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There is a general consensus that bio-waste is a suitable material for valorization by means of the fermentation process with the production of biogas. The success of a bio-waste closed-loop economy will ultimately be determined by the demand for the products made from it. Poor-quality composts and fermentation products will not be allowed on the market in the long term. This means that not only final products but also bio-waste from separate collections must also meet the quality requirements. The aim of this 12-month study was a monthly analysis determining the level of contaminants in bio-waste collected from rural communities, single-family neighborhoods in urban areas, and multi-family neighborhoods in urban areas. The share of contaminants in bio-waste from rural areas and single-family urban housing averaged 8.2% and 7.2%, respectively, while multi-family urban housing had a significantly higher average of 16.6%. The primary contaminants identified were treated wood, plastics, mineral wastes, paper, and glass in rural areas and plastics, paper, treated wood, glass, and textiles in urban areas. The close positive correlation found between the total content of pollutants and, in particular, with plastics and kitchen waste in bio-waste collected in rural communities and from multi-family housing in cities indicates that they are likely the main source of the origin of these pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the relationship between the head of household's risk tolerance and household debt in China for a sample drawn from the China Household Finance Survey, 2011, 2013, 2015 and 2017. The effect of risk tolerance on both the decision to hold and the amount of total household debt, housing debt and non‐housing debt held is analyzed. The key findings indicate that risk tolerance is positively associated with household debt and non‐housing debt. Differences are found in the effect of risk tolerance on household debt across rural and urban households. For example, there exists a positive relationship between risk tolerance and the probability of holding housing debt for rural households while such a relationship is not found for urban households. In addition, the effect of risk tolerance on household debt is larger for rural households. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on addressing housing challenges for rural residency programs by exploring various strategies and funding sources to support rural medical education and enhance the recruitment and retention of physicians in rural areas.

Purpose: Due to significant differences between urban and rural areas in terms of geographical environment, building scale, resident culture, social organization and other aspects, the post-disaster recovery and reconstruction models for both exhibit substantial variation. This study identifies critical strategic issues that must be addressed in housing reconstruction in the context of different social structures of urban–rural "integration" and urban–rural "dualization" to achieve the goal of "building back better" in the future. Design/methodology/approach: By taking the experience of the 5.12 Wenchuan earthquake and the Taiwan 9.21 earthquake as a reference, this study provides a thematic analysis and systematic summary of the entire process of post-disaster housing reconstruction. Findings: A successful housing reconstruction process should actively engage disaster-affected populations through participatory institutional design. Providing a diverse housing reconstruction model can coordinate the interests of the government, the market and affected individuals, promoting harmony of residential, productive and ecological functions. However, it can also lead to the division of existing communities. Research limitations/implications: This research relies on existing literature, government publications, academic studies and news reports, which may carry inherent biases or omissions. Future research can benefit from conducting more extensive and long-term post-reconstruction surveys to assess the sustained impact of recovery efforts while also considering additional data sources to ensure comprehensive and unbiased analyses. Practical implications: With the support of post-disaster reconstruction policies, diverse changes in land use can lead to urban and rural spatial pattern reform and sustainable regional development, providing a reference for formulating optimal strategies. Social implications: This study carries significant societal implications by addressing critical strategic issues in housing reconstruction within varying urban–rural social structures. It highlights the importance of engaging affected populations through participatory design and harmonizing government, market and individual interests. The research introduces strategies for activating rural construction land quotas and creating new funding sources, promoting sustainable regional development. Its findings contribute to post-disaster reconstruction models, offering valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders, ultimately leading to more effective and inclusive recovery efforts and benefiting disaster-prone areas worldwide. Originality/value: This research primarily investigates the market circulation patterns of urban and rural land under different social structures, delves into the strategies for sources of housing reconstruction funding, along with an assessment of their effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urbanization progress in developing countries is reflected in the urban living conditions of their rural migrants. Housing quality, in particular, is linked to migrants' social integration and development of human capital. In China, where urban housing is highly stratified by urban citizenship via the "hukou" or household registration system, improving housing quality is a top priority for the central government in its pursuit of human-centered urbanization. Despite some social and economic elements affecting migrants' housing quality being documented, few studies have analyzed the determinants of rural migrants' housing quality from the perspective of rural landholdings or possession of use rights of rural lands, which is endowed by the land system of China. Using large micro-data from the China Migrant Dynamic Survey (CMDS), this study investigates the association between hometown landholdings and rural migrants' housing quality in their host cities. The empirical results suggest that possessing rural landholdings in their hometown is negatively correlated with rural migrants' housing quality in their host cities, wherein rural migrants' hukou transfer intention is found as an intermediary factor. Furthermore, the heterogeneity of the relationship across demographic characteristics and regions was investigated. In addition, short-term revenue derived from hometown landholdings is also verified to have a very limited positive effect on migrants' housing quality. Land transfer policies customized for subgroups of rural migrants across sociological attributes and urban stratification are concluded finally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Northern New Mexico was uniquely vulnerable to the COVID‐19 pandemic and its fallout. Its Hispanic majority, aging population, and decreased access to healthcare put many of the communities in this area of the United States at risk. Taos County was particularly at increased risk of impact from COVID‐19. The county was also more vulnerable