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This work proposes an algorithm to optimize the positioning and the transmit power of Drone Small Cells (DSCs) based on Q‐learning, a technique where the agents learn to maximize a given reward. We consider two different rewards in this work, the first focusing on coverage, while the second maximizes the lifetime. Then, the Q‐learning solution determines the best positioning of the DSC in the 3D space, as well as the optimal transmit power. Results show that the optimization of the transmit power is of paramount importance to reduce the outage probability. In addition, we show that the second reward can considerably increase the network lifetime with a small penalty to the coverage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cooperative communications can substantially improve the performance in fading channels. However, in energy-constrained wireless sensor networks, the benefits of cooperation only go until certain limits, beyond which the energy cost of cooperation can be significant and unprofitable. We propose a cooperative scheme in which the relays activate the receiving circuitry based on a switching ON–OFF probability. We derive analytic expressions for the amount of effective information transmitted through the network and the associated outage probability under Nakagami-mfading channels. Based on the developed analysis, we formulate an optimization problem in which the switching ON–OFF probabilities are adjusted to reduce the energy consumption, subject to an outage probability constraint. We evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme under fixed and random network topologies. Our results indicate that the proposed scheme substantially outperforms the standard cooperative reception approach in terms of the amount of effective information transmitted through the network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the cross-layer energy efficiency of cooperative MIMO networks. At the physical layer, the transmit power determines the outage probability and the number of contending nodes per unit area. At the medium access control (MAC) layer, accessing the channel takes additional time and energy, which impacts the throughput and the energy efficiency. Then, we propose a new cooperative MAC protocol based on IEEE 802.11 in order to coordinate cooperation and to improve the energy efficiency. Moreover, we focus on slow fading scenarios and we analyze the performance of antenna selection (AS), singular value decomposition (SVD) diversity beamforming, and spatial multiplexing (SM) transmission schemes. Results show that SVD and SM have smaller delay and, consequently, larger throughput; however, AS is more energy efficient. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this letter, we investigate the secure energy efficiency (SEE) in a cooperative scenario where all nodes are equipped with multiple antennas. Moreover, we employ secrecy rate and power allocation at Alice and at the relay in order to maximize the SEE, subjected to a constraint in terms of a minimal required secrecy outage probability. Only the channel state information (CSI) with respect to the legitimate nodes is available. Then, we compare the artificial-noise (AN) scheme with CSI-aided decode-and-forward (CSI-DF), which exploits the CSI to choose the best communication path (direct or cooperative). Our results show that CSI-DF outperforms AN in terms of SEE in most scenarios, except when eavesdropper (Eve) is closer to the relay or with the increase of antennas at Eve. Additionally, we also show that the maximization of SEE implies in an optimal number of antennas to be used at each node, which is due to the tradeoff between secure throughput and power consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Underwater acoustic networks (UAN) allow for efficiently exploiting and monitoring the sub-aquatic environment. These networks are characterized by long propagation delays, error-prone channels and half-duplex communication. In this paper, we address the problem of energy-efficient communication through the use of optimized channel coding parameters. We consider a two-layer encoding scheme employing forward error correction (FEC) codes and fountain codes (FC) for UAN scenarios without feedback channels. We model and evaluate the energy consumption of different channel coding schemes for a K-distributed multipath channel. The parameters of the FEC encoding layer are optimized by selecting the optimal error correction capability and the code block size. The results show the best parameter choice as a function of the link distance and received signal-to-noise ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an iterative power allocation algorithm that maximizes the energy efficiency of a multiple-relay cooperative multiple antenna (MIMO) network. Energy efficiency is defined as the achievable spectral efficiency normalized by the total power consumption, which also accounts for the RF circuitry consumption, modeled in a wireless sensor network. Moreover, relay selection is performed using the distributed opportunistic selection protocol, while we derive closed-form expressions for outage probability and energy efficiency for a single antenna (SISO) and two MIMO scenarios: 1) based on antenna selection (AS) and 2) based on single value decomposition (SVD) beamforming. