235 results
Search Results
2. Call for papers for Annual Research Conference of the central banks of Ukraine and Poland on Labor Market and Monetary Policy (28-29 May 2020)
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Ukraine. National Bank of Ukraine -- Economic policy ,Labor force ,Conferences and conventions ,Central banks -- Statistics ,Equality ,Banks (Finance) ,Organizations ,Phillips curve ,Labor market ,Financial institutions ,Economists ,General interest ,News, opinion and commentary - Abstract
Ukraine: National Bank of Ukraine has issued the following press release: The conference, hosted by the National Bank of Ukraine on 28-29 May 2020, aims at bringing together economists from [...]
- Published
- 2019
3. Pflegende Studierende: Soziale Ungleichheiten in und Belastungen durch die (Nicht-)Vereinbarkeit von Pflege und Studium.
- Author
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Heß, Moritz, Zörlein, Nicolas, Grates, Miriam, and Wanka, Anna
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EQUALITY ,LABOR market ,GRANDPARENTS ,LOGISTIC regression analysis ,PARENTS - Abstract
Care work is mostly done by family members. While the (non-)reconciliation of care and work has already been researched in numerous studies, the state of research on studying and caring for (older) adults, such as one's own parents or grandparents, has gaps. This paper, thus, asks: How many students engage in caregiving activities? How are caregiving activities socially distributed among the group of students? What burdens result from the (non-)reconciliation of study and care? In order to approach these questions, a university-wide online survey was conducted at the University of Stuttgart in October 2021, in which a total of 1622 students participated. Methods of analysis included logistic and linear regressions in addition to descriptive statistics. On the one hand, the results point out that caregiving is unequally distributed: Female and older students show a higher probability of caring for an older person during their studies. This also applies to students with a migrant background. On the other hand, students who are caregivers more often feel overburdened in various areas of their lives, from their studies, their partnership to their own health. This points to the accumulation of social inequalities – those who are already disadvantaged are more likely to find themselves in a care situation and, thus, experience increased stress. We assume that this could have long-term effects on the entire life course (e. g. on academic success, opportunities on the labour market and health). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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4. The surprising reduction of inequality during a commodity boom: what do we learn from Latin America?
- Author
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Sánchez-Ancochea, Diego
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INCOME inequality ,LABOR market ,EQUALITY - Abstract
Past experience and economic theory lead us to expect a positive relationship between income inequality and commodity booms. Yet Latin America's recent improvement in income distribution coincided with a rapid growth in commodity exports. How was this positive outcome possible? This paper answers this question using a combination of primary and secondary sources. It highlights the role of (re)distributive policies that enlarged the impact of labour market outcomes. The paper concludes that political pressures forced governments to manage the commodity boom better than in the past but did not lead to significant transformations in the region's elite-driven development model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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5. Exploring Spatial Proximity and Social Exclusion through Two Case Studies of Roma Settlements in Greece.
- Author
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Maloutas, Thomas, Frangopoulos, Yannis, Makridou, Alexandra, Kostaki, Eirini, Kourkouridis, Dimitris, and Spyrellis, Stavros Nikiforos
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SOCIAL marginality ,SOCIAL status ,EQUALITY ,CENSUS ,LABOR market ,RIGHT to education - Abstract
Roma groups in Greece are a long-standing socially deprived population that faces extreme social exclusion and segregation. Their marginalization includes limited access to education, employment, and housing. This paper explores their spatial position and social exclusion, comparing the social profile and life conditions in two case studies of Roma settlements with those of the municipal and regional units to which they belong. Methodologically, we analyze quantitative data from the 2011 Population Census to measure life conditions at three levels (settlement, municipal unit, regional unit), and we also use qualitative data from interviews with representatives of local agencies and residents of the two settlements to document our hypotheses on the causal relations between the spatial position and the social exclusion of Roma groups. The comparison shows that the two Roma settlements are clearly different from their entourage, assembling the lowest positions in the labor market, the weakest performances in education, the largest households, and the worst housing conditions. This case of extreme social exclusion in ghettoized spatial proximity raises the question about the significance of micro-segregation and the way it works in different contexts, as well as the need for further research for a more comprehensive understanding of the relation between social inequality and spatial distance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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6. Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) in South Africa: introduction and a review of the labour market literature.
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Francis, David and Valodia, Imraan
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EQUALITY ,RACE ,GENDER ,LABOR market - Abstract
Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment (B-BBEE) was conceived as a structural intervention to fundamentally reorganise the South African economy and address persistent economic inequalities. South Africa has the world's highest income inequality, and this is reflected by vast inequalities in salaries and wages both between high and low earners, but importantly between different race and gender groups. Despite a plethora of legislation aimed at addressing inequality in ownership (such as B-BBEE) and in the workplace (employment equity legislation), women and Black workers in South Africa continue to be paid less than men and white employees, even when doing the same work (the pay gap), and are more likely to work in precarious, low-paid jobs (occupational segregation). These factors are driven by differences in the characteristics of workers, and by structural discrimination in the economy. Conceptually, we can decompose structural discrimination into two forms -- that which discriminates against people who do the same job, based on race and gender (the pay gap) -- and that which discriminates indirectly by occupational segregation -- blacks and women concentrated in low paying occupations. In this paper, we ask whether B-BBEE -- while not explicitly a labour market intervention -- has had any positive impact in reducing labour market inequalities. We review the literature on occupational segregation and the gender and race pay gaps in post-apartheid South Africa, and examine the various policy interventions, with a particular focus on B-BBEE, that have attempted to address this enduring problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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7. Test Questions, Economic Outcomes, and Inequality.
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Nielsen, Eric
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EQUALITY ,ECONOMICS ,LABOR market ,MEASUREMENT errors ,STUDENTS ,RACE ,GENDER ,INCOME - Abstract
Standard achievement scales aggregate test questions without considering their relationship to economic outcomes. This paper uses question-level data to improve the measurement of achievement in two ways. First, the paper constructs alternative achievement scales by relating individual questions directly to school completion and labor market outcomes. Second, the paper leverages the question data to construct multiple such scales in order to correct for biases stemming from measurement error. These new achievement scales rank students differently than standard scales and typically yield achievement gaps by race, gender, and household income that are larger by 0.1 to 0.5 standard deviations. Differential performance on test questions can fully explain black-white differences in both wages and lifetime earnings and can explain roughly half of the difference in these outcomes between youth from high- versus low-income households. By contrast, test questions do not explain gender differences in labor market outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
