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The importance of road safety education is widely acknowledged; however, there is a lack of consistency in road safety interventions currently being used in UK schools. Furthermore, the majority of road safety educational programmes use knowledge-based methods, which do not necessarily translate to improved behaviour in real traffic environments. The use of virtual reality is starting to emerge as a viable option, as it allows for repeated risk-free practice. This study aimed to test the efficacy and playability of a virtual reality road crossing iPad-based game with children aged 7-9 years. A total of 137 children from primary school years 3 and 4 completed the study. The game comprised ten levels increasing in complexity. Participants navigated to a target using a magic portal into the virtual world (the iPad position matching the direction of travel). Remote, anonymous in-game data were collected and the results suggested that performance was significantly better on their final attempt as compared to their first attempt, regardless of age and gender. Overall, the results suggest that the iPad-based game allowed the children to practice road crossing in an immersive environment, without risk and could provide a useful, evidence-based addition to current road safety education in UK schools.

Purpose: Road accidents are the leading cause of non-disease-related deaths among teenagers in Cambodia. However, Cambodian schools continue to lack road safety education programmes and standardised guidelines. This study evaluated the effects of a customised comprehensive road safety educational programme for older elementary school students in Cambodia. Design: We conducted a road safety educational programme at an elementary school in Cambodia. The programme consisted of seven parts and included content related to pedestrian and vehicle (car, motorcycle and bike) safety. Methods: We used a mixed method to evaluate changes in knowledge, attitudes and practices following the programme. For the quantitative evaluation, we conducted a quasi-experimental study using a nonequivalent control group pre-test--post-test design involving 52 students. The experimental group comprised fourth graders (aged 10 years) and the control group consisted of fifth graders (aged 11 years). For the qualitative evaluation, we conducted focus group interviews with six participants from the experimental group. Results: Post-test road safety knowledge (Z = -2.79; p = 0.005) and attitudes (Z = -2.05, p = 0.041) improved significantly in the experimental group. Qualitatively, three themes were identified: participants acquired new insights into road safety, they adopted more positive attitudes and they made an effort to practise road safety. Conclusion: This pilot study demonstrated a possible positive effect of a road safety educational programme, suggesting that, following additional verification, it could be used to improve road safety for older elementary school students in Cambodia.

The early twentieth-century Futurist and Fascist sense of 'speed' as an aesthetic ideal and object of desire continues to be a pervasive and powerful influence in contemporary culture. The paper explores aspects of cultural imaginaries and discourses of the body, their relationships to the motor vehicle, and how these imaginaries play out in the health education space, specifically in a schools-based road safety programme, Fit to Drive (F2D), where the erotics and aesthetics of the human-car-machine-assemblage are made absent. In imagining the limits and possibilities of human embodiment in road safety/health education, we present encounters with the fascist psyche, with Graham -- a grotesque (baroque) creature at the heart of a collaborative art project/installation, with the folds of our bodies, and the competing possibilities of the baroque. Our intent is to invite a different engagement with the human-car-machine-assemblage, and to trouble what we include in, exclude from, school-based health education.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to understand if effective road safety education is being provided to students by embedding educational programmes within a curriculum framework. Design/methodology/approach: A qualitative methodology was used to gain in-depth understanding of the health-promoting initiatives of Saudi Arabian universities and colleges in preventing risky driving behaviour among students. Interviews were used to collect data from 11 faculty members. Findings: Results suggest that educational programmes for changing the risky driving behaviour of students are still in their infancy. The findings raise questions about road safety and driving. While initiatives are being taken for promoting awareness within educational institutions on road safety, there is still a lack of awareness of traffic regulations and signs. Originality/value: Since there is a paucity of research on health promotions specifically related to aberrant and risky driving in the Kingdom, this paper adds value to educators and policy-makers.

Bicycling is a popular recreation activity and mode of transportation among the American workforce. While safety standards are key factors in reducing risk for a cycling fatality, contextual factors also play a role. State-level data for this study were retrieved from the U.S. Census Bureau, the League of American Bicyclists, and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Trend analysis was conducted via ANOVA and the trajectory of the pedalcyclist fatality rate (PFR) from 2011 to 2013 was determined. Linear regression was conducted and the influence of socioeconomic variables on PFR between 2011 and 2013 was determined. The average statelevel PFR increased between 2011 and 2013; however, the trend was not statistically significant. Regression analysis showed that socioeconomic variables were significant predictors of PFR, after controlling for relevant covariates. To improve cycling safety, states should not only adopt legislation and infrastructure that support cycling but also consider implementing innovative road-safety educational programs in resource-deprived areas.

Objective: While driveway run-over incidents continue to be a cause of serious injury and deaths among young children in Australia, few empirically evaluated educational interventions have been developed which address these incidents. Addressing this gap, this study describes the development and evaluation of a paper-based driveway safety intervention targeting caregivers of children aged 5 years or younger. Design: Cross-sectional survey. Method and setting: Informed by previous research, the intervention targeted key caregiver safety behaviours that address driveway risks. To assess the impact of the intervention, 137 Queensland (Australia) caregivers (95.0% women; mean age = 34.97 years) were recruited. After receiving the intervention, changes to a number of outcomes such as caregiver risk perception, safety knowledge and behavioural intentions were measured. Results: Findings indicated that the intervention had increased general and specific situational risk awareness and safety knowledge among a substantial proportion of participants. Close to one-quarter of the sample strongly agreed that the intervention had increased these outcomes. In addition, 71.6% of the sample reported that they intended to make changes to their routine in and around the driveway, as a result of reading the intervention material and a further, quarter of the participants strongly agreed that the information provided would be a help both to themselves (26.5%) and other caregivers (33.8%) to keep their children safe in the driveway. Conclusion: While the educational intervention requires further validation, findings from this study suggest that intervention content and format increases driveway safety.

