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Paralipsa gularis (Zeller) is a storage pest; however, in recent years it has evolved into a considerable maize pest during the late growth stage in the border region between China and other Southeast Asian countries. Bt transgenic insect-resistant maize is an effective measure in controlling a wide range of lepidopteran pests, but there is a lack of research on the toxic effects of storage pests. We tested the toxicity of Bt-Cry1Ab, Vip3Aa, and their complex proteins against P. gularis via bioassay and investigated the efficiency of Bt-(Cry1Ab+Vip3Aa) maize in controlling P. gularis during the late growth stage of maize in the period 2022–2023. The bioassay results show that the susceptibilities of P. gularis to the two Bt proteins and their complex proteins were significantly different. The LC50 values of DBNCry1Ab ("DBN9936" event), DBNVip3Aa ("DBN9501" event), DBN Cry1Ab+Vip3Aa ("DBN3601T" event), and Syngenta Cry1Ab+Vip3Aa ("Bt11" event × "MIR162" event) were 0.038 μg/g, 0.114 μg/g, 0.110 μg/g, and 0.147 μg/g, and the GIC50 values were 0.014 μg/g, 0.073 μg/g, 0.027 μg/g, and 0.026 μg/g, respectively. Determination of the expression content of the insecticidal protein in different tissues of Bt-(Cry1Ab+Vip3Aa) maize shows that the total Bt protein content in different tissues was in the following order: stalk > bract > cob > kernel. However, the bioassay results show that the mortalities of P. gularis feeding on Bt-(Cry1Ab+Vip3Aa) maize in different tissues at different growth stages were all above 93.00%. The field trial indicates that the occurrence density of larvae and plant damage rate for conventional maize were 422.10 individuals/100 plants and 94.40%, respectively, whereas no larvae were found on Bt-(Cry1Ab+Vip3Aa) maize. In summary, this study implies that Bt-(Cry1Ab+Vip3Aa) maize has a high potential for control of P. gularis, providing a new technical measure for the management of the pest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The occurrence, spatial distribution, and source analysis of antibiotics in global coastal waters and estuaries are not well documented or understood. Therefore, the distribution of 14 antibiotics in inflowing river and bay water of Taizhou Bay, East China Sea, was studied. Thirteen antibiotics, excluding roxithromycin (ROM), were all detected in inflowing river and bay water. The total antibiotic concentrations in bay water ranged from 3126.62 to 26,531.48 ng/L, which were significantly higher than those in the inflowing river (17.20–25,090.25 ng/L). Macrolides (MAs) and sulfonamides (SAs) were dominant in inflowing river (accounting for 24.40% and 74.9% of the total antibiotic concentrations, respectively), while SAs in bay water (93.6% of the total concentrations). Among them, clindamycin (CLI) (concentration range: ND–8414 ng/L, mean 1437.59 ng/L) and sulfadimidine (SMX) (ND–25,184.00 ng/L, mean concentrations: 9107.88 ng/L) were the highest in those surface water samples. Source analysis showed that MAs and SAs in the inflowing river mainly came from the wastewater discharge of the surrounding residents and pharmaceutical companies, while SAs in the bay water mainly came from surrounding industrial activities and mariculture. However, the contribution of the inflowing river to the bay water cannot be ignored. The risk assessment showed that SMX and ofloxacin (OFX) have potential ecological risks. These data will support the various sectors of the environment in developing management strategies and to prevent antibiotic pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Organic input can improve soil quality by the interaction of soil properties. • Use animal-derived organic fertilizer had better soil quality than plant-derived. • AP, AN, GP and AK were selected as a minimum data set for evaluating soil quality. • Information from soil indicators is integrated into a standardization framework. • Appropriate methods of scoring and weighting are determined in the framework. Organic fertilizer applications can increase soil fertility and productivity and reduce chemical fertilizer use. However, few experimental studies have focused on effects of organic fertilizers on soil quality in a field ecosystem. The overarching goal of this study was to develop a soil quality index (SQI) for fertilization management in red soil farmland in China. The specific objectives were to determine 1) appropriate soil quality indicators, 2) a suitable weight assignment method (PCA, principal component analysis or MRA, multiple regression analysis) and 3) the optimal scoring function (standard or linear or non-linear). We analyzed 40 soil physical, chemical, biochemical and biological properties under nine fertilization treatments (CK (no fertilizer), CF (chemical fertilizer), RF (60% chemical fertilizer), CFS (chemical fertilizer + straw), RFS (60% chemical fertilizer + straw), CFB (chemical fertilizer + biochar), RFB (60% chemical fertilizer + biochar), RFP (60% chemical fertilizer + pig manure), RFV (60% chemical fertilizer + vermicompost)) as potential soil quality indicators. Principal component analysis and correlation analysis were applied to determine the indicators responsive to management and for the confirmation of the six SQIs. Available phosphorous, nitrogen, potassium and gram-positive bacteria were chosen as the minimum data set from the total of 40 soil indictors. Management of organic and inorganic fertilizers affected each soil property in different ways, and the index based on the minimum data set, calculated using standard scoring function and weight assignment method of multiple regression analysis, was most accurate and sensitive. Application of a pig manure or vermicompost significantly increased SQI values relative to other treatments, followed by straw or biochar treatments which were higher than a single application of chemical fertilizer. These results indicate that the addition of organic fertilizers will not only