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During the early 19th century, a peculiarly systematic way of organizing books emerged in Germany. This systematization, which purported to be a rational organization of subject matter, was an outgrowth of the philosophy of Hegel. This article attempts to outline Hegel's organizational practice. It argues that Hegel's encyclopedia was a reaction against the Enlightenment encyclopedia, and that it attempted to restore the systematic mindset of pre-modern reference books. Yet it did this, not in a straightforward fashion, but by developing a method for organizing material that both stresses the interconnectedness of knowledge and promises to be highly scalable. In its attempt to trace the Hegelian organizational method, this article revisits and calls attention to a forgotten work in Hegel scholarship by Michael John Petry, who was the first writer to seriously stress the importance of classification in Hegel's work. This article is an attempt to demonstrate that Hegelianism and information organization can be brought into fruitful and mutually beneficial dialogue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Onomastica is the property of Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Language Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Great Dictionary of Taoism, published by Huaxia Publishing House in 1994 and compiled by the Chinese Taoist Association and Suzhou Taoist Association, is the first comprehensive reference book on Taoism in the world. The dictionary has provided invaluable assistance for scholars of Taoism. However, in the last three decades, with the flourishing research on the language of Taoist literature, the inadequacies in the Great Dictionary of Taoism have gradually become apparent. Therefore, a systematic revision of this dictionary is necessary. Based on a selection of 700 typical entries with obvious problems from the Great Dictionary of Taoism, this paper conducts a detailed study of their errors from five key areas: entries, meanings, definitions, documentary evidence, and convention. By providing examples and proposing correctional suggestions, the paper aims to provide a necessary reference for the revision of the Great Dictionary of Taoism. The Great Dictionary of Taoism serves as a vital link between the sacred world and the secular society in Taoism, and this study will help Taoist priests, believers, and researchers accurately understand complex Taoist ideologies and practice patterns. It is significant for the inheritance and promotion of Taoist culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper seeks to investigate the representation of a relevant number of gendered epithets in two prominent Romanian dictionaries, the most recent edition of DOOM (2021, Third Edition) and the current edition of DEX (2016, Revised Edition based on the first and second editions). Taking into account the prescriptive dimension which both these dictionaries share and the fact that they both retain their status as significant reference books in present-day Romania, the paper examines the way in which these current dictionaries choose to describe these words, arguing for the significance of the "metadata" (Nunberg, 2018; Pullum, 2018) component in the lexicographical representation of lexical items which can function as gendered insults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author indicates the extensive range of topics of Cartography in the European Enlightenment, which works both to its advantage and disadvantage. It is a disadvantage because only some of the subjects in the volume were discussed thoroughly, focusing on the scope of the entire project. The authors had the opportunity to carefully select objects, map makers, facts, and phenomena they presented, but the final product has many holes, as often happens in the case of encyclopedias. An advantage is that it provides a canvas that can be filled with topics that have not yet been covered. There is an impressive number of 207 authors who wrote 479 entries and articles, and their work, thanks to a well-devised structure of topics, also gives future researchers of the history of the cartography of the European Enlightenment a chance to systematically expand and deepen their experience with the book. Thematic cross-index allows the reader to search for information similarly to using keywords on the Internet. It is beneficial and intuitive, especially for young people, allowing them to easily navigate and browse the publication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bahare Ajam by Lala Tek Chand is one of the most important dictionaries in the second period of lexicography in the Indian subcontinent. The book consists of 19,729 entries and is more comprehensive in terms of words, compositions, allusions, and poetic proofs compared to the dictionaries of the former eras. The abundant use of sources and opinions for writing and commentary is a prominent feature of this dictionary. Furthermore, Tek Chand uses numerous poetic pieces of evidence in this reference book. His most important work in this field is the evidence selected from the Persian poetry until the time of Bahare Ajam. Due to the great attention of the users and Persian learners of the subcontinent, this book has been published several times in seven periods, and lexicographers frequently use this reference to write books. However, contemporary dictionary scholars have not paid much attention to this book and, quoting each other, have only highlighted the general features of the book. By knowing the methods