3,009 results on '"LABOR supply"'
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2. Essays in Labor Economics and Postsecondary Education
- Author
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Johnathan Gage Conzelmann
- Abstract
In Chapter 1 I investigate the supply of college majors and how this facet of institutional behavior influences student outcomes and costs in higher education. As a first contribution, I identify a decades-long trend in 4-year postsecondary education in the United States--the production of bachelor's degrees measured by their concentration across majors has diversified significantly over time. I document this pattern in multiple data sources and determine that within-college expansion of program options is a key driver of the trend. Isomorphic tendencies and colleges' acute attention to their close peer institutions provide the most consistent explanation for the way colleges have accommodated increasing demand for a bachelor's degree over time. I furthermore show that major diversification led to an increase in average instructional costs per student. This increase stemmed from spillovers within institutions as students shifted enrollment away from some pre-existing majors and into new and related programs. However, I also find major diversification increased 6-year graduation rates, suggesting students may sort more effectively across majors when more options are available. This highlights an important trade-off for colleges: increased costs for a more diverse set of major options can attract and retain more potential graduates. In Chapter 2 I estimate the labor supply effects of expanding Income-driven repayment (IDR) plan options for student loan borrowers in the the United States (US). Using two cohorts of former college students and detailed longitudinal data on employment, earnings, and student loan histories I show borrowers exposed to the 2009 IDR expansion were subsequently 2.1 percentage points more likely to be employed than a comparison group of similar bachelor's degree recipients. These employment effects led to significant and positive changes near the middle of the monthly earnings distribution, suggesting the marginal borrowers moved into stable employment. The effects were also stronger among borrowers with lower test scores and those more at-risk of non-payment highlighting the insurance aspects of IDR. Weekly hours worked and hourly wages did not markedly change when new IDR plans were introduced, but these aggregate effects mask heterogeneity across race--hourly wages for Black borrowers increased by 5 to 6 percent in both the 2009 and 2015 expansions compared to Black individuals in comparison groups. Taken together, these results underscore IDR's ability to re-align some labor market distortions brought on by student debt. Finally, in Chapter 3 I build upon recent work highlighting the responsiveness of college investment to changes in employer demand for different skills. I clarify how much of this response is driven by students sorting into higher-demand fields at college entry or from changes to majors once enrolled. Attributing response to these margins can help colleges target resources and information to align investments in times of need (e.g., a shortage) and sharpen our collective understanding of how students weigh career prospects in their educational decisions. Using micro-data from the University of North Carolina 4-year college system (UNC) I show labor market demand responsiveness stems mainly from initial sorting of students into their first major choices, with an enrollment elasticity greater than three. This response is driven by transfer students and women. Completed degree elasticities for the full sample fall closer to two, suggesting a drop-off in response on the intensive within-school margin. I attribute this to two things. First, students who initially sorted into high-demand majors were less likely to complete their degree in five years, more likely to stop out, and accumulated fewer credits than other students. They were also significantly less likely to change their majors. Second, major changing, while positively related to degree completion, is not aligned with labor demand shocks, meaning students change to lower-demand majors, on average. [The dissertation citations contained here are published with the permission of ProQuest LLC. Further reproduction is prohibited without permission. Copies of dissertations may be obtained by Telephone (800) 1-800-521-0600. Web page: http://www.proquest.com/en-US/products/dissertations/individuals.shtml.]
- Published
- 2024
3. Unpaid Caregiving and Labor Force Participation among Chinese Middle-Aged Adults.
- Author
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Chai H, Fu R, and Coyte PC
- Subjects
- Adult, China, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Retirement, Caregivers, Employment
- Abstract
Unpaid family caregivers must consider the economic trade-off between caregiving and paid employment. Prior literature has suggested that labor force participation (LFP) declines with caregiving intensity, but no study has evaluated this relationship by accounting for the presence of both kinks and discontinuities. Here we used respondents of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study baseline survey who were nonfarming, of working age (aged 45-60) and had a young grandchild and/or a parent/parent-in-law. For women and men separately, a caregiving threshold-adjusted probit model was used to assess the association between LFP and weekly unpaid caregiving hours. Instrumental variables were used to rule out the endogeneity of caregiving hours. Of the 3718 respondents in the analysis, LFP for men was significantly and inversely associated with caregiving that involved neither discontinuities nor kinks. For women, a kink was identified at the caregiving threshold of eight hrs/w such that before eight hours, each caregiving hour was associated with an increase of 0.0257 in the marginal probability of LFP, but each hour thereafter was associated with a reduction of 0.0014 in the marginal probability of LFP. These results have implications for interventions that simultaneously advance policies of health, social care and labor force.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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4. Health dynamics shape life-cycle incomes.
- Author
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Kotschy R
- Subjects
- Demography, Economics, Educational Status, Fertility, Humans, Income, Population Dynamics, Socioeconomic Factors, United States epidemiology, Employment, Health Workforce
- Abstract
This paper empirically investigates the long-run effects of major health improvements on income growth in the United States. To isolate exogenous changes in health, the econometric model uses quasi-experimental variation in cardiovascular disease mortality across states over time. Based on data for the white population, the results show that there is a causal link between health and income per person, and they provide novel evidence that health dynamics shape life-cycle incomes. Life-cycle income profiles slope more strongly at the beginning and at the end of work life in 2000 than in 1960, indicating that age becomes a more prominent determinant of income dynamics over this period. The channels for this transformation include better health, higher educational attainment, and changing labor supply., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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5. Can the unemployed be trained to care for the elderly? The effects of subsidized training in elderly care.
