20 results on '"United Kingdom"'
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2. Perceived Corruption, Trust, and Interviewer Behavior in 26 European Countries
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Blasius, Jörg and Thiessen, Victor
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Identifying illicit behavior in survey research is inherently problematic, since self-reports are untrustworthy. We argue that fraudulent interviewers can, however, be identified through statistical deviance of the distributional parameters of their interviews. We document that a high proportion of the variation in the data is due to the interviewer. In addition, we show that the incidence of interviewer-induced anomalies is strongly associated with the perceived level of corruption across the countries participating in the European Social Survey 2010. The major implication of the findings is that the data from some countries cannot be used fruitfully for cross-national comparative research.
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- 2021
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3. The Organisation of the Academic Year in Europe, 2020/21. Eurydice--Facts and Figures
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European Commission (Belgium), Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency (EACEA) and Eurydice (Belgium)
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The academic calendar contains national data on how the academic year is structured (beginning of the academic year, term times, holidays and examination periods). Differences between university and non-university study programmes are also highlighted. The information is available for 38 countries. [For the 2019/20 report, see ED610817.]
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- 2020
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4. Benefits of Adult Education Participation for Low-Educated Women
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Iñiguez-Berrozpe, Tatiana, Elboj-Saso, Carmen, Flecha, Ainhoa, and Marcaletti, Francesco
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Given the double risk of exclusion caused for women with a low educational level, adult education can be a fundamental element that allows them to actively participate in their social, political, and cultural environments. Moreover, because educational level has been reported by the scientific literature to be a factor that directly favors personal benefits, such as having better health or greater employability, adult education may be an opportunity to obtain the aforementioned benefits for women with a low educational level. In this study, using the data from the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies survey, a model was developed to perform a structural equation analysis on a sample of 5,838 European women with an educational level of ISCED 0-2 and to investigate the benefits of participating in nonformal education activities. The results show that this participation provides these women with greater social and political confidence, more intense cultural participation and even better health and employability.
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- 2020
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5. How Do European Higher Education Institutions Internationalize?
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Seeber, Marco, Meoli, Michele, and Cattaneo, Mattia
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This article explores how higher education institutions (HEIs) internationalize, employing information on the internationalization activities (IA), context and organizational characteristics of 431 HEIs from 33 European countries. A latent cluster analysis identifies three distinct clusters of HEIs with distinct portfolios of IA: "basic, academic and entrepreneurial." The "basic" portfolio includes the most common IA, whereas IA requiring larger organizational capacity are rare. The "entrepreneurial" portfolio distinguishes from the "academic" portfolio as it also includes IA aimed to attract resources. We explore what contextual and organizational traits characterize HEIs with different IA portfolios. Small HEIs tend to display a "basic" portfolio, without national variations. On the contrary, strong national variations exist in the frequency of "academic" and "entrepreneurial" portfolios, which strongly relate to the actual and potential importance of tuition fees as a source of revenues.
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- 2020
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6. The Organisation of the Academic Year in Europe, 2019/20. Eurydice--Facts and Figures
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European Commission (Belgium), Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency (EACEA) and Eurydice (Belgium)
- Abstract
The academic calendar contains national data on how the academic year is structured (beginning of the academic year, term times, holidays and examination periods). Differences between university and non-university study programmes are also highlighted. The information is available for 38 countries. [For the 2018/19 report, see ED593872.]
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- 2019
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7. The Organisation of the Academic Year in Europe, 2018/19. Eurydice--Facts and Figures
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European Commission (Belgium), Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency (EACEA) and Eurydice (Belgium)
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The academic calendar contains national data on how the academic year is structured (beginning of the academic year, term times, holidays and examination periods). Differences between university and non-university study programmes are also highlighted. The information is available for 38 countries. [For the previous report "The Organisation of the Academic Year in Europe, 2017/18. Eurydice--Facts and Figures," see ED588761.]
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- 2018
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8. The Structure of the European Education Systems, 2017/18: Schematic Diagrams. Eurydice--Facts and Figures
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European Commission, Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency (EACEA) and Eurydice
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This report focuses on the structure of mainstream education in European countries from preprimary to tertiary level for the 2017/18 school and academic year. Forty-three education systems are included covering 38 countries participating in the EU's Erasmus+ programme (28 Member States, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Switzerland, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Montenegro, Norway, Serbia and Turkey). The first section of the report sets out the main organisational models of primary and lower secondary education (ISCED 1-2). The second one provides a guide on how to read the diagrams. The national schematic diagrams are shown in the third section.