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm, we compare it to an exhaustive search optimal power allocation method. Results show that the proposed algorithm performs very close to an exhaustive search approach and that, although MIMO SVD has the best outage performance, AS has the best energy efficiency for low and moderate source-destination distances and spectral efficiencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy efficient underwater communications systems design is a crucial task, once battery replacement may be barely feasible in this scenario. As acoustic underwater channels are usually harsher than terrestrial wireless channels, decreasing the transmission distance through a multi-hop approach is very appealing. In this sense, in this paper, we analyze how much energy is required to successfully transfer an information bit over a multi-hop underwater acoustic network while considering the optimum number of hops, retransmissions, code rate, and signal-to-noise ratio. We also investigate the impact of delay constraints in the total energy consumption, by allowing limited or unlimited retransmissions. Our results show that great energy savings can be obtained when the above-mentioned parameters are jointly optimized for a given link distance. Moreover, even though the impact of multiple hops is more beneficial, allowing for a small number of retransmissions lead to important energy savings. Finally, we compare the obtained results with a terrestrial wireless communications case, showing that an adequate modeling of the underwater scenario is imperative for an energy efficient design, once the optimal number of hops for terrestrial wireless may considerably differ from that for underwater communications. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper we analyze the efficiency of cellular network designs, by taking into account the co-channel interference among cells, different amounts of available bandwidths, and frequency reuse. A realistic power consumption model is considered for the energy efficiency analysis, and for the economic analysis it is employed a model in which the total cost is composed by three factors: spectrum license, energy and infrastructure costs. Our results show that different conclusions can be obtained according to the focus of the network design: energy efficiency or total costs. Assuming an economic point of view, the most cost efficient solutions can be obtained when the number of base stations and the available bandwidth are the factors to be balanced, as the infrastructure cost and the spectrum license costs correspond to the most relevant fraction of the total costs. However, considering the energy efficiency anlysis, it can be more beneficial to employ a higher system bandwidth and balance the number of base stations and the reuse of frequencies in order to minimize the required transmit power. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

We investigate the energy efficiency-spectral efficiency (EE-SE) trade-off of transmit antenna selection/maximum ratio combining (TAS) scheme. A realistic power consumption model (PCM) is considered, and it is shown that using TAS can provide significant energy savings when compared to multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) in the low to medium SE region, regardless the number of antennas, as well as outperform transmit beamforming scheme (MRT) for the entire SE range. For a fixed number of receive antennas, our results also show that the EE gain of TAS over MIMO becomes even greater as the number of transmit antennas increases. The optimal value of SE that maximizes the EE is obtained analytically, and confirmed by numerical results. Moreover, the influence of receiver correlation is also evaluated and it is shown that considering a non-realistic PCM can lead to mistakes when comparing TAS and MIMO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy-efficiency is crucial for modern radio-frequency (RF) receivers dedicated to Internet of Things applications. Energy-efficiency enhancements could be achieved by lowering the power consumption of integrated circuits, using antenna diversity or even with an association of both strategies. This paper compares two wideband RF front-end architectures, based on conventional low-noise amplifiers (LNA) and low-noise transconductance amplifiers (LNTA) with N-path filters, operating with three transmission schemes: single antenna, antenna selection and singular value decomposition beamforming. Our results show that the energy-efficiency behavior varies depending on the required communication link conditions, distance between nodes and metrics from the front-end receivers. For short-range scenarios, LNA presents the best performance in terms of energy-efficiency mainly due to its very low power consumption. With the increasing of the communication distance, the very low noise figure provided by N-path LNTA-based architectures outperforms the power consumption issue, yielding higher energy-efficiency for all transmission schemes. In addition, the selected front-end architecture depends on the number of active antennas at the receiver. Hence, we can observe that low noise figure is more important with a few active antennas at the receiver, while low power consumption becomes more important when the number of active RF chains at the receiver increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents corrections made to the paper, ?Energy Efficiency-Spectral Efficiency Trade-Off of Transmit Antenna Selection? (Rayel, O.K., et al; IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 62, no. 12, pp. 4293?4303, Dec. 2014). [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]