Search

Pearl millet is one of the major food crops, particularly grown in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. This study aimed to determine correlation and path analysis for morpho-phenological and yield contributing traits along with grain micronutrients (Fe and Zn) in 184 advanced breeding lines and four checks viz., ICMV-221 (NC), ICTP-8203 (NC), VPMV-9 (LC) and Dhanashakti (NC), were assessed using Augmented Block Design during kharif 2021–22 at two locations viz., Regional Agricultural Research Station, Vijayapur and Agricultural Research Station, Mudhol. Analysis of Variance indicated the existence of sufficient variation in the material studied. The traits like 1000 grain weight, dry fodder yield, plant height, panicle girth and panicle length had significant and positive phenotypic correlation with grain yield. There was a highly significant and high positive correlation between the Fe and Zn content. These results would imply that simultaneous selection for high levels of both Fe and Zn content is possible. The path analysis indicated that the traits viz., 1000 grain weight, dry fodder yield, panicle girth and plant height had high and positive direct effects on grain yield. This indicates that grain yield can be improved through direct selection by these characters. Strong association of these traits revealed that the selection based on these traits would ultimately improve the yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concerned study aimed to determine the correlation and direct and indirect effects to estimate the interaction between production parameters and the zinc content of plant tissues of early maturing rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars. The study comprised the application of zinc at various crop phases, namely, without zinc (Zn0), zinc at the vegetative phase (Zn1), the vegetative and generative phases (Zn2), and the generative phase (Zn3) to three early maturing rice cultivars, Inpari 19, Inpari Cakrabuana, and Inpari Sidenuk. Data analysis used correlation and path analyses. The results revealed that rice grain yield positively correlated with most production parameters. The zinc analysis also showed a positive correlation between zinc content and rice plant tissues. The path analysis indicated that the clumping grain weight had a significant (P ≤ 0.01) positive direct effect (0.75). Meanwhile, panicle density had a significant (P ≤ 0.05) positive direct effect (0.51) on rice grain production per hectare. Path analysis of zinc content in tissues signified that zinc content in leaves had a very significant (P ≤ 0.01) positive direct effect (0.71), In contrast, zinc content in stems had an indirect positive influence (0.33) on zinc content in grain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study involved assessment of genetic variability and trait association of seed yield and its component traits in 20 EMS-derived stable mutant lines of black aromatic rice. The traits grain yield / plant, harvest index, effective tillers and biological yield/ plant recorded maximum GCV and PCV. Heritability estimates ranged from 67 percent for total number of tillers/ plant to 99 percent for days to 50 percent flowering. The trait grain yield per plant revealed high heritability (>80%) coupled with high advance in genetics (>50%). The traits fertile spikelets per panicle, effective tillers/ plant, biological yield, panicle length, and plant height were significantly and positively correlated with grain yield. The path analysis revealed maximum positive direct effects of fertile spikelets per panicle, harvest index, biological yield, grain length and effective tillers on grain yield indicating the selection of these traits for efficient crop improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article titled "Correlation and Path Analysis in Indian Barnyard Millet (Echinochloa frumentacea (L.)) Germplasm" explores the correlation and path analysis among grain yield and its attributing characters in Indian barnyard millet. The study found that grain yield per plant had positive significant correlations with traits such as basal tillers, 1000 seed weight, panicle weight per plant, and peduncle length at both genotypic and phenotypic levels. These traits are predominantly controlled by additive gene action, suggesting that selection for these traits can lead to improved grain yield. The article provides valuable insights for researchers interested in improving the grain yield of barnyard millet. The given text appears to be a table showing the phenotypic and genotypic path coefficients for various traits in barnyard millet germplasm accession. The table includes coefficients for traits such as days to 50% flowering, basal tillers, days to maturity, peduncle length, flag leaf blade length, flag leaf blade width, plant height, panicle length, 1000 seed weight, panicle weight, harvest index, lower raceme length, grain yield per plant, phosphorus content, calcium content, iron content, zinc content, and protein percentage. The coefficients indicate the strength and direction of the relationship between these traits. This document presents a correlation matrix and path analysis for various traits studied in barnyard millet germplasm. The matrix shows [Extracted from the article]

