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This study examined the relationship between Islamic financial inclusion and economic development in Indonesia and Iraq using panel data from 2000 to 2014. The study used variables such as GDP per capita growth, education, inflation, government consumption, trade openness, domestic credit, loans by Islamic financial institutions, the rule of law, and regulatory quality. The findings showed significant variation across countries and periods regarding economic development, education, and the adoption of Islamic finance. Correlation analysis revealed both positive and negative relationships between the variables. Panel unit root and cross-sectional dependency tests highlighted the need for advanced methods to analyze panel data. Panel co-integration tests suggested evidence of a long-term relationship between Islamic financial inclusion and economic development. The FMOLS estimators demonstrated the significance and direction of the relationships. The study provided insights into the role of Islamic financial inclusion in promoting economic development in Indonesia and Iraq, emphasizing the potential benefits of integrating Islamic finance into the financial systems of these countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic growth is essential for nations endowed with natural resources as it reflects how well those resources are utilized in an efficient and sustainable way. For instance, OPEC member nations, which hold a large proportion of the world's oil and gas reserves, may require a frequent evaluation of economic growth patterns to ensure that the natural resources are best used. For this purpose, this study proposes an inverse data envelopment analysis model for assessing the optimal increase in input resources required for economic growth among OPEC member nations. In this context, economic growth is reflected in the GDP per capita, taking into account possible environmental degradation. Such a model is applied to the selected OPEC member nations, which suggests that in terms of increasing the GDP per capita, only one member was able to achieve the best efficiency (i.e., reaching the efficiency frontier), resulting in a hierarchy or dominance within the sample countries. The analysis results further identify the economic growth potential for each member country. For the case of Indonesia, the analysis suggests that further economic growth may be achieved for Indonesia without additional input resources. This calls for diversification of the nation's economy or investment in other input resources. In addition, the overall results indicated that each member nation could increase its GDP per capita while experiencing minimal environmental degradation. Our analysis not only benchmarks the growth efficiency of countries, but also identifies opportunities for more efficient and sustainable growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foreign investment can increase economic growth and create prosperity in a country. However, sometimes foreign investment can increase economic growth and fail to create prosperity. This problem is of course related to the laws governing foreign investment. This article wants to discuss the regulations in law regarding the role of foreign investments in increasing economic growth and creating prosperity in Indonesia. Regulations in Indonesian law and experience show that foreign investment is widely open to enter Indonesia so it is felt to be able to encourage economic growth. However, Indonesia's experience in practice shows that things often happen that cause some people to suffer because of the presence of foreign investment. From the results of the research and discussion, it can be concluded that the regulations in the foreign investment law in Indonesia still prioritize economic growth, while the aspect of achieving people's welfare from the presence of foreign investment receives less attention. Therefore, it would be better if the investment laws were revised to create a balance between economic growth and prosperity. In other words, investment laws must be able to encourage economic growth and create prosperity simultaneously. There must be a balance between growth and prosperity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endogenous growth theory assumes that human capital is a prominent factor in regional economic growth. However, the imbalance of human capital between regions is still a major problem in economic growth in Indonesia. Previous studies on regional economic growth have recognized the importance of considering spatial aspects as a determinant of regional economic growth. The geographical area in the form of an archipelago with a large number of administrative districts and cities produces pros and cons regarding the influence of spatial aspects on the regional growth of urban districts. This study aims to analyze the distribution of human capital using the Alternative Human Development Index (AHDI) approach and the effect of human capital and spatial aspects on the regional economic growth of urban districts in Indonesia within the framework of endogenous growth theory. The research method uses geometric mean to measure the Alternative Human Development Index, Geographic Information System (GIS) to see the distribution of human capital and regional economic growth in Indonesia, and the spatial regression Spatial Autoregressive Moving Average (SARMA) used to analyze the spatial aspects of human capital and regional economic growth in Indonesia. The results show that human capital in Indonesia is still unequal between the western and eastern parts of Indonesia. Human capital and spatial factors have positive effects and are the most influential determinants of Indonesia's regional economic growth, as indicated by the value of the spatial