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Recent experimental studies and clinical trial results might indicate that—at least for some indications—continued use of the mechanistic model for relative biological effectiveness (RBE) applied at carbon ion therapy facilities in Europe for several decades (LEM-I) may be unwarranted. We present a novel clinical framework for prostate cancer treatment planning and tumor control probability (TCP) prediction based on the modified microdosimetric kinetic model (mMKM) for particle therapy. Treatment plans of 91 patients with prostate tumors (proton: 46, carbon ions: 45) applying 66 GyRBE [RBE = 1.1 for protons and LEM-I, (α/β) x = 2.0 Gy, for carbon ions] in 20 fractions were recalculated using mMKM [(α / β) x = 3.1 Gy]). Based solely on the response data of photon-irradiated patient groups stratified according to risk and usage of androgen deprivation therapy, we derived parameters for an mMKM-based Poisson-TCP model. Subsequently, new carbon and helium ion plans, adhering to prescribed biological dose criteria, were generated. These were systematically compared with the clinical experience of Japanese centers employing an analogous fractionation scheme and existing proton plans. mMKM predictions suggested significant biological dose deviation between the proton and carbon ion arms. Patients irradiated with protons received (3.25 ± 0.08) GyRBE mMKM /Fx, whereas patients treated with carbon ions received(2.51 ± 0.05) GyRBE mMKM /Fx. TCP predictions were (86 ± 3)% for protons and (52 ± 4)% for carbon ions, matching the clinical outcome of 85% and 50%. Newly optimized carbon ion plans, guided by the mMKM/TCP model, effectively replicated clinical data from Japanese centers. Using mMKM, helium ions exhibited similar target coverage as proton and carbon ions and improved rectum and bladder sparing compared with proton. Our mMKM-based model for prostate cancer treatment planning and TCP prediction was validated against clinical data for proton and carbon ion therapy, and its application was extended to helium ion therapy. Based on the data presented in this work, mMKM seems to be a good candidate for clinical biological calculations in carbon ion therapy for prostate cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A heavy-duty engine is homologated in a test cell. However, starting with Euro VI regulation, the in-service conformity is controlled with the engine installed in the vehicle using portable emission measurement systems (PEMS). In Europe, the application of solid particle number (SPN) PEMS started in 2021 for compression ignition (diesel) vehicles and in 2023 for positive ignition vehicles, thus including those operating with compressed natural gas (CNG). Even though today only particles with sizes > 23 nm are regulated, the Euro 7 proposal includes particles > 10 nm. There are not many studies on the accuracy of the SPN PEMS, especially for heavy-duty applications. In this study, PEMS measuring > 23 and >10 nm from two instrument manufacturers were compared with laboratory-grade instruments. The particle detector of one PEMS was a condensation particle counter (CPC), and of the other a the diffusion charger (DC). The results showed the robustness and good accuracy (40% or 1 × 1011 #/kWh) of the PEMS for ambient temperatures from −7 °C to 35 °C, active regeneration events, different fuels (Diesel B7, HVO, and CNG), different test cycles, cold start or hot engine operations, and high exhaust gas humidity content. Nevertheless, for the DC-based PEMS, sensitivity to pre-charged urea particles was identified, and for the CPC-based PEMS, sensitivity to pressure changes with one vehicle was nnoticed. Nevertheless, the results of this study confirm that the PEMS are accurate enough to measure even the stricter Euro 7 limits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the current practice patterns in image-guided particle therapy (IGPT) for cranio-spinal irradiation (CSI)., Methods: A multi-institutional survey was distributed to European particle therapy centres to analyse all aspects of IGPT. Based on the survey results, a Delphi consensus analysis was developed to define minimum requirements and optimal workflow for clinical practice. The centres participating in the institutional survey were invited to join the Delphi process., Results: Eleven centres participated in the survey. Imaging for treatment planning was rather similar among the centres with Computed Tomography (CT) being the main modality. For positioning verification, 2D IGPT was more commonly used than 3D IGPT. Two centres performed routinely imaging for plan adaptation, by the rest ad hoc. Eight centres participated in the Delphi consensus analysis. The full consensus was reached on the use of CT imaging without contrast for treatment planning and the role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in target and organs-at-risk delineation. There was an agreement on the necessity to perform patient position verification and correction before each isocentre. The most important outcome was the clear need for standardization and harmonization of the workflow., Conclusion: There were differences in CSI IGPT clinical practice among the European particle therapy centres. Moreover, the optimal workflow as identified by experts was not yet reached. There is a strong need for consensus guidelines. The state-of-the-art imaging technology and protocols need to be implemented into clinical practice to improve the quality of IGPT for CSI., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Associazione Italiana di Fisica Medica e Sanitaria. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The 2017-2019 hourly particle number size distributions (PNSD) from 26 sites in Europe and 1 in the US were evaluated focusing on 16 urban background (UB) and 6 traffic (TR) sites in the framework of Research Infrastructures services reinforcing air quality monitoring capacities in European URBAN & industrial areaS (RI-URBANS) project. The main objective was to describe the phenomenology of urban ultrafine particles (UFP) in Europe with a significant air quality focus. The varying lower size detection limits made it difficult to compare PN concentrations (PNC), particularly PN 10-25 , from different cities. PNCs follow a TR > UB > Suburban (SUB) order. PNC and Black Carbon (BC) progressively increase from Northern Europe to Southern Europe and from Western to Eastern Europe. At the UB sites, typical traffic rush hour PNC peaks are evident, many also showing midday-morning PNC peaks anti-correlated with BC. These peaks result from increased PN 10-25 , suggesting significant PNC contributions from nucleation, fumigation and shipping. Site types to be identified by daily and seasonal PNC and BC patterns are: (i) PNC mainly driven by traffic emissions, with marked correlations with BC on different time scales; (ii) marked midday/morning PNC peaks and a seasonal anti-correlation with PNC/BC; (iii) both traffic peaks and midday peaks without marked seasonal patterns. Groups (ii) and (iii) included cities with high insolation. PNC, especially PN 25-800 , was positively correlated with BC, NO 2 , CO and PM for several sites. The variable correlation of PNSD with different urban pollutants demonstrates that these do not reflect the variability of UFP in urban environments. Specific monitoring of PNSD is needed if nanoparticles and their associated health impacts are to be assessed. Implementation of the CEN-ACTRIS recommendations for PNSD measurements would provide comparable measurements, and measurements of <10 nm PNC are needed for full evaluation of the health effects of this size fraction., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has had a negative economic impact on the global swine industry for decades since its first emergence in the 1970s in Europe. In 2013, PEDV emerged for the first time in the United States, causing immense economic losses to the swine industry. Efforts to protect U.S. swine herds from PEDV infection and limit PEDV transmission through vaccination had only limited success so far. Following the previous success in our virus-like particle (VLP) based vaccine in mouse model, in this study we determined the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a VLP-based vaccine containing B-cell epitope 748 YSNIGVCK 755 from the spike protein of PEDV incorporated into the hepatitis B virus core capsid (HBcAg), in a comprehensive pregnant gilt vaccination and piglet challenge model. The results showed that the vaccine was able to induce significantly higher virus neutralization response in gilt milk, and provide alleviation of clinical signs for piglets experimentally infected with PEDV. Piglets from pregnant gilt that was vaccinated with the VLP vaccine had faster recovery from the clinical disease, less small intestinal lesions, and higher survival rate at 10 days post-challenge (DPC)., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Vehicle emission regulations in Europe and many Asian countries include a particle number limit. The number concentration is measured, typically, with condensation particle counters (CPCs). For research purposes, the size distributions provide useful information. Scanning mobility particle sizers (SMPSs) accurately provide the size distribution but are not suitable for transient aerosol. Engine (fast) exhaust particle sizers (EEPSs) cover this gap, but with less accuracy. Fast size distribution instruments are commonly used in the research and development of engines. In the last few years, instrument algorithms have been improved, but studies assessing the improvements are limited, in particular in their lower size range, around 10–20 nm, and for soot-like aerosol. In this paper, we compared the three instruments using salt, silver, diffusion flame soot (CAST), and spark discharge graphite particles. Moreover, vehicle exhaust number concentration measurements with EEPSs over a seven-year period were presented. In terms of particle concentration, EEPS overestimated, on average, 25% compared to CPC, in agreement with previous studies. Its accuracy for mean particle size determination was better than 5 nm compared to SMPS. The agreement between the instruments was satisfactory but the uncertainty increased at low concentrations and larger particle sizes, showing that there is still room for further improvements. Experimental challenges, such as low concentration levels of modern vehicles, losses in the diluters, use of photometric mode by the CPCs, and the material impact, are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We experimentally created a particle size dataset that is based on reduction sequences and raw materials typical of the Middle and Later Stone Age in southern Africa. The reason for creating this new dataset is that current particle size frameworks are based, almost exclusively, on flint and western European knapping methods. We produced the dataset using knapping methods and raw materials frequently encountered in the southern African archaeological record because we wanted to test whether it has the same distribution as particle size datasets experimentally created in Europe, and to initialise the production of a database for use in the analysis of lithic assemblages from southern African Late Pleistocene deposits. We reduced 117 cores of quartz, quartzite, jasper, chalcedony, hornfels, and rhyolite. The knapping methods selected were unidirectional, discoidal, Levallois recurrent and bipolar flaking. In this article we compare this new particle size distribution dataset with the results obtained from previous experiments. We found that the southern African dataset shows a wider size range distribution, which seems to be explained by differences in knapping methods and raw materials. Our results show that there is overlap between the distribution of the southern African experimental knapping dataset and the sorting experiment conducted by Lenoble on flint artefacts in a runoff context. This article shows that a particle size analysis is not sufficient on its own to assess the perturbation of an archaeological assemblage and must be coupled with other analytical tools., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2022 de la Peña et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

