23 results
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2. The expansion of doctoral education and the changing nature and purpose of the doctorate.
- Author
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Sarrico, Cláudia S.
- Subjects
DOCTORAL degree ,YOUNG adults ,HIGHER education ,EDUCATORS - Abstract
Doctorate level attainment has increased significantly in developed economies. In 2019, the average share of 25–64-year-olds with a doctorate across the OECD was around 1%. However, if current trends continue, 2.3% of today's young adults will enter doctoral studies at some point in their life. This essay starts by describing the expansion of doctoral education. It then reflects on the causes of this growth and the consequences for the nature and purpose of the doctorate. This reflection is mostly based on published research in Higher Education in the last 50 years and the author's work on policy analysis for the OECD on this topic. The paper finishes with a research agenda on doctoral education and the career of doctorate holders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. No place like home? The International Organization for Migration and the new political imaginary of deportation.
- Author
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Fine, Shoshana and Walters, William
- Subjects
EMIGRATION & immigration ,ADULTS ,HIGHER education - Abstract
Programmes to encourage the return of migrants living with irregular status are prominent in many OECD countries. Bearing titles like ‘assisted voluntary return and reintegration’ (AVRR), they are often rationalized as a more humane alternative to forced deportation. Critics question their voluntariness, suggesting they are actually an extension of the deportation apparatus. While broadly sympathetic to these criticisms, this paper offers a novel perspective on AVRR. We argue AVRR is reshaping what we call the political imaginary of deportation. Focusing on the International Organization for Migration (IOM), a leading architect of AVRR, we insist scholars take seriously the visual images and narratives through which voluntary return is discursively constructed. First, we discuss the political imaginary, and clarify what this concept brings to deportation studies. Second, we present a mapping of the political imaginary of deportation as this appears within IOM information campaigns concerning AVRR. We organize this material in terms of three analytics: returnees as activists, return journeys as homecoming, and deportation as self-reinvention. In the eyes of many activists and migrants, deportation has very negative and painful connotations. We show that IOM reimagines the landscape of deportation in a positive light. We call this move the deportation twist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Global engagement in the post‐pandemic world: Challenges and responses. Perspective from the UK.
- Author
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Tsiligkiris, Vangelis and Ilieva, Janet
- Subjects
COVID-19 pandemic ,HIGHER education ,PHYSICAL contact ,TRANSNATIONAL education - Abstract
Copyright of Higher Education Quarterly is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Devices and desires: Competing visions of a good education in the digital age.
- Author
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McFarlane, Angela E.
- Subjects
COMPUTERS in higher education ,EDUCATIONAL technology ,MOBILE learning ,DIGITAL technology ,COLLABORATIVE learning ,SCHOOL dropouts ,HIGHER education - Abstract
The long anticipated ubiquity of digital technologies is now established in the developed world. The manifestations and consequences are not entirely as predicted, perhaps nowhere more so than in the classroom. Amid a clamour for the banning of mobile phone use in school, it is timely to reflect upon the Utopian dream of an enriched experience of education mediated by computers and consider where it all went wrong. Computer‐mediated instruction was supposed to free learners from the constraints which were preventing them from achieving their full potential. The barriers erected by inadequate teaching, impoverished curricula and limited assessment systems would be removed through the introduction of intelligent tutoring systems, worldwide access to information and comprehensive assessment protocols. In reality, the majority of OECD countries are still struggling to ensure that all school leavers have an adequate level of numeracy and literacy to serve their own and the national economy's needs. This paper considers policy and practice in the introduction of digital technologies in schools as recorded in the available research evidence. The data sources are predominantly from the UK with some US examples. What emerges goes to the heart of what is meant by a good education. Anticipated contribution to the Special Issue theme: This paper will address the theme Government policy: national visions for educational experience through the lens of government‐led innovation in curriculum definition and high‐stakes assessment as a device to manage school accountability. The data sources will be predominantly from the UK with some US examples. It will draw heavily on recent desk research supported through an award from the Nuffield Foundation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Should governments of OECD countries worry about graduate underemployment?
- Author
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Green, Francis and Henseke, Golo
- Subjects
UNDEREMPLOYMENT ,HIGHER education ,LABOR market ,ECONOMIC equilibrium ,MACROECONOMICS - Abstract
To assess potential public concerns, this paper examines theory and evidence surrounding graduate educational underemployment (overeducation) in this era of mass higher education. Using a new, validated, index of graduate jobs, we find that the prevalence of graduate underemployment across 21 countries is correlated with the aggregate supply-demand imbalance, but not with indicators of labour market flexibility. Underemployment's association with lower job satisfaction and pay is widespread. Yet in most countries there are external benefits (social trust, volunteering, and political efficacy) associated with higher education, even for those who are underemployed. Taken together with existing studies we find that, in this era of mass higher education participation, under-employment is a useful indicator of the extent of macroeconomic disequilibrium in the graduate labour market. We conclude that governments should monitor graduate underemployment, but that higher education policy should be based on social returns and should recall higher education's wider purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. The economics of higher education.