- Author
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Dauth C and Lang J
- Subjects
- Female, Germany, Humans, Male, Models, Theoretical, Socioeconomic Factors, Unemployment, Employment organization & administration, Health Services for the Aged organization & administration, Vocational Education organization & administration
- Abstract
Demographic change has increased the need for elderly care. Training unemployed workers might be one way to increase the supply of elderly care nurses. This study analyzes the effectiveness of subsidized training for unemployed individuals in the elderly care professions in Germany over 11.5 years. We find that short further training and long retraining courses significantly increase workers' long-term employment. As approximately 25% to 50% of trained nurses have permanent jobs in the care sector, we estimate that approximately 5% of all employed nurses are formerly trained unemployed workers., (© 2019 The Authors Health Economics Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
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6. The effect of cancer on the labor supply of employed men over the age of 65.
- Author
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Candon D
- Subjects
- Aged, Health Status, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Occupations, Public Policy, Retirement psychology, Employment statistics & numerical data, Neoplasms epidemiology, Workforce statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
This paper investigates the relationship between cancer diagnosis and the labor supply of employed men over the age of 65. While almost 60% of male cancers are diagnosed in men over the age of 65, no previous research has examined the effect that cancer has on this age group, which is surprising given the relevance of this group to public policy. With data from the Health and Retirement Study, I show that cancer has a significant negative effect on the labor supply of these workers. Using a combination of linear regression models and propensity score matching, I find that respondents who are diagnosed with cancer work 3 fewer hours per week than their non-cancer counterparts. They are also 10 percentage points more likely to stop working. This reduction seems to be driven by a deterioration in physical and mental health., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
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7. The impact of expanding Medicaid on health insurance coverage and labor market outcomes.
- Author
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Frisvold DE and Jung Y
- Subjects
- Health Benefit Plans, Employee statistics & numerical data, Humans, Medically Uninsured statistics & numerical data, United States, Employment statistics & numerical data, Insurance Coverage statistics & numerical data, Insurance, Health statistics & numerical data, Medicaid statistics & numerical data, Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act legislation & jurisprudence
- Abstract
Expansions of public health insurance have the potential to reduce the uninsured rate, but also to reduce coverage through employer-sponsored insurance (ESI), reduce labor supply, and increase job mobility. In January 2014, twenty-five states expanded Medicaid as part of the Affordable Care Act to low-income parents and childless adults. Using data from the 2011-2015 March Current Population Survey Supplements, we compare the changes in insurance coverage and labor market outcomes over time of adults in states that expanded Medicaid and in states that did not. Our estimates suggest that the recent expansion significantly increased Medicaid coverage with little decrease in ESI. Overall, the expansion did not impact labor market outcomes, including labor force participation, employment, and hours worked.
- Published
- 2018
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8. Informal care and long-term labor market outcomes.
- Author
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Schmitz H and Westphal M
- Subjects
- Adult, Caregivers, Female, Germany, Humans, Middle Aged, Models, Statistical, Salaries and Fringe Benefits, Employment classification, Health Workforce, Patient Care
- Abstract
In this paper we estimate long-run effects of informal care provision on female caregivers' labor market outcomes up to eight years after care provision. We compare a static version, where average effects of care provision in a certain year on later labor market outcomes are estimated, to a partly dynamic version where the effects of up to three consecutive years of care provision are analyzed. Our results suggest that there are significant initial negative effects of informal care provision on the probability to work full-time. The reduction in the probability to work full-time by 4 percentage points (or 2.4-5.0 if we move from point to partial identification) is persistent over time. Short-run effects on hourly wages are zero but we find considerable long-run wage penalties., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2017
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9. Children and Careers: How Family Size Affects Parents' Labor Market Outcomes in the Long Run.
- Author
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Cools S, Markussen S, and Strøm M
- Subjects
- Adult, Developed Countries, Female, Humans, Income, Linear Models, Male, Norway, Parents, Registries, Young Adult, Career Choice, Educational Status, Employment statistics & numerical data, Family Characteristics, Mothers statistics & numerical data, Women, Working statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
We estimate the effect of family size on various measures of labor market outcomes over the whole career until retirement, using instrumental variables estimation in data from Norwegian administrative registers. Parents' number of children is instrumented with the sex mix of their first two children. We find that having additional children causes sizable reductions in labor supply for women, which fade as children mature and even turn positive for women without a college degree. Among women with a college degree, there is evidence of persistent and even increasing career penalties of family size. Having additional children reduces these women's probability of being employed by higher-paying firms, their earnings rank within the employing firm, and their probability of being the top earner at the workplace. Some of the career effects persist long after labor supply is restored. We find no effect of family size on any of men's labor market outcomes in either the short or long run.
- Published
- 2017
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10. The impact of poor adult health on labor supply in the Russian Federation.
- Author
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Goryakin Y and Suhrcke M
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Distribution, Aged, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Residence Characteristics statistics & numerical data, Russia epidemiology, Self Report, Severity of Illness Index, Sex Distribution, Socioeconomic Factors, Young Adult, Chronic Disease epidemiology, Employment statistics & numerical data, Health Status
- Abstract
We examine the labor supply consequences of poor health in the Russian Federation, a country with exceptionally adverse adult health outcomes. In both baseline OLS models and in models with individual fixed effects, more serious ill-health events, somewhat surprisingly, generally have only weak effects on hours worked. At the same time, their effect on the extensive margin of labor supply is substantial. Moreover, when combining the effects on both the intensive and extensive margins, the effect of illness on hours worked increases considerably for a range of conditions. In addition, for most part of the age distribution, people with poor self-assessed health living in rural areas are less likely to stop working, compared to people living in cities. While there is no conclusive explanation for this finding, it could be related to the existence of certain barriers that prevent people with poor health from withdrawing from the labor force in order to take care of their health.
- Published
- 2017
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11. Effects of Psychiatric Disorders on Labor Market Outcomes: A Latent Variable Approach Using Multiple Clinical Indicators.