The study was conducted during kharif season ( June–October) of 2016 at the Regional Agricultural Research Station, Agriculture College, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University (PJTSAU), Jagtial, Telangana, India. Forty (40) maintainer lines of rice (Oryza sativa L.) were grown in randomized block design replicated twice to find the relationships between the yield and its components, as well as their direct and indirect effects on the rice grain yield. Observations were recorded for yield, yield attributing characters and quality traits on five randomly selected competitive plants for each entry in each replication for 15 characters. The results revealed that the analysis of variance was significant for all the characters investigated. Grain yield was significantly correlated with its component characters like number of tillers plant-1 (0.9191**), panicle length (0.3339**), milling percentage (0.3214**) and hulling percentage (0.2873**) whereas it showed a negligible positive correlation with days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height, panicle length, number of grains per panicle, kernel length, kernel breadth, L/B ratio, test weight, hulling percentage, and head rice recovery percentage. Path coefficient analysis revealed that number of tillers plant-1 (0.9439) exerted maximum positive direct effect on plant yield followed by kernel breadth, L/B ratio, panicle length, milling percentage, days to flowering and head rice recovery percentage indicated their importance in determining the complex character and therefore should be kept in mind while practicing selection aimed at improving the grain yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was conducted at the Agricultural College, Aswaraopet, Bhadradri Kothagudem district, Telangana, India during July to December 2021 by using thirty elite rice genotypes comprising of different durations i.e. short, medium and long to study the nature of relationship between grain yield and morpho-physiological traits by partitioning the correlation co-efficients between grain yield and morpho-physiological traits into direct and indirect effects. Observations were recorded on seven yield, six physiological and three root characters. The correlation studies revealed that, grain yield plant-1 had shown a significant positive association with yield contributing traits like 1000 grain weight, spikelet fertility, specific leaf area and root biomass, indicating the importance of these traits in yield improvement. Among all other yield attributing characters, spikelet fertility showed the highest significant positive correlation with yield whereas days to 50% flowering and number of productive tillers plant-1 exhibited non-significant positive association with grain yield plant-1. Path coefficient analysis revealed that the highest positive direct effect on grain yield was exhibited by spikelet fertility and 1000 grain weight. A high magnitude of negative direct effects on yield was shown by field emergence at 14 DAS. Thus, from the studies on correlation and path analysis, it could be concluded that the traits viz., spikelet fertility, 1000 grain weight, specific leaf area and root biomass could be used as selection parameters for improving grain yield under dry DSR system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences is the property of Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Brown spot disease in rice is caused by Cochliobolus miyabeanus (Anamorph: Bipolaris oryzae (Breda de Haan) Shoemaker, 1959 (Synonyms: Helminthosporium oryzae). It causes significant losses by affecting both economic yield and grain quality. Though, it is a minor disease in most of the parts of the world but the historical famines like Krishna Godaveri Delta famine and Bengal famines and huge crop losses in a number of incidences as in Guyana and Nigeria renders it as a potential threat to rice crop and adverted the requirement of efficient, sustainable and economical strategies to cope with the pathogen. In this context, availability of resistant sources against the pathogen is a noteworthy alternative for disease management. Realising the importance of resistant sources, the present research investigation was undertaken to study association between resistance to brown spot disease and yield attributing traits in rice via correlation studies and path analysis to identify high yielding resistant lines for brown spot disease in rice. In this study disease resistance expressed in terms of AUDPC showed negative correlation with yield and yield attributing traits and direct negative effect on yield. Thus, AUDPC can be utilised as a selection parameter for developing improved cultivars with higher grain yield and lower susceptibility towards the brown spot pathogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Finger millet is a staple food and fodder crop mainly in African and Indian countries. It is cultivated mostly as rainfed crop. Finger millet is known for drought tolerance, the grain yield has been reported to decrease up to 100 per cent depending on the intensity and duration of stress (during rainy season). Over the last