This research explored how values are communicated in everyday life at preschool. This narrative inquiry focused on how values are conveyed through the use of a material artefact, a chart with traffic lights, as a communication and pedagogical tool. Twenty children aged 3-4 years in one Finnish preschool were involved in the initial data collection, together with five practitioners. The initial research data consisted of observations and video records from activities in the preschool. On three subsequent occasions across an 18-month period, further reflective discussions were held with the same practitioners about using the traffic lights as a pedagogical tool. The findings highlighted that opposite values, like practitioners' discipline and children's right to participate, could be communicated around the same practice. Telling and retelling stories about everyday pedagogical work, such as use of the chart with traffic lights, made practitioners more aware about ethical aspects of early childhood education and also revealed something about their emotions and morality. While values statements are written into the curriculum, values in practice are constantly communicated through the social, cultural and the material environment.

Road safety education is a complex phenomenon which should be viewed holistically if taken into account the interconnectedness of education, infrastructure and enforcement. Effective road safety education is specifically important for learners in the Further Education and Training (FET) band, as they are active contributors to a community. The greatest criticism against road safety education is that it is aimed at changing learners' knowledge about the subject, but not necessarily influencing their attitudes as road users. The aim of this discussion article is to explore a strategy to integrate road safety education into the formal curriculum of specifically schools responsible for the FET band. By applying the desktop research method, the article conceptualises what the specific purpose of the FET band is and what the possible focus of road safety education and training should be. The article then explores international common practices in road safety education and training, and considers the necessary synergy between education, engineering and enforcement. The article uses secondary data collected from documents which are then thematically analysed. A coordinated and comprehensive education and training strategy is needed, facilitating partnerships in various sectors to implement such education in the FET band, in multidisciplinary ways, in a contextualised curriculum.

Skills and awareness of young pedestrians can be improved with on-street practical pedestrian training, often delivered in schools in the UK by local authorities with the intention of improving road safety. This training is often supplemented by in-class paper-based worksheet activities that are seen to be less effective than practical training in that they focus on knowledge acquisition rather than directly improving the correct application of safe pedestrian skills at the roadside. Previous research indicates that interactive video tools have the potential to develop procedural skills while offering an engaging road safety educational experience, which could positively impact on road crossing behaviour. In this paper, the design and development of a hazard-identification interactive road safety training video targeting child road crossing skills is presented. The interactive video was shown to be an engaging training resource for 6- to 7-year-old children. The tool's scope for improving pedestrians' roadside skills is considered along with the wider implications for interactive video to aid safety training in other areas.

• Improving traffic knowledge and skills is crucial in reducing adolescent traffic crashes. • A pretest-posttest control group design with a large sample of 700 adolescents was used for effect evaluations. • The gamified e-learning platform significantly improved traffic knowledge and skills among adolescents in Vietnam. • Traffic crashes require comprehensive countermeasures that cover traffic rules, signs, situations, and riding skills. Introduction: Traffic crashes caused by adolescents are being assessed as particularly serious and a common concern of society as a whole. Improving traffic knowledge and skills is crucial in reducing adolescent traffic crashes. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effects of a gamified e-learning platform on traffic knowledge and skills among adolescents (aged 15–18) in Vietnam. Method: Using a pretest–posttest design, this quasi-experimental study, included 350 participants within the intervention group and 350 participants within the control group. All participants were selected from three high schools in Ho Chi Minh City in Vietnam. Intervention group participants got a gamified traffic safety learning experience with a gamified e-learning platform, while control group participants received general traffic safety education through conventional methods using short videos. The effect was measured via tests focusing on traffic knowledge and skills. Data were subsequently collected from both groups before (i.e., pretest) and immediately after (i.e., posttest 1) following the education. In addition, within the intervention group also a second posttest (i.e., posttest 2) was conducted six months after following the education. Results: A significant increase in scores on posttest 1 compared to the pretest was found in the intervention group but not in the control group. Also, among the intervention group, the scores in posttest 2 were significantly better than those in the pretest, however, there was no difference in scores between posttest 1 and posttest 2. Conclusion : The results of this study indicated that the gamified e-learning platform cannot only improve participants' knowledge of traffic safety but also help participants retain such knowledge for at least six months. Practical implications: The study findings can reinforce the important role of traffic safety education in improving adolescent traffic knowledge and skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Road traffic accidents (RTA) are the ninth most common cause of death worldwide and contribute to the mortality rates of young adults aged 15–29. Behavioural factors and the perception of peril cause accidents. Aim: This scoping review is to determine the human factors in the form of safety behaviour and Road Safety Education (RSE) related to the incidence of traffic accidents among young drivers. Data sources: A comprehensive search of two databases, Scopus and ScienceDirect, was conducted to find articles published from 2017 to 2022. Eligible papers are entered into the specified criteria. The last fourteen articles were identified for this review. Results: Association of driving safety behaviour and road safety education with traffic accidents among young drivers. Factors causing adolescent traffic accidents are safety behaviour, risk perception and lack of education about driving safety. Conclusion: The overall findings of this review suggest that traffic safety education is needed to focus more on road users to improve hazard risk perception and change motorist behaviour. Traffic education and rules will quickly reduce the likelihood of traffic violations and accidents involving motorcycles. Future studies regarding factors that influence road traffic accidents Young Drivers are needed as they will help combat these problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Safe Drive Stay Alive improved knowledge, attitudes & intentions of risky driving. • Evidence indicates these benefits to improving road safety may be short-lived. • Young people identified the importance of relevant, relatable intervention content. • Future interventions should consider changes to session content and frequency. Road traffic collisions (RTCs) are the leading cause of deaths for young people worldwide. Whilst educational interventions that adopt fear-based messaging are commonly used to improve road safety in young people, limited focus has been directed to examining how they are delivered. Accordingly, this mixed-method