- Author
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Banerjee S, Chatterji P, and Lahiri K
- Subjects
- Absenteeism, Adult, Computer Simulation, Cost of Illness, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Workplace psychology, Employment psychology, Mental Disorders psychology, Models, Statistical
- Abstract
In this paper, we estimate the effect of psychiatric disorders on labor market outcomes using a structural equation model with a latent index for mental illness, an approach that acknowledges the continuous nature of psychiatric disability. We also address the potential endogeneity of mental illness using an approach proposed by Lewbel (2012) that relies on heteroscedastic covariance restrictions rather than questionable exclusion restrictions for identification. Data come from the US National Comorbidity Survey - Replication and the National Latino and Asian American Study. We find that mental illness adversely affects employment and labor force participation and also reduces the number of weeks worked and increases work absenteeism. To assist in the interpretation of findings, we simulate the labor market outcomes of individuals meeting diagnostic criteria for mental disorder if they had the same mental health symptom profile as individuals not meeting diagnostic criteria. We estimate potential gains in employment for 3.5 million individuals, and reduction in workplace costs of absenteeism of $21.6 billion due to the resultant improvement in mental health. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., (Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)
- Published
- 2017
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12. The tax-free year in Iceland: A natural experiment to explore the impact of a short-term increase in labor supply on the risk of heart attacks.
- Author
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Ólafsdóttir T, Hrafnkelsson B, Thorgeirsson G, and Ásgeirsdóttir TL
- Subjects
- Female, Humans, Iceland, Male, Middle Aged, Risk, Employment, Income, Myocardial Infarction epidemiology
- Abstract
Evidence is mixed on whether society-wide economic conditions affect cardiovascular health and the reasons for the suggested relationship are largely untested. We explore whether a short-term increase in labor supply affects the probability of acute myocardial infarctions, using a natural experiment in Iceland. In 1987 personal income taxes were temporarily reduced to zero, resulting in an overall increase in labor supply. We merge and analyze individual-level, registry-based data on earnings and AMIs including all Icelandic men and women aged 45-74 during the period 1982-1992. The results support the prominent hypothesis of increased work as a mechanism explaining worsening heart health in upswings, for men aged 45-64 who were self-employed. We furthermore find a larger increase in probability of AMIs during the tax-free year in men aged 45-54 than men aged 55-64., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
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13. Welfare Reform and Labor Force Exit by Young, Low-Skilled Single Males.
- Author
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Groves LH
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Employment classification, Employment economics, Employment trends, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Mothers statistics & numerical data, Public Policy economics, Public Policy trends, Regression Analysis, Social Welfare economics, Social Welfare trends, Socioeconomic Factors, Unemployment trends, United States, Women, Working legislation & jurisprudence, Women, Working statistics & numerical data, Working Poor economics, Working Poor trends, Young Adult, Employment legislation & jurisprudence, Mothers legislation & jurisprudence, Public Policy legislation & jurisprudence, Single Parent legislation & jurisprudence, Social Welfare legislation & jurisprudence, Working Poor legislation & jurisprudence
- Abstract
While the labor market woes of low-skilled male workers in the United States over the past several decades have been well documented, the academic literature identifying causal factors leading to declines in labor force participation (LFP) by young, low-skilled males remains scant. To address this gap, I use the timing and characteristics of welfare-reform policies implemented during the 1990s and fixed-effects, instrumental variable regression modeling to show that policies seeking to increase LFP rates for low-skilled single mothers inadvertently led to labor force exit by young, low-skilled single males. Using data from the Current Population Survey and a bundle of work inducements enacted by states throughout the 1990s as exogenous variation in a quasi-experimental design, I find that the roughly 10 percentage point increase in LFP for low-skilled single mothers facilitated by welfare reform resulted in a statistically significant 2.8 percentage point decline in LFP for young, low-skilled single males. After conducting a series of robustness checks, I conclude that this result is driven entirely by white males, who responded to welfare-reform policies with a 3.7 percentage point decline in labor supply. Young black males, as well as other groups of potentially affected workers, appear to be uninfluenced by the labor supply response of less-educated single mothers to welfare reform. Impacts on young, single white males are large and economically significant, suggesting that nearly 150,000 males departed the formal labor market in response to directed welfare-reform policies.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
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14. A comparison of diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes patients and labor supply.
- Author
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Minor T and MacEwan JP
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Distribution, Aged, Comorbidity, Educational Status, Employment statistics & numerical data, Female, Glycated Hemoglobin analysis, Humans, Likelihood Functions, Male, Middle Aged, Minority Health economics, Minority Health statistics & numerical data, Nutrition Surveys statistics & numerical data, Probability, Sex Distribution, Time Factors, United States epidemiology, Young Adult, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 complications, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 diagnosis, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 economics, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 epidemiology, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 complications, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 diagnosis, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 economics, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 epidemiology, Employment economics
- Abstract
Using data from four waves of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, we examine the difference between individuals with diagnosed and undiagnosed cases of type 2 diabetes and their labor supply decisions. We show that a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes is significantly associated with a reduction in both male and female employment probability by 11 and 19 percentage points, respectively. Additionally, hours worked by individuals with diagnosed type 2 diabetes are 7h lower per week for males and 8h lower per week for females. Further, individuals with undiagnosed type 2 diabetes experience a drop in labor supply somewhat smaller but similar to their diagnosed counterparts. This association may be driven by the similarities between undiagnosed and very recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes. In all estimations, we consistently find that type 1 diabetes has a different effect than either diagnosed or undiagnosed type 2 diabetes., (Published by Elsevier B.V.)
- Published
- 2016
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15. Caregiver burden and vocational participation among parents of adolescents with CF.