to the economic consequences of a pandemic due to reliance on tourism; this meant major impacts for individual households. As unemployment and poverty increased—and pandemic relief program rollouts floundered—the consequences meant precarity for many families. One of the most visible impacts of the pandemic was the inability to access affordable housing. This paper, based on 58 in‐depth interviews and 5 months of participant observation, explores experiences of homelessness and housing insecurity among an already vulnerable population during the pandemic, illustrating the ways in which many people struggled. Importantly, this paper explores differences in patterns of housing insecurity among rural White and rural Hispanic participants during the COVID‐19 pandemic. In addition, this paper advocates the importance of looking at nuanced patterns of dealing with housing precarity in the rural setting as the ways in which different populations cope impact the forms of help that are needed when housing becomes a problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evictions are commonplace in the United States, and their negative consequences are broad and severe. However, research on evictions to date has focused primarily on urban areas, and thus has not addressed the impact evictions have on rural renters. This paper offers the first comprehensive analysis of evictions in rural communities, where the number of renters has been increasing in recent decades. We use Eviction Lab's national eviction database to study the approximately 220,000 evictions filed in rural counties each year. While the majority of rural evictions affect families with a white head of household (57 percent in 2010), eviction filing rates are four times higher among rural Black renters than among rural white renters. Eviction filing rates are highest in heavily Black counties in the rural southeast. While eviction filings are somewhat lower in rural majority‐Hispanic counties, these communities experience low‐quality informal housing and overcrowding. Eviction rates are also higher in rural counties with higher rent burdens and where more households include children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As China's urbanization process continues to accelerate and the price of traditional commercial property continues to rise, a number of small property rights houses without construction permits and approvals have appeared on rural land. Although small property rights housing does not have the validity of property rights or the legal attributes of ordinary commercial housing, and the Chinese government has repeatedly introduced corresponding laws and regulations to regulate its purchase and sale, small property right housing is still purchased by many consumers because of its price advantage, and the number of disputes arising from its purchase and sale is on the rise every year. In addition, the phenomenon of developers building on rural land in violation of the law and real estate agents guaranteeing property without authorization has led to a waste of judicial resources and the infringement of property rights. This paper analyzes the actual situation and the main problems surrounding the governance of small property rights housing and constructs a quadrilateral evolutionary game model with the government, consumers, developers, and real estate agents as the main players. By analyzing various equilibrium points corresponding to different stages of small property rights housing governance, a simulation analysis is conducted using Matlab2016a software to examine the strategic choices of each stakeholder. By adjusting and simulating various parameters, this study investigates the key factors influencing the governance of small property rights housing. This study revealed the following points: (1) at different stages in the governance of small property rights housing, the choice of a strategy by each subject is affected by the expected benefits and costs; (2) the relevant government fines will regulate the strategic choices of developers and real estate agents; (3) consumers' purchasing tendency is affected by the price of small property rights housing and the risk estimation; (4) the governance of small property rights housing needs a long-term standardization of practice, and the government not only needs to improve the reward and punishment mechanism but also needs to provide positive guidance to the consumers. Through numerical simulation, we explore the impact of the main parameters of the current small property rights housing governance process on the strategic selections made by the game players, which is of great significance for the current policy and future governance of small property rights housing. This paper contributes additional insights to the existing body of theoretical literature through quantitative analysis. Nonetheless, there is a need for the further refinement of the parameter settings used in the study. Additionally, while the simulation analysis provides valuable perspectives, it is somewhat subjective and possesses certain limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Northern New Mexico was uniquely vulnerable to the COVID‐19 pandemic and its fallout. Its Hispanic majority, aging population, and decreased access to healthcare put many of the communities in this area of the United States at risk. Taos County was particularly at increased risk of impact from COVID‐19. The county was also more vulnerable to the economic consequences of a pandemic due to reliance on tourism; this meant major impacts for individual households. As unemployment and poverty increased—and pandemic relief program rollouts floundered—the consequences meant precarity for many families. One of the most visible impacts of the pandemic was the inability to access affordable housing. This paper, based on 58 in‐depth interviews and 5 months of participant observation, explores experiences of homelessness and housing insecurity among an already vulnerable population during the pandemic, illustrating the ways in which many people struggled. Importantly, this paper explores differences in patterns of housing insecurity among rural White and rural Hispanic participants during the COVID‐19 pandemic. In addition, this paper advocates the importance of looking at nuanced patterns of dealing with housing precarity in the rural setting as the ways in which different populations cope impact the forms of help that are needed when housing becomes a problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evictions are commonplace in the United States, and their negative consequences are broad and severe. However, research on evictions to date has focused primarily on urban areas, and thus has not addressed the impact evictions have on rural renters. This paper offers the first comprehensive analysis of evictions in rural communities, where the number of renters has been increasing in recent decades. We use Eviction Lab's national eviction database to study the approximately 220,000 evictions filed in rural counties each year. While the majority of rural evictions affect families with a white head of household (57 percent in 2010), eviction filing rates are four times higher among rural Black renters than among rural white renters. Eviction filing rates are highest in heavily Black counties in the rural southeast. While eviction filings are somewhat lower in rural majority‐Hispanic counties, these communities experience low‐quality informal housing and overcrowding. Eviction rates are also