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In the realization of an effective environmental education, the opinions of secondary school students about environmental problems are considered important. Therefore, the general purpose of the research is to determine the opinions of secondary school students about environmental problems by using the cartoons drawn by the students. The study group of the research consists of 28 students studying in primary education second grade in the 2020-2021 academic year. The research is a case study conducted with a qualitative research approach. The findings of the research were analyzed by content analysis. According to the results of the research, the students stated that the most important environmental problem was pollution. Students stated that environmental pollution, air pollution, garbage problem, wastes, water pollution, deforestation, depletion of natural resources were the first among environmental problems. According to the other finding of the study, the students mostly mentioned the individual responsibilities that people should fulfill in solving environmental problems. Based on the results of the research, a lesson that can be taught at all levels starting from secondary school be created under the name of environmental education, in which applied activities will be mainly included.

The main purpose of this study is to explore the effects of Industry 4.0 on resources (specialization, rationalization, preparatory work, and capital-intensive techniques) in the field of open and distance learning. Industry 4.0 is a period in which a great and rapid change is experienced, has a wide and deep impact that can affect business lines all over the world, and changes in production, management and control systems. For this purpose, within the framework of Otto Peters' theory of Industrialization, the study is a case study based on the opinions of experts in the field of industry-related effects of open and distance learning. The study group consisted of 10 academicians working at Anadolu University Open Education Faculty as experts. For the determination of participants, purposive sampling was used. The purposes of selecting the Anadolu University in research are presenting open and distance learning services since 1982, having the only Distance Education master's and doctoral programs in Turkey and having lecturers who give a lecture about digital transformation and Industrialization. The research was a qualitative case study and the data were collected by a semi-structured interview form consisting of 6 questions by face-to-face interviews with experts. As a result of the analysis, industry 4.0 effects on resources, instructional design, distribution, interaction, learning environment and management components within the context of industrialization theory in open and distance education system. In this direction, it is necessary to eliminate the lack of infrastructure for Industry 4.0, increase digitalization studies and specialize in technological competences. Also, the deficiency of a standardized production concept in Industry 4.0 such as massive production emphasized personalization and individual production in distance education. The distribution of the course materials produced must be diversified and the post-Fordist approach should be preferred in mass production. While industry-wide technologies that trigger Industry 4.0 make it easier to offer different fields of study through distance learning, it affects the centralization and concentration factors in management. [This article was presented as an oral presentation at the International Open & Distance learning Conference 2019 (IODL 2019), held in Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey on November 14-16, 2019.]

While philosophy has confronted us as a concept that has taken place in every age of the thinking adventure of the humankind, philosophical considerations have been influential on all elements of human creation. One of these influence areas is education studies. Education has been influenced by the philosophy of education, which has occurred more specifically than philosophy. Educational leaders and pre-service teachers should notice the availability of using this influence and the educational philosophy as a tool. This research was conducted in order to determine the perception of educational philosophy in the industrial age 4.0 and to find the educational philosophy productivity of pre-service teachers. The study group includes 111 pre-service teachers who take the training philosophy course in the 2nd class level in the Faculty of Education of Mustafa Kemal University in Turkey. 72 of these pre-service teachers are female, and 39 are male. This research where quantitative and qualitative data are used together is a mixed educational research. In the study, a 25-question test developed by the researcher and a semi-structured interview form consisting of 3 questions has been used to collect data. While the pre-test and post-test studies were conducted with the test which is the data collection tool, the data were analyzed by using the descriptive analysis and the content analysis of the data obtained from the interview form. When the findings of the study were taken into consideration, it was found that there was a significant difference between pre-test scores and post-test scores of the pre-service teachers participating in the research. The teaching process of the training philosophy course given has been found to be successful. It has been concluded that pre-service teachers have expressed the philosophy and education relationship with human-based views. It has been found that pre-service teachers prefer the "progressive training philosophy" if they want to make a new educational design. However, it has been determined that pre-service teachers did not have an idea about technology and technological developments in the industrial age 4.0.