- Author
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Neri L, Lucidi V, Catastini P, and Colombo C
- Subjects
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Cystic Fibrosis complications, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Personal Satisfaction, Quality of Life, Surveys and Questionnaires, Absenteeism, Caregivers, Cost of Illness, Employment, Parents, Workplace
- Abstract
Aim: Cystic fibrosis (CF) require parents to make significant lifestyle changes to accommodate their children's treatments. We examined the impact of CF-related caregiving on parents' occupational adjustment and labor supply in terms of organizational changes, presenteeism, and absenteeism., Methods: Nineteen Italian CF referral centers joined the LINFA group. We enrolled 168 adolescents with the disease and their parents (n = 225) in a cross-sectional survey research. Patients and their parents answered a self-administered questionnaire (child: SF-12, satisfaction with life, MRC Dyspnea scale; parent: caregiver burden scale, short depression-happiness scale, self-rated health, socio-demographic factors). A pediatrician recorded clinical information (pulmonary exacerbations, CF-related complications, treatment, BMI percentile, Fev1 %)., Results: Patients mean age was 16 ± 2.6 and mean BMI percentile was 42.1 ± 29.1; 92 patients (55%) had FEV1 % > 80. Mean parents' age was 45.9 ± 5.9 years, and 59% were women; 75% of women and 24% of men reported to be the primary caregiver. Only 12% had a graduate or post-graduate degree and 56.4% were employed. Approximately 34% of parents reported short depression-happiness scale scores suggestive of clinical depression. Higher caregiving strain was associated with increased likelihood of changing job, work shift schedule, or giving up career opportunities in order to fulfill their caregiving role and increased productivity losses due to family leaves and presenteeism., Conclusion: Caregiving burden is a relevant and frequent issue among parents of adolescent patients with cystic fibrosis. We showed that the humanistic and vocational impact of caring for young patients with the disease is striking and demands health-care and welfare supportive actions., (© 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)
- Published
- 2016
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16. The indirect impact of antiretroviral therapy: Mortality risk, mental health, and HIV-negative labor supply.
- Author
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Baranov V, Bennett D, and Kohler HP
- Subjects
- Adult, Agriculture statistics & numerical data, Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active statistics & numerical data, Caregivers psychology, Employment psychology, Employment statistics & numerical data, Female, HIV Infections economics, HIV Infections epidemiology, HIV Infections psychology, HIV Seronegativity, Health Services Accessibility statistics & numerical data, Humans, International Agencies economics, International Agencies statistics & numerical data, Longitudinal Studies, Malawi epidemiology, Male, Mental Health, Mortality trends, Risk Assessment, Time Factors, Workforce, Agriculture economics, Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active economics, Caregivers economics, Employment economics, HIV Infections drug therapy, Health Services Accessibility economics
- Abstract
To reduce the burden of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, international donors recently began providing free antiretroviral therapy (ART) in parts of Sub-Saharan Africa. ART dramatically prolongs life and reduces infectiousness for people with HIV. This paper shows that ART availability increases work time for HIV-negative people without caretaker obligations, who do not directly benefit from the medicine. A difference-in-difference design compares people living near and far from ART, before and after treatment becomes available. Next we explore the possible reasons for this pattern. Although we cannot pinpoint the mechanism, we find that ART availability substantially reduces subjective mortality risk and improves mental health. These results show an undocumented economic consequence of the HIV/AIDS epidemic and an important externality of medical innovation. They also provide the first evidence of a link between the disease environment and mental health., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2015
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17. Heterogeneity and the effect of mental health parity mandates on the labor market.
- Author
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Andersen M
- Subjects
- Employment legislation & jurisprudence, Employment statistics & numerical data, Health Benefit Plans, Employee legislation & jurisprudence, Health Expenditures statistics & numerical data, Health Surveys, Humans, Insurance Coverage legislation & jurisprudence, Mandatory Programs legislation & jurisprudence, Mental Disorders therapy, Mental Health Services legislation & jurisprudence, Mentally Ill Persons legislation & jurisprudence, Mentally Ill Persons psychology, Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, Salaries and Fringe Benefits economics, Salaries and Fringe Benefits statistics & numerical data, United States, Employment economics, Health Benefit Plans, Employee economics, Insurance Coverage economics, Mental Disorders economics, Mental Health Services economics, Mentally Ill Persons statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
Health insurance benefit mandates are believed to have adverse effects on the labor market, but efforts to document such effects for mental health parity mandates have had limited success. I show that one reason for this failure is that the association between parity mandates and labor market outcomes vary with mental distress. Accounting for this heterogeneity, I find adverse labor market effects for non-distressed individuals, but favorable effects for moderately distressed individuals and individuals with a moderately distressed family member. On net, I conclude that the mandates are welfare increasing for moderately distressed workers and their families, but may be welfare decreasing for non-distressed individuals., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2015
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18. Long-term Care Insurance and Carers' Labor Supply - A Structural Model.
- Author
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Geyer J and Korfhage T
- Subjects
- Caregivers supply & distribution, Employment economics, Female, Germany, Humans, Income statistics & numerical data, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Econometric, Caregivers statistics & numerical data, Employment statistics & numerical data, Insurance, Long-Term Care statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
In Germany, individuals in need of long-term care receive support through benefits of the long-term care insurance. A central goal of the insurance is to support informal care provided by family members. Care recipients can choose between benefits in kind (formal home care services) and benefits in cash. From a budgetary perspective, family care is often considered a cost-saving alternative to formal home care and to stationary nursing care. However, the opportunity costs resulting from reduced labor supply of the carer are often overlooked. We focus on the labor supply decision of family carers and the incentives set by the long-term care insurance. We estimate a structural model of labor supply and the choice of benefits of family carers. We find that benefits in kind have small positive effects on labor supply. Labor supply elasticities of cash benefits are larger and negative. If both types of benefits increase, negative labor supply effects are offset to a large extent. However, the average effect is significantly negative., (Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)
- Published
- 2015
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19. The impact of age on the reservation wage: the role of employment efficacy and work intention: a study in the Belgian context.
