbal and non-verbal elements relate to child EF, in part through child language. Our findings have implications for the role of caregiver interactions in the development of language and cognitive skills more broadly.
- Published
- 2023
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