On 2-3 May 2022 ARIES - Accelerator Research and Innovation for European Science and Society held its last annual conference in CERN summarizing 6 year long effort on the smart development of particle accelerator infrastructures in Europe. The whole series of Integrating Activities on accelerator infrastructures started in 2003 with preparations of CARE, then followed by EuCARD, TIARA, EuCARD2 and culminating with ARIES. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral ingestion is the main exposure pathway through which humans ingest trace metals in the soil, particularly for children. Metals in different soil particle size fractions may vary in terms of concentration and properties. Urban school/kindergarten soil samples were collected from three cities: Lanzhou in northwest China, Wuhan in central China, and Shenzhen in southeast China. Soil samples were classified according to particle size (<63 μm, 63-150 μm, 150-250 μm, and 250-2000 μm) to estimate the effects of soil particle size on the total content and bioaccessibility of metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn). Based on the results, we assessed whether the standard size <150 μm (containing < 63 μm and 63-150 μm), recommended by the Technical Review Workgroup (TRW) of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and <250 μm (containing < 63 μm, 63-150 μm, and 150-250) recommended by the Bioaccessibility Research Group of Europe (BARGE), are suitable where the largest proportion adhering to hands is the finest soil (<63 μm). The results showed that different metals exhibited different relationships between soil particle size and content and between soil particle size and bioaccessibility. Pb and Zn generally exhibited the greatest bioaccessibility in the coarsest particle sizes (250-2000 μm); whereas the highest Ni bioaccessibility occurred in the finest sizes (<63 μm); the bioaccessibility of other metals did not exhibit any obvious relationships with particle size. When assessing health risks using bioaccessible metal content in the recommended soil particle size ranges (<150 μm and <250 μm) and in finer particles (<63 μm), the results for noncarcinogenic risks to children exhibited no obvious difference, while the actual carcinogenic risks may be underestimated with the use of soil particle size ranges < 150 μm and <250 μm. Therefore, when choosing an optimal particle size fraction to evaluate the health risk of oral soil ingestion, we recommend the use of the bioaccessible metal content in <63 μm soil fraction., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The chemical composition of aerosol particles is a key parameter for human health and climate effects. Single-particle mass spectrometry (SPMS) has evolved to a mature technology with unique chemical coverage and the capability to analyze the distribution of aerosol components in the particle ensemble in real time. With the fully automated characterization of the chemical profile of the aerosol particles, selective real-time monitoring of air quality could be performed, e.g., for urgent risk assessments due to particularly harmful pollutants. For aerosol particle classification, mostly unsupervised clustering algorithms (ART-2a, K -means and their derivatives) are used, which require manual postprocessing. In this work, we focus on supervised algorithms to tackle the problem of the automatic classification of large amounts of aerosol particle data. Supervised learning requires data with labels to train a predictive model. Therefore, we created a labeled benchmark dataset containing ∼ 24 000 particles with eight different coarse categories that were highly abundant at a measurement in summer in Central Europe: elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon and elemental carbon (OC-EC), potassium-rich (K-rich), calcium-rich (Ca-rich), iron-rich (Fe-rich), vanadium-rich (V-rich), magnesium-rich (Mg-rich) and sodium-rich (Na-rich). Using the chemical features of particles, the performance of the following classical supervised algorithms was tested: K -nearest neighbors, support vector machine, decision tree, random forest and multi-layer perceptron. This work shows that despite the entrenched position of unsupervised clustering algorithms in the field, the use of supervised algorithms has the potential to replace the manual step of clustering algorithms in many applications, where real-time data analysis is essential. For the classification of the eight classes, the prediction accuracy of several supervised algorithms exceeded 97 %. The trained model was used to classify ∼ 49 000 particles from a blind dataset in 0.2 s , taking into account also a class of "unclassified" particles. The predictions are highly consistent with the results obtained in a previous study using ART-2a. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The real-time automatic and accurate measurement of the mass of ultrafine particles is especially challenging due to their low concentrations and the interferences of larger particles. This work introduces a new method to estimate PM0.1 continuously. Based on the theoretical predictions of a 3-D chemical transport model, PM0.1 and N50 (number concentration of particles with a diameter above 50 nm) can have a very good correlation. This hypothesis is tested in this work by analyzing hourly measurements of size distributions, from different cities in Europe for a year. PM0.1 had a strong spatial and temporal correlation with N50 (R2 > 90%). The line passing through zero had an average slope of 0.16 ± 0.01 × 10−9 µg, for an assumed particle density equal to 1 g cm−3. This suggests that PM0.1 can be, at least in principle, measured indirectly but quite accurately and continuously by measuring N50 with a suitable condensation particle counter. Copyright © 2023 American Association for Aerosol Research [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultrafine particles (UFP) are suspected of having significant impacts on health. However, there have only been a limited number of studies on sources of UFP compared to larger particles. In this work, we identified and quantified the sources and processes contributing to particle number size distributions (PNSD) using Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) at six monitoring stations (four urban background and two street canyon) from four European cities: Barcelona, Helsinki, London, and Zurich. These cities are characterised by different meteorological conditions and emissions. The common sources across all stations were Photonucleation, traffic emissions (3 sources, from fresh to aged emissions: Traffic nucleation, Fresh traffic - mode diameter between 13 and 37 nm, and Urban - mode diameter between 44 and 81 nm, mainly traffic but influenced by other sources in some cities), and Secondary particles. The Photonucleation factor was only directly identified by PMF for Barcelona, while an additional split of the Nucleation factor (into Photonucleation and Traffic nucleation) by using NO x concentrations as a proxy for traffic emissions was performed for all other stations. The sum of all traffic sources resulted in a maximum relative contributions ranging from 71 to 94% (annual average) thereby being the main contributor at all stations. In London and Zurich, the relative contribution of the sources did not vary significantly between seasons. In contrast, the high levels of solar radiation in Barcelona led to an important contribution of Photonucleation particles (ranging from 14% during the winter period to 35% during summer). Biogenic emissions were a source identified only in Helsinki (both in the urban background and street canyon stations), that contributed importantly during summer (23% in urban background). Airport emissions contributed to Nucleation particles at urban background sites, as the highest concentrations of this source took place when the wind was blowing from the airport direction in all cities., (Copyright © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

One of the major product quality challenges for injectable biologics is controlling the amount of protein aggregates and particles present in the final drug product. This article focuses on particles in the submicron range (<2 μm). A cross-industry collaboration was undertaken to address some of the analytical gaps in measuring submicron particles (SMPs), developing best practices, and surveying the concentration of these particles present in 52 unique clinical and commercial protein therapeutics covering 62 dosage forms. Measured particle concentrations spanned a range of 4 orders of magnitude for nanoparticle tracking analysis and 3 orders of magnitude for resonant mass measurement. The particle concentrations determined by the 2 techniques differed significantly for both control and actual product. In addition, results suggest that these techniques exhibit higher variability compared to well-established subvisible particle characterization techniques (e.g., flow-imaging or light obscuration). Therefore, in their current states, nanoparticle tracking analysis and resonant mass measurement-based techniques can be used during product and process characterization, contributing information on the nature and propensity for formation of submicron particles and what is normal for the product, but may not be suitable for release or quality control testing. Evaluating the level of SMPs to which humans have been routinely exposed during the administration of several commercial and late-phase clinical products adds critical knowledge to our understanding of SMP levels that may be considered acceptable from a safety point of view. This article also discusses dependence of submicron particle size and concentration on the dosage form attributes such as physical state, primary packaging, dose strength, etc. To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest study ever conducted to characterize SMPs in late-phase and commercial products., (Copyright © 2020 American Pharmacists Association®. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

