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Purpose: The article aims to review and systematize knowledge about CSR in Poland in an attempt to find an answer to the question about the place of this concept in enterprise management, in particular in the context of the crisis caused by the CoViD-19 pandemic. Design, methodology and approach: The article is based mainly on the method of analysis of the literature on the subject, legal acts and reports on “CSR in practice” from 2016-2022 (results of surveys carried out among enterprises by the French-Polish Chamber of Commerce). Other methods include synthesis, description, graphic presentation of data, comparison and deductive inference. Findings: The analysis of the literature on the subject clearly indicates that the CoViD-19 pandemic has changed the life of business around the world. It highlighted the need for cooperation between all actors of the socio-economic system, and increased the need and pressure on organizations to be more responsible towards the environment and society. There are also claims that the pandemic has become a catalyst for the development of CSR. On the other hand, based on the data presented in the article (from questionnaires completed by selected entrepreneurs), one can only to some extent agree with the statements presented in the literature. The pandemic has changed the visage of Polish CSR, but not enough to make a definite claim about a development leap or professionalization of CSR and, above all, about solidification of positive trends. The brand image is still the most important motive for engaging in socially responsible activities, which are often taken ad hoc. Also the financing of such activities is often interim. What should be particularly appreciated is a larger percentage of companies with long-term CSR strategies, more managerial commitment and more entities with CSR departments (while about 20% had no such units). It also seems important that there are less and less organizations that are unable to estimate their CSR costs and, at the same time, the number and percentage of those with CSR budgets exceeding PLN 1M have increased. Today, it is difficult to claim (based on the data presented in the article) that the CSR concept is an important element of enterprise management in Poland, or that the CoViD-19 pandemic has made it flourish. However, the research results presented in the article (for the years 2016- 2022) are characterized by a fairly high degree of generalization, so further analysis was definitely needed. Another reason was that, according to numerous publications, society is becoming increasingly aware of both responsible and irresponsible behaviors of business and wishes for the former ones, especially in the face of emerging crises. Originality and value: The article is part of the reflection on the importance of CSR in the management of enterprises in Poland, in particular in the face of the challenges posed to economies, societies and enterprises by the CoViD-19 pandemic. Admittedly, the subject of CSR is often raised in the literature, but the effect of the disease is a more recent aspect which requires a more in-depth analysis. Therefore, the article attempts to fill this cognitive gap. The value of the article lies primarily in the analysis and synthesis of the content presented in the latest literature on the subject and the attempt to answer the question: “Has the pandemic changed the visage of CSR and, if so, how?”. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to identify demographic factors that influence revenue autonomy in the municipalities located in rural areas of the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship in Poland. The first and the second sections contain a review of the literature analyzing the phenomena related to the economic aspects of revenue autonomy and its potential demographic determinants. The subsequent empirical section demonstrates that revenue autonomy of the municipalities was highly associated with two indicators of population ageing and net migration. These findings support the results of previous studies, as well as theory presented in the literature review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our study is one of the very few cases of speleomycological research in recently discovered caves. The aim of this research was to assess the population size of fungal colonies and their species composition in the Jarkowicka cave, discovered in 2012. The air samples were taken from one location outside the cave and from two locations inside of it. Mycological evaluation of the rocks inside the cave was performed usingswab sampling procedure. In the Jarkowicka cave we found 22 species of fungi, including 13 isolated from air at the entrance and from the walls, and 8 species from air inside the cave.Cladosporiumspp. were the fungi most frequently isolated from internal atmosphere of the Jarkowicka cave, and from the external air. On the other hand, the fungi most frequently isolated from the rocks wereMucorspp. We found several species not yet described as cave inhabitants:Hypocrea pachybasioides,Cladosporium uredinicola, andEmbellisia abundans.Our study may provide a basis for comparison to other similar studies conducted in frequently visited caves by tourists. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Practices of corporate social responsibility (CSR), especially in organizations providing key services, related to the supply of fuel, water and energy, are extremely important from the point of view of identifying stakeholders with the functioning of enterprises in line with the principles of a closed loop economy. The article discusses the origins and evolution of the concept of corporate social responsibility, with particular emphasis on the water supply and sewage industry. The research problem was the perception and expectations of stakeholders toward prosocial activities of PWiK Rybnik (Sewage and Water Supply Ltd. Rybnik). The hypothesis assumed in the study was that the external stakeholders of PWIK Rybnik positively assess the company's involvement in the tasks carried out as part of corporate social responsibility, they notice the involvement in educational activities and additional initiatives of PWIK that improve the quality of life of its inhabitants. For the purpose of this study, a quantitative method was used. For the purpose of the survey, the authors' questionnaire "Survey of customers' opinions on the activities undertaken by PWiK Rybnik" was created. The surveys conducted confirmed the hypothesis that the external stakeholders of PWIK Rybnik positively assess the company's involvement in the tasks performed as part of corporate social responsibility; they notice the involvement in educational activities and additional initiatives of PWIK that improve the quality of life of its inhabitants. The results of the research made it possible to formulate guidelines for the operation of water supply and sewage companies in accordance with corporate social responsibility in the light of the opinions of their stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]