8. Scoping review on the link between economic growth, decent work, and early childhood caries.
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Foláyan, Morẹ́nikẹ́ Oluwátóyìn, Amalia, Rosa, Kemoli, Arthur, Ayouni, Imen, Nguweneza, Arthemon, Duangthip, Duangporn, Sun, Ivy Guofang, Virtanen, Jorma I., Masumo, Ray M., Vukovic, Ana, Al-Batayneh, Ola B., Gaffar, Balgis, Mfolo, Tshepiso, Schroth, Robert J., and El Tantawi, Maha
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SLAVERY prevention ,HUMAN trafficking prevention ,ONLINE information services ,LABOR productivity ,ENTREPRENEURSHIP ,SYSTEMATIC reviews ,ECONOMICS ,EMPLOYMENT ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,SUSTAINABLE development ,DENTAL caries ,LITERATURE reviews ,MEDLINE ,TECHNOLOGY ,LABOR market ,DIFFUSION of innovations ,CHILDREN - Abstract
Background: Early Childhood Caries (ECC) is a prevalent chronic non-communicable disease that affects millions of young children globally, with profound implications for their well-being and oral health. This paper explores the associations between ECC and the targets of the Sustainable Development Goal 8 (SDG 8). Methods: The scoping review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. In July 2023, a search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus using tailored search terms related to economic growth, decent work sustained economic growth, higher levels of productivity and technological innovation, entrepreneurship, job creation, and efforts to eradicate forced labor, slavery, and human trafficking and ECC all of which are the targets of the SDG8. Only English language publications, and publications that were analytical in design were included. Studies that solely examined ECC prevalence without reference to SDG8 goals were excluded. Results: The initial search yielded 761 articles. After removing duplicates and ineligible manuscripts, 84 were screened. However, none of the identified studies provided data on the association between decent work, economic growth-related factors, and ECC. Conclusions: This scoping review found no English publication on the associations between SDG8 and ECC despite the plausibility for this link. This data gap can hinder policymaking and resource allocation for oral health programs. Further research should explore the complex relationship between economic growth, decent work and ECC to provide additional evidence for better policy formulation and ECC control globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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9. Sitting with uncertainty to create a rich nourishment for clinicians: Developing a systemic family therapy clinic for psychosis in community adult mental health team.
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Allen, Jo and Oshatogbe, Funmi
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SYSTEMIC family therapy ,HEALTH care teams ,MENTAL health services ,MENTAL health ,LABOR market ,TEAMS in the workplace ,CLINICAL psychology - Abstract
Systemic practice can be a rich source of fuel for services, nourishing clinicians and families. To us, systemic thinking supports the creation of space, taking pause, being with and seeing the bigger picture. It is about multiplicity, of idea, of voices, of people and cultures coming together to make sense together. In a culture which is struggling under the weight of austerity, the pandemic and ongoing limitations of practice due to staff shortages and limited resources at a time of extreme demand, we need something to open ourselves and our clients to new possibilities and build trust and safety. This paper will describe systemic family therapy within a secondary care community mental health team. You will hear the voice of Jo, a consultant clinical psychologist and systemic psychotherapist and Funmi, an assistant psychologist in the team. We will discuss decision-making in this work and explore the experiences of the reflecting team, highlighting the value of a systemic approach in secondary adult mental health. The straightest route is not always the most effective or nourishing, sometimes it takes the windy path to get the richest source of progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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10. Attitude of Individuals First Entering Labour Market to the Implementation of Equality of Treatment Principle in Labour Relations.
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Štareikė, Eglė and Alaburdaitė, Ugnė
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GENDER inequality ,LABOR market ,EQUALITY ,ATTITUDE (Psychology) ,PUBLIC safety ,CIVIL rights - Abstract
Copyright of Internal Security is the property of Police Academy in Szczytno and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2021
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11. Women Managers and the Gender-Based Gap in Access to Education : Evidence from Firm-Level Data in Developing Countries
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Amin, Mohammad and Islam, Asif
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GENDER GAP ,SOCIAL SCIENCE ,GENDER GAP IN EDUCATION ,INVESTMENT ,LEVELS OF EDUCATION ,CHILDREN ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,EDUCATION LEVELS ,IDS ,TRAINING PROGRAMS ,JOB OPPORTUNITIES ,LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT ,GENDER DISPARITIES ,WAGE DIFFERENTIALS ,POLICY MAKERS ,EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN ,POPULATION ,FEMINIST ,POLICY DEVELOPMENT ,FEDERAL RESERVE ,VALUES ,IMPORTANCE OF EDUCATION ,FORMAL TRAINING ,RULE OF LAW ,WOMEN ,EDUCATION ,ENROLLMENT RATES ,SCIENCE ,WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS ,ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT ,BANK ,GIRLS ,POPULATIONS ,EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY ,FERTILITY RATES ,BULLETIN ,GENDER DISCRIMINATION ,LABOR SUPPLY ,PRIMARY EDUCATION ,POLICY DISCUSSIONS ,ECONOMIC ATTITUDE ,INVESTMENT IN EDUCATION ,ADULT LITERACY RATE ,PUBLIC SERVICES ,FINANCE ,SCHOOLS ,FEDERAL RESERVE BANK ,LABOUR SUPPLY ,SMALL BUSINESSES ,FERTILITY ,SECONDARY EDUCATION ,REGULATORY AGENCIES ,MARRIED WOMEN ,YOUNG MEN ,PROGRESS ,LACK OF ACCESS ,IMPORTANT POLICY ,LABOR MARKET ,LEGAL RIGHTS ,GENDER DISPARITY ,ADULT LITERACY ,RATIO OF WOMEN ,LITERACY ,INDUSTRIALIZATION ,HOUSEHOLD ,ATTITUDES TOWARDS WOMEN ,SMALL BUSINESS ,LARGE CITIES ,DEVELOPMENT POLICY ,POLICY IMPLICATIONS ,TERTIARY EDUCATION ,LEVEL OF EDUCATION ,WOMAN OWNERS ,FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS ,INEQUALITY ,LITERACY RATES ,EQUALITY ,PROFITABILITY ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,ACCESS TO FINANCE ,LOWER FERTILITY ,WOMEN OWNERS ,EMPOWERMENT ,LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION ,ENTREPRENEURS ,SOCIAL PROBLEMS ,MASCULINITY ,FEMALE LABOR FORCE ,CAPITAL ,LABOUR FORCE ,GREATER ACCESS ,MARRIAGE ,TERTIARY LEVELS ,PARLIAMENTARY UNION ,ROLE MODELS ,FEMALE CHILDREN ,WOMEN IN PARLIAMENT ,ACCESS TO EDUCATION ,WOMAN ,BUSINESS OWNERSHIP ,ENTERPRISE ,ATTITUDE TOWARDS WOMEN ,POLICIES ,GENDER DIFFERENCES ,POLICY ,FAMILY ,PARTICIPATION RATES ,GENDER INEQUALITY ,SCHOOLING QUALITY ,BIAS ,GENDER BIAS ,EMPLOYEES ,EDUCATION VARIABLES ,ENROLLMENT RATE ,OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN ,TRAINING ,UNION ,PARTICIPATION ,WOMEN LEADERS ,RICHER COUNTRIES ,PUBLIC POLICY ,POLICY RESEARCH ,DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ,INTERNATIONAL BANK ,PEOPLE ,SEXUALITY ,POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER ,LABOR MARKETS ,ENROLLMENT ,HIGHER ENROLLMENT ,JOB OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN ,GENDER EQUALITY ,ECONOMIC SYSTEMS ,HOUSEHOLD DUTIES ,ENROLLMENTS ,WORK EXPERIENCE ,LABOR FORCE ,BUSINESS MANAGEMENT ,FINANCIAL CAPITAL ,WOMAN OWNER ,DISCRIMINATION ,EDUCATION ACCESS ,LEADERSHIP ,GENDER ,SCHOOLING ,LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION - Abstract
Several studies explore the differences in men’s and women’s labor market participation rates and wages. Some of these differences have been linked to gender disparities in education attainment and access. The present paper contributes to this literature by analyzing the relationship between the proclivity of a firm to have a female top manager and access to education among women relative to men in the country. The paper combines the literature on women’s careers in management, which has mostly focused on developed countries, with the development literature that has emphasized the importance of access to education. Using firm-level data for 73 developing countries, the analysis finds strong evidence that countries with a higher proportion of female top managers also have higher enrollment rates for women relative to men in primary, secondary, and tertiary education.