- Author
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Holmes, Craig and Mayhew, Ken
- Subjects
HIGHER education & economics ,ECONOMIC development ,EQUALITY ,LABOR market - Abstract
This paper describes the expansion of higher education (HE) in OECD countries and discusses its economic consequences. For most governments this expansion has been seen as the silver bullet that improves economic growth and helps tackle problems of inequality. However, in most countries increasing numbers of graduates are going into jobs that were once done by non-graduates, raising the concern that the true social returns to HE expansion are low. Because of this it is unsurprising that economists have found it difficult to establish firm links between higher education expansion and economic growth. At the same time, in some countries, HE expansion has exacerbated problems of economic and social inequality. The paper argues that governments need to take a more realistic view of the role of HE, consider alternative ways of preparing people for the labour market, and at the same time explore more rigorously exactly how the sector is conducting itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Gender parity in higher education enrolments: trends and paradoxes.
- Author
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Clancy, Patrick and O'Sullivan, Sara
- Subjects
HIGHER education ,COLLEGE enrollment ,GENDER inequality ,SEXUAL division of labor - Abstract
Higher education systems globally have seen major increases in women's participation and the overall trend in OECD countries has been a transition from the traditional male majority in enrolments to a substantial female majority. Prompted by a recent reversal of this trend, this paper explores gender differences in participation in higher education in 27 OECD countries between 1971 and 2015. While increased participation by women was thought to be part of the solution to persistent gender inequalities we argue that this is not an inevitable outcome. Our argument is based on an analysis of changes in the gender composition of the student population, using available secondary data. We explore how changing gender differentials are linked to the concurrent massification of HE, changing distribution of enrolments by field of study, changes in sex segregation by field, features of national education systems and wider social structural differences related to gender. Our analysis examines the complex interaction between discipline-specific levels of sex segregation and overall levels of gender parity. We argue that that sex segregation needs to be considered alongside women's long-standing higher participation rates to understand why the latter has not triggered a transformation in the gendered division of labour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. To aspire: a systematic reflection on understanding aspirations in higher education.
- Author
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Gale, Trevor and Parker, Stephen
- Subjects
STUDENT aspirations ,HIGHER education ,SOCIOECONOMICS ,EDUCATION policy ,UNIVERSITIES & colleges - Abstract
Aspirations for higher education by people from low socioeconomic status backgrounds are now a focus of government policy in many OECD nations. This is part of a global trend emphasizing the perceived benefits of 'raising' aspirations among under-represented groups as a social inclusion strategy to widen university participation, but also ultimately as a strategy to increase national competitiveness in the global knowledge economy. Yet despite its importance, aspiration tends to carry simplistic meanings in much higher education policy and practice. This paper attempts to craft a more nuanced account of the term, informed by four concept-clusters derived from sociological and philosophical literatures and research, and with a more mutual relation of public and private interests. It complements this 'intellectual craftsmanship' or 'systematic reflection' (Mills in The sociological imagination, ) with data drawn from a future-focused survey of secondary school students from low and low-mid socioeconomic status backgrounds in regional Australia. Results from the survey provide illustrations that help expand understandings of student aspirations for higher education, from a group presumed to be deficit in aspirations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Lessons in learning gain: insights from a pilot project.
- Author
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Arico, F., Gillespie, H., Lancaster, S., Ward, N., and Ylonen, A.
- Subjects
LEARNING ability ,HIGHER education ,GRADE point average - Abstract
'Learning gain' has become an increasingly prominent concept in debates about the effectiveness of higher education across OECD countries. In England, interest has been heightened by the Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE)'s major research initiative on learning gain, launched in 2015, and by the new Teaching Excellence Framework which assesses learning and teaching and student outcomes. HEFCE's novel research initiative has funded a set of experimental projects across the English higher education sector for the first time. This paper presents preliminary findings from one such project at the University of East Anglia (UEA). The project trials and evaluates three approaches to identifying and measuring learning gain using data from cohorts of students across different discipline areas during 2015-2016 and 2016-2017. It builds upon previous work carried out at UEA in developing self-efficacy assessments and applying concept inventories. Student marks provide a simple comparator as a third approach to measuring learning gain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Research performance of higher education in OECD countries: A hybrid multi-criteria decision-making approach.