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Despite a large number of studies, out of all drivers of radiative forcing, the effect of aerosols has the largest uncertainty in global climate model radiative forcing estimates. There have been studies of aerosol optical properties in climate models, but the effects of particle number size distribution need a more thorough inspection. We investigated the trends and seasonality of particle number concentrations in nucleation, Aitken, and accumulation modes at 21 measurement sites in Europe and the Arctic. For 13 of those sites, with longer measurement time series, we compared the field observations with the results from five climate models, namely EC-Earth3, ECHAM-M7, ECHAM-SALSA, NorESM1.2, and UKESM1. This is the first extensive comparison of detailed aerosol size distribution trends between in situ observations from Europe and five earth system models (ESMs). We found that the trends of particle number concentrations were mostly consistent and decreasing in both measurements and models. However, for many sites, climate models showed weaker decreasing trends than the measurements. Seasonal variability in measured number concentrations, quantified by the ratio between maximum and minimum monthly number concentration, was typically stronger at northern measurement sites compared to other locations. Models had large differences in their seasonal representation, and they can be roughly divided into two categories: for EC-Earth and NorESM, the seasonal cycle was relatively similar for all sites, and for other models the pattern of seasonality varied between northern and southern sites. In addition, the variability in concentrations across sites varied between models, some having relatively similar concentrations for all sites, whereas others showed clear differences in concentrations between remote and urban sites. To conclude, although all of the model simulations had identical input data to describe anthropogenic mass emissions, trends in differently sized particles vary among the models due to assumptions in emission sizes and differences in how models treat size-dependent aerosol processes. The inter-model variability was largest in the accumulation mode, i.e. sizes which have implications for aerosol–cloud interactions. Our analysis also indicates that between models there is a large variation in efficiency of long-range transportation of aerosols to remote locations. The differences in model results are most likely due to the more complex effect of different processes instead of one specific feature (e.g. the representation of aerosol or emission size distributions). Hence, a more detailed characterization of microphysical processes and deposition processes affecting the long-range transport is needed to understand the model variability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The real-time automatic and accurate measurement of the mass of ultrafine particles is especially challenging due to their low concentrations and the interferences of larger particles. This work introduces a new method to estimate PM0.1 continuously. Based on the theoretical predictions of a 3-D chemical transport model, PM0.1 and N50 (number concentration of particles with a diameter above 50 nm) can have a very good correlation. This hypothesis is tested in this work by analyzing hourly measurements of size distributions, from different cities in Europe for a year. PM0.1 had a strong spatial and temporal correlation with N50 (R2 > 90%). The line passing through zero had an average slope of 0.16 ± 0.01 × 10−9 µg, for an assumed particle density equal to 1 g cm−3. This suggests that PM0.1 can be, at least in principle, measured indirectly but quite accurately and continuously by measuring N50 with a suitable condensation particle counter. Copyright © 2023 American Association for Aerosol Research [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although traffic exhaust emissions in Europe have been drastically reduced, airborne particle emissions caused by brakes and tires are still increasing with the number of vehicles. The measurement of non-exhaust emissions is an emerging technological challenge. We present a custom measurement setup to investigate the brake- and tire-wear emissions of an in-use battery electric vehicle. A separate brake housing and HEPA ventilation enabled airborne brake wear emissions to be measured under realistic conditions without external influences. The emission tests on a chassis dynamometer included particle number concentrations and particle size distribution for diameters of 4 nm to 10 μm. Emission indices were determined for three driving cycles: WLTC Class 3b, WLTC Brake Part 10, and a real driving cycle. Further investigations focused on emission control through regenerative braking and brake coating. Driving with regenerative braking reduced emissions by up to 89.9%, which related to the concentration of particles in the ultrafine/fine size range. Hard-metal brake coating led to a further significant reduction in emissions of up to 78.9%. The results point the way to future RDE measurement of non-exhaust emissions and show the potential of regenerative braking and brake coating to reduce airborne brake wear emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Characteristic particle size, fluorescence intensity, and fluorescence spectra are important features to detect and categorize bioaerosols. A prototype size-resolved single-particle fluorescence spectrometer (S2FS) was developed to simultaneously measure aerodynamic diameters and fluorescence spectra. Emission spectra are dispersed in 512 channels from 370 to 610 nm, where a major portion of biological fluorescence emission occurs. The S2FS consists of an aerodynamic particle sizer and a fluorescence spectrometer with a 355 nm laser excitation source and an intensified charge-coupled device as the detector. Highly fluorescent particles, such as Ambrosia artemisiifolia pollen and Olea europaea pollen, can be distinguished by the S2FS on a single-particle level. For weakly fluorescent particles, fluorescence spectra can only be obtained by averaging multiple particles (between 100 and 3000) of the same kind. Preliminary ambient measurements in Mainz (Germany, central Europe) show that an emission peak at ∼440 nm was frequently observed for fluorescent fine particles (0.5-1 μm). Fluorescent fine particles accounted for 2.8% on average based on the number fraction in the fine mode. Fluorescent coarse particles (>1 μm) accounted for 8.9% on average based on the number fraction, with strongest occurrence observed during a thunderstorm and in the morning.

This study presents results of the research on atmospheric aerosol particles in the coastal environment, focusing on the investigation of new particle formation (NPF) events. Continuous measurements of the particle number size distribution (8.7–840 nm) were performed at the Preila station throughout the year 2013. An estimation of the aerosol particle number concentration (PNC) of nucleation (8.7–20 nm), Aitken (20–100 nm) and accumulation modes (100–840 nm) and their input to the total PNC were performed. The annual average value of the total PNC was 3.9·10 3 cm −3 . The seasonal variations of the total PNC essentially comprised the maximum monthly average in March (6.3·10 3 cm −3 ) and the minimum in November (1.9·10 3 cm −3 ). The highest input (44–64%) into the total PNC was influenced by Aitken mode particles. The particles of the accumulation mode made up 23% of the total PNC during spring, summer and autumn months, and comprised about 48% during winter months. The monthly average input of the nucleation mode particles to the total PNC varied from 11% to 20%. However, the diurnal average input of each nucleation mode particles to the total PNC had higher variations and showed the limits of the nucleation mode input to the total PNC depending on the inputs of Aitken and accumulation modes. It should be noted that the described limits of the nucleation mode input to the total PNC were constant for NPF event days and non-event day׳s datasets. During whole 2013 year were observed 111 NPF events, which were classified as Class I (18 days) and Class II (93 days). The average particle formation and growth rates were 0.45 cm −3 s −1 and 3.7 nm h −1 , respectively. The average condensation sink was 1.53·10 −3 s −1 . The highest number of NPF days was observed when the air masses advected from northern directions (Scandinavia, the North Sea, and the Arctic) and contrary the NPF events were observed very rarely during advection of polluted continental air masses. Thus, the parameters estimated for the NPF events observed at the Preila station are partially similar to the Northern Europe stations. However, the PNC level, low seasonal PNC cycle and heterogeneous air masses showed similarity with Central Europe aerosol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although they are currently unregulated, atmospheric ultrafine particles (<100 nm) pose health risks because of, e.g., their capability to penetrate deep into the respiratory system. Ultrafine particles, often minor contributors to atmospheric particulate mass, typically dominate aerosol particle number concentrations. We simulated the response of particle number concentrations over Europe to recent estimates of future emission reductions of aerosol particles and their precursors. We used the chemical transport model PMCAMx-UF, with novel updates including state-of-the-art descriptions of ammonia and dimethylamine new particle formation (NPF) pathways and the condensation of organic compounds onto particles. These processes had notable impacts on atmospheric particle number concentrations. All three emission scenarios (current legislation, optimized emissions, and maximum technically feasible reductions) resulted in substantial (10-50%) decreases in median particle number concentrations over Europe. Consistent reductions were predicted in Central Europe, while Northern Europe exhibited smaller reductions or even increased concentrations. Motivated by the improved NPF descriptions for ammonia and methylamines, we placed special focus on the potential to improve air quality by reducing agricultural emissions, which are a major source of these species. Agricultural emission controls showed promise in reducing ultrafine particle number concentrations, although the change is nonlinear with particle size.