Vocational education and training (VET) has been emphasised as an important topic in Turkey's industrial development. However, Turkey's VET system has often been criticised for its weak performance in meeting employers' skill requirements and attracting successful students, which has resulted in the low status of VET in society. This article examines the Turkish VET system's on-going challenges through the evaluation of different groups of stakeholders. Drawing on the Capability Approach, it seeks to understand stakeholders' role in improving individuals' capabilities in a state-led VET context. Focusing on the automotive industry, the researcher conducted 26 semi-structured interviews with the representatives of four groups: firms, industrial actors (industry chambers, employer associations, and trade unions), state agencies, and vocational teachers. The findings show that all stakeholders engaging with Turkey's state-driven VET system agree on the strategic importance of the system for Turkey's economic and social development. However, this agreement does not prove itself in the concerted action of the stakeholders to deal with the system's challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, interest in industrialisation has increased again, and reindustrialisation policies have begun to be discussed. Because empirical and theoretical evidence indicates that industrialisation plays a significant role in economic growth and development. Nevertheless, studies analysing the factors affecting industrialisation are limited. In consequence, the main purpose of this paper is to analyse the dynamics of industrialisation in Türkiye over the period 1990-2020. For this purpose, the effects of foreign direct investments (FDI), trade globalisation, and renewable energy, which are thought to affect industrialisation significantly, are investigated. The ARDL bounds test, and the Toda-Yamamoto (1995) causality test are employed in this respect. The findings prove that FDI, trade globalisation, and renewable energy consumption positively impact industrialisation in the long-run. At the same time, Toda-Yamamoto's (1995) causality test results indicate a unidirectional causality from FDI to industrialisation, bidirectional causality between renewable energy and industrialisation and no causality between trade globalisation and industrialisation. In this regard, for sustainable industrialisation, effective policies are necessary for FDI, trade globalisation, and renewable energy. In addition, FDI inflows should be directed to specific sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Urban population growth in Turkey has been increasing rapidly since the middle of the 20th century. The escalating population, particularly in urban regions, has emerged as a critical challenge in achieving sustainable urban management. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 2, 9, and 11 present various avenues for governments to adress this predicament. This study employs the framework of multiple stream model, offering a valuable lens through which policies can identify opportune moments for policy implementation. The study examines the impact of industrialization and agricultural land use on the country's urban population while identifying potential opportunities for enhancing sustainable urban management in alignment with the SDGs. Subsequently, it critically examines the asymmetrical effects of these two significant factors on the urban population, formulating policy recommendations based on the empirical findings. The study concludes by stressing the significance of prioritizing sustainable, long-term agricultural and industrialization policies outlined in national policy documents rather than relying on short-term and temporary solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Industrial Revolution, one of the most important developments of the nineteenth century, affected the Ottoman Empire as well as the whole world. Energy, transportation and production facilities have been built to meet the needs at various points in Anatolia. Bursa, the first capital of the Ottoman Empire, was also affected by this process. In Bursa, factories related to sericulture, electrical power plants, water and windmills, railway lines were built. These structures, which have lost their function over time due to reasons such as the change in technology and the diversification of needs, are on the verge of disappearing with the lack of function. With this study, it is aimed to document the transformer structures that constitute the industrial heritage in Bursa. A scope has been determined that includes proposals for the conservation and re-functioning. The methodology is based on the observation and documentation of the buildings with their surroundings. An extensive archive search was carried out to find out the old drawings and photos of the buildings in archives such as Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye Directorate of State Archives. Within the scope of this process, the electrical transformers were documented and conservation proposals were developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the long-term effect of economic growth, globalization, financial development, and industrialization on the load capacity factor (LCF) in Turkey. In addition, the study examined whether the load capacity curve (LCC) hypothesis is valid. For this purpose, annual data from 1970-2018 were used. Fourier ADF unit root test, Bayer-Hanck cointegration test, Fully Modified Least Squares (FMOLS), and Dynamic Least Squares (DOLS) techniques were used to analyze the data. Accordingly, when the results of the cointegration test were examined, it was determined that there was long-term cointegration between the series. Findings from FMOLS and DOLS approaches show that there is a U-shaped relationship between economic growth and LCF and reveal the existence of the LCC hypothesis for Turkey. In other words, the increase in per capita income harms environmental sustainability at the beginning but contributes to the improvement of environmental sustainability after a certain level is exceeded. However, it has been concluded that although globalization and financial development reduce the environmental quality, industrialization increases it. Therefore, globalization and finance policies can be adopted to encourage