higher in rural counties with higher rent burdens and where more households include children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How does the riskiness of an ageing population change with house price dynamics of rural areas? Why do rural house prices increase faster than cities despite their ageing populations? Life cycle theory predicts working age households have higher demand for housing than retirement households. An issue that has seen much less attention in the literature is that rural house prices have been increasing despite their populations age rapidly. To answer these issues, our paper introduces an empirical cointegration-based framework designed to be flexible for empirical settings. Our cointegration framework reveals crucial information about rural housing and ageing which has not been found previously: the short-term deviation of house prices from cointegration restrictions is a strong predictor of future rural house prices and migration rate from 1 to 4 year ahead. This is not the case for urban areas nor where cointegration restrictions are being ignored. Rural house prices, not urban ones, are the key to understand this cointegration restriction. Our framework is pertinent to most ageing societies with available housing and demographic data. When a government formulates macroprudential policies internalizing these cointegration restrictions and supporting rural developments, migration into rural areas and population increases are possible. Our evidence highlights the importance of cointegration-based long-run ageing risks for rural housing markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change impacts on housing are an essential concern for Alaska Native communities. Adaptation literature has largely ignored the role of inter-organizational coordination networks in supporting housing adaptation. To address this gap, we surveyed 26 organizations and 36 participants from organizations working regionally in rural Alaska on housing service, construction, and engineering projects. We employ social network analysis (SNA), including Logistic Regression Quadratic Assignment Procedure (LRQAP), to explore the influence of network centrality on an organization's ability to enact housing adaptation. Results indicate that when two organizations have similarities in their network centrality, or how connected an organization was in the network, the less likely they are to have similar, positive views in their ability to enact housing adaptation. With a limited capacity to prepare for climate change impacts and integrate adaptation into existing programs, it is important for organizations and governments to mobilize the entirety of inter-organizational coordination networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fiber internet expansion represents a path to improved economic vitality for Americans, but it is unclear who benefits from it and by how much. We examine the effects of subsidized fiber internet expansion on home prices and homebuyer demographics using data from Wisconsin and an IV approach to correct for fiber network endogeneity. We find fiber internet increases urban and rural housing values by 1.83% ($3,462) and decreases the likelihood a homebuyer is white by 2.88%, but in urban areas only. Fiber internet therefore does not appear to drive minority homebuyers away but may contribute to the urban‐rural racial divide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the problems of housing policies in Japan in the context of a post-growth society. The authors argue for a shift in Japan's housing policy, emphasizing the importance of the second-hand housing market and the utilization of existing housing rather than new construction. They explore the causes of housing problems in Japan, such as the increase in vacant houses, and examine the political and economic circumstances that contribute to these issues. The authors also discuss the impact of post-growth society on housing conditions, including the shrinking housing market, housing inequalities, and the housing pathways of young people. They highlight the relationship between a post-growth society and low fertility rates, gender issues, and population aging. The book provides insights into the housing situation in Japan and offers suggestions for addressing housing problems in a post-growth society. [Extracted from the article]

The Malaysian National Housing Policy 2018-2025 proposed different housing development strategies, specifically focusing on the urban areas, with relatively little investigation on housing development in rural areas. This research investigates the challenges of incorporating sustainability features into housing and strategies to moving forward which leads to the development of a preliminary sustainable housing framework in rural areas. Semi-structured interview was conducted with 13 rural area residents' representatives and suppliers of housing materials who have more than ten years of experience in Sarawak. Content analysis was employed to analyse the collected data to further develop a framework related to sustainable housing development in rural areas. The proposed framework was validated with six experts who have 10-20 years of experience in rural areas through questionnaire. The findings revealed that accessibility issues, such as lack of proper transportation, and residents' financial capacity, hindered sustainable housing development, as the houses in Sarawak rural areas are mostly built by the residents. A preliminary framework that includes collaboration between government, suppliers of housing materials, contractors and residents, was proposed for improving housing conditions in rural areas to ensure the durability of the traditional timber house as well as the newly constructed houses with bricks and cement. This research could assist the government in identifying residents' housing needs, improving housing conditions and hence, enhancing residents' quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

housing in rural areas has a special role in meeting basic human needs. Considering the diverse functions of rural housing, it is important to study the effect of various factors on its resilience. Many components can play a role in that change. The purpose of the current research is to explain the paradigm model of rural housing resilience with emphasis on the rural economy. The current research is of a qualitative type and in terms of Morse's typology, it is a "parallel single method". The meta-composite method was used in data collection. The data collection method is document study and semi-structured interview. Nvivo software was used for qualitative data analysis and coding. Based on documentary studies and the use of meta-composite method, the theoretical framework of the research and the initial conceptual model of resilience were presented. The main components are: "optimal governance", "social justice", "endogenous growth", "sense of belonging" and "social vitality". Also, content analysis method is used to explain the components of the final conceptual model of rural housing resilience. Based on the questions raised in the interview process, 757 referrals were provided. With multiple revisions and integration of codes based on similarity during several stages of data summarization, 35 primary codes and 17 core codes were extracted. Based on the components presented in the conceptual model, interview questions were formulated and after summarizing the data, the spiral conceptual model was presented as the final model.