decade, yield improvement has plateaued, hence, trait-specific selection is preferred for crop improvement. Identification of yield-contributing traits and selection of pre-breeding lines for such traits are important for breeding programmes. One of the approaches for trait selection is correlation analysis and partitioning of the correlation coefficients into direct and indirect effects on grain yield. Therefore, to identify traits associated with grain yield and their effects on grain yield, a field experiment was conducted during rainy season of 2016 under well-watered (WW) and drought stress (DS) conditions using 181 accessions. Analysis of variance revealed that the phenotypic variations observed for most of the traits were true genotypic expression and there was no block effect under both WW and DS conditions. The results revealed that both the direction and magnitude of correlations and path coefficients differed between WW and DS conditions. Correlation and path analysis revealed that among the physiological traits, leaf width and specific leaf weight were prominent in determining grain yield. Among the agronomic traits, mean ear weight, followed by productive tillers per hill, was the most influential trait for grain yield in finger millet. Hence, selection can be made for mean ear weight, followed by productive tillers, in addition to higher leaf width and specific leaf weight under both WW and DS conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research work was conducted to study the variability parameters, correlation and path coefficient analysis for yield and quality traits in rice. Analysis of variance revealed the existence of significant differences among the genotypes for all traits under investigation. Traits viz., filled grain number per panicle and weight of 1000 grains showed high PCV and GCV. Total grain number per panicle, filled grain number per panicle, weight of 1000 grains, grain yield per plant, weight of panicle, head rice recovery, length of kernel after cooking, linear elongation ratio, length of kernel and kernel length/breadth ratio exhibited high heritability along with high genetic advance as percentage of mean. Days to 50% flowering and weight of 1000 grains had associated significantly positive with grain yield. Filled grain number per panicle, days to 50% flowering, total number of productive tillers per plant, length of kernel after cooking, height of the plant and length of panicle exhibited a high positive direct effect on grain yield per plant per plant. Therefore, these traits should be exploited in the selection process to identify superior rice lines with higher yield and quality genetic potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation was carried out to explore the extent of divergence, correlation and path analysis in 77 rice genotypes for twelve characters during Rabi, 2021. Ten clusters were formed by Mahalanobis’ D² analysis of which cluster I was the largest with 28 genotypes. Cluster IV and IX were the smallest with one genotype each. The maximum intra-cluster distance was observed between cluster X and the maximum inter-cluster distance was between clusters VIII and X. The days to 50 % flowering contributed to the maximum divergence. Superior mean performance for grain yield per plant was recorded in cluster IX. The grain yield per plant was found to be positively correlated with the days to 50 % flowering, the total number of tillers, the total number of productive tillers, panicle length, leaf width, the total grains per panicle, filled grains per panicle and spikelet fertility. Path analysis results revealed that the total number of productive tillers, leaf width, filled grains per panicle, days to 50% flowering, the total grains per panicle and spikelet fertility had a positive direct effect with grain yield. The selection should be done for these traits for yield improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was conducted with twenty four genotypes in rabi season of 2020-21 at research and education farm, Department of Agriculture Botany, College of Agriculture, Dapoli. Observations were recorded on fourteen characters viz., days to first flowering, day to 50 per cent flowering, days to maturity, plant height at maturity (cm), number of primary branches per plant, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 100 seed weight, pod length (cm), dry matter yield per plant, harvest index (%), seed yield per plant, protein content (%) and iron content (ppm). The correlation study revealed that the characters viz., number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and harvest index showed highly significant positive correlation with seed yield per plant at both phenotypic and genotypic level. The path coefficient analysis revealed that the characters viz., pod length, plant height at maturity, hundred seed weight, dry matter yield per plant and harvest index exhibited positive direct effect on seed yield per plant at both phenotypic and genotypic level. On the basis of path analysis and correlation study for seed yield, it is concluded that selection on the basis of number of seeds per pod, number of pods per plant, dry matter yield per plant and hundred seed weight could help