improve soil quality, but also enhance rapeseed and sweet potato yield compared to chemical fertilizers. Additionally, the SQI method can provide a practical and quantitative tool for the evaluation of soil quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PPCPs (pharmaceuticals and personal care products) are widely found in the environment and can be a risk to human and ecosystem health. In this study, spatiotemporal distribution, critical risk source identification and potential risks of 14 PPCPs found in water collected from sampling points in Luoma Lake and its inflowing rivers in two seasons in 2019 and 2020 were investigated. The PPCPs concentrations ranged from 27.64 ng·L -1 to 613.08 ng·L -1 in December 2019, and from 16.67 ng·L -1 to 3287.41 ng·L -1 in April 2020. Ketoprofen (KPF) dominated the PPCPs with mean concentrations of 125.85 ng·L -1 and 640.26 ng·L -1 , respectively. Analysis of sources showed that the pollution in Luoma Lake mostly originated from sewage treatment plant effluents, inflowing rivers and domestic wastewater. Among them, the inflowing rivers contributed the most (82.95%) to the concentration of total PPCPs. The results of ecological risk assessment showed that there was a moderate risk (0.1 < RQs < 1) from carbamazepine (CBZ) in December 2019 and a high risk (RQs > 1) from naproxen (NPX) in April 2020. The results of human risk assessment found that NPX posed a high risk to infant health, and we found that NPX was associated with 83 diseases according to Comparative Toxicogenomics Database. NPX was identified as a substance requiring major attention. The results provide an understanding of the concentrations and ecological risks of PPCPs in Luoma Lake. We believe the data will support environmental departments to develop management strategies and prevent PPCPs pollution., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

Antibiotics have attracted widespread attention around the world because they are ubiquitous in the environment and can lead to antibiotic-resistant microbes developing and pose ecotoxicological risks. In this study, we determined the spatiotemporal distributions of 39 antibiotics in 19 drinking water sources in Jiangsu area of the lower Yangtze River and attempted to identify the sources of the antibiotics and to prioritize the antibiotics. The total antibiotic concentrations in spring and fall were 234.56-6515.99 and 151.12-2562.59 ng/L, respectively. In spring, the total antibiotic concentration gradually increased from upstream to downstream. In fall, the antibiotic concentration did not markedly vary upstream to downstream (total concentrations 151.12-432.17 ng/L) excluding site S9 and S10. Analysis using a positive matrix factorization (PMF) model indicated that the antibiotics had four main sources. Pharmaceutical wastewater was the main source, contributing 34.1% and 41.2% of total antibiotics in spring and fall, respectively, and domestic wastewater was the second most important source, contributing 24.4% and 43% of total antibiotics in spring and fall, respectively. Pharmaceutical wastewater was the main source from midstream to downstream, but the other sources made different contributions in different areas because of the various ranges of human activities. An ecological risk assessment was performed. Stronger risks were posed by antibiotics in spring than fall, and fluoroquinolone antibiotics posed the strongest risks. Optimized risk quotients indicated that norfloxacin was a high-risk contaminant. An assessment of the risk of resistance development indicated that norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and enrofloxacin posed moderate to high risks of resistance development and should be prioritized for risk management. The results of this study are important reference data for identifying key sources of antibiotics and developing strategies to manage antibiotic contamination in similar areas., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declared that they have no conflicts of interest to this work. We declare that we do not have any commercial or associative interest that represents a conflict of interest in connection with the work submitted., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Aims: The bivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (bOPV; Sabin types 1 and 3) replaced the trivalent OPV (Sabin types 1, 2 and 3) globally in April 2016. A routine schedule of 1 dose of inactivated poliovirus vaccine and 3 subsequent doses of bOPV was implemented in Jiangsu simultaneously. The schedule was changed to 2 inactivated poliovirus vaccines + 2 bOPV on 1 September 2019. Although OPV type 2 has been removed, challenges persist because of adverse events following immunization (AEFIs) with bOPV. Therefore, we analysed and evaluated the safety profile of bOPV administered in children based on passive postmarketing AEFI surveillance., Methods: We collected all bOPV-related AEFI reports in Jiangsu from the Chinese National AEFI Information System (CNAEFIS) between May 2016 and April 2020. We obtained the administered doses of bOPV from the Jiangsu Provincial Electronic Immunization Registries System. A descriptive analysis was performed., Results: In total, 2084 bOPV-related AEFIs were retrieved from the CNAEFIS. The overall reporting rate was 24.16 per 100 000 doses. Most AEFIs were nonserious. The most frequently reported symptoms were fever, rash and gastrointestinal disorders. Only 1.34% of AEFIs were serious, which thrombocytopenic purpura accounted for the largest category. Seventeen serious adverse events, including 2 vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) cases, were considered to be related to bOPV vaccination. The rate of VAPP was 0.2 per million doses., Conclusion: AEFI analysis showed that bOPV was well tolerated. The events most frequently reported were nonserious. However, bOPV can still cause VAPP. Attention should be given to risks related to bOPV., (© 2021 British Pharmacological Society.)

