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The worldwide study suggested that Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most common endemic ailments having the great causing factor of mortality and morbidity. As compare to general population the Diabetes Mellitus (DM patient has high risk factor for getting Tuberculosis (TB).The main purpose of the current research is to investigate the frequency rate of Tuberculosis among Patient with Diabetes Mellitus at PIMS Hospital Islamabad Pakistan from April, 2021 to July, 2021.in the current study the patient was examined from the age of 20 to 60 which is already treated for Diabetes Mellitus as well. The patient was asking for the sign and symptoms of Tuberculosis (TB). When the Tuberculosis (TB) sign and symptoms found positive than after that Sputum analysis were done. There are three Sputum sample (morning-spot) were collected to examine AFB. For Statiscal Data analysis we Used SPSS version 20. A total of 412 patients were included in the study. The mean age of the patients was found as 45.63 ± 10.33 years. Among these, 240 patients (59.3%) were female. Also 112 patients (21.7%) had type 1 DM while 247 (78.3%) had type 2 DM. When asked about the TB symptoms, they were positive in 51 patients (11.0%) while negative in remaining 381 patients (89%). However, further sputum analysis showed confirmed TB in 22 patients (4.1%) only. After adjustment of confounding factors, age, gender and type of DM were not found having significant role for development of TB among these patients. From the current research we conclude that there is high prevalence rate in Tuberculosis (TB) among diabetics Patient which is the main causing factor of mortality and morbidity in Pakistan and globally as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to understand the main factors contributing to work-life balance satisfaction among the female employees working in the health sector of Pakistan. This study develops the framework that explains how work demands and family demands affect work-life balance satisfaction. The influence of private level support and workplace support is also examined. Sample data (N=290) was collected through a stratified random sampling technique from female doctors in the health sector of Pakistan's twin cities (i.e., Rawalpindi and Islamabad). The hypotheses were tested by multiple step-wise regression and moderation using SPSS 23 software. It has been investigated that the employer and the family support the female employees to achieve work-life balance satisfaction. In different life domains, such as the work and family domain, support at the workplace and private level may help employees deal with these domains' demands. The research study findings are helpful for academicians and health sector policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strawberry (Fragaria x ananasa) is a widely grown fruit crop known for its color, aroma and texture. The fruit is enriched with vitamin C, manganese and antioxidants. In Pakistan, except for a few low-temperature regions, it is mainly grown as an annual fruit crop where runners are transplanted every year. Owing to its short growing period and high profitability, it is mostly produced by small scale farmers. However, the changing climate from the past few years has affected strawberry production in Pakistan. Heavy rainfall, along with hailstorms causes damage at the fruit initiation stage. Moreover, the rainfall also lead to the leaching down of the essential micronutrients in strawberry farms. In this study we have tested the foliar application of four micronutrients, iron, zinc, copper and boron, at different concentrations under tunnel conditions on strawberry cv. Chandler at Horticultural Research Institute (HRI), National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC), Islamabad. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three blocks. Our study showed that the 0.2% ZnSO4 and 0.4 % FeSO4 showed maximum mean values for fruit weight (18.22 g), fruit width (32.66 cm), yield per plant (175.84 g), no. of fruits per plant (10.26) and fruit set percentage (87.85 %). The foliar application of boron at 0.2 % maximized the total soluble salts (TSS) (8.3 0B) and the least amount of titratable fruit acidity (0.27 %). The research findings also showed that combine application of Iron, Zinc and Boron in the given percentage can possibly improve the yield and quality of Chandler under microclimatic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a common public health occurrence of pregnancy which is particularly prevalent in developing countries like Pakistan. During this critical period, the deficiency of iron is very common as the iron requirements are greatly enhanced. IDA during pregnancy is associated with intrauterine growth retardation, premature birth, low birthweight, increased labor time, higher risk of infection, elevated maternal and prenatal mortality, muscle dysfunction, and low physical capacity. The present