of lexicographers before Tek Chand and his contemporaries in compiling his book, one can realize the value of this author's work, which is achieved through adequate knowledge of the structures that govern Bahare Ajam. The structure of the dictionary is not summarized in a way that explains why the entries are arranged and how they are arranged, while it covers definition methods, phonological methods, input controls, review of the citation system, and citation and critique methods in dictionaries. In fact, it is a dictionary consisting of macrostructures, microstructures, and middle-structures. The present study aimed to investigate the methods of selecting the entries in the macrostructure section of this dictionary. With the methods of bringing entries and recording pronunciation in the Bahare Ajam dictionary in the microstructure section (first part) and after stating the order, number, and percentage of each entry, it is shown that Tek selects an entry by adding a word and its related derivatives if used. Unlike today's dictionaries, the Bahare Ajam dictionary brings all these derivatives together based on four criteria, including entries based on one word/combination, the verbal and semantic affinity of two words/combinations, the verbal and semantic similarity of several words/combination, and entries and selection of proverbs. Although many of the book's entries (including the separation of sub-words and many poetic combinations) do not meet today's standards, the adoption of these methods could be attributed to the poetic nature of this dictionary. The Persian students of the subcontinent who have been learning Persian could see that instead of referring synonymous entries to each other, many similar verbal and semantic items are merged into one entry so that the user could see all or most of the poetic capacities of the words and combinations together without the need to use other dictionaries. This is an accepted method (especially among subcontinental lexicographers), which should not be measured and considered flawed by today's standards. In the second part of this research, the intervention regarding Bahare Ajam has been discussed. This book has numerous explanations under the entries mostly to guide the users about the type of the entries rather than identifying a specific word. Although most of these explanations are not considered to be definitions in the modern sense in classical dictionaries, they should not be overlooked and ruled out as definitions. We evaluated these explanations, which encompass several input materials. Tek uses 25 methods to bring in the entry material and identify its type. In this research, such methods were highlighted along with examples for each. In several cases, Tek introduces the entries based on usage, grammatical category, and literary features, while defining each word in some cases. Notably, some of these entries are ambiguous for today's users (e.g., the difference between the words ‘famous’ and ‘famous’ in Bahare Ajam) since no explanation has been provided in this regard. It seems that the ‘famous’ entries of Bahare Ajam had been the most frequently used words and expressions of poetry until the time of the ‘famous’ entries in this dictionary, as well as the most commonly used words and expressions among the users. Undoubtedly, the reference to later entries is one of the few drawbacks of the inclusion of a few entries, which is quite natural and justifiable for the users who have read Bahare Ajam thoroughly. In the third part of the research, the methods of recording pronunciation in the Bahare Ajam dictionary were discussed. For this reason, the evolution of the pronunciation recording methods in pre-Bahar dictionaries wasinitially discussed, and it was observed that the pronunciation of words is not recorded in many dictionaries due to rhyming, while in others, this is done by determining the movement of some letters or by homogenous words. This method has been widely used by lexicographers; for instance, most of the words in the Dictionary of Definitive Argument are based on concordant words to partially compensate for the book's lack of poetic evidence, which is also a good reason for the popularity of this reference book. In the evolution of pronunciation recording methods, in addition to determining the greater movement of letters and lexicography of the words, a word is mentioned if it has two or more pronunciations. In a few cases, words have become difficult for reasons related to the users or copywriters. The obsessive-compulsive disorder causes some sub-continental lexicographers to record the pronunciation of some non-compound words even in their dictionary of terms and combinations. Although Tek is aware of the previous methods, he has developed novel approaches in this regard with the help of Jahangiri, which has eventually advantaged his work. A slight difference is also spotted in addition to paying more attention to the phonology of words. Tek Chand adopts the methods of using a homogenous word by using short vowels and words to record the pronunciation of words. The first objection is the possibility that the user is unaware of the word ‘homozygous’, especially if the word ‘homogenous’ comes after the entry where the recording has been made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses scholarly publications about reference works in American literature in 2019. These include "Encyclopedia of the Black Arts Movement," edited by Verner D. Mitchell and Cynthia Davis, "Cambridge History of American Science Fiction," and "Bibliography and Bookselling in the Bibliotheca Americana Tradition," by M. Lindsay Van Tine.