- Author
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De Coen A, Forrier A, and Sels L
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Belgium, Cross-Sectional Studies, Employment economics, Employment statistics & numerical data, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Occupations economics, Occupations statistics & numerical data, Salaries and Fringe Benefits economics, Young Adult, Employment psychology, Intention, Salaries and Fringe Benefits statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
This study explores the relationship between age and reservation wage. The authors investigate whether individuals' attitudes toward employment, that is, their "employment efficacy" and "work intention," mediate this relationship. The authors examine this in the Belgian labor market, where substantial differences exist between blue-collar workers, white-collar workers, and civil servants regarding payment systems, employment protection, and pension benefits. Path analysis on a sample of 22,796 Belgian workers aged 18 to 60 years reveals a reverse U-shaped relationship between age and the reservation wage via employment efficacy and a U-shaped relationship via work intention. In addition, study analyses also show a direct relationship between age and the reservation wage. The effects vary with employment status. The authors discuss implications for theory, practice, and future research., (© The Author(s) 2012.)
- Published
- 2015
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20. The effect of state dependent mandate laws on the labor supply decisions of young adults.
- Author
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Depew B
- Subjects
- Adult, Age Factors, Humans, Insurance Coverage legislation & jurisprudence, Insurance, Health legislation & jurisprudence, Mandatory Programs legislation & jurisprudence, Mandatory Programs statistics & numerical data, Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, State Government, United States, Young Adult, Employment statistics & numerical data, Insurance Coverage statistics & numerical data, Insurance, Health statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
Prior to the Affordable Care Act, the majority of states in the U.S. had already implemented state laws that extended the age that young adults could enroll as dependents on their parent's employer-based health insurance plans. Because of the fundamental link between health insurance and employment in the U.S., such policies may effect the labor supply decisions of young adults. Although the interaction between labor supply and health insurance has been extensively studied for other subpopulations, little is known about the role of health insurance in the labor supply decisions of young adults. I use the variation from the implementation and changes in state policies that expanded dependent health insurance coverage to examine how young adults adjusted their labor supply when they were able to be covered as a dependent on their parent's plan. I find that these state mandates led to a decrease in labor supply on the intensive margin., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2015
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21. Pell Grants and Labor Supply: Evidence from a Regression Kink. Upjohn Institute Working Paper 22-363
- Author
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W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research and Kofoed, Michael S.
- Abstract
A concern in higher education policy is that students are taking longer to graduate. One possible reason for this observation is an increase in off-campus labor market participation among college students. Financial aid may play a role in the labor/study choice of college students--as college becomes more affordable, students my substitute away from work and toward increased study. I use data from the National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS) to exploit nonlinearity in the Pell Grant formula to estimate a regression kink and regression discontinuity designs. I find that conditional on receiving the minimum of $550, students reduce their labor supply by 0.4 hours per week, which translates to a 2.4 percent decrease in hours worked. Students who receive the average Pell Grant of $2,250 are 7.6 percentage points (or around 12 percent) less likely to work and, if working, supply 5.10 less hours per week, or around 30.67 percent reduction. I find Pell Grants do increase academic achievement, implying that students substitute study time for work.
- Published
- 2022
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22. Assessment Problems and Ensuring of Decent Work in the Russian Regions
- Author
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Simonova, Marina V., Sankova, Larisa V., Mirzabalaeva, Farida I., Shchipanova, Dina Ye, and Dorozhkin, Vladimir E.
- Abstract
The relevance of the research problem is inspired by the need to ensure decent work principles in Russia. The purpose of this article is to develop evaluation methodologies and identify areas to implement key principles of decent work at the regional level in modern Russia. A leading approach to study this problem is the development of a new method of calculating the index characterizing the decent work deficit in the region. Results: the authors have developed a general procedure for overcoming the decent work deficit, given the chosen model of development in the regions, and developed the stages of events. In the study, the authors analyzed the existing approaches to the assessment of decent work, taking into account the updated development trends of the economy, its key parameters. There are presented results of a comparative analysis on decent work deficits at the regional level, identified the problem field of assessment methodology and proposed measures to ensure patterns of decent work with regard to the choice of innovative development in regional economies. The advantage of this model is overcoming the decent work deficit through structural, institutional changes, increasing investment activity. The article may be useful for research organizations and regional administrative structures in the development of medium and long-term programs to increase decent work levels.
- Published
- 2016
23. Education and Employment in Two Chilean Undergraduate Programs
- Author
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Espinoza, Oscar, McGinn, Noel, González, Luis, Sandoval, Luis, and Castillo, Dante
- Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to determine which of the two variables would be a more reliable proxy for quality of university training--graduates' satisfaction with their degree program, or institutional prestige. Design/methodology/approach: Graduates of professional psychology and teaching programs from three Chilean universities responded to a questionnaire asking their perception of different aspects of their degree program and experiences in their first employment. The three universities differ significantly in the proportion of applicants admitted, and in their prestige. Findings: Salary levels are highly related to profession, but unrelated to graduates' ratings of quality of curriculum or teaching methods. Overall satisfaction with the university experience is not linked to job satisfaction. Job satisfaction, on the other hand, is highly influenced by salary and secondarily by instructional practices and perceived work relevance of the degree program. Research limitations/implications: This study is based on data from 3 of Chile's 60 universities, and graduates of two programs. Most employment in the two professions is regulated by labor agreements. Generalizability of results is limited. Graduates may not have been employed enough to demonstrate their capacities. Practical implications: The findings offer more evidence that prestige ratings are an unreliable indicator of the quality of formation offered by universities. If the government seeks to reduce income inequality, public subsidies of higher education should be based on program quality rather than on institutional prestige. Originality/value: The findings are directly relevant to the current debate in Chile about what might and what might not help to reduce severe economic inequality.