study was aimed to check the prevalence, effect of diet on IDA and its association with the pregnancy outcome, that is, birthweight. Five different public sector hospitals of Rawalpindi and Islamabad were analyzed. A sample size of 500 pregnant females of third trimester was observed which were then followed after delivery from September 2020 to January 2021. A well‐designed questionnaire was developed where different demographic factors, dietary recalls, biomarkers, and other determinants were obtained. The data from the questionnaires were later coded for the purpose of analysis in the statistical package (SPSS) using chi‐square test. Our study indicated that IDA is a moderate public health problem among pregnant women in twin cities and more than half of study subjects have depleted iron stores. Approximately 63% of the subjects were having iron deficiency and 24.8% were facing severe iron deficiency anemia. Only 12% of the subjects were considered as normal. The high prevalence of anemia in our subjects was probably due to low iron intake and poor dietary habits. The results of the study may not be generalizable due to time constraints and other factors. Maternal anemia still remains a major public health concern that requires more attention especially in developing and underdeveloping countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of neck exercises (McKenzie extension and isometric exercises) in the management of non-specific neck pain and range of motion in patients with neck pain. METHODS: This randomized controlled trial was conducted in physiotherapy departments of Dr. Akbar Niazi Teaching Hospital, Islamabad. Forty consecutive patients with acute to sub-acute cases of neck pain (<3 month) were enrolled. Based on lottery method two groups (n=20 in each group) were differentiated, Group-I (control) received isometric neck exercises and group-II (treatment) received McKenzie extension exercises for 4-weeks along with hot packs therapy. Neck pain was measured using numeric pain rating scale (NPRS). All patients were tested on baseline, at 2nd and 4th week. RESULTS: Mean age of the sample was 33.85±4.80 and 33.50±5.20 years in group-I and group-II respectively. Male to female ratio was 4:1 in both groups. Mean body mass index was 24.54±1.50kg/m². NPRS at baseline was 5.80±0.41 in group-I while 6.10±0.64 in group-II (p-value=0.001). NPRS decreased to 3.75±0.72 in group-I and 3.00±0.73 in group-II after 4-weeks (p-value=0.001). Neck fiexion (degrees) at baseline was 31±2.05 in group-I and 35.75±1.83 in group-II (p-value=0.001) while after 4weeks increased to 35.50±4.26 in group-I and 40±4.29 in group-II (p-value=0.002). Neck extension (degrees) at baseline was 44±2.05 in group-I and 40.75±1.83 in group-II (p-value=0.001) while after 4-weeks increased to 48.5±4.01 in group-I and 45±4.29 in group-II (pvalue= 0.011). CONCLUSION: McKenzie exercises are more significant and show more improvement in reduction of pain and associated symptoms of neck and increased movements quicker than isometric exercises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Foundation University Medical College (FUMC) Islamabad from 1st January - 30th September, 2014 to determine the prevalence and determinants of smoking, among male medical students of Rawalpindi and Islamabad. The results shows that out of the total 23% of the participants were smokers, 10.3% were ex-smokers and 66.7% did not smoke ever. Among smokers 57% were already smoking and 43% after joining the medical school. Stress was considered as a major triggering factor for smoking by 44% of the students. Among all students 95% were well aware of its side-effects while 51% of smoker students tried to quit among which relapse was seen in 44%. These results shows that high prevalence of smoking was observed among male medical students of Rawalpindi and Islamabad. Stress was found to be the major triggering factor for smoking followed by fun seeking and peer pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVES: To propose the forecasting model for monthly measles infant immunization coverage a significant concern in disease management and control. DESIGN: The reported data of monthly infant measles immunization coverage to National institute of health, Islamabad, Pakistan from January 2009 to October 2014 for the present study has been taken from Pakistan bureau of statistics with total time series entities 70. National institute of health, Islamabad took the record of per month number of doses administered (0-11 months) children by the registered health centre in Pakistan. PERIOD: January 2009 to October 2014. SETTING: Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (Statistics House) Methods: Artificial neural network (ANN) analysis has been carried out to develop a forecasting model. RESULTS: Several combinations of input and hidden layers are executed by taking under consideration the root mean square error in the selection of final efficient model. The efficient ANN model has twelve