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Research on Artificial Intelligence, especially in the field of machine learning, has exploded in the twenty-first century. AI research in universities has long been funded by a combination of government and corporate sources. The funding of AI research in the contemporary university includes technology companies as both funders and generators of research areas. This paper looks at the links between technology companies and AI research in three areas: first, the ways in which technology companies influence both the content and practices of AI research in universities; second, how university research policies enable conditions that blur traditional boundaries between corporate and academic AI research; and third, how an ethos of 'open science', that is increasingly corporatised, moves ideas about AI from universities to companies. We conclude that technology companies influence AI research within established feedback loops in the transformed relationships between economy, society, research, and the contemporary university.

The Fourth Industrial Revolution is widely acknowledged as a digital technological revolution building on the convergence of Robotics, the Internet of Things, and the Internet of Services. What is less often acknowledged is that it is also a revolution in the social practice of work. Literacy is a core social technology of work and it is changing as rapidly and radically as the digital technologies that are reshaping work, workers and working. This article is concerned with this new generation of workplace literacy practices as they shape, and are shaped by, the Fourth Industrial Revolution -- what we call Literacy 4.0. We explore two related fields of inquiry. The first is research related to the impact of technology on work practice, work organization, and employment in a period sometimes called the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The second is research about literacy, specifically workplace literacy. In this paper we argue that it is necessary to take account of each of these fields of inquiry if we are to better understand how the next generation of workplace literacy practices is emerging and helping to constitute the Fourth Industrial Revolution.

This paper brings Barad's agential realism into relation with educational ethnographic work, and longstanding concerns with matters of inequality. We extend previous work that foregrounds time and space in particular places, and that resists approaches to inequality that generalise about 'best practices' for schools in communities facing challenging circumstances. An Axminster Jacquard carpet loom--located in a particular place, the City of Geelong--becomes a specific point of entry to a discussion of agential realism, ethnography and inequality. This carpet loom was once a key machine in a thriving Geelong carpet factory employing families intergenerationally; it is now a demonstration machine in the Geelong National Wool Museum, operated by skilled carpet weavers (now employed as demonstrators) formerly employed at the (now closed) factory. We read questions of deindustrialisation and schooling "through" the carpet loom as apparatus, working with the questions that it materialises about educational research, ethnography and inequalities.

The energy demand in Australia is increasing with the industrialization and rapid economic growth. This study analyzed the relationships among the economic growth, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), trade openness, urbanization, and energy usage in Australia based on the data from World Development Indicators (WDI) from 1972 to 2021. The results indicated that there is a cointegration among economic growth, FDI, trade openness, urbanization, and energy usage, which was traced through the autoregressive-distributed lag (ARDL). The Zivot-Andrews unit root test reveals that energy usage, economic growth, FDI, urbanization, and trade openness show significant structural breaks in 1993, 1996, 1982, 2008, and 1994, respectively. The ARDL model shows that economic growth has a positive and significant effect on energy usage in the long-run (0.814) and short-run (0.809). Moreover, the results also show that FDI (0.028) and trade openness (0.043) have positive impacts on energy usage in the long-run. However, urbanization shows a negative and significant influence on energy usage in the long-run (=0.965). Then, the research demonstrates a unidirectional causation between energy usage and trade openness, with energy usage significantly causing trade openness. The current study endorses energy consumption policies and investment strategies for a paradigm shifting from a reliance on fossil fuels as the primary energy source to renewable energy sources. These findings have profound implications for sustainable energy usage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Immigrant Networks exhibition at the Museo Italiano in Melbourne showcased the significant contributions made by non-Anglophone migrants to Australia's industrial development. The exhibition explored themes of diaspora, nostalgia, everyday racism, and hard work, highlighting personal stories of individual hardship and their impact on the nation's industry and urban landscape. Divided into four sections, the exhibition covered topics such as migrant camps, the Snowy Hydro Scheme, the Port Kembla Steelworks, and the transformation of Melbourne's suburbs. It also touched on the experiences of Chinese and Southeast Asian immigrants in the 1970s and 1980s, as well as the history of Woomera as a temporary home for World War II refugees. While the exhibition was praised for its micro-histories and documentation of key historical sites, it was noted that a more comprehensive account would be beneficial. [Extracted from the article]