- Published
- 2019
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24. The rise of the human capital industry and its implications for research.
- Author
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Cappelli, Peter and Schwartz, Shoshana
- Subjects
PROPRIETARY health facilities ,RESEARCH ,INDUSTRIES ,SOCIAL capital ,LABOR supply ,CONTRACTS ,OCCUPATIONS ,EMPLOYMENT ,BUSINESS ,LABOR market ,WORKING hours ,PERSONNEL management ,CONTRACTING out ,INDUSTRIAL relations - Abstract
We document the size and scope of the industry of for‐profit vendors that now handles a considerable proportion of human resource tasks for individual US employers, a collection we describe as the human capital industry. Outsourcing these tasks changes how the human resources function is executed in ways we describe below. This change should matter to researchers if they are interested in choosing topics that have relevance, and it should also matter to teachers of human resources who want to present an accurate description of practice to students. Aside from the now remarkable size of the HR industry, arguably its most important attribute is its marketing efforts, which now drive the agenda for the field of HR. A concern about that agenda is that it often creates the perception of challenges for management when in practice no evidence of those challenges exists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. First to $15: Alberta's Minimum Wage Policy on Employment by Wages, Ages, and Places.
- Author
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Fossati, Sebastian and Marchand, Joseph
- Subjects
INCOMES policy (Economics) ,MINIMUM wage ,EMPLOYMENT policy ,YOUNG workers ,LABOR supply ,CITIES & towns - Abstract
Most minimum wage studies are identified on small, plentiful, mostly expected wage changes, spread out over time. A recent set of changes have instead been large, rapid, and unexpected, following the "Fight for $15" movement. Alberta is the first North American province, state, or territory to have this $15 minimum wage, with an unexpectedly large increase (47%) occurring over a short time horizon (3 years). The employment effects of this policy are estimated using a synthetic control approach on Labour Force Survey data. Similar to the existing literature, workers moved up the wage distribution, increment by increment, but with a higher distributional reach. Employment losses occurred at similar elasticities, but with large level changes, mostly among younger workers. Newer to the literature, regional employment losses were found in four of the five non-urban economic regions, but not in Alberta's two main cities, showing the significance and nuance of regional heterogeneity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Annex B. Data sources and data manipulation.
- Author
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Ward, Ashley and Zinni, Belen
- Subjects
WORKING hours ,WAGES ,EMPLOYMENT ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,LABOR supply - Abstract
The article provides information on data sources and data manipulation used for the construction of hours worked and wages matrices. It discusses the scope of household survey on employment, unemployment, labor force participation and individual characteristics covered in the European Union (EU) Labour Force Survey and EU Structure of Earnings Survey, for EU countries and the United Kingdom (UK) and the Canadian Labour Force Survey and the Current Population Survey for Canada and the U.S.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Education, employment, and income among people living with cystic fibrosis across three decades – A matched cohort study using Danish health registries.
- Author
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Jensen, Camilla Bjørn, Jensen, Kristoffer Jarlov, Pressler, Tacjana, Katzenstein, Terese L., Skov, Marianne, Qvist, Tavs, Olsen, Mette Frahm, Jeppesen, Majbritt, Jensen-Fangel, Søren, Olesen, Hanne Vebert, Reuter, Simon Bertram, Pedersen, Hans Kristian Råket, Wang, Joanna Nan, Michalopoulos, Steven, McGarry, Lisa, Wöhling, Heike, Petersen, Janne, and Jimenez-Solem, Espen
- Subjects
- *
TYPE 1 diabetes , *LABOR supply , *INCOME , *CYSTIC fibrosis , *DIABETES in children - Abstract
• The past developments in cystic fibrosis (CF) treatment warrant a long-term description of the societal impact of the disease. Understanding how societal impact of CF has developed is important to inform health policies to prevent inequalities and secure the right to equal opportunities in life. • The present study describes the development in key socioeconomic factors across 30 years in people living with CF (pwCF) in Denmark, compared with the general population and an early onset chronic disease population. • The educational level of pwCF was similar to the two comparator cohorts indicating successful mitigation of negative effects. However, pwCF were less often in employment and more often permanently outside the labor force than the comparator cohorts. • PwCF had similar or higher personal or household income than the comparator cohorts. • The societal profile of the CF cohort and the comparator cohorts became more alike during the study period. Past and ongoing advancements in cystic fibrosis (CF) care warrant long-term analysis of the societal impact of the condition. This study aims to evaluate changes in key socioeconomic factors across three decades among people living with CF (pwCF), compared with both the general population and an early-onset chronic disease population. This nationwide, registry-based, matched cohort study included all pwCF ≥ 18 years in Denmark in the years 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2018. Each person living with CF was matched to five individuals in the general population and five individuals living with type 1 diabetes or juvenile arthritis based on age, sex, and municipality. The Danish adult CF population increased nearly fourfold from 88 in 1990 to 331 in 2018, and mean age increased by ten years. The educational level of pwCF was similar to the two comparator cohorts, while pwCF were less often in employment and more often permanently outside the labor force. Personal and household income levels of the CF cohort were higher than those of the comparator cohorts. The disadvantage in employment for pwCF remained, but, over time, the societal profiles of the one-year CF cohorts increasingly converged with those of the comparator cohorts, indicative of improved clinical management, extended life expectancy, and the supportive role of the Danish welfare system in reducing health inequalities. Further research should be done to evaluate the effects of the newly introduced modulator therapies on employment, considering the broader societal impact and impact on quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. A Unique Model and Workforce to Address Health-Related Social Needs and Health Equity: Regional Health Connectors in Colorado.
- Author
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Carroll, Jennifer K., Fernald, Douglas H., Hall, Tristen L., Groves, Hannah M., Grant, Gillian, Sherrill, Ashley, Crispe, Kristin, Brown, Ashlie, Lampe, Sarah, and Perry Dickinson, W.