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- 2017
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9. The Organisation of the Academic Year in Europe, 2017/18. Eurydice--Facts and Figures
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European Commission, Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency (EACEA) and Eurydice (Belgium)
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The academic calendar contains national data on how the academic year is structured (beginning of the academic year, term times, holidays and examination periods). Differences between university and non-university study programmes are also highlighted. The information is available for 37 countries. [For the previous report "The Organisation of the Academic Year in Europe, 2016/17. Eurydice--Facts and Figures," see ED593874.]
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- 2017
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10. Public Opinion and the Acceptance and Feasility of Educational Reforms. EENEE Analytical Report No. 28
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European Commission, European Union (EU) (Belgium), Busemeyer, Marius, Lergetporer, Philipp, and Woessmann, Ludger
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In education policy, as in many other policy fields, well-designed policy reforms may fail to get enacted because policymakers may suddenly become confronted with a public backlash against their reform agenda. Thus, understanding the dynamics of public opinion is important in order to be able to assess the chances of successful reform. There is a large scholarly literature based on ample survey data about the public's attitudes towards the welfare state, but the policy field of education has until recently been neglected in this literature. This report summarizes the findings of a recent and growing literature studying the dynamics of public opinion on education policy, based on original and new survey data collected in various research projects in Europe and the United States. [This is an Analytical Report of the European Expert Network on Economics of Education (EENEE) prepared for the European Commission.]
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- 2016
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11. The Organisation of the Academic Year in Europe, 2016/17. Eurydice--Facts and Figures
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European Commission (Belgium), Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency (EACEA) and Eurydice (Belgium)
- Abstract
The academic calendar contains national data on how the academic year is structured (beginning of the academic year, term times, holidays and examination periods). Differences between university and non-university study programmes are also highlighted. The information is available for 37 countries. [For the previous report "The Organisation of the Academic Year in Europe, 2015/16. Eurydice--Facts and Figures," see ED593877.]
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- 2016
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12. The Organisation of the Academic Year in Europe, 2014/15. Eurydice--Facts and Figures
- Author
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European Commission (Belgium), Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency (EACEA) and Eurydice (Belgium)
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The academic calendar contains national data on how the academic year is structured (beginning of the academic year, term times, holidays and examination periods). Differences between university and non-university study programmes are also highlighted. The information is available for 38 countries. [For the previous report "The Organisation of the Academic Year in Europe, 2013/14. Eurydice--Facts and Figures," see ED593880.]
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- 2015
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13. The Organisation of the Academic Year in Europe, 2013/14. Eurydice--Facts and Figures
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European Commission (Belgium), Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency (EACEA) and Eurydice (Belgium)
- Abstract
The academic calendar contains national data on how the academic year is structured (beginning of the academic year, term times, holidays and examination periods). Differences between university and non-university study programmes are also highlighted. The information is available for 38 countries. [For the previous report "The Organisation of the Academic Year in Europe, 2012/13," see ED593941.]
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- 2015
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14. Exploratory comparison of Healthcare costs and benefits of the UK's Covid-19 response with four European countries.
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Thom, Howard, Walker, Josephine, Vickerman, Peter, and Hollingworth, Will
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RESEARCH , *COVID-19 , *MEDICAL care costs , *COST control , *HOSPITAL care , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics , *DEATH , *GOVERNMENT aid , *COVID-19 testing , *QUALITY-adjusted life years , *ECONOMICS - Abstract
Background In responding to Covid-19, governments have tried to balance protecting health while minimizing gross domestic product (GDP) losses. We compare health-related net benefit (HRNB) and GDP losses associated with government responses of the UK, Ireland, Germany, Spain and Sweden from UK healthcare payer perspective. Methods We compared observed cases, hospitalizations and deaths under 'mitigation' to modelled events under 'no mitigation' to 20 July 2020. We thus calculated healthcare costs, quality adjusted life years (QALYs), and HRNB at £20,000/QALY saved by each country. On per population (i.e. per capita) basis, we compared HRNB with forecast reductions in 2020 GDP growth (overall or compared with Sweden as minimal mitigation country) and qualitatively and quantitatively described government responses. Results The UK saved 3.17 (0.32–3.65) million QALYs, £33 (8–38) billion healthcare costs and £1416 (220–1637) HRNB per capita at £20,000/QALY. Per capita, this is comparable to £1455 GDP loss using Sweden as comparator and offsets 46.1 (7.1–53.2)% of total £3075 GDP loss. Germany, Spain, and Sweden had greater HRNB per capita. These also offset a greater percentage of total GDP losses per capita. Ireland fared worst on both measures. Countries with more mask wearing, testing, and population susceptibility had better outcomes. Highest stringency responses did not appear to have best outcomes. Conclusions Our exploratory analysis indicates the benefit of government Covid-19 responses may outweigh their economic costs. The extent that HRNB offset economic losses appears to relate to population characteristics, testing levels, and mask wearing, rather than response stringency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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15. Gambling among European professional athletes. Prevalence and associated factors.