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- 2015
12. Correspondencias y contradicciones entre la escuela y el trabajo en las sociedades de empresa: un estudio con estudiantes de educación secundaria técnica en Caleta Olivia.
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Victor Guzmán, Mauro and Langer, Eduardo
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EQUALITY ,VOCATIONAL schools ,LABOR market ,SECONDARY schools ,MARKET timing ,PETROLEUM industry - Abstract
Copyright of Diálogos Pedagógicos is the property of Universidad Catolica de Cordoba and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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- 2023
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13. Residential segregation and inequality: Considering barriers to choice in Toronto.
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Goel, Natasha
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RESIDENTIAL segregation ,EMPLOYMENT discrimination ,EQUALITY ,METROPOLITAN areas ,ECONOMIC opportunities ,LABOR market - Abstract
Copyright of Canadian Geographer is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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- 2023
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- View/download PDF
14. Educational Leadership for Equality, Diversity and Inclusion in Curricula Design.
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TSAPAYI, Enock Tinashe and SAMUEL, Abneer E.
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CURRICULUM planning ,TUTORS & tutoring ,EDUCATIONAL leadership ,MIXED methods research ,SOCIAL marginality ,SOCIAL influence ,LABOR market - Abstract
This paper dissected the role of leaders in implementing equality, diversity and inclusion in UK higher education. Since most Higher Education Institutes are now monitored on their graduate outcomes, it is important that they are inclusive within planning curriculum design so as to give their students better chances and outcomes at completing their studies and being competitive in the global jobs market. The UK law and legislation worldwide is stepping up to value inclusion and now moving away from passive social exclusion. The research used ethnographical research in order to find out if equality, diversity and inclusion is being effectively implemented in curricula design. The results are based on one organisation in the Northwest of England using data collected over a 4-year period. A mixed method research design was also devised to use in-depth unstructured interviews to tutors of HND and degree programmes regarding curriculum design on their programmes. The findings show that there has been significant changes based on social and political influences, such that leaders are therefore working within standardised frameworks as a result of legislation. The primary research confirms that leaders have more understanding of equality, diversity and inclusion and it has the potential to self-sustain the UK higher education system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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15. Inequality, Redistribution and Wage Progression.
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MINIMUM wage ,INCOME inequality ,WAGES ,HUMAN capital ,LABOR market ,EQUALITY ,WORK structure - Abstract
Changes in the structure of work and families over the last four decades have increased many labour market inequalities. Growing earnings inequality, adverse labour market 'shocks' for the low‐educated, and geographically concentrated pockets of deprivation are among the most evident of these in Britain. The decade since the financial crisis has brought these inequalities into sharper focus, and the Covid‐19 pandemic has further exacerbated labour market inequality. The object of this paper is to highlight the key role played by poor wage progression for lower‐ and middle‐educated workers in understanding inequality in the labour market and for designing effective policy responses. It is unlikely that we can address all the concerns about low wages, wage progression and earnings inequality through the tax and welfare system alone. The challenge is how best to balance tax and welfare benefit policy with other policies, such as human capital policies, the minimum wage and labour market regulation. The results point to a mix of policies that aim to enhance wage progression for the lower‐educated within a welfare system that supports low‐earning families and provides a minimum wage floor for hourly wages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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16. Why a labour market boom does not necessarily bring down inequality: putting together Germany's inequality puzzle.
- Author
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Biewen, Martin and Sturm, Miriam
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LABOR market ,UNEMPLOYMENT statistics ,INCOME inequality ,EQUALITY ,DISPOSABLE income ,COVID-19 pandemic - Abstract
After an economically tough start to the new millennium, Germany experienced an unprecedented employment boom after 2005, only stopped by the COVID‐19 pandemic. Persistently high levels of inequality despite a booming labour market and drastically falling unemployment rates constituted a puzzle, suggesting either that the German job miracle mainly benefitted individuals in the mid‐ or high‐income range or that other developments offset the effects of the drastically improved labour market conditions. The present paper solves this puzzle by breaking down the observed changes in the distribution of disposable incomes between 2005–06 and 2015–16 into the contributions of eight different factors, one of them being the employment boom. Our results suggest that, while the latter did have an equalising impact, it was partially offset by the disequalising impact of other factors, and substantially dampened by the transfer system. Our results point to a strong role of the German transfer system as a distributional stabiliser implying that, if the COVID‐19 shock were to persistently reverse all the employment gains that occurred during the boom, this would only have a moderately disequalising effect on the distribution of net incomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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17. Class Formation, Labor Market, and Inequality in Gulf Cooperation Council Countries.
- Author
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Akkas, Erhan
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LABOR market ,EQUALITY ,BAYS ,GOVERNMENT regulation ,SECONDARY analysis - Abstract
Copyright of Journal of Human & Society / İnsannsan ve Toplum is the property of Scientific Studies Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2020
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18. Lower Bounds on Inequality of Opportunity and Measurement Error
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Balcazar Salazar, Carlos
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MEASURES ,DOWNWARD BIAS ,SAMPLES ,RESEARCH ,CHILDREN ,MEAN LOG DEVIATION ,PRODUCT ,INEQUALITY MEASURES ,CHILD ,RESEARCH PAPERS ,DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION ,NORMAL DISTRIBUTION ,UNEQUAL OPPORTUNITIES ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,INCOME ,ESTIMATES ,HIGH CORRELATION ,DISTRIBUTION OF OUTCOMES ,EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY ,TIME ,FEMALE ,INEQUALITIES ,EFFECTS ,METHODS ,SEX ,RESEARCHERS ,TOTAL INEQUALITY ,INEQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY ,MEASURING INEQUALITY ,POLICY DISCUSSIONS ,SOCIAL ISSUES ,LINEAR REGRESSION ,DECOMPOSABLE INEQUALITY MEASURES ,CROSS-COUNTRY COMPARISONS ,EMPIRICAL APPLICATION ,ECONOMIC INEQUALITY ,POLICY RESEARCH ,ESTIMATING ,AGE ,METHODOLOGIES ,BRAIN RESEARCH ,LABOR MARKET ,THEORY ,EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT ,CLEAN WATER ,COMPENSATION ,SIZE ,RESEARCH WORKING PAPERS ,GENDER ,WEIGHT ,MEASUREMENT ERROR ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS ,INEQUALITY ,EQUALITY ,EMPIRICAL APPROACHES ,SURVEYS ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT - Abstract
When measuring inequality of opportunity, researchers usually opt to eliminate within-type variation. Provided that in practice it is impossible to observe all circumstances, this implies that the researcher estimates a lower bound of the true level of inequality of opportunity. By using data drawn from 27 Demographic Household Surveys (circa 2008), it is found that lower bound estimates can have substantial measurement error, and that measurement error can vary considerably across countries. As a consequence, lower bound estimates of inequality of opportunity can demand too little redistribution to equalize inequalities due to circumstances and can make the “traditional” cross-country comparisons misleading.