Evidence for the association between long-term exposure to ambient particulate matter components and mortality from natural causes is sparse and inconsistent. We evaluated this association in six large administrative cohorts in the framework of the Effects of Low-Level Air Pollution: A Study in Europe (ELAPSE) project. We analyzed data from country-wide administrative cohorts in Norway, Denmark, the Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland and in Rome (Italy). Annual 2010 mean concentrations of copper (Cu), iron (Fe), potassium (K), nickel (Ni), sulfur (S), silicon (Si), vanadium (V) and zinc (Zn) in fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) were estimated using 100 × 100 m Europe-wide hybrid land use regression models assigned to the participants' residential addresses. We applied cohort-specific Cox proportional hazard models controlling for area- and individual-level covariates to evaluate associations with natural mortality. Two pollutant models adjusting for PM 2.5 total mass or nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) were also applied. We pooled cohort-specific estimates using a random effects meta-analysis. We included almost 27 million participants contributing more than 240 million person-years. All components except Zn were significantly associated with natural mortality [pooled Hazard Ratios (HRs) (95% CI): 1.037 (1.014, 1.060) per 5 ng/m 3 Cu; 1.069 (1.031, 1.108) per 100 ng/m 3 Fe; 1.039 (1.018, 1.062) per 50 ng/m 3 K; 1.024 (1.006, 1.043) per 1 ng/m 3 Ni; 1.036 (1.016, 1.057) per 200 ng/m 3 S; 1.152 (1.048, 1.266) per 100 ng/m 3 Si; 1.020 (1.006, 1.034) per 2 ng/m 3 V]. Only K and Si were robust to PM 2.5 or NO 2 adjustment [pooled HRs (95% CI) per 50 ng/m 3 in K: 1.025 (1.008, 1.044), 1.020 (0.999, 1.042) and per 100 ng/m 3 in Si: 1.121 (1.039, 1.209), 1.068 (1.022, 1.117) adjusted for PM 2.5 and NO 2 correspondingly]. Our findings indicate an association of natural mortality with most components, which was reduced after adjustment for PM 2.5 and especially NO 2 ., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None declared., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Hadron therapy with protons and carbon ions is widely attracting interest as a potential competitor of conventional photon radiotherapy. Exquisite dose distribution of charged particles allows for a higher local control of the tumor and lower probability of damage to nearby healthy tissues. Heavy ions have presumed biological advantages rising from their high-linear energy transfer (LET) characteristics, including greater cell-killing effectiveness and reduced heterogeneity dependence of radiation response. Although these advantages are clear and supported by data, only 18.0% of proton and carbon ion radiotherapy (CIRT) facilities in Europe are treating breast cancers. This review summarizes the physical and radiobiological properties of charged particles, clinical use of particle beam for breast cancer, and suggested approaches to overcome technical and financial challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present an overview of the modelling of particle number concentrations (PNCs) in five major European cities, namely Helsinki, Oslo, London, Rotterdam, and Athens, in 2008. Novel emission inventories of particle numbers have been compiled both on urban and European scales. We used atmospheric dispersion modelling for PNCs in the five target cities and on a European scale, and evaluated the predicted results against available measured concentrations. In all the target cities, the concentrations of particle numbers (PNs) were mostly influenced by the emissions originating from local vehicular traffic. The influence of shipping and harbours was also significant for Helsinki, Oslo, Rotterdam, and Athens, but not for London. The influence of the aviation emissions in Athens was also notable. The regional background concentrations were clearly lower than the contributions originating from urban sources in Helsinki, Oslo, and Athens. The regional background was also lower than urban contributions in traffic environments in London, but higher or approximately equal to urban contributions in Rotterdam. It was numerically evaluated that the influence of coagulation and dry deposition on the predicted PNCs was substantial for the urban background in Oslo. The predicted and measured annual average PNCs in four cities agreed within approximately ⩽26% (measured as fractional biases), except for one traffic station in London. This study indicates that it is feasible to model PNCs in major cities within a reasonable accuracy, although major challenges remain in the evaluation of both the emissions and atmospheric transformation of PNCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shipping contributes significantly to air pollutant emissions and atmospheric particulate matter (PM) concentrations. At the same time, worldwide maritime transport volumes are expected to continue to rise in the future. The Mediterranean Sea is a major short-sea shipping route within Europe and is the main shipping route between Europe and East Asia. As a result, it is a heavily trafficked shipping area, and air quality monitoring stations in numerous cities along the Mediterranean coast have detected high levels of air pollutants originating from shipping emissions. The current study is a part of the EU Horizon 2020 project SCIPPER (Shipping Contributions to Inland Pollution – Push for the Enforcement of Regulations), which intends to investigate how existing restrictions on shipping-related emissions to the atmosphere ensure compliance with legislation. To demonstrate the impact of ships on relatively large scales, the potential shipping impacts on various air pollutants can be simulated with chemical transport models. To determine the formation, transport, chemical transformation, and fate of particulate matter < 2.5 µ m (PM 2.5) in the Mediterranean Sea in 2015, five different regional chemical transport models (CAMx – Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extensions, CHIMERE, CMAQ – Community Multiscale Air Quality model, EMEP – European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme model, and LOTOS-EUROS) were applied. Furthermore, PM 2.5 precursors (ammonia (NH 3), sulfur dioxide (SO 2), nitric acid (HNO 3)) and inorganic particle species (sulfate (SO 42-), ammonia (NH 4+), nitrate (NO 3-)) were studied, as they are important for explaining differences among the models. STEAM (see "List of abbreviations" in Appendix A) version 3.3.0 was used to compute shipping emissions, and the CAMS-REG version 2.2.1 dataset was used to calculate land-based emissions for an area encompassing the Mediterranean Sea at a resolution of 12 × 12 km 2 (or 0.1 ∘ × 0.1 ∘). For additional input, like meteorological fields and boundary conditions, all models utilized their regular configuration. The zero-out approach was used to quantify the potential impact of ship emissions on PM 2.5 concentrations. The model results were compared with observed background data from monitoring sites. Four of the five models underestimated the actual measured PM 2.5 concentrations. These underestimations are linked to model-specific mechanisms or underpredictions of particle precursors. The potential impact of ships on the PM 2.5 concentration is between 15 % and 25 % at the main shipping routes. Regarding particle species, SO 42- is the main contributor to the absolute ship-related PM 2.5 and to total PM 2.5 concentrations. In the ship-related PM 2.5 , a higher share of inorganic particle species can be found when compared with the total PM 2.5. The seasonal variabilities in particle species show that NO 3- is higher in winter and spring, while the NH 4+ concentrations displayed no clear seasonal pattern in any models. In most cases with high concentrations of both NH 4+ and NO 3- , lower SO 42- concentrations are simulated. Differences among the simulated particle species distributions might be traced back to the aerosol size distribution and how models distribute emissions between the coarse and fine modes (PM 2.5 and PM 10). The seasonality of wet deposition follows the seasonality of the precipitation, showing that precipitation predominates wet deposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on individual ambient aerosol particles at the Swedish western coast in a pristine environment for 10 d in October 2019. The measurements were carried out using new technology with single-particle mass spectrometry (SPMS) that reveals both the inorganic particle composition as well as the particle-bound PAHs (Schade et al., 2019). More than 290 000 particles were characterized; 4412 of them reveal PAH signatures. Most of the PAH-containing particles were internal mixtures of carbonaceous material, secondary nitrate and metals from distant sources in central and eastern Europe. We characterize the aerosol with respect to the inorganic composition, comparable to conventional SPMS, before we discuss the distribution of PAHs within this particle ensemble. Vice versa, we analyze the single-particle PAH spectra for characteristic patterns and discuss the inorganic composition, origin and atmospheric processing of the respective particles. The study period comprised different meteorological situations: clean air conditions with winds from the North Sea/Kattegat and little terrestrial air pollution, long-range transport from eastern Europe and southern Sweden, and transport of aerosols from central Europe over the sea. For all meteorological conditions, PAHs were detected in particles whose inorganic content indicates traffic emissions, such as combinations of soot, iron and calcium as well as in particles with biomass-burning signatures. However, there were variations in their amounts, dependent on the geographic origin. Because of strong mixing, rapid degradation and speciation limits, e.g., for PAHs of the same nominal mass, the application of diagnostic ratios for source apportionment is limited under the conditions of our study. Nevertheless, the combination with