- Subjects
- *
HEALTH services accessibility , *SOCIAL determinants of health , *INCOME , *ENDOWMENTS , *EVALUATION of human services programs , *FIELD notes (Science) , *INTERVIEWING , *FOOD security , *PRIMARY health care , *TRANSPORTATION , *HOUSING , *HEALTH equity , *LABOR supply , *EMPLOYMENT - Abstract
Unmet health-related social needs contribute to high morbidity and poor population health. Improving social conditions are likely to reduce health disparities and improve the health of the overall U.S. population. The primary objective of this article is to describe an innovative workforce model, called Regional Health Connectors (RHCs), and how they address health-related social needs in Colorado. This is a program evaluation that analyzed field notes and interview data from 2021-2022. We applied our findings to the framework developed by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's (NASEM's) report on strengthening social care integration into health care (2019). We found that RHCs address the following health-related social needs most commonly: food insecurity (n = 18 of 21 regions or 85% of all regions), housing (n = 17 or 81% of all regions), transportation (n = 11 or 52% of all regions), employment opportunities (n = 10 or 48% of all regions), and income/financial assistance (n = 11 or 52% of all regions). RHCs interacted across many sectors to address health-related social needs and provided multiple types of support to primary care practices at the organizational level. Examples of emerging impact of RHCs are described and mapped onto the NASEM framework. Findings from this program evaluation add to the growing landscape of knowledge and importance of detecting and addressing health-related social needs. We conclude that RHCs are a unique and emerging workforce that addresses multiple domains needed to integrate social care into health care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Multiple jobholding and non-standard employment among young workers: a comparative analysis of EU-28 member states.
- Author
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Orfao, Guillermo, del Rey, Alberto, and Malo, Miguel Á.
- Subjects
- *
SUPPLEMENTARY employment , *YOUNG adults , *YOUNG workers , *LABOR supply , *JOB hunting , *EMPLOYMENT - Abstract
This article presents a comparative analysis of multiple jobholding and non-standard employment among young people in EU-28 member states. This work contributes to the understanding of multiple jobholding among youth by connecting the empirical work to the issues of labour market flexibilisation in Europe. The database used is the European Union Labour Force Survey for 2019. Non-standard forms of employment have a positive effect on the likelihood of secondary jobholding, especially part-time work. There is a high rate of multiple jobholding in Nordic countries, whereas it is low in Mediterranean, Central and Eastern European countries, where the time spent in second jobs is high. Finally, there are statistically significant differences in the propensity toward multiple jobholding according to level of education, gender, age, and country of birth, while there is no noticeable effect of over-qualification, although there is on the search for another job. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Spatio-temporal dynamics of platform labour: short-term rental cleaning labour intermediaries and student-migrant-workers.
- Author
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Goyette, Kiley
- Subjects
- *
LABOR market , *MIGRANT labor , *ARRHYTHMIA , *LABOR supply , *EMPLOYMENT - Abstract
Although short-term rental platforms (e.g. Airbnb) are often not considered labour platforms, their suppliers must contend with demands on labour structured by the platforms. Using Lefebvre's rhythmanalysis, this article examines the spatio-temporal dynamics of cleaning labour for STR platforms through the experiences of student-migrant-workers in Montreal between 2017 and 2020. I argue that yield-focused STR operators (i.e. owner-operators and managers) encounter spatio-temporal friction (or arrhythmia) in their efforts to outsource STR cleaning labour, but some labour intermediaries have responded with strategies to bring this conflict into harmony (eurhythmia) by incorporating the lives and labour of student-migrant-workers. At once limited in their employment options and not exclusively dependent on this work, student-migrant-workers illustrate characteristics that these intermediaries require of the workers they assemble and the flexible labour force upon which STR platforms depend. Rather than replacing labour intermediaries, online platforms have created new spatio-temporal dynamics for labour and new opportunities for those who profit from assembling the labour forces that address them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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- View/download PDF
31. Introduction of a Registered Undergraduate Student of Nursing workforce: A qualitative study of student and registered nurses.