- Published
- 2015
19. The changing face of employment relations: equality and diversity.
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Moore, Sian and Tailby, Stephanie
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INDUSTRIAL relations ,LABOR unions ,LABOR market ,COLLECTIVE bargaining ,PUBLIC sector - Abstract
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore what has happened to the notion and reality of equal pay over the past 50 years, a period in which women have become the majority of trade union members in the UK. It does so in the context of record employment levels based upon women’s increased labour market participation albeit reflecting their continued over-representation in part-time employment, locating the narrowed but persistent overall gender pay gap in the broader picture of pay inequality in the UK. Design/methodology/approach – The paper considers voluntary and legal responses to inequality and the move away from voluntary solutions in the changed environment for unions. Following others it discusses the potential for collective bargaining to be harnessed to equality in work, a potential only partially realised by unions in a period in which their capacity to sustain collective bargaining was weakened. It looks at the introduction of a statutory route to collective bargaining in 2000, the National Minimum Wage from 1999 and at the Equality Act 2010 as legislative solutions to inequality and in terms of radical and liberal models of equality. Findings – The paper suggests that fuller employment based upon women’s increased labour market activity have not delivered an upward pressure on wages and has underpinned rather than closed pay gaps and social divisions. Legal measures have been limited in the extent to which they have secured equal pay and wider social equality, whilst state support for collective solutions to equality has waned. Its replacement by a statutory minimum wage initially closed pay gaps, but appears to have run out of steam as employers accommodate minimum hourly rates through the reorganisation of working time. Social implications – The paper suggests that statutory minima or even voluntary campaigns to lift hourly wage rates may cut across and even supersede wider existing collective bargaining agreements and as such they can reinforce the attack on collective bargaining structures, supporting arguments that this can reduce representation over pay, but also over a range of other issues at work (Ewing and Hendy, 2013), including equality. Originality/value – There are then limitations on a liberal model which is confined to promoting equality at an organisational level in a public sector subject to wider market forces. The fragmentation of bargaining and representation that has resulted will continue if the proposed dismantling of public services goes ahead and its impact upon equality is already suggested in the widening of the gender pay gap in the public sector in 2015. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
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20. Racial glass ceiling: The glass ceiling and the labour-market segmentation of first-in-family Roma graduates in Hungary.
- Author
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DURST, JUDIT, NYÍRŐ, ZSANNA, DÉS, FANNI, and BOROS, JULIANNA
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LABOR market ,GRADUATES ,MYTHOLOGY ,SOCIAL mobility ,EQUALITY - Abstract
According to the neoliberal mantra, anyone who is willing to work hard can get ahead in our society. In an era when belief in the myth of meritocracy has become widespread, greater social mobility would represent the promise of escape from rising social inequality. This paper challenges this myth and offers insight into the fallacy of individualized explanations of the role of merit in social ascension. Drawing on 103 interviews with first-in-family (FIF) minority Roma graduates in Hungary, and using the lens of intersectionality, it explores the hidden barriers to career advancement for those Roma professionals whose parents do not have a degree. The paper shows how the intersections of class and racialized minority status matter in relation to what career one has in the labour market. It illuminates why FIF Roma professionals can rarely enter elite occupations and why, career wise, they tend to concentrate in jobs dealing with Roma issues. It explores the effect of the dynamic interaction of structural hidden mechanisms and the Roma's response/adaptation to them that contribute both to Roma professionals' labour market segmentation and to the phenomenon of the glass ceiling. The paper calls these two characteristics of the labour market situation of the FIF Roma graduates the racial glass ceiling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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21. Lucky Women in Unlucky Cohorts: Gender Differences in the Effects of Initial Labor Market Conditions in Latin America.
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Berniell, Inés, Gasparini, Leonardo, Marchionni, Mariana, and Viollaz, Mariana
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GENDER differences (Psychology) ,SCHOOL-to-work transition ,EMPLOYMENT statistics ,LABOR market ,GENDER role ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,EQUALITY ,INCOME ,FINANCIAL crises ,GENDER differences (Sociology) - Abstract
This paper assesses gender differences in the effects of adverse conditions at labormarket entry in a developing region. Using harmonized microdata from national household surveys for 15 Latin American countries, we build a synthetic panel of cohorts that potentially transition from school to work and observe their labor market outcomes 10 years later. We find that men who faced higher unemployment rates at ages 18-20 suffer a negative effect on employment at ages 27-30. In contrast, women from those same unlucky cohorts have higher employment rates and earnings. Our results are consistent with women acting as secondary workers in downturns. We also find that women from unlucky cohorts control a larger share of family income and are more likely to be the head of household 10 years after labor market entry, and that adverse initial labor market conditions are correlated to more egalitarian perceptions about gender roles later in life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
22. Examining inequalities: from labour markets to social outcomes in Finland.
- Author
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Paukkeri, Tuuli, Ravaska, Terhi, and Riihelä, Marja
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LABOR market ,SOCIAL marketing ,EQUALITY ,INCOME inequality ,WAGES ,AUTOMOBILE driver education ,DISPOSABLE income - Abstract
Finland is known for low income inequality by international comparison. In this paper we provide a long‐run perspective on inequalities in Finland, and show that inequality is higher in the 21st century compared with many previous decades. We discuss the drivers of inequality in more detail, focusing on wages, earnings, employment and education, and also social outcomes such as partner‐finding and family formation in the working‐age population. The collective wage‐setting system is a likely contributor to the relatively low and stable wage and earnings inequality among working indviduals. However, women fare worse in the labour market than men, despite having a higher education level on average. We also find that individuals who are out of work or have low education have a lower probability of finding a partner, indicating that social inequalities are linked with those in the labour market. Finally, we discuss the importance of redistribution as well as changes in tax legislation that have contributed to an increasing concentration of capital income, which has been an important factor in increasing households' disposable income inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. I Perceive Therefore I Demand: The Formation of Inequality Perceptions and Demand for Redistribution.