environmentally friendly practices can be adopted in order to ensure environmental sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The basis of co-evolution of technological capabilities and industrial development is investigated in several studies. Given that, this paper considers pillars of the catching-up process and factors of entering the MIT (Middle Income Trap) for latecomers and aims to investigate the linkages between the "manufacturing sector growth" and "scientific and technological knowledge". In this context, a times series analysis based on the ARDL methodology is used to explore the long-run and short-run dependencies between the manufacturing value-added and a set of variables that represent the scientific and technological knowledge. South Korea, Mexico, and Turkey are the countries chosen for our investigation. The patents and scientific articles are utilized as the basic measures of "scientific and technological knowledge" for the period 1990–2017. The main finding of the ARDL analysis is that the three counties have different manufacturing growth trajectories due to the differences in the use of human capital and the production of "scientific and technological knowledge". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents the first sectorally disaggregated estimates of the industrial output growth for Turkey between World War I and II. These estimates indicate that at the aggregate level the existing official index overestimates the output growth. Secondly, the sectoral disaggregation shows that the industrial growth was balanced, as both textiles and food-processing branches, which comprised most of the value-added, grew significantly. Local industries expanded against the only modest gains in per capita consumption of manufactured goods and incomes. Output growth was positively correlated with higher initial import penetration and nominal protection rates, which implies that trade protectionism helped favorable relative prices induce domestic expansion. On the other hand, both import-competing and domestic-market-oriented sectors significantly expanded, which suggests that import repression and increasing domestic demand drove industrial growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the study, it is aimed to determine under the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis whether the newly industrialized countries, which need high output in order to gain competitive advantage, provide their economic development by considering environmental policies. For this purpose, the hypothesis was tested with panel data analysis for the years 1980-2021. In the study, CADF unit root, Westerlund cointegration and Augmented Mean Group Estimator (AMG) tests were used. According to the obtained findings, although it is observed that there is a long-term relationship between the variables, it has been determined that the increase in per capita income in Brazil and Turkey reduces carbon emissions. In Mexico and the Philippines, it has been observed that increases in income and per capita income, respectively, increase carbon dioxide emissions. Although there is no statistical significance in terms of income per capita for the panel in general within the scope of newly industrialized countries that have not yet completed their development, it has been determined that increases in income used as a control variable increase CO2 emissions. The results show that the environmental Kuznets curve, which states that increases in per capita income first increase environmental pollution and then decrease it, is valid only in Brazil and Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the labour shortage in urban centres due to the mechanisation and rapid industrialisation in rural area the most significant migration situation was seen in Turkey in the 1950s. With the migrations to the big cities, migrant groupsbuilt shelters with one or two rooms, secretly, and mostly overnight, on public or private lands, without obtaining a building permit, to solve the housing problem. These structures were added to the silhouettes of cities over time and took their place in social life as 'squatter'. Families who migrated to the city maintained their traditional gender perception and roles, which are evident in rural areas, in squatters. The study aims to understand the view of marriage, divorce and patriarchy among women living in squatters and to reveal the factors affecting this view. In this context, face-to-face interviews were conducted with a total of 21 female participants between the ages of 18-65 living in the Eşrefpaşa neighbourhood in İzmir. As a result of the analyses, the understanding of marriage, divorce and patriarchy of women living in squatters was examined over four different main categories which are life before marriage, reasons for marriage, divorce, and patriarchy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Bingol University Journal of Economics & Administrative Science is the property of Bingol University Journal of Economics & Administrative Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of The Iraqi University is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Science & Innovative Technologies is the property of Global Cooperation & Analytical Research Center Public Union and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Administrative Sciences / Yonetim Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Canakkale Onsekiz Mart Universitesi, Terzioglu Kampusu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study examines the inverted U-shape relationship between financial development and energy intensity for Turkish economy. To this end, ARDL model has been employed to estimate the short-run and long-run coefficients. The Bayer and Hanck (2013) combined cointegration technique and ARDL bounds testing were employed to examine the cointegration association among investigated variables using annual data from 1976 to 2016. The statistically significant and inverted U-shaped association was affirmed between financial development and energy intensity in Turkey. The results also show that financial development has positive and significant effect on energy intensity. The result of Hacker and Hatemi-J (2012) leveraged bootstrap causality test reveals the unidirectional relationship running from financial development to energy intensity in