The paper deals with a description of new specialized Shakespeare reference books belonging to English cultural heritage lexicography (dictionaries of characters, quotations, proverbs, guides, companions). The main accent is made on LSP titles published by Arden Shakespeare Dictionaries, describing terminology of different subject fields found in Shakespeare's works: economics, medicine, politics, philosophy, visual arts, religion, music, etc., where Shakespeare is known to be a professional. The article also covers needs and demands of LSP dictionaries target audience (theatre, cinema producers) and shows perspectives of the digital future of Shakespeare lexicography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Face alignment acts as an important task in computer vision. Regression-based methods currently dominate the approach to solving this problem, which generally employ a series of mapping functions from the face appearance to iteratively update the face shape hypothesis. One keypoint here is thus how to perform the regression procedure. In this work, we formulate this regression procedure as a sparse coding problem. We learn two relational dictionaries, one for the face appearance and the other one for the face shape, with coupled reconstruction coefficient to capture their underlying relationships. To deploy this model for face alignment, we derive the relational dictionaries in a stage-wised manner to perform close-loop refinement of themselves, i.e., the face appearance dictionary is first learned from the face shape dictionary and then used to update the face shape hypothesis, and the updated face shape dictionary from the shape hypothesis is in return used to refine the face appearance dictionary. To improve the model accuracy, we extend this model hierarchically from the whole face shape to face part shapes, thus both the global and local view variations of a face are captured. To locate facial landmarks under occlusions, we further introduce an occlusion dictionary into the face appearance dictionary to recover face shape from partially occluded face appearance. The occlusion dictionary is learned in a data driven manner from background images to represent a set of elemental occlusion patterns, a sparse combination of which models various practical partial face occlusions. By integrating all these technical innovations, we obtain a robust and accurate approach to locate facial landmarks under different face views and possibly severe occlusions for face images in the wild. Extensive experimental analyses and evaluations on different benchmark datasets, as well as two new datasets built by ourselves, have demonstrated the robustness and accuracy of our proposed model, especially for face images with large view variations and/or severe occlusions. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Despite the fact that Wikipedia is often criticized for its poor quality, it continues to be one of the most popular knowledge bases in the world. Articles in this free encyclopedia on various topics can be created and edited in about 300 different language versions independently. Our research has showed that in language sensitive topics, the quality of information can be relatively better in the relevant language versions. However, in most cases, it is difficult for the Wikipedia readers to determine the language affiliation of the described subject. Additionally, each language edition of Wikipedia can have own rules in the manual assessing of the content's quality. There are also differences in grading schemes between language versions: some use a 6-8 grade system to assess articles, and some are limited to 2-3. This makes automatic quality comparison of articles between various languages a challenging task, particularly if we take into account a large number of unassessed articles; some of the Wikipedia language editions have over 99% of articles without a quality grade. The paper presents the results of a relative quality and popularity assessment of over 28 million articles in 44 selected language versions. Comparative analysis of the quality and the popularity of articles in popular topics was also conducted. Additionally, the correlation between quality and popularity of Wikipedia articles of selected topics in various languages was investigated. The proposed method allows us to find articles with information of better quality that can be used to automatically enrich other language editions of Wikipedia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Learners' dictionaries can help users not just with meanings, but also with collocations, syntax and common errors. Although there are several ways in which information for language production can be presented, previous research has shown that learners tend to prefer to obtain it from examples. However, early studies on the effects of dictionary examples did not disclose much evidence of their value. This could be because dictionaries do not distinguish between examples to reinforce comprehension and examples to support production, and also because learners may need more than one example to figure out how words are used. Following recent findings by Frankenberg-Garcia (2012, 2014), where encoding examples appeared to help language production, the present study aimed to further investigate the effects of such examples by refining previous elicitation procedures, by using a different and larger population sample, and by testing whether learners react better to an optimum number of examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a