- Author
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Maral, Muammer
- Subjects
HIGHER education ,MULTIPLE criteria decision making ,PUBLICATIONS ,DATA analysis - Abstract
This study aims to analyze the research performance of 38 OECD countries in the last 10 years. For this purpose, the research performance of these countries was analyzed using multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods with the productivity and publication impact data of 38 countries. The analyses were conducted both normal data and also with adjusted data based on the population and income level of the countries. Firstly, the importance level of research performance criteria was determined by three different MCDM methods. Using the weight values obtained from these methods, countries were ranked by three different MCDM methods used for ranking purposes. According to the results of the study, the publications in the highest cited 1% were determined as the most important and distinctive criterion. Secondly, the criterion expressing the relative impact of publications on the world was determined as the second most important criterion. In the analyses conducted without normalizing the data, USA showed the highest research performance. In the analyses conducted by considering the population of the countries, Switzerland showed the highest research performance. In the analyses conducted by taking into account the income level of the countries, Estonia has the highest research performance. As R&D expenditures, development level of countries and international collaboration increased, research performance of countries increased. However, with the increase in domestic collaboration, there has been a decrease in research performance. In addition, this research has shown how to use MCDM in the measurement of research performance by using objective methods with different backgrounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Complex Education Systems: from steering change to governance.
- Author
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Michel, Alain
- Subjects
EDUCATION policy ,GLOBALIZATION ,DECENTRALIZATION in management ,STAKEHOLDERS ,HIGHER education - Abstract
The theories and approaches of steering/monitoring a process of change within education systems have evolved over the last 20 years or so as a result of many factors such as globalisation and decentralisation, a faster pace of change, increasing expectations and demands from various stakeholders (parents, employers, teacher unions, etc.) and the growing influence of OECD and of the EU in the field of education because of some more or less explicit standards and policy recommendations. All these evolutions contributed to increase the complexity of the education systems and of the instruments and procedures required to establish some coherence between the initiatives of a large number of more autonomous stakeholders. Our main objective here is to describe how the previous notions and concepts used in analysing the conditions for steering education systems have been gradually integrated within a larger paradigm: the 'governance of multi-level complex education systems'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. The advantage of daughters in hypogamous families: parental heterogamy and educational outcomes among children of highly educated parents.
- Author
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Ortiz-Gervasi, Luis
- Subjects
HYPOGAMY & hypergamy ,EXPERIMENTAL methods in education ,GRADUATION (Education) ,HIGHER education - Abstract
Increasing female educational attainment across OECD countries is making hypogamy a widespread phenomenon. This trend provides an opportunity to re-examine the effects of educational assortative mating on children's educational outcomes. This research explores the effects of hypergamy, homogamy, and hypogamy on gender differences in children's expectation of university graduation and actual college graduation. For the first purpose, logistic regression with country fixed-effects is applied to individual-level data from PISA 2015; a similar analysis is carried out for the second purpose with data from the European Social Survey. Three characteristics make us expect higher female advantage among children of hypogamous couples: higher probability of mothers being the main family breadwinner; higher probability of gender value conflict, eventually leading to family breakup and the father's absence; and the possibility that the father's occupation discourages sons from pursuing higher education. A systematic female advantage is indeed found among children of hypogamous couples in terms of expectation of college graduation and actual college graduation. Among the possible mechanisms behind this female advantage, only the father's and the mother's occupation could be explored with the data at hand, but none of them explain this advantage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Student support and tuition fee systems in comparative perspective.
- Author
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Czarnecki, Krzysztof, Korpi, Tomas, and Nelson, Kenneth
- Subjects
EDUCATIONAL finance ,SOCIAL & economic rights ,SOCIAL policy ,SERVICES for students ,HIGHER education - Abstract
The purpose of this study is to outline a new approach to the comparative analysis of student finance systems based on social rights, an approach widely applied in other areas of social policy. It focuses on rights codified in national legislation and financed by central governments, and the collection of indicators measuring formal eligibility and entitlements using model family analyses techniques. We illustrate the usefulness of the approach by exploring the relationship between the generosity and the degree of low-income targeting of student support in 21 OECD countries. The results show that student support is less generous in countries that concentrate benefits on students from low-income families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. The OECD and Higher Education Policy: Agenda-Setting, Organizational Dynamics and the Construction of Convening Authority.