the inorganic content and meteorological data provides unique insights into the particles' origin, aging and mixing state. We exemplarily show how the observation of PAH profiles and inorganic secondary components on a single-particle level can open a new door to investigate aerosol aging processes. To our best knowledge, we herewith present the first comprehensive study on the single-particle distribution of PAHs in ambient air as well as the first set of combined data on PAHs and inorganic composition on a single-particle level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of titanium dioxide (TiO2) as an additive in food has been a subject of ongoing debate in Europe due to its potential toxicity. To inform and support toxicological assessment of this additive, a better understanding of the physicochemical characteristics of TiO2 added to food is needed. For this reason, recent research efforts have focused on method development for the physicochemical characterisation of TiO2 in food and, as a raw material, in a regulatory context. Despite the significant progress made so far, more information is needed about the size-resolved quantification of titania nanoparticles in the fraction below 100 nm. Here, we report the development of a multi-method analytical platform for the characterisation of TiO2 in food. It is based on single particle ICP-MS (spICP-MS), supported by asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) coupled on-line to ICP-MS and multi-angle light scattering (MALS). spICP-MS was optimised to detect TiO2 with sizes down to 15 nm. This enabled us to detect and quantify a fraction of TiO2 particles with sizes below 35 nm, which has not been reported in the literature so far. The presence of this size fraction was confirmed by AF4/MALS/ICP-MS in the raw E171 additive. The relative percentage of particles in this fraction (from the total particle number detected) ranged from 48 to 61% in a range of food products purchased from a local grocery store, with a number concentration range of 2.9 1010–7.13 1013 kg−1, depending on the product. These findings will help bridge the gap with regard to lack of data comparability between orthogonal measurement methods and provide further scientific evidence supporting policy makers and regulators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Roadside measurements of particle size distributions from 2010 to 2021. • Diesel particle filters introduced from 2011 steadily reduce black carbon concentrations. • Nucleation mode particles are little changed and total ultrafine particles show a small decline in concentration. • Ultrafine particle concentrations remain in the "high" category as defined by WHO. Diesel engines are a major contributor to emissions of both Black Carbon (BC) and ultrafine particles. Analysis of data from the only roadside monitoring site in Europe with a continuous dataset for size-segregated particle number count (Marylebone Road, London) from 2010 to 2021 reveals that the growing number of vehicles fitted with a Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) and Diesel Particle Filter (DPF) has been very effective in controlling the emissions of solid particles and hence BC, but that there has been little change in the liquid mode (<30 nm) particles, and that concentrations of ultrafine particles (<100 nm) still well exceed the threshold for "high" concentrations (>104 cm−3 /24-hour mean) defined by WHO. BC declined by 81% between 2014 and 2021, but the ultrafine particle (<100 nm) count declined by only 26%. Consequently, in locations worldwide with heavy diesel traffic, concentrations of ultrafine particles are likely to remain "high" for the foreseeable future unless more effective abatement technologies are implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultrafine particles (UFP, those with diameters ≤ 100 nm), have been reported to potentially penetrate deeply into the respiratory system, translocate through the alveoli, and affect various organs, potentially correlating with increased mortality. The aim of this study is to assess long-term trends (5-11 years) in mostly urban UFP concentrations based on measurements of particle number size distributions (PNSD). Additionally, concentrations of other pollutants and meteorological variables were evaluated to support the interpretations. PNSD datasets from 12 urban background (UB), 5 traffic (TR), 3 suburban background (SUB) and 1 regional background (RB) sites in 15 European cities and 1 in the USA were evaluated. The non-parametric Theil-Sen's method was used to detect monotonic trends. Meta-analyses were carried out to assess the overall trends and those for different environments. The results showed significant decreases in NO, NO 2 , BC, CO, and particle concentrations in the Aitken (25-100 nm) and the Accumulation (100-800 nm) modes, suggesting a positive impact of the implementation of EURO 5/V and 6/VI vehicle standards on European air quality. The growing use of Diesel Particle Filters (DPFs) might also have clearly reduced exhaust emissions of BC, PM, and the Aitken and Accumulation mode particles. However, as reported by prior studies, there remains an issue of poor control of Nucleation mode particles (smaller than 25 nm), which are not fully reduced with current DPFs, without emission controls for semi-volatile organic compounds, and might have different origins than road traffic. Thus, contrasting trends for Nucleation mode particles were obtained across the cities studied. This mode also affected the UFP and total PNC trends because of the high proportion of Nucleation mode particles in both concentration ranges. It was also found that the urban temperature increasing trends might have also influenced those of PNC, Nucleation and Aitken modes., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

The burning of fossil fuels - especially coal, petrol, and diesel - is a major source of airborne fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ), and a key contributor to the global burden of mortality and disease. Previous risk assessments have examined the health response to total PM 2.5 , not just PM 2.5 from fossil fuel combustion, and have used a concentration-response function with limited support from the literature and data at both high and low concentrations. This assessment examines mortality associated with PM 2.5 from only fossil fuel combustion, making use of a recent meta-analysis of newer studies with a wider range of exposure. We also estimated mortality due to lower respiratory infections (LRI) among children under the age of five in the Americas and Europe, regions for which we have reliable data on the relative risk of this health outcome from PM 2.5 exposure. We used the chemical transport model GEOS-Chem to estimate global exposure levels to fossil-fuel related PM 2.5 in 2012. Relative risks of mortality were modeled using functions that link long-term exposure to PM 2.5 and mortality, incorporating nonlinearity in the concentration response. We estimate a global total of 10.2 (95% CI: -47.1 to 17.0) million premature deaths annually attributable to the fossil-fuel component of PM 2.5 . The greatest mortality impact is estimated over regions with substantial fossil fuel related PM 2.5 , notably China (3.9 million), India (2.5 million) and parts of eastern US, Europe and Southeast Asia. The estimate for China predates substantial decline in fossil fuel emissions and decreases to 2.4 million premature deaths due to 43.7% reduction in fossil fuel PM 2.5 from 2012 to 2018 bringing the global total to 8.7 (95% CI: -1.8 to 14.0) million premature deaths. We also estimated excess annual deaths due to LRI in children (0-4 years old) of 876 in North America, 747 in South America, and 605 in Europe. This study demonstrates that the fossil fuel component of PM 2.5 contributes a large mortality burden. The steeper concentration-response function slope at lower concentrations leads to larger estimates than previously found in Europe and North America, and the slower drop-off in slope at higher concentrations results in larger estimates in Asia. Fossil fuel combustion can be more readily controlled than other sources and precursors of PM 2.5 such as dust or wildfire smoke, so this is a clear message to policymakers and stakeholders to further incentivize a shift to clean sources of energy., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Studies have shown associations between mortality and long-term exposure to particulate matter air pollution. Few cohort studies have estimated the effects of the elemental composition of particulate matter on mortality., Objectives: Our aim was to study the association between natural-cause mortality and long-term exposure to elemental components of particulate matter., Methods: Mortality and confounder data from 19 European cohort studies were used. Residential exposure to eight a priori-selected components of particulate matter (PM) was characterized following a strictly standardized protocol. Annual average concentrations of copper, iron, potassium, nickel, sulfur, silicon, vanadium, and zinc within PM size fractions ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5) and ≤ 10 μm (PM10) were estimated using land-use regression models. Cohort-specific statistical analyses of the associations between mortality and air pollution were conducted using Cox proportional hazards models using a common protocol followed by meta-analysis., Results: The total study population consisted of 291,816 participants, of whom 25,466 died from a natural cause during follow-up (average time of follow-up, 14.3 years). Hazard ratios were positive for almost all elements and statistically significant for PM2.5 sulfur (1.14; 95% CI: 1.06, 1.23 per 200 ng/m3). In a two-pollutant model, the association with PM2.5 sulfur was robust to adjustment for PM2.5 mass, whereas the association with PM2.5 mass was reduced., Conclusions: Long-term exposure to PM2.5 sulfur was associated with natural-cause mortality. This association was robust to adjustment for other pollutants and PM2.5.