Turkey. However, the feedback causal effect was found between industrialization and energy intensity. Further insights into causal relationship and policy implications are provided in the Conclusion section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The union and the rights and freedoms attached to it are an important legal institution to protect the rights of the working class, which is in a weak position against the capital owner employer. It is the formation of a tripartite industrial relationship of the union as worker, employer and state. This relationship varies depending on the unique cultural and traditional structures of each country and the conditions of the period. With the development of industrial relations, trade unions have become the most important non-governmental organizations in legal systems. The union defines the organization that comes together to protect and develop its interests in the context of work, earnings and social values in its relationship with the worker/employer and the state. The changing working style and conditions with the industrial revolution have brought about some conflicts in the process of adaptation to the new order. The main purpose of the study is to investigate the legal nature of trade union rights envisaged in the 1982 Constitution. This article examines the past and current legal developments of trade union rights in Turkey and compares the relevant legislation and current practices with European standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This current study seeks to investigate the policy implication of Turkey's recent energy policies on its sustainable development. This study uses Turkey's country-specific data and series of 1974 to 2018 for effective investigation and justification of the findings of this study with emphasis on both short-run and long-run implications. Three models were fitted to achieve study objectives to accommodate both environmental sustainability and economic impacts. Ecological footprint was considered better measure and used as proxy for the environment related model. In summary, with environment models, the selected series (per capita GDP, industrialization, agriculture, coal as a single energy use, and mixed energy use) except per capita GDP2 were found positively and significantly related to ecological footprint in both short run and long run which translates to poor performance of Turkey's environment. Also, using economic growth model, the selected series (industrialization, energy use, and agriculture) were all confirmed positively and significantly related to the economic growth (per capita GDP). Additionally, environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) was established for Turkey's environment and economic performance. Furthermore, using Granger causality as robust check to these findings, a nexus was found among the series confirming the validity of the cointegration (short- and long-run policies) estimations and results. In congruence with literature and hypotheses, the results from cointegration estimation shows that the twin polices may be good to the economic performance but will spark off adverse effect on environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between industrialization and labor may have different characteristics for different countries. For developing countries, the role of women in employment is mostly discussed through its impact on economic growth. Therefore, it is seen that the effects of women's labor on output and industrialization are frequently studied in the literature, but the literature on the effect of industrialization on women's labor is relatively limited. In this study, the effect of industrialization on women's employment in Turkey is examined with the help of cointegration methodology. In this context, the relationship between women's employment and industrialization in Turkey between the years 1988-2018 is discussed with the ARDL Bound test. Limited previous studies in this area have concluded that there is a negative relationship between women's employment and industrialization in Turkey. In our study, it has been observed that there is a long-term cointegration relationship between industrialization, export volume, economic growth and women's employment in Turkey. On the other hand, it is seen that industrialization and export volume have a positive effect on women's employment in the long run. On the other hand, it has been determined that there is a negative effect of economic growth on women's employment in the long run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article introduces the feature section "Evolving State–Business Relations in an Age of Globalisation" in this issue of the journal. That feature section examines state–business relations across the Asian region, from South Korea to Turkey. It focuses on networked forms of co-ordination between state and non-state (or private) actors who collectively shape how an economy evolves. This article and those of the feature section deal with three inter-related questions. First, what is the contemporary nature of state–business relations, taking stock of historical and political contexts? Second, when there is regime change, how have these state–business relations evolved? Third, how, and to what extent, do the ties linking state and business actors generate opportunities and constraints for these economies? Four case studies are presented to illuminate shifting state–business relations in key Asian economies – Thailand, Turkey, South Korea and Malaysia. These studies reveal diverse modes of state–business relations, as well as why and how they have emerged, shaping in the process political and economic norms, while leading to industrialisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Turkey, the development and internationalization of the real sector are expressed as complementary industrialization strategies defining inward-oriented industrialization as "import substitution" and outward-oriented industrialization as "export-based industrialization". Inward-oriented industrialization period can be conceptually considered the period in which the industrialization process is realized towards the domestic market; the export led industrialism process, on the other hand, can be considered the period in which the industrialization process takes place by integrating