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With the specialization and diversification of the use environment of composite products, composite materials should have good comprehensive properties. Abiding by this target, we successfully prepared a transparent epoxy resin (EP) composite with flame retardancy, low smoke, enhanced toughness, high glass transition temperature by blending the flame-retardant POI synthesized in this work. POI was synthesized from phosphophenanthrene, vanillin and histidine, and the combination of these three raw meticulously selected endowed POI molecule with excellent versatility. EP composite modified with 10 wt% POI (EP/POI-10) obtained a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 30.5% and received the V-0 grade (UL-94). The reduction of total smoke production by 78.1% via cone calorimeter tests was obtained. The impact strength of EP/POI-7 increased by 48.2% due to the energy dissipation of cracks from POI. The comprehensive analysis of the dual-phase revealed that the improvement of flame retardance was attributed to the joint action of the gaseous phosphorus free radicals quenching and the protecting of condensed coke. Moreover, EP/POI obtained high glass transition temperature as well as good transparency. [Display omitted] • A bio-based flame retardant molecule POI was synthesized. • High-performance composites of EP/POI with high T g , toughened and transparent were prepared. • The EP/POI showed a remarkable smoke suppression effect with a 78.1% reduction in TSP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A bio-based flame retardant (FDI) was synthesized for epoxy resin. • FDI endows EP with excellent flame retardancy and low dielectric properties. • The introduction of FDI significantly improved the toughness of epoxy resin. The development of high-performance EP composites with high glass transition temperature (T g), excellent flame retardancy, and UV resistance is a challenging topic in the flame retardancy community. In this work, a bio-based phosphorus/nitrogen/sulfur (P/N/S) containing flame retardant (FDI) was prepared from furfural, 2-amino-5-nitrothiazole, and DOPO. It was applied to improve the flame retardant, dielectric, and UV-resistant properties of EP. Thanks to the combination of phosphorus, nitrogen, and sulfur in FDI, the EP/FDI composites showed superior flame retardancy. Only adding 5 wt% FDI made EP achieve UL-94 V-0 flammability rating with a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 27%. Meanwhile, EP/FDI-5% composite showed significant reduction of 65.1% and 33.6% in total smoke production (TSP) and the peak heat release rate (pHRR), respectively. The flame-retardant mechanisms of EP/FDI thermosets were investigated by residual char photographs, SEM, XPS, and Py/GC-MS. Moreover, compared to pure EP, EP/FDI composites showed excellent UV resistance, low dielectric properties, and high glass transition temperature, which was expected to be extensively used in multiple areas of production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A cubic metal organic flame retardant with single crystal structure and rich in nitrogen was synthesized by hydrothermal method. • The peak heat release rate of EP composite loaded with 9 phr R1-MOF decreased by 51.3%. • Flame retardant shows high flame retardancy and smoke suppression performance, and significantly reduces the toxicity of EP. • Synergistic flame retardancy between N element and metal ions in metal organic framework ligands. Toxic substances released during the combustion of epoxy resin (EP) not only cause casualties, but also pollute the environment. Hence, aiming at the flammability of EP, a new triazine based metal organic framework (R1-MOF) was successfully synthesized by solvothermal method to reduce the fire resistance of EP. The single crystal structure of MOF was determined by X-ray single crystal diffraction, and the regular hexahedral structure of the crystal was determined by scanning electron microscope. The peak heat release rate, smoke generation rate, CO generation and CO 2 generation of EP composite loaded with 9 per 100 parts of matrix resin (phr) of R1-MOFs were decreased by 51.3, 41.5, 45.3, and 39.1%, respectively, showing high flame retardancy and smoke suppression performance, and significantly reducing the toxicity of EP. It mainly benefited from the flame retardant N element in MOF ligand and the synergistic effect between ligand and metal ions. In this study, a new type of MOF flame retardant was proposed, which provided a new way to design efficient flame retardants, smoke suppressants and detoxification flame retardants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A multi-functional kaolinite-based compound (AST@Kaol) was prepared by successive loading of TiO 2 and SiO 2 to the surface of metakaolinite (Kaol), followed by reaction with γ-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTES). The hybrid was then introduced to epoxy resin (EP) to enhance flame retardancy, smoke suppression and anti-aging properties. The results demonstrated the presence of only 3 wt% AST@Kaol can increase the value of limit oxygen index (LOI) of EP composite to 27.3% from 25.3% of neat EP, as well as decrease the value of heat release rate, total smoke release and the smoke density by 36.9, 14.3 and 19.9%, respectively, compared to neat EP. Besides, the thermal stability and thermal oxidative resistance of EP composites was enhanced. The mechanism of fire retardancy, anti-ageing and mechanical of the EP composite containing AST@Kaol was also speculated. [Display omitted] •A kaolinite-based compound (AST@Kaol) was prepared by co-precipitation. • The properties of fire retardant and ageing resistance for EP/3% AST@Kaol were improved. • Fire retardancy and ageing resistance mechanism of EP/3% AST@Kaol was analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]