study aims to i) measure the effectiveness of a UK intervention called Safe Drive Stay Alive (SDSA) for improving road safety knowledge, attitudes and intentional behaviors, and ii) what design and delivery mechanisms are important for achieving this. In study one, participants completed online questionnaires that measured road safety knowledge, attitudes, and behavioural intentions pre- (n = 1304) and post-intervention (n = 407), and two months later (n = 72). In study two, focus groups were conducted with 10 young people post-intervention to understand what mechanisms were important for promoting road safety. Statistical analysis of questionnaires showed that road safety knowledge, attitudes, and intentional behaviours significantly improved post-intervention. However, descriptive comparisons of the smaller number of two-month follow-up questionnaires indicated that ratings returned to pre-intervention levels. Thematic analysis of focus groups highlighted that having emotive, realistic, and relatable content was important for encouraging young people to attend to the message. However, more focus was needed on how to address peer pressure. SDSA improves road safety knowledge, attitudes, and behavioural intentions. However, there are indications that benefits may be short lived, requiring 'top up' interventions. Whilst young people also perceive SDSA to be useful, engaging, and delivering an important message, support is needed for addressing peer pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Educating traffic knowledge and safe behaviours to children is an effective strategy for improving their traffic safety. However, due to the physical and cognitive limitations of children, implementing a proper and effective education and training programme can be complicated. It is thus vital to investigate how the effectiveness of such programmes can be improved. To this end, 200 children aged 6–9 years were asked to participate in this study. Different characteristics of the children and their parents were obtained using several forms and questionnaires. Structural equation modelling was then used to analyse the importance of contributing factors. The difference between the score of each child before and after completing the education programme was defined as their traffic educability. The results showed that children who do better in school, children who have older siblings and those who are more active have greater potential to learn traffic knowledge. Furthermore, with respect to parents, having a higher education level, driving frequently, trying to highlight the importance of traffic rules in front of children and being concerned about children's trip safety can increase children's ability in traffic education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Bicycle helmet use has increased in Denmark without helmet legislation. • An observational study has monitored helmet use in Denmark since 2004. • From 2004 to 2022, helmet use among all cyclists has increased from 6% to 50% • From 2004 to 2022, helmet use among school children rose from 33% to 79% • Non-legislative means and social processes could have been important factors. Introduction : Using a bicycle helmet reduces the risk of serious head injuries among cyclists substantially. This makes it highly relevant to increase the use of helmets and to measure the prevalence of bicycle helmet use over time and across different groups. Method: Since 2004, the use of bicycle helmets in Denmark has been measured observationally in two nationwide time series: one among cyclists in city traffic across all age groups, and one among cycling school children (aged 6–16) around schools. The observations have been conducted on a regular basis in different parts of the country following the same methodology over the years. Results: Bicycle helmet use among cyclists in city traffic in Denmark has increased from 6% in 2004 to 50% in 2022. Among cycling school children, helmet use has increased from 33% in 2004 to 79% in 2022. Throughout the years, helmet wearing rates have been highest among young children and lowest among young adults. Since 2015, female cyclists in city traffic have had a slightly higher helmet use than male cyclists. Discussion : Several factors might have affected bicycle helmet use in Denmark. One possible factor is a nationwide focus on traffic safety education and behavior change campaigns to encourage helmet wearing. Furthermore, among stakeholders on cycling safety there has been consensus on recommending bicycle helmet use and supporting the promotion of helmets while not recommending or promoting helmet legislation. Finally, more safety-oriented behavior in road traffic in general, and self-reinforcing effects of increased helmet use have plausibly been important factors. Practical Applications : Increasing bicycle helmet use in a country where cycling is popular is possible in the absence of mandatory bicycle helmet legislation. Persistent behavior change campaigning and education, stakeholder consensus, higher levels of road safety-oriented behaviors, and self-reinforcing processes could potentially be important factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the development of heritage-focused outreach materials with the objectives of positively impacting traffic safety culture for Indigenous youth to reduce the number and severity of traffic crashes impacting these communities. The approach presented in this paper includes involving local community leaders in traffic safety education and incorporating culturally based material in outreach education. This could empower Tribal communities to preserve their cultural identities while acquiring the expertise needed to promote traffic safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to verify the preventive effect of daily safety education on children by analyzing its influence on the improvement in their understanding, perceptions, and attitudes toward safety, when virtual reality (VR) is used. The use of VR-based tangible safety education is increasing. Thus, the effectiveness of VR stability education should be verified. This study was conducted for three months by selecting infants aged 4–5 years and their homeroom teachers enrolled in early childhood education institutions. After completing daily safety education using VR, questionnaires prepared by the teacher, comprising interviews and Q&A with the infants, were analyzed. Descriptive statistics, F-test, ANOVA, and multiple regression were used for data analysis. It was found that (a) the preference for audiovisual and VR as effective teaching methods in early childhood educational institutions was high; (b) safety education using VR showed a positive correlation with children's traffic safety perceptions and attitudes; and (c) immersion was found to be a significant factor influencing the perception and attitude of safety education. These findings suggest that various methods to implement and utilize safety education programs using VR should be explored. Finally, VR safety education improved preventive attitudes toward the safety of children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Computer Engineering & Applications is the property of Beijing Journal of Computer Engineering & Applications Journal Co Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Road traffic injuries occurred more than 1.25 million lives each year and have a huge impact on health. According to World Health Organization, in the South East Asian region India is one of the accounted for 73 percent of these Road traffic accidents. Traffic signs and regulations is most essential part for all person. Any person who takes a driving license and deserve to drive a vehicle should have proper knowledge of traffic signs and regulations. If the signs and regulations of traffic are imitating correctly, the becoming accident are very much reduced. Road traffic injuries are currently estimated to be the eight-leading cause of death across all age groups globally, and are predicted to become the seventh leading cause of death by 2030.So, there is a strong need for giving this safety education regarding road traffic signs and regulations. Aims: The current study is aimed to