in genetic improvement of grain yield per plant in cowpea under study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Setaria italica is an essential crop in the developing world and yield levels are low. To improve the yield, the utilization of diverse germplasm in a breeding program is vital. Methods: The present study aimed to characterize 50 genotypes in the first year and out of 50, 10 genotypes in the second year using multivariant traits. Wide variation was observed in both the qualitative and quantitative characteristics. Analysis of variance revealed the presence of significant differences for most symptoms. Higher estimates of GCV were followed for grain yields, followed by panicle lengths and organic outcomes. Higher estimates of PCV were observed for plant height and leaf length, followed by leaf width. Low GCV and PCV were recorded as leaf length, 50% flowering in days. PCV study indicated direct selection based on characters, panicle weight, test weight and strawweight showed a high and positive effect on grain yield per plant in both rainy and summer season indicating the proper relationship between these characters with grain yield per plant, which helps indirect selection for these traits thus in improving the grain yield per plant. Variability in foxtail millet germplasm allows plant breeders to effectively select specific donor lines for genetic improvement of foxtail millet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was aimed to carry out correlation and path analysis in Dolichos Bean (Lablab Purpureus L.) Genotypes . The field experiment was carried out using twenty-six genotypes of field bean in Randomized Block Design with three replications. Biometrical observations were recorded on days to fifty percent flowering, days to maturity, plant height, number of branches/plant, number of pod/plant, grain yield (g) and green pod yield (g). Among the various polygenic characters, yield is a complex character and it depends on several yield attributing characters. Hence, the knowledge of association between yield and its component traits is needed, which forms the basis for selection. Partitioning of total correlation into direct and indirect effects by path coefficient analysis helps gain information on the relative status of the plant characters, making the selection more effective. At both phenotypic and genotypic levels, green pod yield recorded moderately significant and positive correlation with plant height and number of branches/plant and the traits viz., number of pod/plant and grain yield (g) exhibited an extremely significant and positive correlation with green pod yield. Days to maturity showed the first maximum positive direct effect (3.986) on green pod yield, followed by number of pod/plant (2.241) and number of branches/plant (0.143). Whereas the other characters viz., days to fifty percent flowering, plant height and grain yield recorded direct negative effect on green pod yield. The results indicated that the characters viz., days to maturity, number of branches/plant, number of pod/plant and green pod yield were the most desirable yield contributing characters. Their contribution to grain yield and green pod yield is in positive direction via direct effect. Hence, selection based on these characters would be rewarding for improving grain yield and green pod yield in Dolichos bean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was carried out to find the correlation and path coefficient analysis of 40 genotypes of sorghum for forage and grain yield and its attributes. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design with three replications at the Sorghum Research Station, SDAU, Deesa, Gujarat during Kharif-2018. The analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the genotypes for all the traits studied. The high values of GCV and PCV were recorded for leaf: stem ratio followed by dry fodder yield per plant, grain yield per plant, panicle length and panicle width. The genotypic path coefficient analysis revealed that leaf area, panicle width, day to maturity and 1000-grain weight exhibited high and positive direct effect on grain yield per plant. The genotypic path coefficient analysis revealed that days to flowering, leaf width, the number of leaf per plant, leaf length and panicle width exhibited high and positive direct effect on dry fodder yield per plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thirty-one accessions of Oryza glaberrima were evaluated to study variability, correlation and path analysis for yield and yield attributing traits. Three checks namely, BPT 5204, IR 64 and Swarna for were utilized for comparison of variability parameters. High range of variation, PCV, GCV and high heritability coupled with high genetic advance was observed for days to 50 per cent flowering and the number of spikelets per panicle. Correlation revealed that the number of productive tillers per plant, panicle length, spikelets per panicle, 1000 seed weight, kernel length, and L/B ratio showed a positive association with grain yield. However, days to 50% flowering, plant height and kernel breadth were found to be negatively correlated. Path analysis identified L/B ratio, panicle length and kernel breadth, which had the maximum direct positive effect on grain yield, while, L/B ratio via kernel length and days to 50% flowering via 1000 seed weight exhibited high positive indirect effects on grain yield per plant. Therefore, the selection of accessions with more panicle length and early maturity would be most suitable for selection in yield improvement programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】 In order to provide the theoretical basis for breeding of vegetable faba bean, the direct or indirect effects of major agro¬nomic traits on freshi grain yield of early-matiare and autumn-sowing faba bean and the coefficient of determination were determined.