into the total circulation of the world industry and markets. The inward-oriented (domestic market) industrialization period should not be considered a period in which it is isolated from international power and industrialization dynamics. On the contrary, it should be taken into account that this period is shaped by the effects of international real sector as well, especially in Turkey. On the other hand, although the sectors which are effective in import substitution are in different forms, the outwardoriented industrialization process is basically the period in which the development and transformation of the same actors and sectors with financial, commercial, and industrial equipment has been observed since the establishment of the Republic. Although it is considered that both periods contain different policies along with the outward move since the beginning of this process which is the inward-oriented industrialization process, the process corresponds to different phases of industrialization as a whole. For this reason, government incentives in the formation and internationalization processes of the real sector have also altered and transformed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The level of competition among the countries in the international markets has increased with the globalization process. The countries increase the added value of the products they export and achieve international competitive advantage along with their technological developments and high-tech industrial production. This study investigates the effects of technological developments and high-tech industrial production on export value of Turkey. In this regard, Zivot and Andrews unit root test with structural break, ARDL bounds test, Granger and frequency domain causality test has applied on variables. In the scope of this study, monthly data of patent applications, patent grants, high-tech industrial production index and export value index between 2010 and 2020 were used. As a result of the study, it is found that technological accumulation and high-tech industrial production index increase the export value index in Turkey. On the other hand, it is seen that there is bidirectional causality relationship between technological accumulaiton and hightech industrial production. In addition, it is determined that there is unidirecitonal causality relationship from technological development and accumulation to export value index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ekonomik Yaklaşim is the property of Ekonomik Yaklasim Dernegi (Ekonomik Yaklasim Association) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article explores economic and political issues influencing relations between Russia and Turkey. Topics discussed include the revival of trade relations between the two nations following the industrialization of the Soviet Union under the administration of then Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin, the economic assistance extended by the Soviet government to Turkey, the way both nations pursued technological and industrial innovations, brief details about Soviet-Turkish relations from the First World War to the Cold War, and a comparison of the economic growth policies of Russian President Vladimir Putin and Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan.

Throughout the 20th century, the development levels of countries were generally associated with industrialization levels. While the share of industrial productions in developed economies decreased relatively in the 21st century, development processes of developing countries are again measured by their level of industrialization. The industry sector continues to be the most important sector of the economy with its employment creation power, added value, technological development and many positive externality. The shift of industrial production from developed countries to relatively less developed countries has accelerated with the liberalization of foreign trade and the increasing level of globalization. While globalization speeds up the industrialization process of some countries, it causes de-industrialization in some others. There is no theoretical consensus on this subject. Empirical studies on this subject, which are in the field of study of Modern Economic Growth and Economic Geography theories, are very limited. In this study, empirical investigation was conducted by using econometric methods on the relations between industrialization and international trade in the context of relevant theory with the data between the years 2004-2018 and NUTS 2 level regions of Turkey. Such a study has not been demonstrated at the regional level for Turkey. According to the results obtained from the study, Turkey's NUTS 2 level regions continues to industrialization by maintaining substantially the ratio between its own. It was determined that the variables we added to represent international trade and the variables we added based on the relevant literature had statistically significant effects between the years covered by the study. It is thought that the results obtained may help in the development of foreign trade policies and area selection policies, especially for the regional industrial development of our country. It is thought that the study can be an idea for the research of close subjects that are not included in the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first phase of the industrial revolution started with the use of water and steam energy in mechanical production facilities and enabled other innovations with a radical change in the world. The second stage of the industrial revolution has emerged as a result of the mass production of electric energy at the beginning of the 19th century. The third stage, after the 1970s, has come into existence with the introduction of information technology. The use of cyber and physical systems together has been led to the fourth step of the industrial revolution, namely "Industry 4.0" in the 21st century. The industrial development process has brought along some advantages and disadvantages. In this study, the stages of Industry 4.0, related literature, its effects, and the factors affected by this process are discussed. In addition, the types of products that can be considered within the scope of technological industry 4.0 for Turkey's economy, the effects of the economic