- Author
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Bussolo, Maurizio, Ferrer‐i‐Carbonell, Ada, Giolbas, Anna, and Torre, Iván
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INCOME inequality ,FORM perception ,EQUALITY ,PUBLIC goods ,LABOR market - Abstract
This paper shows that perceptions of inequality matter for demand for redistribution and investigates how individuals form their perceptions. Using data from the ISSP, we present new evidence on the significant changes of perceptions of inequality for more than 20 countries during the last three decades and how these are not in synch with changes in objective inequality. Rather than indicating misperceptions, these discrepancies reflect a broader view of inequality that for most individuals encompasses poverty, insecurity in the labor markets, availability of public goods in addition to objective income disparities. We then show that these perceptions have much stronger correlation with demand for redistribution than objective inequality, or any of the mentioned contextual variables that mold perceptions. Ideology and self‐interest also contribute to demand for redistribution. Much more than those on the left, right‐leaning individuals adjust their demand for redistribution in line with their inequality perceptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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24. Wage inequality, skill inequality, and employment: evidence and policy lessons from PIAAC.
- Author
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Jovicic, Sonja
- Subjects
WAGES ,EQUALITY ,EMPLOYMENT ,LABOR market - Abstract
This paper investigates international differences in wage inequality and skills and whether a compressed wage distribution is associated with high unemployment across core OECD countries. Wage dispersion and wage structure are widely debated among policymakers; compressed wage structure is often perceived as an important cause of high unemployment. Firstly, this paper examines differences in wage dispersion across OECD countries and their link to skill dispersion. Some countries that have more compressed (dispersed) wage structures simultaneously have more compressed (dispersed) skill structures as well, and skill differences explain part of the differences in wage dispersion. However, even when accounted for skills, some countries have a more compressed wage structure, most likely caused by labor market institutions. We do not find an effect of wage compression on the labor market performance in the low-skill sector. Based on the Program for International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) survey of adult skills for core OECD countries, this paper cannot confirm the skill compression nor wage compression hypotheses. Rather than insisting on the deregulation of labor market institutions and reductions in public welfare policy as the main policy recommendations to achieve higher employment (and higher wage inequality), policymakers should reconsider aggregate demand deficiency and the variation in macroeconomic policies as potential explanations for the employment differences across countries. JEL Classification: J31, J24, E24 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Regional opportunity structures: A research agenda to link spatial and social inequalities in rural areas.
- Author
-
Bernard, Josef, Steinführer, Annett, Klärner, Andreas, and Keim-Klärner, Sylvia
- Subjects
EQUALITY ,RURAL geography ,REGIONAL economic disparities ,LABOR market ,SPACE - Abstract
This paper introduces and discusses regional opportunity structures as a concept for analysing the interlinkages between structural conditions in space, social inequalities, and people's agency, with a focus on non-metropolitan areas. The concept adds value in the following ways: (1) it emphasises the regional scale as an important spatial context of access to opportunities; (2) it accounts for the complexity of the regional context, which provides a plethora of opportunities; (3) it recognises the interdependencies of regional effects and other drivers of inequality; and (4) it takes the regional level seriously as a background of the agency of a region's inhabitants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Conceptual foundations for understanding inequality in participation in adult learning and education (ALE) for international comparisons.
- Author
-
Lee, Jeongwoo
- Subjects
ADULT learning ,ADULT education ,EQUALITY ,LABOR market ,HUMAN capital - Abstract
Inequality in adult learning and education (ALE) participation has been reported by previous comparative studies. In doing so, however, most of efforts have been made to understand such patterns of inequality in ALE participation at the micro-level using a conceptual approach based on human capital theory. While the micro-level approach offers an individualistic and economic perspective on learning, macro-level structural conditions play an important role in creating the circumstances faced by individuals. By performing a critical literature review, this paper intends to build conceptual foundations conducive to understand both micro- and macro-level dimensions implicitly and/or explicitly linked to inequality in ALE participation. Specifically, this paper takes a brief look into social origins as a micro-level factor, and takes an in-depth look into social inequality (i.e. education, economic and skill inequality) and institutional settings (i.e. active labour market policies and strictness of employment protection,) as macro-level factors. These conceptual foundations can be used as a conceptual framework for a cross-country empirical analysis of the degree of inequality in ALE participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Relaciones de género en la industria exportadora marroquí: Casablanca como caso de estudio.
- Author
-
Fajardo Fernández, Rocío, Soriano-Miras, Rosa M., and Trinidad Requena, Antonio
- Subjects
- *
GENDER , *SOCIAL processes , *EMERGING markets , *INDUSTRIAL relations , *LABOR market , *EQUALITY , *EMIGRATION & immigration , *GROUNDED theory , *INTERSECTIONALITY , *MASCULINITY - Abstract
This paper aims to analyse how gender relations interact in labour socialisation in the Moroccan export industry - based on a case study of the city of Casablanca - and the relationship with international migration. The paper uses qualitative research, with analysis based on grounded theory and an intersectional studies approach. The global labour market emerges as a new axis of inequality creating new spaces that keep the majority in a precarious position. The paper's original contribution is to apply the intersectional theoretical framework to the Moroccan context, focusing on a relational view of the categories. Identifying three basic social processes (role of women, crisis of masculinity and migration) allows us to expand the knowledge about this reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Transformation, stratification and higher education: exploring the absorption into employment of public financial aid beneficiaries across the South African higher education system.
- Author
-
Wildschut, Angelique, Rogan, Michael, and Mncwango, Bongiwe
- Subjects
EMPLOYMENT ,STUDENT financial aid ,SCHOOL-to-work transition ,LABOR market ,EQUALITY ,HIGHER education - Abstract
Improving access to higher education is an important strategy for achieving equity in the labour market. Against the backdrop of the 'massification' of higher education in a number of countries, most notably in the UK during the 1990s, a growing literature on graduate un/employment has aimed to investigate whether the graduate labour market has absorbed the increasing number of university completers. In post-apartheid South Africa, this question assumes an added significance corresponding with the need to redress sharp inequalities in access to higher education inherited from the colonial and apartheid eras. Measuring graduate employment outcomes, however, is notoriously difficult. Graduate employment studies are often ad hoc and focus on graduates from only a handful of universities or degree programmes. Exploring a novel dataset, this paper presents the first analysis of the labour market absorption rates of publicly funded (through the National Student Financial Aid Scheme (NSFAS)) graduates from low-income households across all South African universities between 2005 and 2015. While our findings illustrate the expected differences in the probability of employment by race and gender, we also identify a strong and significant association between the type of university from which NSFAS students graduate and the probability of employment and show that this association holds irrespective of race, gender and the field of study in which a degree is obtained. We conclude with a reflection on what a hierarchical higher education system means for the role of higher education in transformation and creating an equitable society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM AND NEOLIBERAL EDUCATIONAL POLICY.