assess the effectiveness of safety education on knowledge, attitude and practice towards road traffic signs and regulations among those who are studying in college. The researcher wants to scrutinize the positivity through the research result to reduce the road traffic accidents. Objective: To assess the pre-test and post-test knowledge, attitude and practice towards road traffic signs and regulations among college students. To compare the pre-test and post-test knowledge, attitude and practice. To find out the association between the knowledge, attitude and practice towards road traffic signs and regulations with their selected demographic variables. Methodology: Design and Setting Quasi Experimental research design was used and Probability (simple random) sampling method was used to drawn samples. Then after tool validation from various subject experts, all questions were given to the students and inform consent form also has been conducted for data collection from the samples. Prior to data collection written setting permission obtain from Principals of various college, for the data collection researcher were selected colleges at Nadiad city. The total sample size was 100 students. The tool consists of following Section A: Socio-demographic variables. Section B: Knowledge questionnaire related to road traffic signs and regulations. Section C: Likert's attitude scale related to road traffic signs and regulations Section D: Practice checklist related to road traffic signs and regulations. Statistical Analysis: used Inferential and Descriptive statistics applied where, data were analyzed by using SPSS software, and Frequency, percentage, tables etc. were used to represent the statistical data in the tables and graph and figure. Paired -t test was used for assess the significant difference between the pre-test and post-test. Chi-square test was used to assess the significant association between the demographic and level of knowledge, attitude and practice towards road traffic signs and regulation among college students. Results: Data reveals that majoritystudents, 41 (41 %) of college students belongs to 18-20 years age group, 33 (33%) belong to 21-23 Years, 26 (26%) belong to 24-26 Years. The most of the samples belongs to the Hindu community 60(60%). The pretest knowledge score of samples was majority 98(98%) in inadequate, 02 (02%) sample had moderate knowledge score. In attitude score, 31(31%) samples had moderate attitude, 64(64%) had favorable attitudeand05(05%) had unfavorable attitude. In the practice score of samples, 48(48%) had average practice, 52(52%) had good practice. After administration of safety education towards road traffic signs and regulations the posttest knowledge score was majority 42(42%) had adequate knowledge, 56 (56%) sample had moderate knowledge. In the attitude score of samples was majority samples had favorable attitude 75(75%), 20(20%) had moderate attitude and in the practice score of samples was most of the samples had good score 80(80 %)and 20(20%) had average practice score. Conclusion: This study reveals that 98(98%) had inadequate knowledge regarding road traffic signs and regulations. After administration of safety education, 42(42%) had gain adequate knowledge regarding road traffic rules. So, this study is very effective tool for increasing knowledge attitude and practice on traffic sign and regulation and reduce the road traffic accidents. Government should also start to give the safety education to the college students for the reduce the chances of road traffic accidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Reviewed 13 studies on road users' engagement in prosocial and altruistic behaviour. • Both personal and contextual factors influenced engagement in prosocial behaviour. • Review provided some support for school-based injury prevention programs. • Outcomes may guide the development of future road safety public education messages. Introduction: Engagement in prosocial and altruistic on-road behaviors is a new area of research with potential safety benefits for road users. This paper systematically reviewed studies on road users' engagement in prosocial and altruistic behaviors to provide guidance regarding the next steps in this area of research, particularly to inform targeted interventions. The objective was to identify the types of on-road prosocial and altruistic behaviors that have been studied, and the factors associated with these behaviors. Road users were defined as drivers, passengers, or vulnerable road users (e.g., pedestrian, motorcyclists, and bicyclists). Method: The database search was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRIMSA) guidelines and was conducted in June 2021. A total of 23,090 articles were identified in four databases including APA PsycINFO, Embase, Web of Science, and the Transportation Research Information Database. Eleven articles (13 studies) published between 2004 and 2021 met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Results: Six studies focused on intervening behaviors, specifically relating to passengers' willingness or intentions to speak up to a driver engaging in unsafe driving behaviors, four studies focused on drivers' yielding behaviors at crosswalks, and one study each focused on altruistic driving behaviors, prosocial driving behavior at long-wait stops, and prosocial behavior towards cyclists. Studies typically examined characteristics of the prosocial road user, including self-esteem, efficacy, and subjective norms, as well as contextual factors, such as other road users' behaviors and on-road messaging. Conclusions: This review highlights specific factors that may predict road users' engagement in prosocial and altruistic on-road behaviors. Practical Applications: The outcomes from this review may be used to guide the development of future road safety public education messages designed to encourage greater participation in prosocial and altruistic on-road behaviors that act to benefit all road users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The safety of pedestrians, such as workers who largely walk to and from work, has not been given sufficient attention, especially in the area of traffic safety in developing countries, including Bangladesh. Although the National Road Safety Strategy has a very strong emphasis on road safety education and publicity campaigns, the road safety knowledge may not have reached these vulnerable road users who most needed them. Moreover, little is known about the penetration rate of these campaigns and who have benefited or not benefited from them. On the other hand, the developing country, like Bangladesh, is heavily dependent on its Readymade Garment (RMG) workers for earning foreign currency, and walking is one of the major mode of transports of those workers. The objective of this study is to identify those who are not reach by the safety education. Results from a survey of 1020 RMG workers around Dhaka identified several socioeconomic, demographic, travel characteristics and accident experience that affect the most vulnerable segments who are left out of the system. The findings of this study would help the policy makers to arrange necessary road safety education for the most vulnerable cohorts of pedestrians to encourage the continued use of this sustainable mode of commute. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Road traffic accidents are a major health concern all over the world. Each year, 1.3 million people die in fatal road traffic accidents. Fatal and serious heavy goods vehicle (HGV) crashes are over-represented in many countries. This paper is a contribution to the road safety literature and has two aims. First, the study seeks to identify important factors in managing road safety for work-related driving of HGVs. Second, the study proposes an overall framework for how safety training could be executed and its overall content. Methods used were a literature review and a case study. The results show that important factors for management of road safety could be arranged at different levels: governmental level, third-party level, organizational level and driver level. Most important is that a systematic approach to road traffic safety for HGVs is essential. Every party is jointly responsible for road traffic safety, and parties must communicate and work together to increase road traffic safety for work-related driving of HGVs. By developing a safety training program for all parties in the system, the study proposes a method for increased communication, collaboration and cooperation between parties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deaths due to road traffic accidents (RTA) accounted for 2.46% of deaths out of the total deaths in Indonesia. Road safety education (RSE), as an effort to prevent RTA, focuses on increasing knowledge; however, variations of techniques, methods, and media are less used. This study aims to analyze the application of RSE innovations that have been compiled based on interests and needs of adolescents, which are expected to be able to increase knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, intentions, and safe driving behavior. This research used a quasi-experimental approach with a non-randomized pre-test–post-test control group design approach. The Zainafree Program intervention model was conducted for 6 weeks on 362 students who were selected using purposive sampling technique at two schools with the same characteristics. The bivariate analysis was conducted to observe the effect of the model on changes in knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, intentions, and behavior. We analyzed multivariately using GLM-RMA to determine the effectiveness of the model from various confounding factors. The Mann–Whitney test in the intervention and control group demonstrated a significant difference in the average post-test score of two on all dependent variables (p = 0.000). The results of the GLM-RMA test demonstrated the effect of the Zainafree Program on knowledge (p = 0.000; ETA Square = 35.1), beliefs (p = 0.000; ETA Square = 32.0), attitudes (p = 0.000; ETA Square = 50.9), intentions (p = 0.000, ETA Square = 20.7), and behavior (p = 0.000; ETA Square = 28.2), after adjusting for involvement between confounding variables (p = 0.000; ETA Square = 16.2), which demonstrated that the intervention was able to explain 16.2 changes that occur in the scores of five aspects together. The RSE program was proven to be successful in increasing students' knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, intentions, and behavior compared to those who did not receive the program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to develop a public traffic safety awareness questionnaire and explore the factors influencing public traffic safety awareness in China. A questionnaire survey was conducted with 5200 people in Jiaozuo, China, to assess their public traffic safety awareness. Based on 5029 effective samples, the developed public traffic safety awareness scale passed the reliability and validity tests and identified three factors: traffic safety behaviour, traffic safety attitude and traffic accident cognition. The Chinese version of the Traffic Climate Scale (three factors: external affective demand, internal requirements and functionality) and the Ten-Item Personality Inventory in China (five factors: extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability and openness) were also used in the questionnaire. The results of correlation analysis, difference analysis and multiple linear regression analysis show that in terms of individual factors, public traffic safety awareness is significantly related to age, education level, number of children and personality traits, and there are significant differences between genders and across occupations. In terms of environmental factors, public traffic safety awareness is significantly related to traffic safety education, traffic violation records, approval of traffic violations and traffic climate. Internal requirements, external emotional demands, conscientiousness and agreeableness can effectively explain and predict public traffic safety awareness. The research results provide a strong reference to help road traffic safety management departments formulate policies and play a positive role in preventing and reducing traffic accidents and ensuring public safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology. Social Sciences Edition / Haerbin Gongye Daxue Xuebao. Shehui Kexue Ban is the property of Harbin Institute of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tunnel Construction / Suidao Jianshe (Zhong-Yingwen Ban) is the property of Tunnel Construction Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

• High school road safety education program's influence on passengers' intentions and willingness to 'speak up' to a risky driver. • Extended Theory of Planned Behaviour to understand factors influencing passengers' intentions and willingness to 'speak up' • Results provided support for the program having positive effects including up to 3 months after having participated in the program. Risky driving behaviours such as mobile phone use and speeding remain common among young people, thereby contributing to their over-representation in road crashes. There is much evidence that similar-aged peer passengers can have a negative impact on a young driver's behaviour; however, there is also research that supports the positive influence that peer passengers can have when they speak up about risky behaviours. Road safety education programs, such as the Royal Automobile Club of Queensland's (RACQ) Docudrama program, aim to help young people understand the important role they play as peer passengers and, thus, the importance of being willing to speak up to a driver who may be engaging in risky behaviours. Extending on a previous evaluation of the RACQ Docudrama program, the current study uses an Extended Theory of Planned Behaviour framework to evaluate the program's effectiveness in influencing peer passengers' intentions and self-reported behaviour in speaking up against risky driving behaviours, including mobile phone use and speeding. A repeated-measures design compared participants' responses over 3 time-points: Time 1 (one month before participating in the program), Time 2 (immediately after having participated in the program), and Time 3 (three months after program participation). The results indicate that levels of anticipated regret for having not spoken up were higher following participation in the program suggesting that it encouraged young people to consider how they would feel if something was to happen and they, as passengers, had not tried to prevent it by speaking up. Three months after participating in the program, the majority of participants reported that they were positively influenced by the program in terms of engaging in safer behaviours as passengers; although the significant effects regarding improvements were observed only immediately after participating in the program. The implications of such findings are discussed in terms of the need for some type of 'booster' post-program participation to capitalise on the positive immediate effects that the program evokes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taxi drivers face many problems every day including safety issues. The tendency to quickly transport passengers to their destinations for more income has resulted in dangerous driving behaviors leading to traffic violations. So, taxi drivers need appropriate support and training programs to improve safety and reduce the risk of crashes. Implementing different support and safety training programs requires an effective management system. There is a dearth of research on the safety issues of taxis from the perspective of taxi organization managers. This study aims to evaluate the safety issues of taxi transport management through a case study of the Tehran Taxi Organization. A questionnaire survey was conducted with 22 regional managers and 20 transportation specialists of the Tehran Taxi Organization. Issues related to taxi drivers, roads and road users, vehicles, and management systems were evaluated in the questionnaire. Participants determined the relevance level and priority ranking of each question. The level of agreement was then tested using the Kendall concordance test. According to the results, the use of GPS was selected as the