lag weight matrix of the dependent variable (p) and the spatial error term (λ) that is positive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in enhancing the productivity performance of the creative industry. The creative industry plays a key role in economic growth and innovation in many countries, including Indonesia. The creative industry, which includes sectors such as arts, design, film, music, and advertising, has adopted AI technology to accelerate innovation, improve production efficiency, and expand markets. This research discusses the role of AI in transforming the landscape of the creative industry in Indonesia. However, challenges such as increased competition and the complexity of market demands drive the need for innovative solutions. AI offers the potential to optimize production processes, enhance efficiency, and drive creativity through automation, personalization, in-depth data analysis, and trend prediction. This research examines various AI applications in the creative industry and explores how their use can result in significant productivity performance improvements. In the context of Indonesia, this study also analyzes the challenges and opportunities faced by the use of AI in the creative industry and its implications for the workforce and skill development. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for industry practitioners, academics, and other stakeholders to harness the potential of AI in enhancing the productivity performance of the creative industry. In conclusion, the implementation of AI has brought significant positive impacts to the creative industry in Indonesia. AI has enriched the creative process, improved production efficiency, and expanded markets. With appropriate policies and a deep understanding of AI potential, Indonesia can continue to develop its creative industry to be more innovative and globally competitive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia’s economic development inclusiveness accomplishment is relatively low. Mainly on economic’s growth and development. This is partly due to the orientation of past development which tends to be centralized. Since this centralized paradigm has diverted to decentralization, especially during the implementation of the village fund granting policy, it is necessary to examine the actual impact. This is a prominent issue considering that the implementation of village fund distribution has been running for more than five years and enough funds have been disbursed. Hence the purpose of this study is to measure the impact of providing village funds on the achievement of economic growth and development in Indonesia. The method used is a quantitative approach, with the technique of Difference-in-Difference (DID) analysis. The results of this study show that the provision of village funds is empirically proven to be able to positively accelerate the achievement of economic growth and development in a region in Indonesia. Thereupon the provision of village funds must remain consistently provided by continuing to seek various forms of improvement in its implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study described that phenomenon in the law-making process in Indonesia by displaying the data on the behaviours or issuance of laws during lame duck sessions from 1997 to 2020. Compared with that of regular sessions, laws issued during the lame duck sessions significantly looked more productive but they did not comply with the mandate of laws desiring that each bill was supposed to be discussed in three sessions at the longest. In terms of the materials regulated in Laws, many lawmakers took advantage of a lame duck session to pass any laws in favour of the state officials that often generated public rejection and had shifted its participatory role through a judicial review at the Constitutional Court. Empirical tests of the law's response to economic growth using econometrics analysis also indicate that current laws have a negative impact on the economy. House of the Representatives (DPR) and the President had actually understood the logic that a lame duck session was not such a right time to make a law; however, making a law during a lame duck session was not prohibited and there were no such clear rulings restricting the making of a law during this session. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses how the permit simplification for upstream oil and gas operation in Indonesia is conducted. In doing so, the authors utilize two perspectives, namely development administration and good governance. This research is inspired by a condition where there are many regulations apply and required to obtain permits for upstream oil and gas operation in Indonesia. The current problem nowadays are related to the type of the permits, the regulations and procedures to follow, as well as permit issuers to deal with are too many submissions. This have caused handicaps for the industry to grow competitively. Meanwhile, Indonesia still has a high dependency on Oil and Gas Industry for State Income reason and Energy Resilience. Even though the reformation has been started since 1998 however the change of old bureaucratic system and mentality of the bureaucrats into the new paradigm of good governance is still very less and tend to be progressing very slowly. Therefore, this qualitative research is interested in viewing the implementation of the ongoing simplification. This research is qualitative in nature and utilizes secondary data related to the permitting system of the upstream oil and gas activities. This research concludes that the current system is not in line with the principles of development administration and good governance. Second, the findings conclude that the simplification is urgently needed for maintaining State Finance, Energy Resilience, and