【Meth- od】Thirteen cultivars of early-mature and autumn-sowing faba bean were used to carry out the correlation and path analysis of 15 major agro¬nomic traits to 2 kinds of fresh yield.【Result】 The results showed that the coefficient of variation (c. G ) of seed per plant, pod per plant, nodesof having pods,100fresh seed weight andwidthoffreshpod were 28.57 ', 19.56', 18.56', 17.51 ' and17.39', respec¬tively. These traits could be improved by breeding or farming practices. The largest c. G. of yield was cotyledon yield followed by yeed yield. Number of effective branches, nodes of having pods, pods per plant and seed per plant had extremely significant correlation with yield of fresh pod. The rate of producing cotyledon had extremely significant correlation withi yiel(d of freshi cotyledon. Yield of fresh cotyledon and pod had significant correlation with each other. Path analysis showed that both number of effective branches, pods per plant had positive di¬rect effect and had extremely yignificant correlation with yield of fresh pod. Bothi of thiem should be the main traits in breeding programs, se¬ lection should be based on the characteristics of thie traits which we were more interested in. Rate of producing cotyledon affected cotyledon yield.【Conclusion】 Among all the yield traits, pod yield showed significantly lower variation and should be the focus of our breeding program in Yunnan province. When yield of pod was the target of breeding, number of effective branches and pods per plant should be the main se¬ lecting traits combining with nodes of having pods and seed per plant. When yield of cotyledon was the target of breeding，rate of producing cotyledon was the main selecting trait [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was conducted with thirty five genotypes in rabi season of 2016-17 at research and education farm, Department of Agriculture Botany, College of Agriculture, Dapoli. Observations were recorded on eleven characters viz., days to initiation of flowering, day to 50 per cent flowering, days to maturity, plant height (cm), number of primary branches per plant, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 100 seed weight, straw yield per plant, harvest index and grain yield per plant. The correlation study revealed that the characters viz., plant height, number of primary branches per plant, number of pods per plant, straw yield per plant and harvest index showed highly significant positive correlation with grain yield per plant (g) at phenotypic and genotypic level. The path coefficient analysis revealed that the characters viz., days to maturity, plant height (cm), number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 100 seed weight (g), straw yield per plant (g) and harvest index (%) exhibited positive direct effect on grain yield per plant (g). On the basis of path analysis and correlation study for grain yield, it could be concluded that selection on the basis of days to initiation of flowering, number of primary branches per plant, pods per plant and 100 seed weight could help in genetic improvement of grain yield per plant in lelentil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was conducted to assess the grain yield and its related yield components to establish a reliable selection criteria for evolving high yielding varieties in rice. The EMS derived M4 mutants of Anna(R) 4 rice cultivar was used for assessment of variability and association of yield and yield related traits. Phenotypic co-efficient of variation were invariably slightly higher than the genotypic co-efficient of variation, which indicated mild role of environment on the expression of these traits. However, moderate to high heritability estimates coupled with high genetic advance for the traits viz., number of grains per panicle, panicle weight and single plant yield renders the phenotypic selection more effective, since these traits were under the control of additive gene action. Association studies revealed that the number of grains per panicle, panicle weight and hundred grain weight showed positive significant correlation and direct effect towards grain yield in mutant population. The reduction of grain size and hundred grain weight ultimately increased the maximum number of grains per panicle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experimental trial on eight rice genotypes was designed at the field of Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Lamjung, Nepal under randomized complete block design with three replications from June-November 2017 to study the nature and