Australia is one of the largest nations in the globe in terms of land area and is home to numerous animals alongside unique and unusual climates and immense forests and oceans. Despite having a very tiny population, the nation is an extremely valuable ecological territory. Unfortunately, due to several changes in land use, habitat loss and deterioration—particularly in light of the recent severe bush fires exacerbated by climate change—the environmental issues in Australia have got the attention of many academics. Therefore, this paper seeks to assess the association between Australia's energy use, CO 2 emission, trade liberalization, industrialization and economic growth from 1990 to 2018. An autoregressive distributed lag and a vector error correction model (VECM) are employed to take care of possible endogeneity and the long-run association. Our results demonstrated that economic growth and energy use have positive and statistically significant effects on emissions of CO 2 , but trade liberalization has a significantly adverse influence on emissions of CO 2 both in the long and short term. Granger test in VECM uncovered single-direction Granger interrelationships among trade liberalization and industrialization, as well as among industrialization and carbon dioxide. When attempting to implement effective energy policies, Australian policymakers should first take into account the prominent role played by energy usage and trade liberalization in promoting economic development and impeding environmental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Australian economy went from being amongst the most promising areas of "new settlement," to producing one of the most "mediocre" rich-country performances, only to later enjoy a "miraculous" revival. This is the second part of a two-part article that presents an account of this Australian trajectory that is critical of mainstream traditions. Drawing on key insights of Marx's critique of political economy, this article argues that Australia's role in the production of surplus-value on global scale has specifically determined its pattern of long-term economic and political development. Since its creation by British capital, the Australian economy became not only a source of cheap raw materials but also of ground-rent for appropriation by competing social subjects. Part I examined the colonial period. This second part analyses the Commonwealth period. It is argued that the process of inwards-oriented industrialisation, in place until the mid-1980s, was the state-mediated economic form through which capital invested in manufacturing managed to appropriate the largest share of the Australian ground-rent. It also argues that during the neo-liberal era that followed that process, manufacturing capital was increasingly displaced by industrial capital invested in mining and public services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental pollution is a principal concern for all countries. In particular, the issue is alarming for Australia as the country has been suffering from various environmental disasters for some recent years. Therefore, examination the roles of some variables that are related to environment are vital. To this end, this work endeavors to ascertain the impacts of industrialization, non-renewable and renewable energy use, and financial development on environmental pollution in Australia. Using the data period of 1990–2020, a series of econometric techniques such as the Augmented Dickey-Fuller test, Phillips-Perron test, Autoregressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) bounds test and the pairwise Granger causality test are applied. The findings reveal that industrialization and non-renewable energy use increase while the square of industrialization, renewable energy use, and financial development reduces CO 2 emissions in Australia. The validation of the environmental Kuznets' curve (EKC) hypothesis is also found. Bidirectional and unidirectional causal association of the studied variables with CO 2 emissions are attained. All the outcomes are theoretically and empirically relevant and have important policy implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CSIRO has extensive experience and track record in turning powders into products. Through the CSIRO Lab 22 and associations, the teams in CSIRO are tailoring metal powders to processes, repurposing waste for additive manufacturing (AM) processes and generating unique materials, products and processes for Australia. The laboratory also houses Australia's own metal printer from Aurora Labs that can operate in both direct laser melting (DLM) and laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) modes. This paper discusses capability and case study examples, with some scientific detail, as we work to mainstream and industrialise AM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents evidence on the macroeconomic adjustment of a resource‐rich country to a resource boom using the effects of Chinese industrialization on Australia from 1988 to 2016. An SVAR model is specified, incorporating a proxy for Chinese resource demand and commodity prices to identify the effects of commodity supply and demand shocks on the Australian macroeconomy. We develop a multivariate historical decomposition to show how resource sector shocks lead the economy to deviate from a long‐run projection. The paper identifies four phases of the transmission of the resource boom before its conclusion in 2015. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contemporary performance can expose and dismantle the ideologies that have supported the enduring cultural and mythic dialogues associated with the Australian landscape. As threats of catastrophic climate change accelerate, theatre-making research can play a significant role in making sense of the ecological transformations that we experience. As a practice-led playwright researcher, I investigate how Australian landscapes are re-imagined in contemporary performance contexts that investigate the accelerating climate crisis. Further, I am mindful of how enviro-cultural expression can effectively emerge through a playtext or production and contribute to eco-critical discourse. Eco-critical analysis is becoming popular in both theatre studies and theatre production as the definition of 'text' extends into both written and performative methods. In offering a valuable contribution to eco-critical discourse, the performance text establishes a unique relationship between the theatrical encounter, the audience and the place and time in which the encounter occurs. This research discusses how the enduring Australian cultural legacies, which have defined our mythic relationship to the beloved Bush or Outback, are being superseded by investigations concerning disappearing Nature and the part we have played in our present ecological situatedness. From a historical perspective, Australian theatre has always provoked discussion about our conflicting relationship to the land, the culture, the environment and its human inhabitants. However, contemporary playwrights are choosing to investigate these questions through politicised ecological lenses. Specifically framed through one such theatrical lens - that of Dust (Hassall 2015) - this discussion explores the landscape as both a geographic place and a psychological space. In positioning landscape in this way, the text is associated with contemporary Australian Gothic drama. It suggests that the Australian cultural identity is embedded in brutal psychological, cultural and physical landscapes, which are acknowledged as normative. The play deconstructs familiar ideologies through climate change experiences by investigating themes of environmental human legacy. Throughout this discussion, excerpts from Dust are utilised to support an eco-critical analysis of the performance text. Overall, this discussion explores the intersection between playwriting practice-research, environmental themes and eco-critical concerns. It exemplifies how theatrical text can become a point of eco-critical examination and therefore has the power to question and in some ways expose the repercussions of colonisation and the master narratives that support greenhouse gas emission, unsustainable resource extraction, advanced industrialisation and unsustainable practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is a fundamental threat to biodiversity. Climate mitigation in general, and Negative-Emission Technologies (NETs) in particular, have the potential to benefit biodiversity by reducing climate impacts. Domestic laws could help to ensure that NETs have benefits for biodiversity adaptation to climate change (e.g. reducing land clearing and habitat loss and facilitating habitat restoration, corridors for species' migration, and broader ecological resilience). Domestic laws will also need to govern trade-offs between NETs and biodiversity adaptation (e.g. increased competition for land and landscape-scale fragmentation by new industrial developments and linear infrastructure). We argue that domestic laws should be used to maximize the benefits of NETs while minimizing trade-offs for biodiversity. These laws should ensure that trade-offs are, at the very least, explicit and transparent, both in terms of their implications for current biodiversity and in the context of an acceleration of climate-driven biodiversity decline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an approach to earthworks design and construction for residential, industrial and commercial developments in the eastern states of Australia, mostly for Sydney, Brisbane and Melbourne. This approach has been implemented successfully over a range of projects and development types, for various ground conditions, over a period of 15 years. The approach has benefited from the Authors' experience with claims and disputes arising from earthworks. It is acknowledged that there are many possible approaches to earthworks projects, and the intention of the paper is to raise awareness of the importance of a unified approach to earthworks design, construction, testing and documentation, auditing and certification consistent with AS3798-2007. The paper argues that whilst the 'earthworks specification' is a major component of the earthworks approach, it is only part of the approach. Far too often a few notes on a civil drawing represent the entire thinking regarding the earthworks component of a project/development. Often drawings and specifications are prepared with little evidence that the works have been designed for particular end use. Included in this paper is an example earthworks specification, and discussion of various clauses in these, in light of usual practice and the