Multiplier Effect to the Economic Growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taxes are a source of state revenue, economic growth conditions can have an impact on the taxation sector, besides that poverty and wage factors can also affect state tax revenues. The purpose of this study was to determine the magnitude of the effect of economic growth, poverty and wages on tax revenues. The sample used in this study was 30 provinces in Indonesia. The research method used in this research is descriptive quantitative analysis method. Using secondary data during 1991-2021 and analyzed with time series data regression. The results of the research conducted can be seen that economic growth has a positive and significant effect on tax revenue, poverty has a negative and significant effect on tax revenue, positive and significant effect on tax revenue. as well as tax revenue [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Achieving sustainable development is the prime objective of every government. Based on Solow's theoretical proposition, this study attempts to explore empirically the linkages between tourism, energy consumption, and economic growth, for the top nine Asian travel and tourism countries including Indonesia between 1995 and 2018. The fully modified ordinary least squares method and Granger's causality approaches are implemented for empirical analysis. The empirical result reveals that tourism has a statistically positive impact on economic growth in Asia's top nine travel and tourist countries. Moreover, energy consumption, exports, and savings have also a positive and statistically significant impact on economic growth. The results of panel Granger causality tests demonstrate that there is a mutual interdependence between tourism, energy consumption, and economic growth in the selected panel country group. The empirical finding indicates the positive influences of tourism on economic growth; therefore, the government must strive to formulate a policy that would help to build infrastructural adequacy and promote tourism development in Asian countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Indonesian government has prioritized cultural and agricultural tourism. In Indonesia, administrators disregard the policies regarding sports tourism. Numerous nations rely on sports tourism for economic growth. Thus the economic worth of sports tourism is, without a doubt, remarkable. This investigation seeks to identify the beliefs that contribute to sports tourism. The research also seeks to assess the influence of sports' moral, ethical, and aesthetic philosophy on Indonesia's sports tourism culture. Respondents' primary data were collected for the study's findings. The studies revealed that ethical, moral, and aesthetic beliefs substantially impacted sports tourism. This study is motivated by a vacuum in the existing literature and aims to provide a comprehensive introduction to sports philosophy. Thus, this study has significant theoretical ramifications and contributes significantly to the literature on sports tourism. Similarly, the research's practical implications provide a path forward for the Indonesian government to acknowledge these sports ideologies to promote sports tourism. In its conclusion, the study has considered the key future areas that scholars must pursue to contribute additional material to the body of knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inward foreign direct investment indirectly or directly affect economic growth through various means. For instance, the direct effect might be attributed to production factors, while information and communication technology changes are linked to the indirect effect. This study aimed to examine the impact of direct and indirect inward foreign investment and information and communication technology on Indonesian economic growth. The data was collected from the annual time series from 1994 to 2019. Furthermore, an autoregressive distributed lag model was used to analyze the data and provide accurate conclusions. The results showed that short-term and long-term inward foreign direct investment and information and communication technology significantly affects Indonesian economic growth. In the long term, the direct and indirect effects of inward foreign direct investment are negative and positive, respectively. However, the long-term effect of information and communication technology on economic growth is positive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze the causality between tax revenue, state expenditure, inflation and economic growth in Indonesia during the 1973-2019 period to provide policy advice to the Indonesian government. This country was selected as an object with consideration that its economy has grown impressively and has been able to rise from the Asian economic crisis. A brief overview of the policies developed during the research period is presented to provide insight into the policies taken by the government. The use of quantitative methods through the Vector Error Correction Model and Granger causality test was carried out to provide an in-depth analysis. The result showed a positive long-term two-way causality relationship between tax revenues and state expenditures as well as tax revenues and economic growth. This indicates that the government's efforts to implement state expenditure have succeeded in increasing tax revenues. Conversely, an increase in tax revenue allows the government to make state expenditures, both in development and other activities, to improve people’s economy, leading to increased economic growth. The government must maintain an economic policy strategy during the COVID-19 pandemic to restore the national economy by considering potential sectors that are suitable for the climate, such as the agriculture or livestock sector. The