housing in rural areas has a special role in meeting basic human needs. Considering the diverse functions of rural housing, it is important to study the effect of various factors on its resilience. Many components can play a role in that change. The purpose of the current research is to explain the paradigm model of rural housing resilience with emphasis on the rural economy. The current research is of a qualitative type and in terms of Morse's typology, it is a "parallel single method". The meta-composite method was used in data collection. The data collection method is document study and semi-structured interview. Nvivo software was used for qualitative data analysis and coding. Based on documentary studies and the use of meta-composite method, the theoretical framework of the research and the initial conceptual model of resilience were presented. The main components are: "optimal governance", "social justice", "endogenous growth", "sense of belonging" and "social vitality". Also, content analysis method is used to explain the components of the final conceptual model of rural housing resilience. Based on the questions raised in the interview process, 757 referrals were provided. With multiple revisions and integration of codes based on similarity during several stages of data summarization, 35 primary codes and 17 core codes were extracted. Based on the components presented in the conceptual model, interview questions were formulated and after summarizing the data, the spiral conceptual model was presented as the final model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Ecuador, rural housing in the Andean region has limitations in its implementation and construction, which lacks technical criteria. This is due to scarce research considering the geographical and climatic conditions and the characteristics of construction materials suitable for this type of housing. This study analyzes the thermal comfort of two cases of study located in the Province of Cotopaxi, Ecuador. This location's altitude exceeds 2,900 MASL, and the average temperature ranges between 12°C and -3°C. The selected samples are two predominant single-family housing typologies in the region: the first, with a traditional construction system and the second, with a conventional system. This study has three main parts: in-situ data collection with measurement equipment, user interviews, and software simulations to obtain thermal data. The first phase, data collection and interviews, facilitate the analysis of discomfort hours and operating temperature (OT) of the current state of the housing. These first results allowed the second phase of this study, which is simulation. In this part, modifications of materiality and carpentry were proposed. The results show significant improvements in thermal comfort. Housing 1 increases by 14% of OT, and Housing 2 increases by 23% of O. T. Both study cases show a significant reduction in the discomfort hours. This research's main conclusion is that adequate material management through software simulation can contribute to innovative solutions for thermal comfort. The outgoing results of this study can be used in future housing and interventions in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xiamen, China, currently experiencing rapid development, needs to house large numbers of migrant workers who receive relatively low pay, prompting original residents in urban villages to repurpose and rebuild their original houses for low-price letting. In this conglomerate study, we firstly gauged the scale of existence of low-price rental housing (LPRH) in the city's rental housing market and the severity of their indoor environmental deficiencies. Questionnaires were then employed to reveal the actual living experience of their renters and the consequences on their health. Finally, statistical analyses were used to find the origin of any reported health problems. It was found that partitioned rural rental housings (PRRHs), the specific type of LPRH developed in Xiamen, represented the majority of rental housing supply in most areas of the city, and that the indoor environment parameters were mostly negative, both from the on-site measurements and from renters' experience. The sub-standard environmental parameters also showed correlational relationships to the renters' health. This research highlights the significant presence of PRRHs in Xiamen and their disservice for renters' health, calling governmental intervention throughout the lifetime of LPRHs in all cities including formulating adequate housing plans to house population explosions and renovating and replacing existing LPRHs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Notwithstanding, even after 75 years of independence adequate housing for all is an elusive dream for India. In 2011 India had 18.16 million homeless residents and 37 per cent of households lived in semi-permanent and temporary houses (Census of India, 2011). The condition of rural housing is worse and a thing to worry about. In this paper, an attempt has been made to investigate the condition of rural housing in India. The study concerned State wise rural-urban variation in the level of housing deprivation and its relationship with the socio-economic disparity. The database of this study is secondary, procured and compiled from the house listing and housing datasets of the Census of India (2011). The methodology of this study is mainly categorized into two segments-firstly, the identification of relevant housing and socio-economic deprivation variables. Secondly, to get fruitful analysis authors apply appropriate statistical techniques. Analysis revealed that wide state-level variations exist in access to basic amenities, specifically, drinking water, toilet facilities and electricity. There are prevalent disproportions across states in terms of housing deprivation. This deprivation is an all-prevalent phenomenon in rural areas. The Social and economic background of the households namely poverty, illiteracy, unemployment, caste identity are the main factors of rural housing deprivation. The result of this study argues urban favouritism in the provision of amenities over rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose- Nowadays, with the disappearance of traditionalism in rural housing design, constructions that deviate from the traditional and indigenous housing patterns are noticeable, and as a result, native values and traditions in rural housing have been disregarded. On the other hand, rural housing is the most humanistic subject of architecture and provides for the diverse needs of local residents. Therefore, this research was conducted with the aim of examining the effective factors in preserving the values of endemic housing and regional texture in Sistan towards revitalizing rural settlements. Design/ Methodology/ Approach- The qualitative-quantitative research method was used in the present study. The statistical population consisted of two parts: the first part included experts and graduates in architecture who were selected as a