One dose of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) was introduced into the Chinese Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) in 2016. IPV made from Sabin strains (sIPV) was newly licensed in China and its safety has been concerned. This study aimed to evaluate the safety of sIPV and provide a comparison with conventional IPV made from wild strains (wIPV). We collected all IPV-related AEFI reports in Jiangsu from the Chinese National Adverse Events Following Immunization Information System (CNAEFIS) for 2016-2019. We obtained the administered doses of IPV from the Jiangsu provincial Electronic Immunization Registries System (JSEIRS). The AEFI reporting rates per 100,000 doses of vaccine administered were compared for sIPV and wIPV. A total of 699 sIPV and 908 wIPV AEFI cases were collected by CNAEFIS in Jiangsu during 2016-2019. The overall AEFI reporting rates were 53.02 per 100,000 doses and 41.25 per 100,000 doses for sIPV and wIPV, respectively ( P < .001). For both sIPV and wIPV, the AEFIs were mainly classified as common adverse reactions. The reporting rate of common adverse reactions was higher for sIPV than for wIPV ( P < .001). The most frequently reported symptoms/signs were fever, persistent crying, injection site erythema/swelling, rash, and injection site induration. Only 1.14% of sIPV-associated and 2.31% of wIPV-associated AEFI cases were diagnosed as serious. No difference in reporting rate was observed for serious AEFIs ( P = .272). sIPV has a favorable safety profile, although it exhibits a slightly higher reporting rate of common adverse reactions than wIPV.

Introduction: Two types of enterovirus 71 (EV71) vaccines, manufactured using human diploid (H2) and Vero cells, have been administered in Jiangsu Province, China since 2017. In this study, we evaluated their safety profiles using records collected from the Chinese National Adverse Events Following Immunization (AEFIs) Information System (CNAEFIS) and Electronic Immunization Registries System (EIRS) between 2017 and 2019., Methods: Demographic characteristics of the patients, AEFI incidence rates(IRs), symptoms, and time intervals were summarized from the reported AEFI data in the CNAEFIS. Also, the administered doses of the two vaccines were exported from the EIRS to calculate the IRs of AEFIs and thus compare the AEFIs between the two types of EV71 vaccines., Results: In total, 209, 407, and 344 AEFIs cases following EV71 vaccine administration were reported during 2017, 2018, and 2019, respectively, yielding IRs of 59.2, 48.2, and 54.2 per 100,000 doses, respectively. Fever, irritability, allergic eruptions, fatigue, loss of appetite, redness and induration at the injection site were the most commonly reported AEFIs. No significant differences in rare reactions were found between the two types of EV71 vaccinations. The majority of AEFIs were developed within 30 min to 3 days after administration., Conclusion: EV71 vaccines showed satisfactory safety profiles since their first use 3 years ago in the Jiangsu Province. The AEFI profiles were identical to those in pre-marketing studies; most AEFIs after vaccination were mild and common. More active surveillance studies should be performed to provide more comprehensive post-marketing safety data., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The electronic immunization registry system (EIRs) can improve the vaccine coverage monitoring significantly. The EIRs in Jiangsu Province, China was set up since 2006. In this paper, the mechanism and structure of the EIRs were summarized, and then some function of this system were illustrated. The application of the EIRs was believed to be an effective health management and electronic vaccine record quality improvement tool in China. The experience and progress we gained could provide a valuable example for other countries.