Particle emissions from a modern turbocharged gasoline direct injection passenger car equipped with a three-way catalyst and an exhaust gas recirculation system were studied while the vehicle was running on low-sulfur gasoline and, consecutively, with five different lubrication oils. Exhaust particle number concentration, size distribution, and volatility were determined both at laboratory and on-road conditions. The results indicated that the choice of lubricant affected particle emissions both during the cold start and warm driving cycles. However, the contribution of engine oil depended on driving conditions being higher during acceleration and steady state driving than during deceleration. The highest emission factors were found with two oils that had the highest metal content. The results indicate that a 10% decrease in the Zn content of engine oils is linked with an 11-13% decrease to the nonvolatile particle number emissions in steady driving conditions and a 5% decrease over the New European Driving Cycle. The effect of lubricant on volatile particles was even higher, on the order of 20%.

Particle therapy using protons or heavier ions is currently the most advanced form of radiotherapy and offers new opportunities for improving cancer care and research. Ions deposit the dose with a sharp maximum - the Bragg peak - and normal tissue receives a much lower dose than what is delivered by X-ray therapy. Particle therapy has also biological advantages due to the high linear energy transfer of the charged particles around the Bragg peak. The introduction of particle therapy has been slow in Europe, but within the last decade, more than 20 clinical facilities have opened and facilitated access to this frontline therapy. In this review article, the basic concepts of particle therapy are reviewed along with a presentation of the current clinical indications, the European clinical research, and the established networks., (© 2020 The Authors. Published by FEBS Press and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background: An association between long-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) and lung cancer has been established in previous studies. PM 2.5 is a complex mixture of chemical components from various sources and little is known about whether certain components contribute specifically to the associated lung cancer risk. The present study builds on recent findings from the "Effects of Low-level Air Pollution: A Study in Europe" (ELAPSE) collaboration and addresses the potential association between specific elemental components of PM 2.5 and lung cancer incidence., Methods: We pooled seven cohorts from across Europe and assigned exposure estimates for eight components of PM 2.5 representing non-tail pipe emissions (copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn)), long-range transport (sulfur (S)), oil burning/industry emissions (nickel (Ni), vanadium (V)), crustal material (silicon (Si)), and biomass burning (potassium (K)) to cohort participants' baseline residential address based on 100 m by 100 m grids from newly developed hybrid models combining air pollution monitoring, land use data, satellite observations, and dispersion model estimates. We applied stratified Cox proportional hazards models, adjusting for potential confounders (age, sex, calendar year, marital status, smoking, body mass index, employment status, and neighborhood-level socio-economic status)., Results: The pooled study population comprised 306,550 individuals with 3916 incident lung cancer events during 5,541,672 person-years of follow-up. We observed a positive association between exposure to all eight components and lung cancer incidence, with adjusted HRs of 1.10 (95% CI 1.05, 1.16) per 50 ng/m 3 PM 2.5  K, 1.09 (95% CI 1.02, 1.15) per 1 ng/m 3 PM 2.5 Ni, 1.22 (95% CI 1.11, 1.35) per 200 ng/m 3 PM 2.5  S, and 1.07 (95% CI 1.02, 1.12) per 200 ng/m 3 PM 2.5  V. Effect estimates were largely unaffected by adjustment for nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ). After adjustment for PM 2.5 mass, effect estimates of K, Ni, S, and V were slightly attenuated, whereas effect estimates of Cu, Si, Fe, and Zn became null or negative., Conclusions: Our results point towards an increased risk of lung cancer in connection with sources of combustion particles from oil and biomass burning and secondary inorganic aerosols rather than non-exhaust traffic emissions. Specific limit values or guidelines targeting these specific PM 2.5 components may prove helpful in future lung cancer prevention strategies., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

We developed Europe-wide models of long-term exposure to eight elements (copper, iron, potassium, nickel, sulfur, silicon, vanadium, and zinc) in particulate matter with diameter <2.5 μm (PM 2.5 ) using standardized measurements for one-year periods between October 2008 and April 2011 in 19 study areas across Europe, with supervised linear regression (SLR) and random forest (RF) algorithms. Potential predictor variables were obtained from satellites, chemical transport models, land-use, traffic, and industrial point source databases to represent different sources. Overall model performance across Europe was moderate to good for all elements with hold-out-validation R -squared ranging from 0.41 to 0.90. RF consistently outperformed SLR. Models explained within-area variation much less than the overall variation, with similar performance for RF and SLR. Maps proved a useful additional model evaluation tool. Models differed substantially between elements regarding major predictor variables, broadly reflecting known sources. Agreement between the two algorithm predictions was generally high at the overall European level and varied substantially at the national level. Applying the two models in epidemiological studies could lead to different associations with health. If both between- and within-area exposure variability are exploited, RF may be preferred. If only within-area variability is used, both methods should be interpreted equally.

Commercial shipping is considered as an important source of air pollution and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). To assess the climatic and environmental impacts of shipping, detailed characterization of ship plumes near the point of emission and understanding of ship plume evolution further downwind are essential. This airborne measurement study presents the online characterization of particulate phase ship emissions in the region of Western Europe in 2019 prior to new international sulfur emission controls becoming enacted. More than 30 ships from both the sulfur emission control area (SECA) in the English Channel and the open sea (OS) are measured and compared. Ships within the SECA emitted much less sulfate (SO 4 ) compared with those at OS. When shifted to a lower apparent fuel sulfur content (FSC) at similar engine loads, the peak of the fresh ship emitting the particle number size distribution shifted from around 60-80 nm in diameter to below 40 nm in diameter. The emission factors (EFs) of sulfate are predicted to decrease by around 94% after the 2020 regulation on ship sulfur emission in the open ocean. The EFs of refractory black carbon (rBC) and organic compounds (Org) do not appear to be directly affected by the lower sulfur contents. The total number concentration for condensation nuclei (CN) >2.5 nm and >0.1 μm are predicated to be reduced by 69 and 56%, respectively. Measured plume evolution results indicate that the S(IV) to S(VI) conversion rate was around 23.4% per hour at the beginning of plume evolution, and the CCN and CN >2.5 nm ratio increased with plume age primarily due to condensation and coagulation. We estimate that the new sulfur emission regulation will lead to a reduction of more than 80% in CCN from fresh ship emissions. The ship-emitted EFs results presented here will also inform emission inventories, policymaking, climate, and human health studies.