sample size of 20 people based on purposive sampling. The second part consisted of the villagers of Qaleh now, Deh Arbab, and Deh now Piran. Background field method, Delphi method, FARAS + FKOPRAS models were used to analyze data in both qualitative and quantitative sections. Finding- the results of background theory showed that from the perspective of experts, some factors such as preserving rural landscape, principles of protecting native housing values towards development with a focus on indigenous culture, interaction in preservation and revitalization of regional fabric and rural indigenous housing as well as cultural tourism in villages were identified as effective factors in preserving endemic rural housing values. Also, Delphi results showed that Kendall’s coefficient for concepts and meaningful units obtained from expert interviews did not differ significantly. In this regard, fuzzy model results showed that developing an ideal pattern for indigenous housing in Sistan with a weight of 70/72; principles of protecting native housing values towards development with a focus on indigenous culture with a weight of 66/72; integrated and cohesive management with a weight of 59/72, received the highest and lowest importance in preserving indigenous rural housing values in Sistan respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking the example of recognized refugees in rural Germany, and following the housing pathways approach, the paper addresses the complex interplay of individual and family‐related residential preferences over time as well as structural factors regarding access to housing and associated settlement and integration. Results are from a long‐term empirical study that encompassed both refugees' and local actors' views. Mechanisms and practices of exclusion that prevent refugees from accessing appropriate private housing are related to the negotiation of residential preferences about where and how to live, as well as to structural aspects such as the pattern of local housing markets, accessibility of infrastructures or the unwillingness of landlords to let to refugees. The paper concludes to highlight the role of place in housing trajectories and the significance of social resources within refugees' practices and local intermediaries' strategies to overcome exclusion and provision of access to rural housing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Beijing University of Civil Engineering & Architecture is the property of Journal of Beijing University of Civil Engineering & Architecture Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Based on 84 in-depth interviews and ten months of ethnographic fieldwork, this paper examines the impacts of gentrification and housing shortages in a rural Western U.S. community. In-migration by wealthy outsiders to the high-amenity community has driven up housing costs, privileging newcomers over longtime locals. The paper examines the impacts of social inequality on the community's most vulnerable residents, exploring the ways in which housing insecurity is reproduced and how formal and informal infrastructures fail to provide adequate housing options for low-income residents. While income is a significant factor in determining an individual or family's ability to access stable and affordable housing, symbolic resources, including social and moral capital are also found to play significant roles. The paper describes the mechanisms by which these resources come into play, illustrating how a lack of financial, social, and moral capital disadvantages residents in their struggles to procure housing. It finds that in a rural context where in-migration leads to high inequality, socially marginalized rural residents face a distinctive set of challenges and disadvantages that magnify housing instability and deepen exclusion and precariousness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of China's New Urbanization Strategy, it is of great practical significance to study rural–urban population migration from the perspective of house purchases by rural households. In this paper, the Huai'an Rural Survey Dataset (872,414 households) was used to study the heterogeneity of rural households' house purchases in different classes of urban destinations, and its influencing factors were analyzed with GeoDetector. The results show that the urban house purchase destinations preferred by farmers were county towns, townships, foreign cities, and metropolitan areas, indicating that in situ urbanization has become the main path of urbanization for farmers in Huai'an. Among the environmental influencing factors, the rural environment had the greatest influence on house purchases locally (in the township and county town), and this influence decreased with the outward shift of house purchase destinations. The housing environment, the settlement environment, and the population and family environment were the main environmental impact elements. The natural environment and the policy environment had little influence on the house-purchasing behavior of farmers, and the location environment was critical in exotic locations (metropolitan areas and foreign cities). Therefore, this paper argues that a higher demand for housing is growing in China's less developed rural areas, creating a situation in which the metropolitan area is the core and the county town is the main contributor. In terms of policy improvements, it is important to pay more attention to small cities such as counties and to offer housing concessions and welfare to "new citizens" from rural areas, as well as to significantly improve the housing, earnings, and public service environment for those who prefer to stay in the countryside. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the pillars of the development programs is to pay attention to the construction of rural houses. Renovation of these houses is not possible without paying attention to the identity issues and the historical background of the villages and the continuation of local patterns. The contexts of the continuity of residential patterns depend on understanding the native architecture. Therefore, it is necessary to explain the modeling process of native architecture and extract these models to be used in new designs. Savar village in East Azerbaijan province is one of the villages with historical values and native architecture. Therefore, this study seeks the modeling process and local patterns of housing in the village of Savar for implementation in the construction of new houses. This research is considered qualitative in terms of the implementation process and uses the descriptive-analytical-exploratory method to achieve its goals. For this purpose, while reviewing the relevant literature, it explains the process of modeling local patterns and then examines these steps in the case of Savar village. The findings of the research show that in the process of modeling native architecture, there are four essential stages of comprehensive understanding of the existing situation based on library and field studies, extracting