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Currently, urban and rural communities have become the new focus of social governance in China; however, the existing standards for urban and rural community governance cannot meet the new demand for governance modernization, and thus a new standards system is required. This study aims to research the development strategy of an urban and rural community governance standards system. In this article, we analyze the demand for standardizing urban and rural community governance in China, summarize the development status of standards systems related to urban and rural community governance in China and abroad, and explore the problems in the standardization in China. Moreover, we propose a preliminary framework and key directions for the standards system, covering general standards, community infrastructure, community information platform, community autonomy, community management, and community service. Considering the focus and weaknesses of urban and rural community governance in the new era, we propose several suggestions from five aspects: Top-level design, pilot demonstration, multi-party participation, overall urban–rural planning, and personnel training.

The hydrochemical characteristics of rivers are affected by many natural factors, such as the nature of watershed bedrock, watershed environment, vegetation, and human activities. Examining the hydrochemistry of a river can provide insights into the baseline hydrological conditions, the geochemical environment, and the overall water quality of the river. In order to examine the hydrochemical characteristics and controlling factors of the water in the Mingyong River, a total of 154 water samples were gathered from the glacier meltwater, midstream, and downstream regions. Firstly, the findings revealed that the dominant cations are Ca2+ and Mg2+, while the dominant anions are HCO3− and SO42−. The mass concentration order of cations is Ca2+ > Mg2+ > Na+ > K+, and for anions, it is HCO3− > SO42− > NO3− > Cl−. The average concentration of TDS in the river water is 81.69 mg·L−1, with an average EC of 163.63 μs·cm−1 and an average pH of 8.99. Temporal variations in ion concentrations exhibit significant disparities between the glacier melting and accumulation periods. High ion concentration values are primarily observed during the glacier accumulation period, while values decrease during the glacier melting period due to increased precipitation. The river water in the study region is categorized as (HCO3− + SO42−)-(Ca2+ + Mg2+) type. Secondly, the Pearson correlation analysis indicates clear relationships between different parameters, indicating that the major ions were mostly influenced by materials from the Earth's crust. The primary principal source of solutes in the water of the Mingyong River is rock weathering. The cations and anions present in the river water are derived from the breakdown of carbonate rocks and the dissolving of substances from silicate rocks. However, the influence of carbonate rocks is more significant compared to that of silicate rocks. Finally, the Mingyong River water is suitable for agricultural irrigation with minimal land salinization damage, making it appropriate for agricultural purposes but not suitable for people and animals to drink from directly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ginseng, an important medicinal plant, is characterized by its main active component, ginsenosides. Among more than 40 ginsenosides, Rg1 is one of the ginsenosides used for measuring the quality of ginseng. Therefore, the identification and characterization of genes for Rg1 biosynthesis are important to elucidate the molecular basis of Rg1 biosynthesis. In this study, we utilized 39,327 SNPs and the corresponding Rg1 content from 344 core ginseng cultivars from Jilin Province. We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) combining weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), SNP-Rg1 content association analysis, and gene co-expression network analysis; three candidate Rg1 genes (PgRg1-1, PgRg1-2, and PgRg1-3) and one crucial candidate gene (PgRg1-3) were identified. Functional validation of PgRg1-3 was performed using methyl jasmonate (MeJA) regulation and RNAi, confirming that this gene regulates Rg1 biosynthesis. The spatial–temporal expression patterns of the PgRg1-3 gene and known key enzyme genes involved in ginsenoside biosynthesis differ. Furthermore, variations in their networks have a significant impact on Rg1 biosynthesis. This study established an accurate and efficient method for identifying candidate genes, cloned a novel gene controlling Rg1 biosynthesis, and identified 73 SNPs significantly associated with Rg1 content. This provides genetic resources and effective tools for further exploring the molecular mechanisms of Rg1 biosynthesis and molecular breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the livestock industry, an excessive accumulation of subcutaneous fat diminishes the proportion of lean meat, while elevated intramuscular fat (IMF) content is associated with enhanced meat quality. However, the heterogeneity of various fat depots in pigs remains incompletely understood. Comprehensive tissue section, lipidomic, and transcriptomic analyses indicated that the maturity of IMF was significantly less than that of both intermuscular and subcutaneous fats. We identified 467 lipids across 29 lipid classes in total, revealing that IMF exhibits unique lipid composition and transcriptional profiles. More importantly, several lipids, including GalCer, S1P, CL, AcCa, PC-O, PE-O, and sulfatide, are highly enriched in intramuscular fat and may play pivotal roles in neuromodulation, mitochondrial function, lipogenesis, and membrane signaling. In conclusion, we unveiled unique lipid composition and molecular regulatory pathways of porcine IMF, offering new insights for the synergistic breeding that aims at optimizing pig backfat thickness and IMF content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pigs are one of the most important domesticated animals and have great value in agriculture and biomedicine. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are a dominant type of genetic variation among individual pigs and contribute to the formation of traits. Precision single base substitution provides a strategy for accurate genetic improvement in pig production with the characterization of functional SNPs and genetic variants in pigs. Base editing has recently been developed as the latest gene-editing tool that can directly make changes in single nucleotides without introducing double-stranded DNA breaks (DSBs), providing a promising solution for precise genetic modification in large animals. This review summarizes gene-editing developments and highlights recent genetic dissection related to SNPs in major economic traits which may have the potential to be modified using SNP-editing applications. In addition, limitations and future directions of base editing in pig breeding are discussed.

This study delves into the effects of outward foreign direct investment (FDI) on global value chain (GVC) participation from 2000 to 2014. The utilization of traditional panel models, the spatial Durbin model (SDM), and the threshold model provides a comprehensive understanding of the heterogeneous spillover effects of outward FDI. The results show that increased outward FDI not only facilitates the GVC participation of parent countries but also has a profound impact on that of other countries. The spillover effects of outward FDI play a vital role in the GVC participation of low total factor productivity (TFP) countries. However, for developed countries with high TFP levels, outward FDI has positive impacts on deep GVC participation while not influencing shallow participation. These findings serve as an extension to the relevant theories and suggest a way for developing countries to capture gains from outward FDI and participate further in GVCs.