result of tests on inflation show that this variable is caused by economic growth and does not apply the other way around, but this variable is has a negative effect on tax revenue, state expenditure and economic growth so its needs to be suppressed to ensure the stable economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports an examination by means of the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) to describe the decoupling indicators of CO2 emissions into key factors of Indonesia's manufacturing industry, namely, economic activity, industrial structure, energy intensity and energy structure in the period 2010–2014. The findings show that the impact of energy efficiency development on decoupling CO2 emissions in industrial sub-sector, the intensity of technology, and firm size are varied. Energy structures and industrial structures have little impact on decoupling CO2 emissions. Comparative analysis of industrial sub-sectors and other characteristics reveals that the growth of industrial economic activity determines the decoupling status of CO2 emissions from industrial growth in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neo-Classical economic growth function consisting of labor, capital, and technology is limited to explain the income difference across countries. With the development of institutional economics, a relationship has been established between institutions and economic performance, and this limitation has been tried to be overcome. Economic freedoms are an important determinant of economic growth as the representative of economic institutions. In this study, the relationship between economic freedom and economic growth was examined for D8 countries, consisting of eight developing countries, in the 1996-2019 period. As a result of the Bootstrap panel Granger causality test, it has been determined that economic freedom is the cause of economic growth in seven countries. Extending economic freedoms plays an important role in these countries to achieve higher levels of economic prosperity. These results show the importance of enhancing economic freedoms through political regulation for higher economic performance. In Bangladesh, a bidirectional causality relationship has been found. Causality in Indonesia is from economic growth to economic freedom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the concept of "fragility," which gained prominence in literature on conflict-driven countries and serves as an analytical tool for policy analysis. Using this concept, this article provides a review of Timor-Leste since its independence in 2002. The country has achieved high economic growth, though the economy has remained fragile in terms of its high dependence on external factors, namely oil revenues. This study suggests that foreign aid and investments do not automatically improve fragility in resource-dependent economies unless they help diversify the monoculture economy, based upon democratic consensus-building among stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The focus of this research is on how the position of competitiveness of Indonesian rubber exports among ASEAN countries and the dominant factors causing the competitiveness of Indonesian rubber exports experienced a downward. Approach to measuring rubber export competitiveness uses the Lafay Index, and factors that affect the competitiveness using the Diamond model by using panel data analysis method. The results show that there has been a decline in the competitiveness of Indonesia's rubber exports to ASEAN countries, the greatest decline in competitiveness that occurred in Singapore, Malaysia, and Thailand. Factors that affect Indonesia's export competitiveness that is more dominant are a foreign direct investment, price levels, and interest rates. FDI should be directed at improving the quality of export products following the quality of ISNR and upgrading the quality of rubber export products from SIT 20, and directly more beneficial for the manufacture of goods for final consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The empowerment of small and medium economic enterprises will drive economic growth. The purpose of this study is to analyze (1) how economic growth works as a determinant of increasing the productivity of small and medium enterprises; (2) the influence of government policies, business capital support, and the strengthening of human resource capacity on the development of small and medium enterprises (SMEs); and (3) strategies to increase business productivity and the sustainability of SMEs. We used a sequential explanatory design, which is a combination of quantitative and qualitative research, and data were obtained through observation, in-depth interviews, surveys, and documentation. The results of the study indicate that economic growth coupled with technological innovation will boost the productivity of economic enterprises and increase people's welfare. Government policies, business capital support, and human resource capacity strengthening simultaneously have a positive effect on the development of SMEs, with a determination coefficient of 97.6%. Based on the results of this study, an economic growth strategy based on technological innovation is recommended for government decision making as an effort to increase the productivity of community economic enterprises in Makassar City, Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regional economic growth is closely related to the optimization of the use of natural and human resources. This study aims to analyze: (1) The use of natural and human resource potential works as a determinant of the economic growth of Bulukumba Regency; (2) The influence of natural resources, human resources, community culture and regulation on economic growth in Bulukumba Regency. The research method