historical overview of encyclopedic works accessible to people with disabilities, the current situation and in-depth comparative analysis to determine which are the modern solutions that can be adapted to the needs encyclopedias such persons. Encyclopedias are transmitted summaries of knowledge to which the user can access in your home, in the workplace or through the Internet, without having to go to a distant library where you could spend a long time looking for the information. Throughout history encyclopedias are obijedinjavale entire world's knowledge, bringing it in the form of texts rich illustrations, maps, tables and bibliographic references. Consolidated global knowledge written on condensed and printed in several volumes. By using computers, information and communication technology encyclopedias are becoming more accessible and rich multimedia and interactive content. People with disabilities, particularly people with disabilities of sight to the emergence of computer, information and communication technology encyclopedias are used only with the help of others or following the intervention of others (printing in Braille). The first publicly available encyclopedia for the visually impaired is World Book Encyclopedia, published in Braille in 1961, and in 1980 published an encyclopedia in the form of voice recordings on cassette, accompanied by a reproducing apparatus, and indexation in Braille. New encyclopedic works in Croatia are now available online, published by the Lexicographic Institute "Miroslav Krleža". Proleksis encyclopedia and encyclopedia of Croatia are Croatian general and national online encyclopaedia in the Croatian language. They are available free of charge in the Croatian language, the editorial are monitored and open to external collaboration as well as the possibility of new communication. Besides Proleksis encyclopedias and Croatian Encyclopedia users are available various online encyclopedias, translations of foreign editions and Wikipedia on Croatian language. Integration of persons with disabilities in Croatia, and all Member States of the European Union, encouraged the lifelong learning. The electronic encyclopedia that is available online, open to external collaboration, allows people with disabilities to propose the necessary changes to current issues in order to appropriate information and accessibility to all users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A dictionary is an indispensable instrument in foreign language learning. It is the primary reliable source which learners refer to. Dictionaries inform about not only meaning of the word but also spelling, pronunciation, etymology, synonyms, grammar and usage. They play a crucial role in improving vocabulary knowledge. As for dictionary consultation, it is of importance for learners of today's language English. The problem is the fact that learners of English are deficient in dictionary consultation and that they are not aware of the richness in dictionaries. In addition, there is little study on reference needs and skills of dictionary users. This study investigates quantitatively the needs and habits, i.e. the dictionary behaviours and culture of Turkish students majoring in English language and literature in using English dictionaries. The findings and results show that students prefer monolingual and bilingual dictionaries to other types of dictionaries and that they generally benefit from the information contained in the appendices. However, most of the participants find dictionaries insufficient. In addition, according to the study findings, it can be claimed that age, gender and level of study are not effective factors on the students' culture of dictionary use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To determine the presence and appropriateness of the terminology concerning Food/Nutrition Science in the Spanish and English editions of Wikipedia and to compare them with that of an encyclopaedia for general use (Mini Larousse). Méthods: The terms in the study were taken from the LID dictionary on metabolism and nutrition: The existence and appropriateness of the selected terms were checked through random sample estimate with no replacement (n=386), using the Spanish and English editions of Wikipedia.Results: The existence of 261 terms in the Spanish edition and 306 in the English edition was determined from the study sample (n=386). Several differences were found between the two editions (p<0,001). There were differences between the two editions in relation to the appropriateness of definitions, though these were not studied in any depth (p<0,001). During the study of the 261 terms in the Spanish version of Wikipedia,3 entries (1,15%, IC95%: 0,00-2.44) were found to be lacking in appropriate information; 2 of the 306 entries in the English edition failed to give appropriate information (0,52%, IC95%: 0,00-1,23). A comparison between the existing entries of the Mini Larousse Encyclopaedia and the Spanish edition of Wikipedia, showed Wikipedia (p<0,001) as having a larger number of entries.Conclusions: The terminology under study is present to a lesser extent in the Spanish edition of Wikipedia than in the English edition. The appropriateness of content was greater in the English edition. Both the Spanish and English editions have a greater number of entries and more exact ones than the Mini Larousse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Central Asian & Caucasian Studies is the property of International Strategic Research Organization and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)