the components that affect rural housing, presenting the basic model of rural housing, and finally, refining this model based on changes in the contemporary life of villagers. Consequently, the main components affecting the rural housing of Savar were identified, including the slope, orientation, substrate and spatial organization of the housing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The architectural solutions for social housing executed in rural mountain settlements in Cuba have not always met the needs and characteristics of their natural and social environment. The objective of the research was to define its historical references from the triumph of the Revolution to the present, its stages of development, main exponents, and the social conditions that influenced its evolution. A documentary study was carried out that included publications on the subject, archival materials and other sources. Historical-logical methods, and analysis-synthesis and inductiondeduction processes were used for the study and interpretation of the results. The investigation allowed to define the design criteria used in social housing in these settlements, and their common characteristics. It is concluded that the house under study has gone through different stages, prevailing in its design, technological approaches that move away from the characteristics of its context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista: Módulo Arquitectura CUC is the property of Corporacion Universidad de la Costa, CUC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Planning studies on rural housing are heavily shaped by concepts from urbanized countries with larger populations and attendant conservation pressures on agricultural or otherwise protected land. In particular, Anglo-American theorization on counterurbanisation and the differentiated countryside have enabled planning theory to engage with and compare multiple planning realities, albeit with the secondary effect of distorting appraisal in countries that do not reflect their originating context. This may unwittingly result in the pathologisation of rural planning practices that do not conform to expected norms in rurally-dominated countries with low populations and distributed rather than concentrated land ownership patterns. Ireland, as a northern European country with a proportionately large rural population, illustrates the importance of examining path dependencies as a means of forming meaningful and effective responses to challenges such as the decline of rural settlements and decarbonization. Case study data are presented to illustrate the specific dynamics of housing and planning in rural Ireland, and attention is drawn towards examples of endogenous and exogenous responses to the path dependencies identified. We argue that path dependencies are often more important in shaping rural places than the performance of the planning system itself, underlying the importance of wider perspectives on rural planning practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates how poor-quality housing affects Vietnamese individuals' health, measured using the number of sick days, which directly affects productivity and economic growth. Our analysis addresses endogeneity issues generally ignored in previous studies. We provide evidence, robust to various alterations that, the absence of an indoor water tap and homeownership, harmful indoor cooking fuel type, and the poor physical structure of the dwelling have adverse impacts on individuals' health. Our findings indicate that the adverse effects of housing on health arise from a larger spectrum of housing issues in rural areas compared to urban areas. We also find that the intensity in deprived housing conditions has a non-linear relationship with health, suggesting that even some degree of housing assistance can have a beneficial impact on individuals' health. Our study provides useful policy guides and informs healthy living practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines housing affordability among female-headed households, focusing on the differences between those living in rural areas versus those in urban areas. Existing literature on female householders lacks a contemporary understanding of the demographic, housing, and financial characteristics and the differences among rural and urban householders. Using multinomial logistic regression and 2013 American Housing Survey data for the analyses, this study identified statistically significant differences regarding housing affordability among rural and urban householders. The results of this research provide insight concerning the attributes of female householders, particularly those that live in rural areas, and their relationship to housing affordability. Our findings reveal housing cost burden as one of the prevailing struggles for female householders in the rural and urban areas of the US. Rural female householders spent a smaller percentage of their income on housing on average compared to urban householders, yet about half of all rural female householders were cost burdened. Female householders with children experienced more housing hardship and worse economic conditions than those without children. Our research points to the need for policy interventions that mitigate female-headed households' economic and housing challenges, particularly those in rural areas who may have difficulty accessing government programs and assistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The housing stock of rural sub-Saharan Africa is changing rapidly. With millions of new homes required over the coming decades, there is an opportunity to protect residents by screening homes from malaria mosquitoes. This study, undertaken in the Upper River Region of The Gambia, explores local perceptions of what a good house should provide for its inhabitants and responses to living in a house that has been modified as part of a randomized control trial designed to assess whether improved housing provided additional protection against clinical malaria in children (the RooPfs trial). Methods: This descriptive, exploratory study was undertaken over 22 months using mixed-methods (informal conversations, observations, focus group discussions, photovoice, and a questionnaire survey) in a parallel convergent design. Analysis was conducted across the data sets using a framework approach. Following coding, the textual data were charted by a priori and emerging themes. These themes were compared with the quantitative survey results. The nature and range of views about housing and the RooPfs study modifications and the relationships among them were identified and described. Results: The data were derived from a total of 35 sets of observations and informal conversations in 10 villages, 12 discussions with the photovoice photographers, 26 focus group discussions (across 13 villages) and 391 completed questionnaires. The study participants described a 'good house' as one with a corrugate-metal roof, cement walls (preferably cement block, but mud block covered