Atmospheric aerosol particles are a complex combination of primary emitted sources (biogenic and anthropogenic) and secondary aerosol resulting from aging processes such as condensation, coagulation, and cloud processing. To better understand their sources, investigations have been focused on urban areas in the past, whereas rural-background stations are normally less impacted by surrounding anthropogenic sources. Therefore, they are predisposed for studying the impact of long-range transport of anthropogenic aerosols. Here, the chemical composition and organic aerosol (OA) sources of submicron aerosol particles measured by an aerosol chemical speciation monitor (ACSM) and a multi-angle absorption photometer (MAAP) were investigated at Melpitz from September 2016 to August 2017. The location of the station at the frontier between western and eastern Europe makes it the ideal place to investigate the impact of long-range transport over Europe. Indeed, the station is under the influence of less polluted air masses from westerly directions and more polluted continental air masses from eastern Europe. The OA dominated the submicron particle mass concentration and showed strong seasonal variability ranging from 39 % (in winter) to 58 % (in summer). It was followed by sulfate (15 % and 20 %) and nitrate (24 % and 11 %). The OA source identification was performed using the rolling positive matrix factorization (PMF) approach to account for the potential temporal changes in the source profile. It was possible to split OA into five factors with a distinct temporal variability and mass spectral signature. Three were associated with anthropogenic primary OA (POA) sources: hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA; 5.2 % of OA mass in winter and 6.8 % in summer), biomass burning OA (BBOA; 10.6 % and 6.1 %) and coal combustion OA (CCOA; 23 % and 8.7 %). Another two are secondary and processed oxygenated OA (OOA) sources: less oxidized OOA (LO-OOA; 28.4 % and 36.7 %) and more oxidized OOA (MO-OOA; 32.8 % and 41.8 %). Since equivalent black carbon (eBC) was clearly associated with the identified POA factors (sum of HOA, BBOA, and CCOA; R2= 0. 87), eBC's contribution to each of the POA factors was achieved using a multilinear regression model. Consequently, CCOA represented the main anthropogenic sources of carbonaceous aerosol (sum of OA and eBC) not only during winter (56 % of POA in winter) but also in summer (13 % of POA in summer), followed by BBOA (29 % and 69 % of POA in winter and summer, respectively) and HOA (15 % and 18 % of POA in winter and summer, respectively). A seasonal air mass cluster analysis was used to understand the geographical origins of the different aerosol types and showed that during both winter and summer time, PM 1 (PM with an aerodynamic diameter smaller than 1 µm) air masses with eastern influence were always associated with the highest mass concentration and the highest coal combustion fraction. Since during wintertime CCOA is a combination of domestic heating and power plant emissions, the summer contribution of CCOA emphasizes the critical importance of coal power plant emissions to rural-background aerosols and its impact on air quality, through long-range transportation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Applied nuclear physics is an essential part of the research activity at many particle accelerators. New, large accelerator facilities are currently under construction in Europe, Asia, and USA. These machines will be able to produce radioactive ion beams, and to increase the intensity and the energy of the heavy ions well beyond the limits currently available at the therapy or research facilities. The upcoming facilities open new opportunities for research in biomedical applications that require these special properties, such as particle radiography, radioactive beam imaging, ultra-high dose rates and new ions for therapy. Moreover, space radiation research and materials science can successfully exploit these new centers. The new facilities can pave the way to many future applications of nuclear physics for the benefit of the society. In this paper we will summarize the current status of applied sciences at high-energy accelerators, describe the characteristics of some of the machines under construction (FAIR, NICA, RAON, ELI) and discuss the new opportunities offered by these facilities in applied sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Portable emissions measurement systems (PEMS) for gaseous pollutants were firstly introduced in the United States regulation to check the in-use compliance of heavy-duty engines, avoiding the high costs of removing the engine and testing it on a dynamometer in the laboratory. In Europe, the in-service conformity of heavy-duty engines has been checked with PEMS for gaseous pollutants since 2014. To strengthen emissions regulations with a view to minimise the differences between on-road and laboratory emission levels in some cases, PEMS testing, including solid particle number (SPN), was introduced for the type-approval of light-duty vehicles in Europe in 2017 and for in-service conformity in 2019. SPN-PEMS for heavy-duty engines will be introduced in 2021. This paper gives an overview of the studies for SPN-PEMS from early 2013 with the first prototypes until the latest testing and improvements in 2019. The first prototype diffusion charger (DC) based systems had high differences from the reference laboratory systems at the first light-duty vehicles campaign. Tightening of the technical requirements and improvements from the instrument manufacturers resulted in differences of around 50%. Similar differences were found in an inter-laboratory comparison exercise with the best performing DC- and CPC- (condensation particle counter) based system. The heavy-duty evaluation phase at a single lab and later at various European laboratories revealed higher differences due to the small size of the urea generated particles and their high charge at elevated temperatures. This issue, along with robustness at low ambient temperatures, was addressed by the instrument manufacturers bringing the measurement uncertainty to the 50% levels. This measurement uncertainty needs to be considered at the on-road emission results measured with PEMS.

PM 10 -bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) levels were monitored at urban locations (outdoor/indoor) within the city of Madrid between May 2017 and April 2018. Fourteen PAH congeners were measured, potential emission sources were identified as were potential carcinogenic risks. The ΣPAHs averaged 0.577 and 0.186 ng/m 3 in outdoor and indoor air, with a high linear correlation per individual mean PAH and month. The largest contributors to the ΣPAHs were the high-molecular-weight PAHs. Principal component analysis-multiple linear regression results showed that emissions from diesel and vehicular processes explained 27% and 23% of the total variance of outdoor and indoor air, while combustion processes accounted for 30% and 25% in ambient and indoor air, respectively. During the cold season, biomass burning plus coal and wood combustion were additional sources of outdoor emissions. The heavy-, medium- and light-molecular-weight PAH originating from outdoor sources accounted for 72%, 80%, and ~60% of the indoor levels of the three respective PAH groups. Average BaP concentration was 0.029 and 0.016 ng/m 3 in outdoor and indoor air, respectively. Estimated BaPeq concentration averaged 0.072, 0.035, and 0.027 ng/m 3 for outdoor, indoor, and indoor-generated individual PAH concentrations, respectively. The estimated carcinogenic risk falls within the range of acceptable risk targeted by the US-EPA., (© 2019 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Proton therapy is delivered to selected cancer patients presenting with rare tumours, for which a dose escalation paradigm and/or a reduced dose-bath to the organs at risk is pursued. It is a costly treatment with an additional cost factor of 2-3 when compared to photon radiotherapy. Notwithstanding the 180'000 patients treated with protons, scars robust clinical evidence is available to justify the administration of this treatment modality. The European Particle Therapy Network (EPTN) was created in 2015 to answer the critical European needs for cooperation among protons and carbon ions centres in the framework of clinical research networks. EPTN with other European groups will launch a number of prospective clinical trials that could be practice changing if positive. Alternative way to generate clinical data could be provided by alternative methodologies, such as the Dutch model-based approach, or could be provided by European infrastructure projects., (Copyright © 2020 Société française de radiothérapie oncologique (SFRO). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: The literature identifies various competences required for therapy radiographers (TR), however, these are varied and scattered among different publications. The aim of this study was to identify the competences required by therapy radiographers practising on the linear accelerator in the European setting, according to published literature., Methods: A systematic approach was performed to find relevant literature. The literature was then scrutinised for competences practised by linac TRs. Thematic analysis was performed to organise the competences according to themes., Results: A list of 170 competences were generated based on the assessment of 28 publications. The competences were organised in themes, including "delivery of treatment", "verification of patient setup", "patient care" and "teamwork and multidisciplinarity". The competences of the therapeutic radiographers encompass multiple themes, evidence of the complexity of the role of these professionals., Conclusion: Radiographers across Europe must be trained to the highest standards to ensure the best care possible is given to patients, irrespective of the country the radiographer trained in. This will also promote for free movement of professionals across countries. The competences identified can be used as reference for the design of academic curriculum for TRs practising across Europe., (Copyright © 2019 The College of Radiographers. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