Authors' experience with earthworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-firm actors have emerged in economic geography as significant in shaping regional industrial cultures and new industry pathways, though how knowledge and practice is shared with firm actors remains unclear. The case of enthusiasts or hobbyists is especially interesting when there are industry counterparts given the blurred lines between work and hobby. There has been limited discussion of such interactions, and how they might contribute to regional development or an industrial culture of problem solving. This paper explores this gap through a case study of beekeepers in Western Australia. It analyses the interview results from hobbyist and commercial operators to understand how practice is shared, the construction of group meaning and identity and how place-based problem solving occurs through a regional culture of exchange and mutual benefit. The findings point to the importance of informal non-firm actors in the development of regional industry culture of practice and entrepreneurship, and that supporting collaborations between enthusiasts and local business may produce broad industry and societal benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Creative industries are recognised as a key driver of economic growth in both developed and developing nations. In addition to recognising the importance of creative industries, the Australian government has recently renewed a focus on the vast northern tropical area of this island nation as key to future economic and population growth, via the release of a white paper focussed on development options for the north. However, the white paper contains virtually no references to creative industries. In addition, Australia’s most recent national cultural policy, Creative Australia, has after only a few years slipped into obscurity and despite major resources being invested towards its development. Drawing on the almost 100 years of policy documentation relevant to Northern Australia, this paper highlights the limited attention paid to arts, culture and creative industries, and considers this relative policy vacuum in the context of global developments in creative industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines key industrial legislation passed by federal Parliament in 2017. The main development in federal industrial legislation for this year, which passed with bipartisan support, saw a weakened Coalition Government (forced from its traditional industrial relations (IR) stance) act to improve protections for vulnerable workers. This initiative introduced extended liability provisions regulating franchisors and holding companies. However, these provisions are a narrow response to an economy-wide problem because they do not establish measures to better regulate supply chains, labour hire and gig economy arrangements for the protection of vulnerable workers. Back in more familiar territory, the Coalition Government managed to implement part of its agenda to further regulate unions by establishing legislation that criminalises bargaining payments by employers to unions. A constitutional crisis over the citizenship status of federal Parliamentarians prevented the Coalition Government from passing legislation designed to curtail trade union activities. The article also considers significant State legislative developments including the introduction of mandatory labour hire licensing laws in South Australia and Queensland, industrial manslaughter laws in Queensland and regulation of ridesharing arrangements in Victoria. The article concludes by contrasting federal criminal penalties against union activity with civil penalties for businesses that exploit vulnerable workers, before suggesting future directions in industrial legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reflects on the political world of the 1978 and decline in Australian leadership and politics. Topics discussed include return of Deng Xiaoping to begin the transformation of the Chinese economy; economic and industrial development in Great Britain; and assumptions over success of liberal democracy.

This paper examines the concept of putting history “under the power of the public”. It discusses the role played by former employees in researching and publishing the histories of two former large industrial history/heritage sites in Perth, Western Australia. The projects originated not in academia but from past employees who sought the help of labour historians to record the histories. Former employees provided much of the research material and assisted as sources of information, interviewers and interviewees, site guides and critics of work put forward for publication. While academic authors were responsible for interpreting their own research, past employees had a voice in the ways in which the sites’ stories were presented to the public, and the veracity of that information. The article explores the subversive potential of subaltern histories such as these, as well as some principles for putting history under the power of the public. It concludes by examining the strengths and weaknesses of this method, including the extent to which the pressures of academia discourage historians from engaging with “popular” projects requiring “a different voice”. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article focuses on the silver-lead-zinc deposits in Broken Hill, Australia which played an important part in the mining industry and industrialisation in Australia.