with cement plaster was also an acceptable and cheaper substitute) and well-fitting doors. These features align with local perceptions of a modern house that provides social status and protection from physical harms. The RooPfs modifications were largely appreciated, although poor workmanship caused concerns that houses had become insecure. However, the long-term trusting relationship with the implementing institution and the actions taken to rectify problems provided reassurance and enhanced acceptability. Conclusion: In developing housing to address population needs in Africa, attention should be paid to local perceptions of what is required to make a house secure for its inhabitants, as well as providing a healthy environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to analyse and discuss policies and planning for rural housing, with a special focus on social sustainability. In this endeavour, we review research with such a focus and put this in dialogue with an analysis of the contemporary situation regarding rural housing challenges and policies in Sweden. Countrysides in Europe, including Sweden, are diverse and face different housing-related challenges. The literature illuminates spatial as well as socio-economic inequalities. Both a low demand for housing related to a shrinking labour market and out-migration and a high pressure on the housing market triggering restrictive or conditional measures to avoid speculative developments and rural gentrification affect social sustainability. Our case study on policy and planning measures that deal with rural housing in Sweden shows that there is a need to further investigate and understand the role of housing in rural areas for various groups and people with fewer resources, including further elaboration on the connection between mobilities and housing needs. A narrow focus upon housing provision that does not take into account access to services and communications as well as contemporary mobility flows of different groups challenges equality and well-being in rural areas. In Sweden, housing is primarily a municipal, local responsibility. However, exogenous forces or trends mean that housing issues play out at both the regional and national levels and put the municipalities in a difficult situation. • The effects of mobility are decisive for handling the rural housing issue. • The terms 'hot spots' and 'cold spots' make visible spatial and social inequalities. • Planning measures need to account for 'hot' as well as 'cold' rural areas. • Coordination and cooperation at regional and local level is crucial. • Both new constructions and vacancy chains contribute to a balanced housing market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Against the background of large-scale urbanisation and rural land expropriation, rural resettlement residential housing has been built to accommodate local rural residents in the peripheral areas of China. To explore the context-specific policy implications for improving neighbourhood satisfaction (NS) of residents in rural resettlement residential communities (RRRCs), this paper examines the determinants of NS, and their spatial effects, in rural resettlement residential neighbourhoods using Suqian, in Jiangsu Province, as a case study. This study contributes to the current literature in two ways: it constitutes the first attempt to examine NS among RRRCs; second, our spatial model helps to gain further understanding of horizontal and vertical spatial dependence effects. Our results indicate that income, gender, age, family structure, number of years living in a community, transport and architectural age all have significant effects on NS in RRRCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Traditional rural housing in hot, humid regions of sub-Saharan Africa usually consists of single-level, poorly ventilated dwellings. Houses are mostly poorly screened against malaria mosquitoes and limited airflow discourages the use of bednets resulting in high indoor transmission. This study aims to determine whether living in a novel design house with elevated bedrooms and permeable screened walls reduces malaria, respiratory tract infections, and diarrhoea among children in rural Tanzania. Methods/study design: This is a household-randomized, controlled study in 60 villages in Mtwara, Tanzania. A total of 550 households are randomly selected, 110 of which are allocated a novel design house and 440 households continue to reside in traditional houses. A dynamic cohort of about 1650 children under 13 years will be enrolled and followed for 3 years, approximately 330 living in novel design houses and 1320 in traditional rural houses. The primary endpoint is the incidence of malaria; secondary endpoints are incidences of acute respiratory tract infections and diarrhoea diseases detected by passive and active surveillance. Exposure to malaria vectors will be assessed using light traps in all study houses. Structural, economic, and social science studies will assess the durability, cost-effectiveness, and acceptability of the new houses compared with traditional housing. Environmental data will be collected indoors and outdoors in study homes to assess the differences between house typologies. Discussion: This is the first randomized controlled trial to assess the protective efficacy of a new house design targeting malaria in sub-Saharan Africa. The findings of this study could influence the future construction of homes in hot and humid zones of Africa. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.govNCT04529434. Registered on August 27, 2020 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural-vernacular house is shaped in line with the needs of the physical and socio-cultural environment and according to socio-economic factors; inevitably, it is undergoing an accelerated change. From this point of view, this study aims to focus on Cyprus, which is a quite interesting context, and targets to investigate the spatial change of rural-vernacular housing. Accordingly, it first aims to introduce basic housing typologies supported by unique spatial use. Following this, it primarily aims to introduce the basic housing and related space typologies supported by the original spatial use; to determine and discuss to what extent these typologies have changed; and how this change differs regarding to the peculiar characteristics of the basic types. Within the scope of this study, Büyükkonuk Village (Kom-i Kebir), which has sustained the characteristics of rural-vernacular architecture in Cyprus to the present, was chosen for field research. The houses here were built mainly by Turkish and Greek Cypriots. Today, they are used by Turkish Cypriots and Turks that emigrated from Turkey after 1974 who possess Turkish Cypriot citizenship. It is a known fact that, due to changing living conditions and the change in user profile, they are facing serious spatial and functional changes. Within the village dwelling texture, housing units that displayed identifiable changes were selected among the three most common types