best in-vehicle monitoring system that can be used to evaluate drivers in the fleet. Participants believed that passengers' loading and unloading had the most risk for taxi users. The start-inhibit technology to detect open doors was unanimously evaluated as an efficient technology for taxi safety. With respect to educating taxi users, starting education in schools had the most relevance and priority. Recommendations for increasing the safety of taxis include the use of GPS in taxis to monitor and evaluate drivers, receiving crash reports from police and submitting monthly safety assessment reports, flexibility in drivers' working hours' schedule, providing training on drivers fatigue management, and evaluating drivers' health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• In Malaysia 6740 fatal road crashes constitute of 64.5% motorcyclists. • Only 3% of child pillion riders using a standard child safety helmet. • Adult riders influence the standard helmet usage among child pillion riders. The World Health Organization stressed that compliance with the use of safety helmet could significantly reduce the risk of injury by 72% and the probability of death by 39%. In Malaysia, the enforcement of the safety helmet legislation significantly reduced 30% of motorcycle crash fatalities in Malaysia. The aim of this study is to explore the use of motorcycle helmets and the determinants of standard helmet usage among child pillion riders. A cross-sectional survey of 200 adult riders accompanied by the child pillion riders aged 6–12 years old from Klang, Selangor, was conducted. The proper use of the helmet among the respondents and the child pillion riders was observed and recorded. A questionnaire was used to assess socio-demographic background and awareness of the use of child safety helmets. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 23. Only 3% of child pillion riders use standard child safety helmets, while 37% wear standard adult motorcycle helmets. Adult riders who were married, female, always wear helmets, have a higher household income and travel a long distance, are more likely to use a standard motorcycle helmet for their child pillion riders. Knowledge on Standard Certification (SIRIM) label and its importance, awareness of the campaign on child safety helmets, police enforcement, understanding the safety of toy/game helmet use have been identified as additional determinants of standard helmet use among child pillion riders. This study recommends prospective studies with continuous road safety educations programs that integrate behavioural change approaches to enhance the use of standard motorcycle helmets among the child pillion riders in Malaysia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• MDS analysis is used to classify a heterogenous sample of drivers into sub-cultures. • Risky driving behaviours are classified into themes with shared underlying meaning. • Acceptance of speeding is highest among the young Arabic students. • Acceptance of distraction and drivers' negligence is highest among male Arab drivers. • Acceptance of extreme risk-taking is highest among South-Asian business drivers. Introduction: Heterogeneous driving populations with many different origins are likely to have various sub-cultures that comprise of drivers with shared driver characteristics, most likely with dissimilar traffic safety cultures. An innovative methodology in traffic safety research is introduced which is beneficial for large datasets with multiple variables, making it useful for the multi-variate classification of drivers, driving attitudes and/or (risky) driving behaviours. Method: With the application of multidimensional scaling analysis (MDS), this study explores traffic safety culture in the State of Qatar using a questionnaire and investigates the similarity patterns between the questionnaire items, aiming to classify attitudes towards risky driving behaviours into themes. MDS is subsequently applied to classify drivers within a heterogeneous driving sample into sub-cultures with shared driver characteristics and different risky driving attitudes. Results: Results show that acceptance of speeding is highest among the young Arabic students and acceptance of distraction and drivers' negligence such as phone use and not wearing a seatbelt is highest among male Arab drivers. Acceptance of extreme risk-taking like intoxicated driving and red-light running is highest among South-Asian business drivers. Conclusion: It is important and practical to understand risky behavioural habits among sub-cultures and thereby focussing on groups of drivers instead of individuals, because groups are easier to approach and drivers within sub-cultures are found to influence each other. By indicating which groups of drivers are most likely to perform specific risky driving themes, it is possible to target these groups and effectively emphasise certain subsets of risky driving behaviours during training or traffic safety education. Practical Applications: This study provides guidance for the improvement of driver education and targeted traffic safety awareness campaigns, intending to make changes to attitudes and habits within specific driver sub-cultures with the aim to improve traffic safety on the longer term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the Global Status Report on Road Safety in 2015 from the World Health Organization (WHO), road traffic injuries claim more than 1.25 million lives each year, and they are the leading cause of death among young people aged between 15 and 29 years old. Road traffic fatalities in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) account for 4.7% of all mortalities and have plateaued over the last decade at 22–25 per 100,000 people. According to the Ministry of Interior (MOI) and Police department, 460,488 traffic accidents occurring on the roads in the KSA leading to 7489 deaths and 33,139 injuries, have recorded during 2017 (1438 H) The improvement of drivers' behavior through education, training, appropriate driver licensing and enforcement is recognized as a kernel in enhancing traffic and transport safety in the National Transportation Strategy. Moreover, it is accepted as an urgent issue to implement and strengthen institutional frameworks and capacities as well as targeted activities in the area of enforcement, engineering, education and emergency response on the national level. However, it is difficult to find any well-organized school traffic safety education material in KSA. For this reason, the objective of this paper was to propose a new traffic safety education material for children (under 13 years old) in KSA. Firstly, traffic safety regulations, policies and traffic safety education programs were reviewed and examined in the school of the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, Korea, Japan, and Sweden. Then the topics of the new traffic safety education material needed for children who will be the protagonists in KSA were chosen. In this new traffic safety education material, the utilization of various visual aids has been emphasized on for children's better understanding such as cartoons, graphics, and pictures in the Arabic Language. Finally, questionnaire surveys were conducted to verify the effectiveness of the new material. It is expected that this research became an ignition in the KSA to respond to the global trend of intensive attention to traffic safety. The new material is expected to be actively used mainly in schools and at homes to correct the misbehaviors of road users, to decrease the mortality and morbidity from road traffic accidents, and ultimately to cut off both direct and indirect social costs caused by road traffic accidents in the KSA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children are highly represented in statistics relating to road traffic injuries and fatalities. There are multiple risk factors that together create an increased risk for children in traffic, some of the major reasons include children's inability to efficiently and actively scan the environment and look for information relevant to the traffic environment, inconsistent behavior, and less developed hazard perception skills. Traffic safety education is