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Current principles are based on studies on the formation of historical consciousness by Rüsen (1997; 2001; 2007); Barca (2005; 2011); Schmidt (2002; 2006); Schmidt and Garcia (2006) and others. The qualitative research was developed in a government-run school in Curitiba with 11 - 13-year-old children of the 7th year of Basic Education. As a general rule, students are prone to incorporate significantly into their narratives the themes of their textbook and somewhat less significantly the teachers' explanations. Most students maintain a traditional historical awareness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current investigation deals with learning concepts which foreground the organization of official documents of the Brazilian government for High School (age bracket 15 -17 years). The above includes the analysis of curricular documents on the Brazilian Curricular Guidelines of History for the High School, coupled to The Brazilian Exam for High School Children (ENEM), criteria for the assessment of textbooks and research with teachers and students. The qualitative method was adopted within case studies and the perspective of content analysis in bibliographical and documental investigation. Analyses reveal the proposition of the organization of historical knowledge as from two axes, or rather, contextualization and interdisciplinarity, coupled to the predominance of the concept of historical learning based on the development of competences. Contextualization and its articulation with the concept of competences in the documents were specifically focalized by foregrounding the concept of learning on the theory of historical awareness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]