extent of correlation among yield and yield attributing characters under reproductive heat stress. Grain yield was significantly correlated with 1000-grain weight (r=0.838**), SPAD reading (0.815*), relative water content (0.803*), harvest index (0.771**) and number of filled grains per panicle (0.719*) suggesting an instrumental role of these traits as "selection criteria" for yield improvement. The grain yield had negative non-significant association with the number of non-effective tillers per m2 (-1.05), sterility % (-0.378) and panicle length (-0.52). While the positive non-significant association with grain yield was exhibited by flag leaf area (0.161), the number of effective tillers per m2 (0.173), number of tillers per hill (0.634), plant height (0.110) and days to 50% anthesis (0.63*). The path coefficient analysis of different traits revealed highest positive direct effect of the number of tillers per hill (0.7220) followed by days to 50% flowering, SPAD reading, number of filled grains per panicle, 1000-grain weight, panicle length and harvest index upon yield. However, relative water content, sterility %, the number of effective, non-effective tillers per m2 and plant height expressed negative direct effect upon grain yield. Relative water content (pivotal drought parameter) had negative direct effect upon yield but its residual positive effect was justified via other traits such as tiller number, SPAD reading, days to 50% flowering and number of filled grains per panicle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yield gaps in agronomic crops are associated with grain number and per unit grain weight. These yield contributing components are interrelated and have compensatory effects on yield. Path coefficient analysis quantifies the direct influence of one yield component upon the other and allows for the separation of correlation coefficients into direct and indirect component effects with respect to various management options. Pearl millet fields with differing planting times (3rd week of June, 1st week of July, 3rd week of July, 1st week of August), with intra-row spacing (10 cm, 15 cm, 20 cm) and nitrogen rate (0, 150, 200, 250 kg ha-1) in semi-arid (Faisalabad) and arid (Layyah) areas of Punjab, Pakistan were used during 2015-16 to examine relationships between yield and yield contributing components via Pearson correlation and path analysis. Correlations of kernels panicle-1 and kernel weight panicle-1 to pearl millet yield were more positive and had strong significance (P= 0.001) at both locations. Direct effects of panicle m-2 and kernel weight panicle-1 on grain yield were found at both locations, however, indirect effects of kernels panicle-1 on millet yield via kernel weight were higher at Faisalabad than Layyah (0.63). Kernels per panicle and kernel weight were positively associated with grain yield of pearl millet at both locations. Row spacing, and nitrogen regimes had higher indirect effects of kernels panicle-1 on millet yield via kernel weight than planting time study. Similarly, kernel weight panicle-1 showed higher yield compensation with intra row spacing and nitrogen variation than with planting time and row spacing changes. In conclusion, plant population per unit area and kernel grain weight are the important yield compensation indicators in pearl millet crop under optimum management options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An investigation was carried out with 18 sorghum genotypes and five released varieties of sorghum to assess association of grain yield components and their direct and indirect effects on grain yield per plant during 2012 and 2013 growing seasons at Zonal Agricultural Research Station, Solapur, India. Highly significant variation was recorded among the genotypes for various morphological and yield traits. Results of correlation analysis indicated that leaf area (0.616), leaf area index (0.615), panicle length (0.531), biomass per plant (0.837) and panicle yield per plant (0.942) had positive and highly significant correlation with grain yield whereas the positive and non-significant correlation was found between days to 50% flowering (0.153), days to maturity (0.056), 1000 seed weight (0.027), harvest index (0.294) and grain yield. There were negative and non-significant correlations between plant height (-0.063), panicle diameter (-0.284) and grain yield per plant. Leaf area index (2.719), biomass per plant (0.852), harvest index (0.507) and panicle yield per plant (0.132) had higher positive direct effect on grain yield, whereas lower positive effect of plant height (0.015), panicle diameter (0.004) and days to maturity (0.003) on grain yield was witnessed. Leaf area (-2.685), days to 50% flowering (-0.021) and 1000 seed weight (-0.042) had negative direct effects on grain yield. Positive indirect effect on grain yield was maximum through days to 50% flowering (1.254), leaf area (2.719), panicle length (1.014), days to maturity (1.074), biomass per plant (1.433) and panicle yield per plant (1.472) whereas its maximum indirect negative effect was through days to 50% flowering (-1.236), leaf area index (-2.685), panicle length (-1.004), etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]