value of foreign trade, and the creation of comparison with other countries have also been presented. Finally, the effects of R & D activities and education on technological change and transformation are emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 1970s, China has begun to implement the developing industrial civilization in the world alienated from its traditional culture and has achieved a rapid development trend as a result of the reforms it has made. As a result of rapid industrialization and distorted urbanization, China has begun to tackle various ecological and social problems that adversely affect the well-being of society both academically and politically. In this context, it has developed the “Ecological Civilization” paradigm since the end of the 20th century. This study aims to explain the concept of ecological civilization and the factors in its emergence, examining the dimensions of ecological civilization and the relationship between sustainable development, evaluation of this paradigm within the scope of sustainable development policies of today's Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ataturk Yolu Journal / Atatürk Yolu Dergisi is the property of Ataturk Yolu Journal / Ataturk Yolu Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The social housing, which we saw the first examples with the industrialization, started to be produced in the form of public housing by the Public Housing Administration after 1980 in our country. The public housing applications have increased gradually due to reasons such as rapid and serial production and being more economical. Nowadays, these houses, which are produced to meet the housing needs of people having lower and middle income, have advantages and disadvantages. The user may experience various problems in applications where socio-economic sustainability is not fully achieved. In order to ensure socio-economic sustainability, having the equal conditions of the users, having opportunities to strengthen the cultural relations and to live in esthetic and safe structures appropriate to the identity of the city, and feeling of belonging to the city are important. In this context, the public housing examples in four metropolitan cities in Southeastern Anatolia Region were examined. Within the scope of the study, a questionnaire was applied to the users and problems related to their living spaces were revealed and suggestions were made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this study is to explore the effects of Industry 4.0 on resources (specialization, rationalization, preparatory work, and capital-intensive techniques) in the field of open and distance learning. Industry 4.0 is a period in which a great and rapid change is experienced, has a wide and deep impact that can affect business lines all over the world, and changes in production, management and control systems. For this purpose, within the framework of Otto Peters' theory of Industrialization, the study is a case study based on the opinions of experts in the field of industry-related effects of open and distance learning. The study group consisted of 10 academicians working at Anadolu University Open Education Faculty as experts. For the determination of participants, purposive sampling was used. The purposes of selecting the Anadolu University in research are presenting open and distance learning services since 1982, having the only Distance Education master's and doctoral programs in Turkey and having lecturers who give a lecture about digital transformation and Industrialization. The research was a qualitative case study and the data were collected by a semistructured interview form consisting of 6 questions by face-to-face interviews with experts. As a result of the analysis, industry 4.0 effects on resources, instructional design, distribution, interaction, learning environment and management components within the context of industrialization theory in open and distance education system. In this direction, it is necessary to eliminate the lack of infrastructure for Industry 4.0, increase digitalization studies and specialize in technological competences. Also, the deficiency of a standardized production concept in Industry 4.0 such as massive production emphasized personalization and individual production in distance education. The distribution of the course materials produced must be diversified and the post-Fordist approach should be preferred in mass production. While industry-wide technologies that trigger Industry 4.0 make it easier to offer different fields of study through distance learning, it affects the centralization and concentration factors in management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mimarlık is the property of Chamber of Architects in Turkey and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Çankırı Karatekin University Journal of the Faculty of Economics & Administrative Sciences is the property of Cankiri Karatekin University, Faculty of Economics & Administrative Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Urbanization and industrialization have positive effects on the socio-cultural and economic structure of a country as well as some negative effects. One of the most important of these negative effects is the negative impact of urbanization and industrialization on the environment and clean air. Since this situation adversely affects a country's sustainable development efforts, it is very important to identify and produce policies to reduce this impact. The aim of this study is to analyze the impact of urbanization and industrialization on CO2 emission by using ARDL Bounds Testing Approach and to make policy recommendations according to the analysis results. In the analysis, data for the 1960-2014 period in Turkey were used. According to the analysis results, urbanization and industrialization in Turkey increases the carbon dioxide emissions and that affects clean air negatively. As a result, to avoid disruption to the sustainable development efforts in Turkey, the government should be directed to more environmentally friendly practices in the urbanization and industrialization policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the relationship between per capita income and imports were examined on the example of Turkey. The stationarity of the two series that constitute the subject of