- Author
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Harmsen, Robert and Braband, Gangolf
- Subjects
HIGHER education ,HIGHER education & state ,HIGHER education administration ,EDUCATIONAL planning ,INTERNATIONAL agencies - Abstract
The article examines the engagement of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) with the higher education sector. Detailed empirical case studies probe the ultimate failure to launch of the OECD's Assessment of Higher Education Learning Outcomes initiative, as well as the recent demise of the long-established Institutional Management in Higher Education programme and the development of a new initiative on the evaluation of higher education system performance. The analysis is informed by a theoretical framework drawn from the wider international organization literature, focusing on internal organizational dynamics and the manner in which international organizations seek to construct their external authority. A complex portrait of the OECD as a policy actor correspondingly emerges, focused on agenda-setting within the organization in terms which highlight the interplay of organizational, governmental and stakeholder interests. This is further suggestive of a broader research agenda exploring emerging international-level policy processes in higher education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Age at graduation and its reflections in early career prospects.
- Author
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Aina, Carmen, Casalone, Giorgia, and Raitano, Michele
- Subjects
COLLEGE graduates ,POSTSECONDARY education ,HIGHER education ,PRODUCTIVE life span ,EDUCATIONAL attainment ,EMPLOYMENT - Abstract
We analyse the association between age at tertiary graduation and outcomes of the first phase of the working career in Italy by using a rich longitudinal dataset built merging EU-SILC survey data with individual administrative records on working careers. Labour market outcomes is observed at the entry and along the 10-year period from graduation. No large differences in weekly and annual earnings and worked weeks emerge across individuals who attained the degree at different ages, thus showing a negligible direct penalisation related to graduating not at typical age in Italy. In particular, no statistically significant associations emerge as concerns the link between age at graduation and total earnings obtained during the 10 years from graduation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Assessing the basic skills of the highly educated in 21 OECD countries: an international benchmark study of graduates’ proficiency in literacy and numeracy using the PIAAC 2012 data.
- Author
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Lindberg, Matti and Silvennoinen, Heikki
- Subjects
RATING of students ,LITERACY ,NUMERACY ,ACADEMIC achievement ,ADULTS ,HIGHER education - Abstract
This study compares the literacy and numeracy proficiencies of higher education (HE) degree holders in 21 OECD countries based on primary analysis of the national data sets collected via the OECD’s Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) 2012 study. The differences in the graduates’ average literacy and numeracy proficiencies amongst the OECD countries are substantial. Depending on the country, a smaller or greater proportion of a young highly educated age group does not have sufficient skills in literacy or numeracy to cope with many of the everyday tasks requiring the use of that skill. The PIAAC study challenges existing evaluation practices of the effectiveness of HE in fostering individual skills and puts into perspective the attempts to lift national average skill levels by increasing the HE sector’s intake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Worlds of higher education transformed: toward varieties of academic capitalism.
- Author
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Schulze-Cleven, Tobias and Olson, Jennifer
- Subjects
HIGHER education ,CAPITALISM ,UNIVERSITIES & colleges ,SOCIOECONOMICS - Abstract
This article explores the changing character and consequences of state authorities' evolving relationships with universities in the United States, Germany, and Norway-typical cases for different national worlds of higher education. It argues that across the three OECD countries, welfare states have strengthened market principles in university governance, yet shaped competition in different ways. This conceptualization of institutional changes makes two seemingly conflicting perspectives compatible: one diagnosing national convergence on academic capitalism and one arguing for lasting divergence across national political economic regimes. Upon proposing ideal-typical trajectories of market-making institutional liberalization, the article explores path-dependent movement toward varieties of academic capitalism in the three countries. The findings on the socio-economic effects of this transformation suggest the need to moderate expectations on the ability of reformed higher education systems to contain contemporary societies' centrifugal forces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. PUBLIC INVESTMENT IN A HIERARCHICAL EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM WITH CAPITAL–SKILL COMPLEMENTARITY.
- Author
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Sarid, Assaf
- Subjects
PUBLIC investments ,CAPITAL ,HIGHER education ,ECONOMIC development - Abstract
In this study I bring together two different literatures: the hierarchical education literature and the skill-biased growth literature. In an overlapping-generations model I introduce capital–skill complementarity into a hierarchical education system. I obtain results that differ qualitatively from previous studies, among which are the following: (i) At earlier stages of development, basically educated labor contributes to growth more than highly educated labor. The opposite occurs at later stages. (ii) Even when all individuals acquire higher education, a growth-enhancing policy subsidizes higher education. (iii) In a growth-enhancing policy, the share of public resources allocated to basic education declines as the economy grows. (iv) The enrollment rate evolves in an S-shaped pattern, as occurred in several OECD countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Interplays Between Welfare Regimes Typology and Academic Research Systems in OECD Countries.