one of the most important means for improving knowledge and skills required for children to behave safely in traffic. This study evaluated a newly developed and gamified e-learning platform meant to promote traffic safety among elementary school pupils in Belgium. Participants in this study were from four grades of elementary school and voluntarily took part in the training. They followed a self-study program at home for approximately 15 min per week over a period of 5 weeks in total. The platform included four modules: traffic knowledge, situation awareness, risk detection, and risk management. For each of these modules, a set of photos and videos were used as stimuli and selected from a database of camera recordings of real-life situations. Half of each module consisted of familiar situations for the pupils (i.e., own municipality), while the other half of each module consisted of unfamiliar situations for the pupils (i.e., other municipalities). A fifth module, "the finale," contained a mix of the first four modules. In total, 44 elementary school pupils (9–13 years old) completed the program. During the first round of measurement (i.e., the first four modules), pupils performed significantly better in the traffic knowledge module when compared with the other three modules. Further, in comparison with unfamiliar situations, pupils scored significantly higher in familiar situations. During the second round of measurement (i.e., the fifth module), pupils achieved higher scores in the risk detection and risk management modules when contrasted to the first measurement. The effect of gamification elements is discussed and the results also indicate the type of traffic safety issues to be emphasized in traffic safety education for children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Risky driving behavior (RDB) can cause panic and anger among other drivers. Under the influence of irrational emotions, RDB can reoccur, resulting in a phenomenon known as risky driving behavior propagation (RDBP). RDBP is a dangerous phenomenon, which can easily lead to traffic conflicts and accidents. It is significant to determine the propagation mechanism of RDBP to road safety. Firstly, RDBP can be considered a type of disease because three essential components of RDBP share similarities with an epidemic. A stochastic SIR model for risky driving behavior propagation (SSIR-RDBP) is constructed to quantify the mechanism of RDBP. Additionally, a Lyapunov function is adopted to prove the existence and uniqueness of the model solution. Secondly, based on current moment risk and cumulative risk, a two-stage risk approach is adopted to quantify the risk of RDBP. The Conditional Value at Risk (CVaR) is used to quantify the current moment risk, and the probability of the Markov state transition matrix is introduced to describe the cumulative risk. Finally, sensitivity analysis of the model parameters is carried out to explore the intrinsic variables of the parameters. The results suggest that the risk of RDBP increases rapidly to its peak value within the first 5 s. As traffic saturation increases, the decline rate of sustainable drivers and the rise rate of recovered individuals grows cubically, and the rate of reaching peak infection increases linearly. Furthermore, the fluctuation range of risk and the maximum risk both increase quadratically. The driver's emotional control ability is strongest when the infection rate is set to 4, and the recovery rate increases linearly with road safety education. Improving the driver's emotional control ability, and increasing awareness of road safety education, can help to control the risk in RDBP. • A stochastic SIR model for risky driving behavior propagation is presented. • Two-stage risk quantification approach based CVaR and Markov chain is proposed. • Relationship between model parameters and traffic measures are analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This research aimed to investigate the prevalence and factors associated with turn signal use at intersections. • Turn signal use among car drivers (68.27%) was found to be significantly higher than motorcyclists (40.13%). • The findings show the need for greater targeted enforcement of existing legislation and extensive road safety education. Turn signal neglect is a major cause of traffic crashes, particularly rear-end collisions. However, little research has investigated the use of turn signals among motorists, particularly in developing countries with high levels of motorcycle use. This research aimed to investigate the prevalence and factors associated with turn signal use at intersections among car drivers and motorcyclists in Da Nang, Vietnam. Cross-sectional roadside observations were undertaken at 24 sites across Da Nang City during weekday and weekend periods. A total of 17,142 vehicles were observed, including 2392 cars and 14,750 motorcycles. Turn signal use among car drivers (68.27%) was found to be significantly higher than motorcyclists (40.13%). Binary logistic regression modelling showed that turn signal neglect at intersections was associated with making a right turn, not carrying passengers, travelling outside of the city centre, travelling on weekdays, and the absence of separate car lanes, pedestrian crossings and traffic lights. Despite national legislation regulating turn signal use in Vietnam, the use of turn signals is relatively low compared with developed countries. The findings highlight the need for both greater and more targeted enforcement of existing legislation combined with extensive road safety education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When you write a narrative that names people and attribute to them certain achievements it is inevitable that some people will not be mentioned and their role in the achievement of noteworthy outcomes will be left out. The author recognizes that his experience and insights are just that, his experience and insights. The information and opinions shared during the forum and this narrative are the author's and should not be taken as anything more. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Working memory capacity and working memory load while driving have a significant effect on driving-related parameters. • Working memory is closely related to self-reported driving outcomes, including tickets, driving accidents et al. • Working memory capacity training and load alerts enhance driving safety. • Working memory is closely related to an automated driver's interface perception, takeover, and roadside signage. In recent years, many studies have used poor cognitive functions to explain risk safety differences among drivers. Working memory is a cognitive function with information storage and attentional control that plays a crucial role in driver information processing. Furthermore, it is inextricably linked to parameters such as driving performance, driving eye movements and driving neurophysiology, which have a significant impact on drivers' risky behavior and crash risk. In particular, crash risk is a serious risk to social safety and economic development. For this reason, it is necessary to understand how risk-related working memory affects driving so that pre-driving safety pre-training programs and in-vehicle safety assistance systems for driving can be developed accordingly, contributing to the development of semi-autonomous vehicles and even autonomous vehicles. In this paper, a systematic search of the literature over the past 23 years resulted in 78 articles that met the eligibility criteria and quality assessment. The results show that higher working memory capacity, as measured neuropsychologically, is associated with more consistent and safer driving-related parameters for drivers (e.g., lane keeping) and may be related to pupil dilation during risk perception while driving, which is associated with driving outcomes (tickets, pull-overs, penalty points and fines,and driving accidents) is closely related to the perceived usefulness of the human–machine interface, reaction time, standard deviation of steering wheel corners, etc. when the autonomous driving takes over. In addition, higher working memory load interference was associated with more inconsistent