- Author
-
Pappas, Georgios
- Subjects
EDUCATION policy ,LABOR market ,EDUCATION marketing ,EQUALITY ,BUSINESS students - Abstract
Copyright of Continuing Professional Education: Theory & Practice is the property of Continuing Professional Education: Theory & Practice and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Identity as career capital: enhancing employability in the creative industries and beyond.
- Author
-
Mao, Jina and Shen, Yan
- Subjects
CULTURAL industries ,EMPLOYABILITY ,CAPITAL ,LABOR market ,EQUALITY - Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to broaden the conversation about the link between identity and employability by investigating how identity can function as a type of career capital. Drawing on Bourdieu's (1990) theory of practice and Côté's (2016) identity capital model, the authors introduce the concept of identity capitalization and elaborate on the career practices people engage in to convert identity into career capital based on studies of careers in the creative industries. Design/methodology/approach: The conceptual development is based on an examination of studies of careers in the creative industries. The authors move beyond a single idiosyncratic occupational setting and offer insights about how individuals acquire, accumulate and deploy identity capital in response to varying occupational demands and institutional norms. Findings: The authors identify three patterns of work – display work, authenticity work and personation work – that creative professionals use to harness identity as career capital to enhance their employability. The authors find that both the demand for authenticity and the existence of social inequalities in the creative industries present challenges for the acquisition, accumulation and deployment of identity capital. Originality/value: The ability to harness one's identity for career capital has become increasingly important for career actors in the face of a challenging labor market. This paper provides a conceptual understanding of the process of identity capitalization and presents concrete career practices in real-world settings. It also offers practical advice for individuals wishing to capitalize on their identity to maximize career opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Occupational health in a post-pandemic world of work. Introduction to this special issue.
- Author
-
Dörflinger, Nadja and Tisch, Anita
- Subjects
INDUSTRIAL hygiene ,WORLD health ,EQUALITY ,COVID-19 pandemic ,LABOR market - Abstract
Copyright of Zeitschrift für Sozialreform is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. The evolution of Catholic/Protestant unemployment inequality in Northern Ireland, 1983–2016.
- Author
-
Rowland, Neil, McVicar, Duncan, and Shuttleworth, Ian
- Subjects
GOOD Friday Agreement (1998) ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,LABOR market ,EQUALITY ,PROTESTANTS ,CATHOLICS - Abstract
Ethnic and religious differentials in labour market outcomes within many countries have been remarkably persistent. Yet one very well‐known differential—the Catholic/Protestant unemployment differential in Northern Ireland—has largely (although not completely) disappeared. This paper charts its decline since the early 1980s and examines potential explanations using Census data from 1991, 2001 and 2011 together with annual survey data. These data span the ending of The Troubles, the signing of the Good Friday Agreement, the introduction of fair employment legislation, growth in hidden unemployment and major structural changes in Northern Ireland. We assess the potential impact of these changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Inequality in the labor market: lower perceived returns among marginalized youths and girls.
- Author
-
Banerji, Manjistha and Deshpande, Ashwini
- Subjects
LABOR market ,EQUALITY ,SELECTION bias (Statistics) ,COGNITIVE ability ,QUANTILE regression - Abstract
Purpose This paper examines perceived labor market earnings among adolescents and their parents by gender and caste. Previous research has established that lower subjective expectations of labor market returns among parents affect educational investment. Likewise, subjective expectations of adolescents about labor market returns are likely to affect their commitment to their education. In the labor market, gender and caste biases manifest itself in terms of lower wages for women and persons from marginalized communities. The authors ask if perceived earnings among adolescents and their parents vary by caste and gender over and above their intrinsic ability.Design/methodology/approach The authors use a unique dataset on adolescents that has been recently collected (2013-2015) by ASER Centre, the research and assessment wing of Pratham Education Foundation for the analysis. To answer the research question posed in the paper, they use standard OLS and quantile regression techniques.Findings Results confirm that girls have lower expected earnings than boys. Caste differences appear more rigid in Bihar.Research limitations/implications The authors recognize that the results presented do not take into consideration the issue of selection bias. Hence, they are applicable not to the average adolescents in the study districts, but only to those who reported expected earnings. That said, they do not think that this technical limitation dilutes the broad policy conclusions emerging from the study.Originality/value The paper uses cognition as a measure of an adolescent's intrinsic ability. Therein lays the uniqueness of the paper. It brings into the discussion on expected earnings test scores as a measure of an adolescent's cognitive ability. It is also unique in that it focuses on adolescents in the age group of 11-16 years who are likely to join the labor force in few years. Previous discussion of subjective expectations in India did not include any measure to capture cognitive ability and did not focus exclusively on adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Honneth on work and recognition.
- Author
-
Connolly, Julie
- Subjects
FEMINISM ,LEGAL recognition ,CIVIL society ,EQUALITY ,LABOR market ,INCOME - Abstract
This paper explores the development of Honneth’s thought on work. It considers how his initial concerns with the embodied experience of labour and the absence of a contemporary and compelling class-specific lexicon with which to explore suffering at work have been surpassed and subordinated by his analysis of the social relations of recognition in civil society, which is distributed according to a contested and contestable achievement principle. I argue that despite the purchase of the criticisms offered by recent rejoinders, they fail to engage with the strength of his analysis: that modern economics contains a normative (recognition) order which works to justify the extant division of labour and income, even if its current formulation supports inequity, exclusion and exploitation. Feminist political economy is an ally in this analysis. The paper explores the points of intersection between these projects, but argues that incorporating feminist insights will require a fundamental revision to Honneth’s account of social rationalization in modernity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Failed Promise of Equality: Iranian women's integration in the Netherlands.
- Author
-
Ghorashi, Halleh
- Subjects
IRANIANS ,REFUGEES ,EQUALITY ,RECOLLECTION (Psychology) ,LABOR market ,POLICY discourse ,DATA analysis - Abstract
Iranians are considered the most successful refugee group in the Netherlands in terms of integration. However, their path towards inclusion is not without struggles. This paper highlights organizational and societal limiting factors that are often forgotten in research and policy on refugees' integration in the job market and on inclusion in general. The data presented are based on 20 years of research on narratives from Iranian refugees – mostly women – about their struggles towards societal and organizational inclusion. This article critically discusses the implications of dominant discourses and policies on the integration of refugees in the past and present to enable reflection for the future. The empirical data show how the consistency of normalized images of refugees hinders their path to long‐term inclusion. The data analysis is situated within the theoretical discussion on refugees' integration in the labour market, connecting bodies of literature from refugee studies, organization studies and integration studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Adult learning and social inequalities: Processes of equalisation or cumulative disadvantage?