used is a combination of mixed models, namely a combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches. Data was obtained through observation, survey and documentation. The results of the study show that optimizing the use of natural resources without human resource development causes its contribution to economic growth in Bulukumba Regency to be quite low which becomes an obstacle to the acceleration of economic development. The influence of natural resources, human resources, and community culture together has a significant effect on economic growth in Bulukumba Regency with a coefficient of determination 47.2%. This study recommends optimizing resource potential and strengthening human resource capacity through the use of technology and changes in community culture, which will encourage economic growth in Bulukumba Regency, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since economic growth is a macro indicator of successful development, all countries strive to get maximum economic growth to create public welfare, especially for developing countries. Therefore, using the example of a city in one such country, namely Lamongan in Indonesia, let’s examine the effects of local income, capital expenditure and partial investment simultaneously on economic growth. Thus, the object of the research is the influence of locally-generated revenue, capital expenditure, partial investment, and simultaneously economic growth in the Lamongan in 2010–2019. This research was established with a quantitative approach. The data used are secondary data published by the Central Bureau of Statistics of Lamongan, the Regional Financial and Asset Management Agency of Lamongan, the Office of investment, and One-Stop Services, Lamongan in 2010–2019. The results of the study conclude that partially the locally-generated revenue variable has a significant negative effect on economic growth in Lamongan in 2010–2019, capital expenditure has a significant positive impact on economic growth in Lamongan in 2010–2019, and investment did not hurt economic growth in Lamongan in 2010–2019. Simultaneously, the locally-generated revenue variables, capital expenditure, and acquisition significantly affected Economic Growth in Lamongan in 2010–2019. This study’s results are expected to become information, reference materials, and references to develop and expand future research. For the Lamongan government, this research can be used as a necessary consideration and input to improve policies related to increasing economic growth of country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Integrated City (IIC) of Telang is a part of transmigrate area in South Sumatera which have been opened and developed in last 10 years. The evaluation of progress in developing of IIC become the main purpose of this study. The output of this study is to formulate the further strategy to design the IIC of Telang area as the better city based on a sustainable development aspect. The research used two data which were obtained using the questionnaires as the primary data and some data obtained from related agencies. A Structural Equation Modelling Analysis (SEM) was then used to formulate the interaction model between the infrastructure interaction, social growth on the economic sector and environmental growth in the IIC of Telang and the Hinterland area. The result showed that there was a correlation between each sector which proved that the Infrastructure and Social Development Model affected to the Economic Growth which further provided an impact to the environment. The further investigation in the IIC of Telang and the Hinterland area showed that Banking Service become the main infrastructure which had the most powerful impact to the social aspects which correlated to the economic growth in the IIC of Telang and the Hinterland area. The new strategy pathway of sustainable development in the studied area was then directed as an urban function such as a government area and a center for community services which made the area was not only as a growth center in the agricultural industry which have been developed in last 10 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine the level of health, growth and business prospects of the employees of the PT. X cooperative. The results of this study indicate that employees of general health level PT. X are in the category "moderately healthy" obtaining the average score of 68.00. Based on the result of a common size analysis of the balance sheet and operating result for the 2014-2018 period, PT. X did not experience significant growth and was really stable. Although based on the analysis of the segment report, the multipurpose loan business is the business with the most prospects for development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A debt-based economy requires the accumulation of more and more debt to finance economic growth, while future economic growth is needed to repay the debt, and so the cycle continues. Despite global debt reaching unprecedented levels, little research has been done to understand the impacts of debt dynamics on environmental sustainability. Here, we explore the environmental impacts of the debt-growth cycle in Indonesia, the world's largest debt-based producer of palm oil. Our empirical Agent-Based Model analyses the future effects (2018–2050) of power (im)balance scenarios between debt-driven economic forces (i.e. banks, firms), and conservation forces, on two ecosystem services (food production, climate regulation) and biodiversity. The model shows the trade-offs and synergies among these indicators for Business As Usual as compared to alternative scenarios. Results show that debt-driven economic forces can partially support environmental conservation, provided the state's role in protecting the environment is reinforced. Our