input nodes, nine hidden nodes and one output node with back propagation learning rate 0.05 and preferred activation function as hyperbolic tangent function. The established ANN model revealed that the increment for infant measles coverage is 7.58% expected in next six month. CONCLUSIONS: ANN 12-9-1 is an efficient model for forecasting the monthly measles infant immunization coverage in Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poliomyelitis is a highly infectious disease but preventable by effective vaccines. Children under five year of age affected by this disease as a result a permanent paralysis. Objectives: To uncover the trend of infant polio immunization coverage through modeling is a significant concern to formulate an adequate vaccination strategies and program after the outbreak of new cases of polio in a recent year in Pakistan. Design: The reported data of monthly infant polio immunization coverage to National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan from January 2008 to July 2013 for the present study has been taken from Pakistan bureau of statistics with total time series entities 67. National Institute of Health, Islamabad took the record of per month number of doses administered ( 0-11 months )children by the registered health centre in pakistan. Period: January 2008 - July 2013. Setting: Pakistan bureau of statistics (Statistics House) Methods: A set of various short term time series forecasting models namely Box-Jenkins, single moving average, double moving average, single parameter exponential smoothing, brown, Holts and winter models were carried out to expose the infant polio immunization coverage trend. Results: Among the several forecasting models ARIMA models are chosen due to lower measure of forecast errors namely root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE) and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). ARIMA (2,1,1), ARIMA (1,0,2), ARIMA (0,1,2) and ARIMA (2,1,1) models are established as an adequate models for the prediction of OPV-0, OPV-1, OPV-2 and OPV-3 respectively. Conclusions: With the exception of OPV-1 the infant polio immunization coverage is expected to rise in Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A field experiment on lentil was conducted to see the effect of Zn application alongwith PGPR on growth and yield under rain-fed conditions at National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC), Islamabad during 2016-17. Split plot design (main plots with and without inoculation and Zn application in sub-plots) with three replications was followed. Agronomic data i.e., plant height, pods per peduncle, seeds per pod, 100-seed weight, total biomass and grain yield were recorded. Plant samples were collected at maturity to determine Zn concentration in plant tissues and grains. A significant increase in pods per peduncle, seeds per pod, grain yield and total biomass of lentil was observed with Zn application even at lower rate (5 kg ha-1) under PGPR inoculation. Maximum 100-seed weight (2.56 g) was recorded with PGPR inoculation which was 21% higher than that of without PGPR inoculation. Overall, a significant increase (31%) in grain yield and total biomass was observed due to Zn application as well as PGPR inoculation. Similarly, maximum Zn concentration in plant tissues and its uptake (kg ha-1) was determined from the treatments where Zn was applied under PGPR inoculation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Commonly used iron salt, ferrous sulphate for the treatment of iron deficiency anemia, has several gastrointestinal side effects. Nowadays new iron salts such as ferrous bisglycinate are marketed with claims of raising hemoglobin faster with fewer gastrointestinal side effects. Objective: To compare the efficacy of ferrous sulphate with ferrous bisglycinate for the treatment of iron deficiency anemia in children. Methods: This randomized controlled trial was carried out at Children Hospital, PIMS, Islamabad from July 2015 to June 2016. A total of 136 children were selected through systematic sampling and randomized into 2 groups using a computer-generated table of random numbers; ferrous sulphate as group 1 and ferrous bisglycinate as group 2. Clinical outcome was assessed based on a mean increase in hemoglobin after 12 weeks of therapy in both groups. The data was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Results: The baseline characteristics i.e. mean age, mean hemoglobin levels were similar in both study groups. After 12 weeks of treatment, the mean increase in hemoglobin was 1.8 ±1.59 g/dl in the ferrous sulphate group as compare to 2.5 ±1.31g/dl in ferrous bisglycinate group showing the higher level of rising with ferrous bisglycinate than ferrous sulphate, P =0.0033. Conclusion: Newer iron preparation, ferrous bisglycinate is a better treatment option than conventional preparation of ferrous sulphate for increasing hemoglobin in iron deficiency anemia in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]