- Author
-
Kilpi-Jakonen, Elina, Vono de Vilhena, Daniela, and Blossfeld, Hans-Peter
- Subjects
ADULT learning ,EQUALITY ,EDUCATIONAL equalization ,LABOR market ,ADULT education ,SECONDARY education ,HIGHER education - Abstract
Copyright of International Review of Education / Internationale Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. INEQUALITIES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION LABOUR MARKET. AN ANALYSIS FOCUSED ON VULNERABLE GROUPS.
- Author
-
DIMIAN, Gina Cristina
- Subjects
LABOR market ,EQUALITY ,PSYCHOLOGICAL vulnerability ,GROSS domestic product - Abstract
The main aim of the paper is to explore the dynamics of unemployment in recent years with a focus on so-called vulnerable groups on the labor market: young, older and persons with low education. For achieving this objective European Union countries were grouped into two categories starting from the four social models highlighted by Boeri (2002): Nordics, Anglo-Saxon and Continental, on the one hand, the Mediterranean and Central and Eastern European countries on the other. Using Okun Law model, the dynamic version, we tested the hypothesis that for the countries in the second category and the vulnerable groups, in recent years the unemployment rate has been influenced to a greater extent by the economic growth, directly related to the economies' ability to create new jobs or to maintain the existing ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
38. TRANSFORMATION OF THE TRADITIONAL WOMEN'S ROLE MODEL.
- Author
-
Janíková, Markéta and Kowaliková, Petra
- Subjects
SOCIAL status ,SOCIAL conditions of women ,SOCIAL role ,LABOR market ,SOCIAL stratification ,SECONDARY analysis ,EQUALITY - Abstract
The aim of the paper is to analyse the historical perspective of changing the social status, role and position of the woman and to focus on the women's self-realization in the public sphere and the labour market. Statistical data not only from the Czech Republic, or more precisely, from the EU, but also from other developed and developing regions in the world reflect the unequal position of women in the labour market, access to education, their limited representation in positions and posts connected with decision-making and power (management of organizations, political representation, judiciary, etc.). At the same time, women are at risk from negative and pathological social phenomena (e.g. poverty, domestic violence, etc.) more than men. The paper seeks to interpret the social role of the woman in a contemporary way, taking into account changes in the socio-economic context. The theoretical basis of the paper is represented by selected social stratification theories and the concept of social roles. Social inequality is seen within the partial dimensions of social status (education, property, power). Formulated assertions are supported by outputs of secondary data analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Human capital, labour market outcomes, and horizontal inequality in Guatemala.
- Author
-
Canelas, Carla and Gisselquist, Rachel M.
- Subjects
HUMAN capital ,LABOR market ,INDIGENOUS peoples ,EQUALITY ,EFFECT of education on wages ,ETHNIC groups - Abstract
With the second largest indigenous population by percentage in Latin America, Guatemala is an important case for understanding horizontal inequality and indigenous politics. This paper presents new analysis of survey data, allowing for consideration both of indigenous and ladino populations, as well as of ethno-linguistic diversity within the indigenous population. Our analysis illustrates both the depth and persistence of horizontal inequalities in educational and labour market outcomes, and a broad trend towards greater equality. Earnings gaps have been reduced by, among other factors, improved educational outcomes. Ethnic groups also show distinct patterns of wages and wage gaps, and there is evidence of ‘sticky floors’ affecting some groups more than others. Our findings suggest that the focus on the indigenous/non-indigenous divide found in much of the economic literature on Latin America obscures meaningful diversity within the indigenous population. We posit that further consideration of such within-group diversity has implications for broader theories of ethnic politics, and in particular for understanding the comparative weakness of indigenous political mobilisation in Guatemala. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Measuring Inequality of Opportunity for the Backward Communities: Regional Evidence from the Indian Labour Market.
- Author
-
Sharma, Chandan and Paramati, Sudharshan Reddy
- Subjects
EQUALITY ,LABOR market ,AFFIRMATIVE action policy ,EMPLOYMENT ,INDIC castes ,RELIGION ,INCOME inequality - Abstract
The affirmative action policy for socially and economically backward communities in employment has been a debated issue in India. In this context, this paper aims to analyze the level of inequality by distinguishing between ‘circumstance’ and ‘effort’ factors in the Roemer’s framework on equality of opportunity. We measure inequality of opportunities due to two circumstances: caste and religion. Our empirical analysis, at state-level, utilizes a recent household survey data, which provides information related to efforts as well as circumstances of workers. The paper estimated inequality in the labour market and then decomposed it to know the circumstances that cause income inequality. Our estimates indicated that inequality and inequality of opportunity is substantially higher in India. Specifically, the outcome of our analysis evidently indicated that the socially backward communities do have economically disadvantageous position in some of the Indian states. However, the degree of circumstances based on inequality varies to a great extent among the states. Therefore, we suggest that the country does not need a nation-level affirmative action policy instead a state-level policy could be more appropriate as the intensity of the problem differ significantly among the Indian states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Las largas trayectorias de cuidado remunerado de las familias peruanas en Córdoba, Argentina.
- Author
-
Magliano, María José and Zenklusen, Denise
- Subjects
EQUALITY ,LABOR market ,GENDER ,MODERN society ,SOCIAL reproduction ,YOUNG women - Abstract
Copyright of Polis (07176554) is the property of Polis - Revista Academica Universidad Bolivariana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Gender discrimination in education, health, and labour market: a voice for equality.
- Author
-
Khan, Haroon, Khan, Anwar, Zaman, Khalid, Nabi, Agha, Hishan, Sanil, and Islam, Talat
- Subjects
SEX discrimination in education ,ECONOMIC development ,LABOR market ,EQUALITY ,EDUCATION costs - Abstract
The objective of the study is to examine the impact of gender discrimination in education, health, and labour market on economic growth in a panel of 20 high-income OECD countries for the period of 1980-2015. In addition, the study proposed an index of pro-equality growth, which is flared with education, health, and labour market initiatives to promote economic growth. The results show that gender parity index for educational attainment significantly promotes economic growth while health and labour market required substantial policy reforms to reduce health and labour market inequalities to sustain long-term economic growth. The results classified three countries as highly equitable growth, one country for equitable growth, two countries are moderate growth, four countries are less equitable growth while remaining 10 countries fall in the category of inequitable growth, where greater inequality promotes economic growth on the cost of education, health, and labour market inequalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Does greater accessibility to higher education reduce wage inequality? The case of the Arab minority in Israel.
- Author
-
Yirmiyahu, Albert, Rubin, Ofir D., and Malul, Miki
- Subjects
HIGHER education ,EQUALITY ,LABOR market ,ECONOMETRICS ,ECONOMIC policy - Abstract
Many studies assessing national policy reforms in education focus on the likelihood of acquiring an advanced education and the associated returns in the labor market. In this paper, the authors investigate the impact of the Israeli Academic Colleges Law that was designed to promote the acquisition of higher education among all segments of the Israeli population. They found that this law, in fact, contributed to making higher education accessible more to the Israeli Arab minority than to the rest of the population. In addition, they demonstrate that the influence of the law on improving access to higher education is reflected in the increase in the earning potential of Israeli Arabs. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Distinct and yet not Separate: Revisiting the Welfare Models in the EU New Member States.