PANDA (antiProton ANihilation at DArmstadt) is the central experiment to fully exploit the physics research potential of antiproton beams at the international accelerator Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research in Europe (FAIR), currently under construction at GSI. Phase-space cooled high intensity antiproton beams up to 15 GeV/c will be provided by the High Energy Storage Ring (HESR) at FAIR to interact with PANDA internal proton or nuclear targets enabling a broad range of exciting studies in Particle and Nuclear Physics. The PANDA detector features two spectrometers, the Target Spectrometer with a superconducting solenoid magnet of 2 T around the interaction region with hermetic coverage and the Forward Spectrometer with a 2 Tm dipole magnet for coverage of the forward boosted particles. Several modern particle detector systems are employed in PANDA to provide excellent charged particle tracking, particle identification, calorimetry and muon detection, over the full momentum range in both spectrometers throughout the lifetime of the experiment. Focusing on the various PANDA detector systems we present an overview of recent developments, the detector construction progress and conclude with an outline for a phased deployment of PANDA at FAIR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The forest sector is vital in Europe, providing economic and social benefits to communities. However, this sector is also responsible for some environmental impacts, and it is crucial to ensure that these impacts do not outweigh the benefits described. For this reason, this paper proposes an environmental and economic assessment of three forest wood products – uncoated woodfree paper, natural cork stoppers, and particle boards. The life cycles of these products were modeled using foreground data and a life cycle assessment was conducted to determine the environmental impacts associated with these three life cycles. For the economic assessment, the net present value method was adopted. From the results, it is possible to conclude that the utilization of 1 ha of forest land for 100 years to plant Eucalyptus globulus used in the production of uncoated woodfree paper generates the least environmental impact per euro. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine the reliability of the results achieved given the uncertainty associated with the data used to model the three life cycles. The same critical impact categories and the same critical life cycle stage (raw materials' extraction) were identified for the three systems under study. Given these similarities, an effort must be made by the forest sector to reduce the impacts of these categories and this life cycle stage. To assist on this task, a set of generic and industry-specific recommendations is provided for companies operating in the forest sector. • An environmental and economic assessment of three forest wood products is performed. • The life cycle assessment methodology and the net present value method are used. • The production of uncoated woodfree paper generates the least environmental impact per euro of NPV. • Using sensitivity analysis, the results were found to be reliable. • Recommendations for different stakeholders in the forest sector are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) is one of the oldest, largest, and most emblematic European research infrastructures. Its history, as expressed through narratives of its own organizational identity, does not only reflect the development of its technoscientific activities but also strongly references a multiplicity of performances of Europe. By analysing these narratives of organizational identity over nearly seven decades, it is possible to observe an ongoing coproductive relationship between technoscientific and sociopolitical orders—more specifically between particle physics and Europe. Furthermore, there has been a considerable shift in the justificatory and explanatory relationship between these orders. In its first three decades, CERN was envisioned as an organization in which European unity could be accomplished through science. A broad vision of science as a common European language contributed to an imaginary of postwar Europe (re-)united through its cultural/scientific roots. Roughly since 1990, however, CERN has been presenting itself as a 'laboratory for the world', thereby constructing a new imaginary of Europeanness as an organizational and cultural resource to support global particle physics. Thus, there has been a narrative shift from European collaboration being promoted through science, to science on a world scale being promoted by a specific idea of Europeanness. Studying the temporal dynamics of coproductive relationships like these sensitizes us to shifts of balance between sociopolitical and technoscientific orders: it reveals which orders are narrated as drivers and which as driven as well as how this opens up or closes down justificatory narratives and ways of acting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ambient particle number size distributions were measured in Paris, France, during summer (1-31 July 2009) and winter (15 January to 15 February 2010) at three fixed ground sites and using two mobile laboratories and one airplane. The campaigns were part of the Megacities: Emissions, urban, regional and Global Atmospheric POLlution and climate effects, and Integrated tools for assessment and mitigation (MEGAPOLI) project. New particle formation (NPF) was observed only during summer on approximately 50% of the campaign days, assisted by the low condensation sink (about 10.7 ± 5.9 × 10-3 s-1). NPF events inside the Paris plume were also observed at 600 m altitude onboard an aircraft simultaneously with regional events identified on the ground. Increased particle number concentrations were measured aloft also outside of the Paris plume at the same altitude, and were attributed to NPF. The Paris plume was identified, based on increased particle number and black carbon concentration, up to 200 km away from the Paris center during summer. The number concentration of particles with diameters exceeding 2.5 nm measured on the surface at the Paris center was on average 6.9 ± 8.7 × 104 and 12.1 ± 8.6 × 104 cm-3 during summer and winter, respectively, and was found to decrease exponentially with distance from Paris. However, further than 30 km from the city center, the particle number concentration at the surface was similar during both campaigns. During summer, one suburban site in the NE was not significantly affected by Paris emissions due to higher background number concentrations, while the particle number concentration at the second suburban site in the SW increased by a factor of 3 when it was downwind of Paris. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the goals are to pick a Higgs factory, carry out R&D on accelerators and detectors, conduct feasibility studies, and improve environmental sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European X-ray Free-Electron Laser (European XFEL) (Altarelli et al., 2006; Tschentscher et al., 2017), the world's largest and brightest X-ray free-electron laser (Saldin et al., 1999; Pellegrini et al., 2016), went into operation in 2017. This article describes the as-built realization of photon diagnostics for this facility, the diagnostics commissioning and their application for commissioning of the facility, and results from the first year of operation, focusing on the SASE1 beamline, which was the first to be commissioned. The commissioning consisted of pre-beam checkout, first light from the bending magnets, X-rays from single undulator segments, SASE tuning with many undulator segments, first lasing, optics alignment for FEL beam transport through the tunnel up to the experiment hutches, and finally beam delivery to first users. The beam properties assessed by photon diagnostics throughout these phases included per-pulse intensity, beam position, shape, lateral dimensions and spectral properties. During this time period, the machine provided users with up to 14 keV photon energy, 1.5 mJ pulse energy, 300 FEL pulses per train and 4.5 MHz intra-bunch train repetition rate at a 10 Hz train repetition rate. Finally, an outlook is given into the diagnostic prospects for the future.

The chemical composition of aerosol particles is a key parameter for human health and climate effects. Single-particle mass spectrometry (SPMS) has evolved to a mature technology with unique chemical coverage and the capability to analyze the distribution of aerosol components in the particle ensemble in real-time. With the fully automated characterization of the chemical profile of the aerosol particles, selective real-time monitoring of air quality could be performed e.g. for urgent risk assessments due to particularly harmful pollutants. For aerosol particle classification, mostly unsupervised clustering algorithms (ART-2a, K-means and their derivatives) are used, which require manual post-processing. In this work, we focus on supervised algorithms to tackle the problem of automatic classification of large amounts of aerosol particle data. Supervised learning requires data with labels to train a predictive model. Therefore, we created a labeled benchmark dataset containing ~24,000 particles with eight different coarse categories that were highly abundant at a measurement in summer in Central Europe: Elemental Carbon (EC) , Organic Carbon and Elemental Carbon (OC-EC) , Potassium-rich (K-rich) , Calcium-rich (Ca-rich) , Iron-rich (Fe-rich) , Vanadium-rich (V-rich) , Magnesium-rich (Mg-rich) and Sodium-rich (Na-rich). Using the chemical features of particles the performance of the following classical supervised algorithms was tested: K-nearest neighbors, support vector machine, decision tree, random forest and multi-layer perceptron. This work shows that despite the entrenched position of unsupervised clustering algorithms in the field, the use of supervised algorithms has the potential to replace the manual step of clustering algorithms in many applications, where real-time data analysis is essential. For the classification of the eight classes, the prediction accuracy of several supervised algorithms exceeded 97 %. The trained model was used to classify ~49,000 particles from a blind dataset in 0.2 seconds, taking into account also a class of "unclassified" particles. The predictions are highly consistent with the results obtained in a previous study using ART-2a. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]