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Grall-Bronnec, Marie, Caillon, Julie, Humeau, Elise, Perrot, Bastien, Remaud, Manon, Guilleux, Alice, Rocher, Bruno, Sauvaget, Anne, and Bouju, Gaelle
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AGE distribution , *BASKETBALL , *COMPULSIVE behavior , *CONFIDENCE intervals , *CRICKET (Sport) , *FOOTBALL , *GAMBLING , *HANDBALL , *HOCKEY , *MARITAL status , *QUESTIONNAIRES , *RUGBY football , *SEX distribution , *VOLLEYBALL , *SOCIOECONOMIC factors , *PROFESSIONAL athletes , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics , *ODDS ratio - Abstract
The article reports on a study which estimate prevalence of gambling among European professional athletes and explore factors that are associated with gambling practice and gambling problems in professional athletes. It states that self-completion questionnaire was designed for this study and socio-demographic variables, variables linked to gambling and impulsive behavior data were gathered. It mentions that instruments used for screening problem gambling were all validated.
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- 2016
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16. Pharmaceutical industry self-regulation and non-transparency: country and company level analysis of payments to healthcare professionals in seven European countries.
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Mulinari S, Martinon L, Jachiet PA, and Ozieranski P
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- Delivery of Health Care, Disclosure, Drug Industry, Europe, Germany, Humans, Ireland, Italy, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, Conflict of Interest, Self-Control
- Abstract
The European pharmaceutical industry uses the alleged efficacy of self-regulation to question the need for transparency laws similar to the US Physician Payment Sunshine Act. We conducted a comparative analysis of 20 large companies' payment disclosures in seven European countries in 2017-2019. The data was extracted as part of eurosfordocs.eu, a novel transparency project that scrapes and integrates publicly available databases and disclosures. Our analysis of EUR 735 million showed marked differences in country payment patterns. For example, payment totals per registered doctor were substantially larger in Spain and lowest in Sweden. There were significant country and company differences in individualized data completeness. Only 19% of totals were reported with recipient names in Germany, compared to Ireland (59%), the United Kingdom (60%), Italy (67%), Switzerland (73%), Sweden (79%) and Spain (100%), with little or no improvement over time. Payment data in Spain was particularly difficult to extract. Thus, in no country did self-regulation generate comprehensive individualized data allowing for building an accurate picture of financial relationships between the industry and healthcare professionals. We conclude that the cultures and policies of countries and companies create structural problems of data inaccessibility and incompleteness within the self-regulatory framework. Therefore, this study supports calls for a Europe-wide "Sunshine Act" to achieve real transparency of drug company payments., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest SM's partner is employed by PRA Health Sciences, a global Contract Research Organization whose costumers include many pharmaceutical companies. LM and PAJ are members of Euros for Docs, a non-profit organization registered in France that seeks to promote transparency of drug company funding in the healthcare sector by making payment data accessible and complete across Europe. PAJ is employed by Haute Autorité de Santé, the French independent health technology assessment organisation. PO's PhD student was supported by a grant from Sigma Pharmaceuticals, a UK pharmacy wholesaler and distributor (not a pharmaceutical company). The PhD work funded by Sigma Pharmaceuticals is unrelated to the subject of this paper., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
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- 2021
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17. Decline of depressive symptoms in Europe: differential trends across the lifespan.
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Beller J, Regidor E, Lostao L, Miething A, Kröger C, Safieddine B, Tetzlaff F, Sperlich S, and Geyer S
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- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Austria, Belgium, Estonia, Europe epidemiology, Female, Finland, France, Germany, Humans, Hungary, Ireland, Male, Middle Aged, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, Young Adult, Depression epidemiology, Longevity
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Purpose: We examined changes in the burden of depressive symptoms between 2006 and 2014 in 18 European countries across different age groups., Methods: We used population-based data drawn from the European Social Survey (N = 64.683, 54% female, age 14-90 years) covering 18 countries (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Ireland, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland) from 2006 to 2014. Depressive symptoms were measured via the CES-D 8. Generalized additive models, multilevel regression, and linear regression analyses were conducted., Results: We found a general decline in CES-D 8 scale scores in 2014 as compared with 2006, with only few exceptions in some countries. This decline was most strongly pronounced in older adults, less strongly in middle-aged adults, and least in young adults. Including education, health and income partially explained the decline in older but not younger or middle-aged adults., Conclusions: Burden of depressive symptoms decreased in most European countries between 2006 and 2014. However, the decline in depressive symptoms differed across age groups and was most strongly pronounced in older adults and least in younger adults. Future studies should investigate the mechanisms that contribute to these overall and differential changes over time in depressive symptoms.