and unsafe driving-related parameters (including but not limited to eye movements, electrophysiology, etc.), with higher working memory load being associated with easier driver concentration on the road, faster heart rate, lower heart rate variability, and lower oxyhemoglobin (OxyHb) and deoxyhemoglobin (DeoxyHb). Only a limited number of studies have simultaneously investigated the relationship between working memory capacity, working memory load and driving, showing an interaction between working memory capacity and working memory load on lane change initiation and lane change correctness, with working memory capacity acting as a covariate that mediated the effect of working memory load on braking reaction time. In addition, working memory-related cognitive training had a transfer effect on improving driving ability. Overall, working memory capacity determines the upper limit of the number of working memory attention resources, while working memory load occupies part of the working memory attention resources, thus influencing information perception, decision judgment, operational response, and collision avoidance in driving. Future effective interventions for safe driving can be combined with capacity training and load alerting. These findings contribute to our understanding of the role of working memory in driving and provide new insights into the design of driver safety training programs and automated driving personalized in-vehicle safety systems and roadside devices such as signage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, Shanghai urban cross-river tunnels have three principal characteristics: increased traffic, a high accident rate and rapidly developing construction. Because of their complex geographic and hydrological characteristics, the alignment conditions in urban cross-river tunnels are more complicated than in highway tunnels, so a safety evaluation of urban cross-river tunnels is necessary to suggest follow-up construction and changes in operational management. A driving risk index (DRI) for urban cross-river tunnels was proposed in this study. An index system was also constructed, combining eight factors derived from the output of a driving simulator regarding three aspects of risk due to following, lateral accidents and driver workload. Analytic hierarchy process methods and expert marking and normalization processing were applied to construct a mathematical model for the DRI. The driving simulator was used to simulate 12 Shanghai urban cross-river tunnels and a relationship was obtained between the DRI for the tunnels and the corresponding accident rate (AR) via a regression analysis. The regression analysis results showed that the relationship between the DRI and the AR mapped to an exponential function with a high degree of fit. In the absence of detailed accident data, a safety evaluation model based on factors derived from a driving simulation can effectively assess the driving risk in urban cross-river tunnels constructed or in design. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

• Jakarta: In comparison with teenagers, young employed adults perceive that vehicle type and driver behaviour influence on road safety. • Jakarta: In comparison with teenagers, young employed do not realise the importance of safety enforcement and education. • Hanoi: In comparison with teenagers, young and middle-age employed perceive that safety enforcement and infrastructure less likely to have influence on road safety. • Hanoi: In comparison with teenagers, young and middle-age employed do not realise the importance of driver behaviour on road safety. This study investigates drivers' attitudes towards road safety in Jakarta and Hanoi. A comprehensive analysis of two datasets was achieved by multi-faceted analytical approaches of Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA), Cluster analysis (Hierarchical and Two-step) (CA), Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Multinomial Logistic Regression (MLR). MCA and CA were used to segment the drivers based on their sociodemographic characteristics and driving related information where three clusters were identified from each dataset. There were 60+ attitudinal statements in the datasets, therefore dimension reduction process was conducted using PCA. Five Principal Components were generated from each dataset, four of them common to Jakarta and Hanoi ("Safe driving practices and behaviour", "Road safety enforcement and education", "Driver behaviour at signalised junctions", "Road infrastructure and roadside facilities"), the fifth component being unique to each city ("Road infrastructure design issues" for Hanoi and "Type of motorised vehicles" for Jakarta). Finally, MLR was used to investigate how the level of perception on the identified components varied across sociodemographic clusters in each city. Employed young adults in Jakarta perceive that " Driver behaviour at signalised junctions " directly influences road safety compared to teenage and young adults who are in education. The reverse is true for Hanoi. Employed young drivers in both cities are less likely to recognise the importance of " Road safety enforcement and education" compared to teenage and young drivers in education. The study shows that the perception of road safety among drivers varies based on various factors including their sociodemographic traits and driving experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mining has been historically considered as a naturally high-risk industry worldwide. Deaths caused by coal mine accidents are more than the sum of all other accidents in China. Statistics of 320 coal mine accidents in Shandong province show that all accidents contain indicators of “unsafe conditions of the rules and regulations” with a frequency of 1590, accounting for 74.3% of the total frequency of 2140. “Unsafe behaviors of the operator” is another important contributory factor, which mainly includes “operator error” and “venturing into dangerous places.” A systems analysis approach was applied by using structural equation modeling (SEM) to examine the interactions between the contributory factors of coal mine accidents. The analysis of results leads to three conclusions. (i) “Unsafe conditions of the rules and regulations,” affect the “unsafe behaviors of the operator,” “unsafe conditions of the equipment,” and “unsafe conditions of the environment.” (ii) The three influencing factors of coal mine accidents (with the frequency of effect relation in descending order) are “lack of safety education and training,” “rules and regulations of safety production responsibility,” and “rules and regulations of supervision and inspection.” (iii) The three influenced factors (with the frequency in descending order) of coal mine accidents are “venturing into dangerous places,” “poor workplace environment,” and “operator error.” [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The roadway infrastructure damage (RID) from expressway accidents is analyzed. • A Bayesian random parameters Tobit model is proposed for the analysis of RID. • Vehicle types are found to have heterogeneous effects on the RID. • The proposed model outperforms a fixed parameters Tobit model. This paper presents an empirical analysis of factors contributing to roadway infrastructure damage from expressway accidents, using a Bayesian random parameters Tobit model. The accident data collected from Kaiyang Expressway, China in 2014 and 2015 are used for the empirical analysis. The results of parameter estimation in the proposed model indicate that: the effects of vehicle types are significantly heterogeneous across observations, and that the effects of horizontal curvature, time of day, vehicle registered province, and accident type are also significant but homogeneous across observations. The marginal effects of these contributing factors are calculated to explicitly quantify their impacts on road infrastructure damage. According to the analysis results, some strategies pertaining to safety education, traffic enforcement, roadway design, and intelligence transportation technology are advocated to reduce road infrastructure damage from expressway accidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]