the study was examined through analysis. According to the results, one of these two series was found to be stationary in I (0) and the other in I (1). In the subsequent analyzes, there was a statistically significant relationship between Gross National Income (Per Capita) and imports in the short and long term. In addition, causality tests revealed no causality between these two series. According to the results of national income per capita increases in the short term in Turkey is increasing imports. In the long run, while per capita income increases, imports decrease. When other macroeconomic variables such as exports and growth are taken into account, it is possible to see a growth based on imports. Performing studies in the field of production and industrialization instead of import-based growth is a good alternative to get rid of this vicious circle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Istanbul Commerce University Journal of Social Sciences / İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi is the property of Istanbul Commerce University Journal of Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aims to unweil the determinants of financial development, particularly the impact of industrialization, democracy, and financial openness on financial development in Turkey over the 1975–2015 period, using a bounds testing approach. It is found that (i) financial development and its main determinants are co-integrated; (ii) democracy is positively associated with financial development, whereas financial openness is associated with lower financial development; and (iii) industrialization is not a significant determinant of financial development in Turkey. Based on the obtained results, some recommendations are also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi is the property of University of Cumhuriyet, Faculty of Sciences & Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Turkish Research Institute / Atatürk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Arastirmalari Enstitüsü Dergisi is the property of Ataturk University Coordinatorship of Scientific Journals and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Balkan & Near Eastern Journal of Social Sciences (BNEJSS) is the property of Balkan & Near Eastern Journal of Social Sciences (BNEJSS) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Itobiad: Journal of the Human & Social Science Researches / İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Itobiad: Journal of the Human & Social Science Researches and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As an emerging country, there is a rapid industrial development and associated excessive resource consumption in Turkey. In this case, the dissemination of cleaner production activities based on the principle of minimum resource consumption and waste generation should be regarded as the priority target to ensure efficient use of the resources, enhance the manufacturing industry's competitiveness, and reduce environmental impacts. In this paper, the potential of resource efficiency in Turkish manufacturing industry was predicted. Input saving potential in each industry and aggregate manufacturing was predicted under three different scenarios: business-as-usual, realistic, and ideal. While we used industry saving rate obtained from the field surveys in business-as-usual scenario, we used (in)efficiency scores obtained from Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) conducted for the entire manufacturing industry as well as for the five selected sectors and sub-sectors by using the firm-level panel data Turkish manufacturing from 2008 to 2012 together with the sectoral saving rates. The potential of resource efficiency is estimated for five sectors: (10) Manufacture of food products, (13) Manufacture of textiles, (20) Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products, (23) Manufacture of other nonmetallic mineral products, and (24) Manufacture of basic metals. Then, it is generalized to whole Turkish manufacturing industry. The calculations were performed in both monetary and quantitative terms for energy and water inputs but only in monetary terms for raw material inputs. It is estimated that the Turkish manufacturing industry's monetary-saving potential ranges from $8.8 billion/year to $14.5 billion/year based on the three scenarios specified for all inputs. In addition, according to the realistic scenario, 44.5% of total monetary-saving potential stems from SME savings (47.3% raw material, 41.8% energy, and 9.8% water). Besides, TR10 (Istanbul) and TR42 (Kocaeli, Sakarya, Düzce, Bolu, Yalova) regions have highest raw material and energy-saving potential, respectively. According to the realistic scenario, their share of the total saving value stood at 27% and 14%, respectively. Also, TR63 (Hatay, Kahramanmaraş, Osmaniye) and TR22 (Balıkesir, Çanakkale) regions have the highest water-saving potentials. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first attempt in examining resource efficiency in the Turkish manufacturing industry in the broadest scope. Moreover, the methodology used in this work is said to be first and unique. We believe this methodology will open new avenues to the new researches both in Turkey and other countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Forestry Review is the property of Commonwealth Forestry Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Business groups in the large companies section have become one of the issues that attract great attention in the field of organization and management in recent years. This is because business groups are the organizational structures that emerged and developed along with the process of industrialization in which economic transformation was experienced. In this study, the business groups that emerged before and after 1980 in Turkey were compared in terms of their levels of diversification, one of the aspects of diversifications strategies they applied. In line with the findings obtained, the old period business groups had a higher level than the new period business groups in terms of the level of diversification based on diversification strategies, company number, the number of companies listed on the stock exchange. At this point, the old and new period business groups differentiate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]