analysis provides a lesson for developing countries that are highly dependent on debt-based production systems: sustainable development pathways can be achievable in the short and medium terms; however, reaching long-term sustainability requires reduced dependency on external financial powers, as well as further government intervention to protect the environment from the rough edges of the market economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 outbreak has triggered many economic shocks globally. In this study we estimate the role of inter-households transfer in mitigating the impacts of the outbreak on Indonesian economy using a CGE model. The result shows that commodity prices and enactment of physical distancing measures bring negative impacts on the economy. Government response by lowering direct tax rates and increasing transfer to households could not fully compensate the impacts but enlighten it slightly. Households response by increasing inter-household transfers helps the government policy, particularly in reducing the decrease of households' income and consumption. The result indicates that inter-household transfer could be regarded as an effective instrument to improve the household income distribution quality and reduce the poverty. Regarding that, stakeholders in the economy should improve the collaborative policies to capitalize the policy instruments optimally. Furthermore, the result also indicates that household consumption is not a sustainable engine to boost the economic growth. Prioritizing consumption over saving in the long run could lead to inability of the economy to engage a self-financed investment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies how to determine a combined path of an optimum electricity production activity using the Linear Programming method. According to Linear Programming, an optimum generation pattern is influenced by the demand factor, production capacity, raw material stock, operational cost, and efficiency of every unit. With an optimum combination of those aspects, the need for raw materials for each operating unit will be found out; therefore, a continuous and steady supply of raw materials can be maintained, and eventually, an optimum electrical energy-generating process finally results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inadequacy of the internal savings required for investments in developing countries pushes them to seek outsourcing and external borrowing. In this study, the relationship between external borrowing and economic growth has been examined by the VAR model for 1970-2018 period in Brazil, Indonesia, India, South Africa and Turkey, which also called as "Fragile Five". The direction of the relationship between the variables has been examined with the Granger causality test by using the generated VAR models. In order to support the causality test results, the dynamic relationships between variables has been analyzed with impulse-response functions and variance decomposition analysis. The findings obtained from the analysis are as follows: i) In Brazil, a unidirectional causality relationship from the GDP to the external debt stock has been found. Also, economic growth has a significant positive impact on external borrowing. ii) There is no statistically significant relationship between external debt stock and GDP in Indonesia and India. iii) In Turkey and South Africa, a unidirectional relationship from external debt stock to GDP has been found and it has been seen that external borrowing has a positive effect on growth in these countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to explore the role of urbanization and economic growth in natural resources using a time series data from 1971 to 2018. The current study applied a novel methodology of nonlinear ARDL proposed by Shin et al. (2014). This methodology is ideal to answer the asymmetric effect on the independent variable on the dependent variable. Furthermore, we also applied asymmetric Granger causality introduced by Hatemi-J (2012) to confirm the causal relationship between the variables. The results of NARDL affirmed that all the variables have a significant impact on natural resources rent. The findings confirm that negative shocks of urban intensity decrease the natural resources rents; however, the positive shocks increase the rents of natural resources. On the one hand, the positive and negative shocks of GDP increase the natural resources though, the magnitude of positive shocks are significantly different from the negative shocks. On the other hand, the results of asymmetric Granger causality confirm that positive and negative shock of urban intensity does granger cause positive shocks of natural resources. Whereas, positive shocks of natural resources (economic growth) have a causal connection with positive and negative shocks of economic growth (natural resources) in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving the efficiency of logistics is the basis of economic growth and business competitiveness. Politicians around the world recognize that the logistics sector is one of their main pillars of development. Countries that are a source of trade influence in Europe, such as the Netherlands, as well as developing countries such as Vietnam or Indonesia, see seamless and sustainable logistics as a driver of growth and integration with global value chains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malaysia and Indonesia are two countries in Southeast Asia region that has established a long-standing close relationship due to similarity in culture and socioeconomic background. Statistics on the arrival of tourists reveals that both countries are interdependent in attracting tourists during the period of study. Traditonally both Malaysia and Indonesia are very popular in tourism which