of Cypriot ruralvernacular residential architecture. In this context, the space syntax analysis method was used, in order to compare the original spatial organization of the 'units without halls' formed by closed spaces around courtyard, 'units with inner halls' and 'units with outer halls' formed by both closed spaces and semi-open spaces around courtyard, with their current changed states. The field study, which includes the determination of the space organization of the selected houses, was supported with observations on site and interviews with the users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Housing, while often thought of as an urban issue, is also fast-growing rural challenge. Differences in population density, construction costs, and the age of housing stock means that housing issues look different between urban centres and rural areas, and across different types of rural. A rural lens is required to better understand housing challenges and how they can be addressed. Like many parts of rural British Columbia, the Regional District of Kootenay Boundary (RDKB) is facing current and future housing challenges. This case study summarizes a collaborative applied research project conducted by the RDKB and Selkirk College that aimed to meet two objectives: 1. Identify successful local and regional approaches to rural market housing development, including mixed-use and mixed-income models. 2. Engage housing developers to pinpoint challenges and barriers to development of market housing. The goal of this case study is to summarize the findings of the project and communicate ideas and lessons learned that may benefit other rural jurisdictions. Based on an analysis of mixed-methods qualitative data, five overarching and interrelated themes emerged that are impacting rural housing needs: (a) aged housing stock, (b) homogenous supply of housing type, (c) limited or no rental vacancy, (d) nexus of control, and (e) limited data for rural communities consistently recurred as barriers to housing supply. These findings have the potential to inform both local and upper-level governments related to rural housing challenges. Funding Acknowledgement: This report was conducted as part of the Local Government Economic Development Research and Capacity Building program, a regional-scale economic development initiative. The project was funded by the Province of British Columbia's Rural Dividend Fund, with additional funds provided by the Columbia Basin Trust, Regional Districts of East Kootenay, Central Kootenay, Kootenay Boundary, and the Town of Golden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Affordable housing has declined in recent decades, yet limited research has examined the demographic and economic changes influencing place‐level affordability—especially outside of large metros. In this study I examine the effects of county‐level population growth and decline, population aging, and natural amenity development on rates of affordable housing, income, and housing costs across four types of counties. While declines in affordability from 1990 to 2016 were universal between rural and urban counties, population growth is associated with decreases in affordability in rural counties but increased affordability in large metros counties due to estimated decreases in housing costs. Population aging is estimated to improve affordability in large and small metro counties, despite the associated decrease in income and housing costs across all county types. The effects of aging vary greatly between owners and renters. Natural amenity development, despite its theoretical importance, is not associated with changes in affordability for rural counties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land is a major part of the total cost of residential development, particularly in advanced economies where significant proportions of economic value resolve to land and where land for development is rationed through planning systems that seek to corral extractable value into specific locations, in support of the infrastructure investment needed to unlock development opportunity. In England, strong markets assign a high value for land allocated for housing in local plans, relative to unallocated land. In England's rural areas, constraints on land development – for reasons of landscape and amenity protection, or to support food security – contribute to significant affordability challenges for households on lower rural wages, who may be out-competed in the housing market by adventitious purchasers, or simply by more affluent buyers bidding for a limited supply of rural homes. Planned development (on sites allocated in a local plan) may not meet the needs of lower-income groups in constrained rural housing markets. For that reason, it is necessary to support housing affordability by granting exceptional permission for development on unallocated land, and then negotiating land sales at a price that will allow a non-profit housing provider (a 'registered provider of social housing') to build affordable rented homes for local households in need. Development on 'rural exception sites' (RES) has a thirty-year history. It is an important means of supporting the development of affordable homes in smaller villages (market-led schemes on allocated sites are the norm in larger settlements, with affordable homes procured through agreement with for-profit developers). The RES approach lays bare the impact of land cost on housing affordability. Only if a sufficiently low price for land, which is well below 'full residential' value, can be agreed will it be viable to develop affordable homes, with rents matching local wages. Where such a price is agreed, it may be possible to build homes without cash subsidy. If the price rises, affordability may be threatened, unless public grant support is more generous or market homes on the RES can be used to mitigate a higher land cost by providing cross-subsidy for affordable homes. This monograph details research exploring the recent granting of exceptional planning permissions in England, the critical relationship with landowners, and how those landowners may be incentivized to sell land at a price that supports affordability. It analyses extant threats to the approach, and therefore the risk that a key mechanism for delivering affordable homes may be undermined by a market logic that continuously questions the efficacy of 'non-market' and 'non-profit' housing solutions in England. • Affordable housing can be delivered on sites allocated within a local plan or on 'rural exception sites' (RES). • The rationale behind RES is that the price of unallocated land will be low enough to support housing affordability. • But landowners' expectations of the future (speculative) value of their land threatens the viability of projects. • We explore the practicalities of developing on RES and the challenges around interactions with landowners, and land price. • We present RES as a lens through which to re-examine the 'land question'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]