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- 2021
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18. The role of the state in financing and regulating primary care in Europe: a taxonomy.
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Espinosa-González AB, Delaney BC, Marti J, and Darzi A
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- Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Europe, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Humans, Ireland, Israel, Malta, Norway, Poland, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Primary Health Care
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Traditional health systems typologies were based on health system financing type, such as the well-known OECD typology. However, the number of dimensions captured in classifications increased to reflect health systems complexity. This study aims to develop a taxonomy of primary care (PC) systems based on the actors involved (state, societal and private) and mechanisms used in governance, financing and regulation, which conceptually represents the degree of decentralisation of functions. We use nonlinear canonical correlations analysis and agglomerative hierarchical clustering on data obtained from the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policy and informants from 24 WHO European Region countries. We obtain four clusters: 1) Bosnia Herzegovina, Czech Republic, Germany, Slovakia and Switzerland: corporatist and/or fragmented PC system, with state involvement in PC supply regulation, without gatekeeping; 2) Greece, Ireland, Israel, Malta, Sweden, and Ukraine: public and (re)centralised PC financing and regulation with private involvement, without gatekeeping; 3) Finland, Norway, Spain and United Kingdom: public financing and devolved regulation and organisation of PC, with gatekeeping; and 4) Bulgaria, Croatia, France, North Macedonia, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia and Turkey: public and deconcentrated with professional involvement in supply regulation, and gatekeeping. This taxonomy can serve as a framework for performance comparisons and a means to analyse the effect that different actors and levels of devolution or fragmentation of PC delivery may have in health outcomes., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
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- 2021
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19. Regional employment and individual worklessness during the Great Recession and the health of the working-age population: Cross-national analysis of 16 European countries.
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Niedzwiedz CL, Thomson KH, Bambra C, and Pearce JR
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- Adolescent, Adult, Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Europe epidemiology, Finland, France, Germany, Humans, Hungary, Ireland, Middle Aged, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal epidemiology, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom, Young Adult, Employment
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Studies from single countries suggest that local labour market conditions, including rates of employment, tend to be associated with the health of the populations residing in those areas, even after adjustment for individual characteristics including employment status. The aim of this study is to strengthen the cross-national evidence base on the influence of regional employment levels and individual worklessness on health during the period of the Great Recession. We investigate whether higher regional employment levels are associated with better health over and above individual level employment. Individual level data (N = 23,078 aged 15-64 years) were taken from 16 countries (Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and United Kingdom) participating in the 2014 European Social Survey. Regional employment rates were extracted from Eurostat, corresponding with the start (2008) and end (2013) of the Great Recession. Health outcomes included self-reported heart or circulation problems, high blood pressure, diabetes, self-rated health, depression, obesity and allergies (as a falsification test). We calculated multilevel Poisson regression models, which included individuals nested within regions, controlling for potential confounding variables and country fixed effects. After adjustment for individual level socio-demographic factors, higher average regional employment rates (from 2008 to 2013) were associated with better health outcomes. Individual level worklessness was associated with worsened health outcomes, most strongly with poor self-rated health. In models including both individual worklessness and the average regional employment rate, regional employment remained associated with heart and circulation problems, depression and obesity. There was evidence of an interaction between individual worklessness and regional employment for poor self-rated health and depression. The findings suggest that across 16 European countries, for some key outcomes, higher levels of employment in the regional labour market may be beneficial for the health of the local population., (Copyright © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
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- 2020
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20. The healthcare systems and provision of oral healthcare in European Union member states. Part 10: comparison of systems and with the United Kingdom.
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Sinclair E, Eaton KA, and Widström E
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- Europe, European Union, France, Germany, Greece, Humans, Ireland, Italy, Poland, Romania, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom, Dental Care
- Abstract
Since 2015, a series of papers which describe the systems for the provision of health and oral healthcare in nine European Union (EU) countries (France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Poland, Romania, Spain and Sweden) have been published in this journal. This tenth and final paper in the series compares aspects of the systems for each country, with each other and with that in the United Kingdom (UK). The topics which have been covered are the organisation and funding of oral healthcare, national populations and oral healthcare workforce, education of dentists, uptake of oral healthcare, expenditure on oral healthcare and oral epidemiology. The comparison shows that there are wide differences between the care provision systems between the individual countries. In all of them, oral healthcare continues to operate outside the mainstream healthcare systems. In particular, the proportion of costs paid for them from public funds, raised through taxation or through compulsory social insurances, and those paid for by individual patients varies greatly. No comparable data exist on quality of care.
- Published
- 2019
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