- Author
-
Tendera-Właszczuk, Helena and Szymański, Michał
- Subjects
WELFARE state ,LABOR market ,POVERTY ,EQUALITY ,ECONOMIC policy ,SOCIAL policy - Abstract
Objective: The objective of this paper is to evaluate the welfare state models in the EU countries and to start the discussion if the new member states (NMS), i.e. those EU member states that joined the EU in 2004/2007, fit the Sapir typology (Nordic model, Continental model, Anglo-Saxon model, Mediterranean model). The second objective is to examine the labour market situation, reduction of poverty and social inequalities in the EU countries. The third one is to open the issue if the public spending can be managed both justly and effectively. Research Design & Methods: The linear regression function and correlation has been used to present effectiveness of social expenditures to reduce poverty, as well as evidence that public spending can be managed both justly and effectively. Findings: This paper demonstrates more similarities can be drawn across the NMS and the EU-15 than within the NMS and EU-15, respectively. The typology of welfare state models is applied to the NMS and their effectiveness is tested. Accordingly, we classify the Czech Republic, Slovenia and Cyprus as countries of the Nordic model; Hungary, Slovakia and Malta as the Continental model; Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia as the Anglo-Saxon model and, finally, Poland, Croatia, Romania and Bulgaria as the Mediterranean model. Implications & Recommendations: Recent data suggest that the global crisis has caused an increase in the level of poverty and social spending in the EU countries. However, this is just a temporary situation and it does reflect the solutions of models. Contribution & Value Added: The NMS tend to be examined as a separate group of countries that -- as the literature suggests -- depict different qualities of the welfare models than those pursued in the EU-15. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Marital Sorting, Inequality and the Role of Female Labour Supply: Evidence from East and West Germany.
- Author
-
Pestel, Nico
- Subjects
LABOR supply ,EQUALITY ,WOMEN employees ,MARITAL status ,INCOME inequality ,LABOR market - Abstract
This paper examines the effect of marital sorting on earnings inequality, taking into account extensive and intensive margin labour supply choices. Using German microdata, the observed distribution of couples' earnings is compared to a counterfactual of random matches. In West Germany, marital sorting is found to be disequalizing only after adjusting for labour supply. This means that positive sorting in earnings potential is veiled by low female participation rates. In East Germany, the impact is highly disequalizing even when earnings are taken as given, due to the fact that East German women are more attached to the labour market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. TECHNOLOGICAL UNEMPLOYMENT: EDUCATING FOR THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION.
- Author
-
PETERS, MICHAEL A.
- Subjects
TECHNOLOGICAL unemployment ,INDUSTRIAL revolution ,BIG data ,LABOR market ,EQUALITY - Abstract
This paper reviews recent concerns and discussions about technological unemployment focusing on the trope "the robots are coming" and beginning with reference to the World Summit (2015) devoted to the issue. There is consensus that robots and big data systems will disrupt labor markets, kill jobs and cause social inequalities. The paper examines Klaus Schwab's concept of the "Fourth Industrial Revolution" - a concept that underlied the recent Davos meeting to inquire about the role of education in an age of automated cognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. The economics of higher education.
- Author
-
Holmes, Craig and Mayhew, Ken
- Subjects
HIGHER education & economics ,ECONOMIC development ,EQUALITY ,LABOR market - Abstract
This paper describes the expansion of higher education (HE) in OECD countries and discusses its economic consequences. For most governments this expansion has been seen as the silver bullet that improves economic growth and helps tackle problems of inequality. However, in most countries increasing numbers of graduates are going into jobs that were once done by non-graduates, raising the concern that the true social returns to HE expansion are low. Because of this it is unsurprising that economists have found it difficult to establish firm links between higher education expansion and economic growth. At the same time, in some countries, HE expansion has exacerbated problems of economic and social inequality. The paper argues that governments need to take a more realistic view of the role of HE, consider alternative ways of preparing people for the labour market, and at the same time explore more rigorously exactly how the sector is conducting itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. O POLOŽAJU I ISKUSTVIMA SEZONSKIH RADNICA U POLJOPRIVREDI U SAVREMENOJ SRBIJI. MOŽE LI SE OVORITI O ELEMENTIMA STRUKTURNOG NASILJA.
- Author
-
Končar, Lara
- Subjects
SOCIAL marginality ,SOCIAL problems ,LABOR market ,EQUALITY ,AGRICULTURAL laborers ,VIOLENCE against women ,SOCIOCULTURAL theory - Abstract
Copyright of Anthropology Magazine is the property of University of Belgrade, Faculty of Philosophy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2020
49. Indebted by Dispossession: Special Economic Zones and the Reproduction of Inequality in Rural Telangana.
- Author
-
Agarwal, Samantha
- Subjects
SPECIAL economic zones ,SOCIAL hierarchies ,EVICTION ,LABOR market ,EQUALITY - Abstract
A growing scholarship examines the ways in which dispossession in neoliberal India is reinforcing and reconfiguring agrarian social hierarchies. These studies have focused on the differential success of villagers in Special Economic Zone (SEZ)-generated real estate markets, adverse incorporation of villagers into labour markets, caste-stratified compensation packages, and the caste-based politics of dispossession. Few studies, however, have systematically explored the long-term implications of dispossession on indebtedness across agrarian social hierarchies. Based on long term fieldwork in a village dispossessed for an SEZ in the South Indian state of Telangana, this paper shows how dispossession has led to rising indebtedness, especially among Dalits. Dispossession deprived villagers of land and livestock; low compensation was inadequate for villagers to obtain replacement assets; and labour inside the SEZ was insufficient to ensure the reproduction of most households. The result was a cascading process of indebtedness that was general but far greater among Dalits (lower castes) than OBCs (middle castes). Since dispossession also made access to institutional credit more difficult, Dalits' reliance on upper caste moneylenders was deepened. Paradoxically, then, neoliberalism has reinforced this traditional caste-based form of exploitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
50. Do effective public governance and gender (in)equality matter for poverty?
- Author
-
Jamil, Barkat, Yaping, Shen, Ud Din, Nizam, and Nazneen, Shama
- Subjects
POVERTY reduction ,POVERTY ,EQUALITY ,EFFICIENT market theory ,LABOR market ,RURAL poor - Abstract
In this study, we examined the relationship between determinants of governance and poverty reduction. We also investigated how female participation in the labour market helps alleviate poverty. We collected the balanced panel data of 29 countries over the period 2004–2016 from the World Bank database and Worldwide Governance Indicators database. Results indicated that robust governance is necessary for poverty reduction and that policy implementation timeliness is more likely to mitigate poverty. Moreover, the inclusion of females in the labour market and an efficient governance system contribute to enhanced well-being among the poor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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