are focused on enviromental attractions, rich cultural heritage and religious tourism which had become an attraction among international tourists. This study uses monthly data for the period from 1995-2016 by applying the concept of Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) to investigate the extent tourism prices and volatility of global oil prices determines the bilateral tourism demand between these two countries. The results of this study reveal that Malaysian tourists to Indonesia displays a bidirectional Granger causality relationship with the effect of elastic oil prices. On the other hand, the presence of Indonesian tourists to Malaysia has a unidirectional Granger causality relationship towards the elasticity of demand of tourism prices in Thailand. Both countries have a differing level of speed of adjustment from short run equilibrium to long-run equilibrium with the magnitude of 10.8% (for Malaysian tourist to Indonesia) and 33% (for Indonesian tourist to Malaysia). It is evident that tourism development between these two countries have grown immensely and impacted the economic growth of these countries. As such, we can conclude that bilateral tourism demand between Malaysia and Indonesia does not have any influence on tourism price elasticity of demand. The findings of this study are useful to policy-makers to plan strategies to increase the bilateral tourism demand as a long-term strategy specifically in transforming Southest Asia region which has its own uniqueness as an attractive international tourist destination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Palm oil is an important commodity contributing to livelihoods of many communities, GDP of governments and the achievement of several sustainable development goals (SDG) including no poverty, zero hunger, and decent work and economic growth. However, its cultivation and continuous expansion due to high and increasing demand has led to many negative effects and subsequent calls to make production sustainable. To this end, information is needed to understand the negative and positive impacts on both the environment and human wellbeing to respond appropriately. Sustainability in palm oil trade entails having a global supply chain based on environmentally friendly and socially acceptable production and sourcing. Much has been done in understanding and responding to impacts on the environment but not so much on social impacts partly due to a lack of information. The direct (socio-economic) and indirect (through ecosystem services) impacts of palm oil trade were reviewed using peer-reviewed literature and the Environmental Justice Atlas (EJA). Our results show that most of the 57 case studies were conducted in Indonesia and Malaysia where 85% of global production of palm oil occurs. The results show both negative (109) and positive (99) direct impacts on humans. Indirect impacts through ecosystems services were predominantly negative (116) as were the direct negative impacts. The most frequently studied direct negative impacts were conflicts (25%), housing conditions (18%) and land grabbing (16%) while the most frequently studied direct positive impacts were income generation (33%) and employment (19%). Ongoing initiatives to make the palm oil sector sustainable such as the RSPO are focused on the environment but need to pay more attention to (related) social impacts. To make palm oil production sustainable and to meet SDGs such as ensuring healthy lives and promoting wellbeing as well as responsible consumption and production, negative social impacts of palm oil trade need to be addressed. • Palm oil trade has both positive and negative impacts on human wellbeing. • Palm oil trade improves livelihoods of local communities by improving their incomes. • Negative social impacts of palm oil trade are overwhelming and ongoing. • Both smallholders and agro-industries contribute to positive and negative impacts. • Palm oil certification standards need to urgently address social impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia is facing a number of independently managed challenges related to the collection, transportation, processing (composting, recycling), and landfill dependence on waste management. An intervention is needed to bring stakeholders together to solve these waste challenges. The objectives of this study are to investigate the fundamental issues and opportunities and to develop a sustainable and smart country-wide waste management system using industry 4.0 technologies. The system should provide a multi-dimensional approach, determine the maturity level of the waste management system in a technical method, and pursue the goal of designing a new strategy to minimise waste management problems. A comprehensive systematic literature review, intensive focus group discussions, and direct observation in Indonesian cities were approaches used to develop waste management business processes and their system design. Waste business processes consist of mixed-collecting, sorting, transporting, varied-treatment, and chained-disposal. The design of the proposed waste management system presents circular economy processes that can separate municipal waste, identify waste characteristics, and determine sustainable waste treatment technologies through the use of Internet of Thing (IoT) as the integrator. This study contributes to the sustainable development goals (SDG's) such as Good health, and wellbeing (SDG 3); Clean water and sanitation (SDG 6); Decent Work and Economic Growth (SDG 8); Responsible Consumption and Production (SDG 12) and Climate Action (SDG 13). The study proposes a new design of smart and sustainable waste management which could achieve satisfactory economic, social, and environmental waste management performances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]