- Author
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Bégin-Caouette, Olivier, Askvik, Tanja, and Cui, Bian
- Subjects
UNIVERSITY research ,POSTINDUSTRIAL societies ,CORRESPONDENCE analysis (Statistics) ,HIGHER education ,CAPITALISM ,EMPLOYMENT ,COLLEGE students - Abstract
Academic research systems (ARS) play a fundamental role in post-industrial societies. Using the lenses of comparative political-economy, this article (1) explores correspondence between 16 OECD countries and 12 ARS indicators, and (2) examines the extent to which Esping-Andersen's welfare regime typology explains this correspondence. The non-parametric correspondence analysis is stable and 67.4% of the variance is explained by three dimensions: Academic Centrality, Research Workforce and Responsiveness to Market Forces. The first and most important dimension distinguishes social-democratic from liberal regimes. Findings point to interplays between welfare mix, productivism and the socialization of risks and ARS' centrality and responsiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Entrepreneurial Skills and Education-Job Matching of Higher Education Graduates.
- Author
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Kucel, Aleksander, Róbert, Péter, Buil, Màrian, and Masferrer, Núria
- Subjects
ENTREPRENEURSHIP ,JOB skills ,JOB qualifications ,EMPLOYABILITY ,ACADEMIC-industrial collaboration ,TEENAGERS ,HIGHER education - Abstract
This article studies entrepreneurial education and its impact on job-skills matches for higher education graduates. Those who possess entrepreneurial skills are assumed to be more market aware and creative in their job search. They are also expected to foresee which job offers would and would not, match their skills. Using a large comparative survey (REFLEX-HEGESCO) to test this hypothesis, we show that higher levels of entrepreneurial skills (defined as scanning and search, association and connection, and evaluation and judgement) reduce the probability of over-education for university graduates in 18 OECD countries five years after graduation. Entrepreneurial education helps individuals to obtain better jobs, even if they search for wage employment and not for self-employment. Resorting to a multilevel regression, our results indicate a stronger need for training in entrepreneurial skills at higher education institutions on the one hand, and the introduction of policies that promote innovation at the micro and macro levels in countries' economy, on the other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Key Problems in Organizing and Structuring University Research in Vietnam: The Lack of an Effective Research 'Behaviour Formalization' System.
- Author
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Nguyen, Huong and Meek, Vincent
- Subjects
UNIVERSITY research ,RESEARCH management ,RESEARCH evaluation ,HIGHER education - Abstract
Structure and organization seems to be at the root of many of the questions raised about institutional behaviour; however, with respect to research on university capacity building, few studies have examined research organizational problems, particularly in developing countries. This study investigates academic reactions to the structure and organization of research at four leading Vietnamese universities. Through document analysis and semi-structured interviews with 55 participants, the study finds that the four case-study Vietnamese universities have accomplished a number of the more visible tasks of research management such as creating research and research management positions; deciding primary organizational units for research delivery; creating a research office; and creating research oversight committees. However, they seem to neglect the other less visible tasks of organizing and structuring research such as developing rules for research integrity; developing a mechanism for evaluating the quality of research outcomes; preparing researchers and research managers for the necessary skills and knowledge; and deciding vertical and horizontal decentralization. The study concludes that even though research has been formally structured and organized, the management of research has not yet been professionalized. The key problem in organizing and structuring research is the lack of an effective system for research behaviour formalization. A more effective system for better formalizing research behaviours should be developed so that Vietnamese universities can integrate more successfully into the global research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Researcher mobility and sector career choices among doctorate holders.
- Author
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Bloch, Carter, Graversen, Ebbe Krogh, and Pedersen, Heidi Skovgaard
- Subjects
ECONOMIC competition ,NATIONAL competency-based educational tests ,LABOR market ,HIGHER education - Abstract
The number of PhDs produced each year has increased greatly in OECD and many other countries. Arguments that increased educational stocks can benefit national competitiveness, productivity growth, and welfare are used to support the increased supply of doctorate holders in higher education. At the same time it is also clear that a growing number of doctorate holders will need to find employment outside the Higher Education sector. However, it is less clear what processes drive the resulting choice of sector and occupation. Key questions here are to what extent push factors such as labor market conditions influence sector choice and what pull factors lie behind self-selection into sectors. This article shows that the doctorate holders' mobility toward other nonuniversity sectors are determined by individual specific characteristics and scientific field (pull factors) but may also be influenced by push factors such as the supply of PhDs and the number of new academic positions within their field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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