We conjecture that a 'secondary services boom' is primarily responsible for the widespread nature of the gains in employment during Australia's recent 'China boom'. An economy-wide model provides numerical theory for constructing hypotheses, which are tested econometrically. Predictions that include a services expansion and de-industrialisation are tested against pre-boom data and out-of-sample simulations through the boom. The secondary services boom appears clearly in both income and employment, though the effects on manufacturing are ambiguous, with stronger-than-hypothesised observed performance, suggesting that changes in industrial structure and the composition of assistance have favoured surviving manufacturing firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Complementing the scarce economic literature about local impacts of energy extraction booms, this paper empirically investigates economic outcomes related to the new coal seam gas ( CSG) industry located across southern Queensland. This Australian state has seen an unprecedented inflow of investments into the extraction of this previously unexploited unconventional natural gas over the last decade. We analyse census data to study income and employment effects associated with the CSG boom, exploiting the quasi-experimental conditions provided by CSG extraction areas (treatment regions) and regions without this development (control regions). Findings show that treatment regions have higher income growth than control areas during 2001-2011 for families residing locally and for individuals present on census night. Employment in the mining sector also shows higher growth as has non-mining employment in some areas. We include comparisons between CSG areas with no major mining history (the Surat basin) and CSG areas where mining was important before the CSG boom (the Bowen basin), to better understand boom effects in areas with different initial mining industry importance in their economies. Local job multipliers are also analysed for Surat basin CSG areas, where positive impacts (job spillovers) are restricted to construction and professional services jobs, while agricultural jobs have decreased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the development of bauxite mine at Gove, Northern Territory, focusing on its economic and political implications from 1955 to 1975. It demonstrates how the federal and state governments were concerned to make industrial development in Australia as a condition of access to huge ore deposits. It suggests that resources nationalism predated the policies of Australian Labor Prime Minister Gough Whitlam and Minerals and Energy Minister Rex Connor from 1972 to 1975.

The issue of sustainable energy consumption in the socio-economic system has been widely investigated in recent studies. Embodied energy transfer is also part of the normal economic pattern. To evaluate the sustainability of a system, it is important to consider not only the growth of the system as an indicator, but also the development of the system's structure. Growth and development are two phenomena that need to be quantitively measured because these phenomena closely reflect sustainability. However, little research has studied the effects of sectoral level on growth and development. This research addresses growth and development from a network perspective in order to assess the sectoral effects on system characteristics by using information-based ecological network analysis (IENA) and a hypothetical embodied energy network model. In this study, taking the Australian industrial system as an example, Australian national input–output data and industrial consumption data are used to establish the embodied energy network based on Australian industries. The research constructs an embodied energy cycle network with seven major industries and uses a hypothetical extraction method to establish a hypothesis network for each sector. Then the research compares the hypothetical networks with the original embodied energy network. The differences represent the sectoral effects on the growth and development of the embodied energy network. By using the IENA method with the hypothetical network model, the contribution of a single specific sector can be quantified. Analytical results reveal that the sectoral increases in the volume of the network do not reflect system sustainability, while system sustainability improvement requires sectoral contributions not only to system volume but also to an increase in network organization. The research develops a sectoral-level model to identify the key drivers in the identified system from the network perspective. The results show the sectors with high levels of self-embodied energy flows make high contributions to the improvement of system sustainability in the Australian embodied energy network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a pioneering endeavour to investigate the determinants of environmental degradation in Australia through a comprehensive framework of EKC and STIRPAT. Specifically, the impacts of multiple factors of socio-economic development including economic growth, trade openness, industrialization, energy consumption on CO 2 emissions are analysed. Furthermore, the influences of financial development through different dimensions (financial efficiency, access and depth) in two subsectors (financial markets and institutions) and other proxies of financial development are focused over the period 1980–2014. Empirical results show short as well as long-run differences in the association among the variables. Short-term bidirectional causality prevails between economic growth, energy consumption, industrialization, and stock market development with carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions. However, there is no significant evidence found on EKC. This is due to the long-run positive impact of financial development, energy consumption, and trade openness on CO 2 emissions. Interestingly, the industrialization process is found to does not affect CO2 emissions. Empirical findings provide insight into why the quality of the Australian environment is truncated with frequent and widespread bushfires and suggest policymakers to have selective and strict environmental-friendly strategies to fulfil a sustainable development goal. • Study analysis determinants of environmental degradation in Australia. • Economic growth, trade openness and energy consumption contribute to CO 2 emissions. • Industrialization process has no statistically significant impact on CO 2 emissions. • Financial efficiency, financial access and financial depth affect the CO 2 emissions. • Financial markets and institutions play a vital role in increasing CO 2 emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

No abstract is available for this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]