- Author
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Mcbrearty, Katherine, Zordan, Rachel, Mcinnes, Elizabeth, Murphy, Jade, Riddell, Kathryn, Walker, Virginia, and Jacob, Elisabeth
- Subjects
- *
PSYCHOLOGY of college students , *NURSES , *PUBLIC hospitals , *TEAMS in the workplace , *WORK , *HUMAN services programs , *QUALITATIVE research , *FOCUS groups , *RESEARCH funding , *LABOR productivity , *PATIENT safety , *INTERVIEWING , *HOSPITAL nursing staff , *HEALTH occupations students , *INTERNSHIP programs , *TERTIARY care , *NURSING , *CONFIDENCE , *THEMATIC analysis , *CONTINUING education of nurses , *SOUND recordings , *EXPERIENCE , *STUDENTS , *JOB satisfaction , *NURSES' attitudes , *URBAN hospitals , *RESEARCH methodology , *RESEARCH , *PROFESSIONAL employee training , *NURSING practice , *PATIENT-professional relations , *STUDENT attitudes , *THERAPEUTIC alliance , *DATA analysis software , *NURSING students , *LABOR supply , *EMPLOYMENT , *COVID-19 pandemic , *PROFESSIONAL-student relations , *EMPLOYEES' workload , *EXPERIENTIAL learning - Abstract
Aim: To explore the benefits and challenges of a recently introduced Registered Undergraduate Student of Nursing workforce from the perspective of Nurses and Registered Undergraduate Students of Nursing, in a major metropolitan hospital in Australia in 2020. Design: A qualitative descriptive study was undertaken using individual interviews and focus groups. Methods: Purposively selected employed Registered Undergraduate Students of Nursing and nurses who worked with them were interviewed, using a semi‐structured format. Recordings were transcribed and coded using NVivo software. Reflexive thematic analysis using an inductive approach was undertaken. Results: Four major themes were revealed: (i) Navigating the programme, (ii) Belonging and integration; (iii) Patient care; and (iv) Continuing Development. Initial challenges were common, often related to clarifying the scope of practice for the new role. Ongoing issues were associated with gaps in understanding the role and lack of integration into the team. Mostly, nurses and Registered Undergraduate Students of Nursing built positive, professional relationships. Nurses valued the Registered Undergraduate Student of Nursing knowledge and skill level, reporting improved workload and work experiences when the Registered Undergraduate Student of Nursing was on shift. Nurses believed that the Registered Undergraduate Students of Nursing enhanced patient care. Registered Undergraduate Students of Nursing described positive, therapeutic relationships with patients. Registered Undergraduate Student of Nursing employment provided opportunities for new learning, leading to increased efficiency and confidence on clinical placement. Conclusions: This employment model benefited the Registered Undergraduate Students of Nursing and nurses who worked with them. In the absence of adequate training and support, challenges remained unresolved and negatively impacted the experience for nurses. In addition to university‐level education and clinical placement, the employment model can create a third space for student learning via on‐the‐job training. The study supports the ongoing employment of student nurses through the Registered Undergraduate Student of Nursing model. Implications for the Profession and/or Patient Care: Impact: This study contributes to the very small body of literature investigating Registered Undergraduate Student of Nursing workforces in Australian hospitals. It is the first to explore the experiences of both nurses and students working together in a major metropolitan setting and also the first in the context of the COVID‐19 pandemic.This study reflected a mostly positive experience for Registered Undergraduate Student of Nursing and the nurses who worked with them and highlighted the importance of adequate oversight and support in the implementation and maintenance of a Registered Undergraduate Student of Nursing workforce.Employed Registered Undergraduate Students of Nursing reported improved confidence, skills, and felt like they started clinical placement at an advantage, ready to step up and learn the Registered Nurse scope of practice.In addition to university‐level education and clinical placement, this employment model creates a third space for learning via on‐the‐job training. Reporting Method: COREQ guidelines were followed in the reporting of this study. Patient or Public Contribution: No patient or public contribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Gender and educational differences in work participation and working years lost in Norway.
- Author
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Merkus, Suzanne L., Hoff, Rune, Hasting, Rachel L., Undem, Karina, Robroek, Suzan J. W., Gran, Jon Michael, and Mehlum, Ingrid Sivesind
- Subjects
WOMEN'S employment ,JOB absenteeism ,PRODUCTIVE life span ,OLDER people ,DISABILITY retirement ,LABOR supply ,OLDER men - Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Employment and work intentions of refugee women. Evidence on Syrians in the Netherlands.
- Author
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van der Zwan, Roos and van Tubergen, Frank
- Subjects
- *
LABOR supply , *WOMEN refugees , *SYRIANS , *SYRIAN refugees , *WOMEN'S employment - Abstract
This study examines the employment and work intentions of Syrian refugee women in the Netherlands. While earlier studies showed that refugee women have dramatically low labor force participation rates, it remains poorly understood why this is the case. In this study, we provide new insights, using large-scale, nationally representative data on Syrian refugee women in the Netherlands. Our analyses provide evidence to suggest that beyond human capital characteristics, three gender-specific factors contribute to lower participation rates: discrimination of Muslim women who wear a veil, family constraints and traditional gender role attitudes. Among Syrian unemployed women, we find that wearing a veil or having young children is associated with an inability to work, whereas traditional gender role attitudes are significantly associated with unwillingness to work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Strengthening the VA Physician Workforce.
- Subjects
PSYCHOLOGY of physicians ,GENDER identity ,MEDICAL specialties & specialists ,PHYSICIANS' attitudes ,JOB satisfaction ,VETERANS ,MARITAL status ,CLINICAL education ,VETERANS' hospitals ,LABOR supply ,VOCATIONAL guidance ,EMPLOYMENT - Published
- 2024
35. Towards a home‐grown rural health workforce: Evidence from Tasmania, Australia.
- Author
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Jessup, B., Tran, N., Stevens, T., Allen, P., and Barnett, T.
- Subjects
- *
RURAL health , *LABOR supply , *CITIES & towns , *DATABASES , *GRADUATE education - Abstract
Objective Methods Results Conclusions To examine the association between place of origin and principal place of practice (PPP) of domestic Tasmanian health graduates who received end‐to‐end training with the University of Tasmania (UTAS).The 2022 PPP for all UTAS domestic Tasmanian graduates from medicine, nursing, pharmacy, psychology, medical radiation science and paramedicine between 2011 and 2020 was identified using the online Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (Ahpra) registration database. The graduate's place of origin (home address at the time of course application), together with their 2022 PPP, was described using the Modified Monash Model (MM) classification system of remoteness. Data were analysed using STATA.Over the 10‐year period, 4079 domestic Tasmanians graduated from health courses at UTAS, of which 3850 (94.4%) were matched to an Australian PPP. In all, 78.3% of graduates were working in Tasmania, while the remainder (21.7%) were employed interstate. Of those with a Tasmanian PPP, 81.4% were working in a regional setting (MM2), while 77.6% of interstate employed graduates recorded a metropolitan (MM1) PPP. Rural place of origin (MM3‐7) was associated with rural employment (MM3‐7) in both Tasmania (OR, 37.08; 95% CI 29.01–47.39, p < 0.001), and on the Australian mainland (OR, 21.4; 95% CI 17.4–26.3, p < 0.001).Most domestic Tasmanian origin UTAS health graduates contribute to the state's health workforce after qualifying. Further research is needed to explore PPP over time and to understand why some graduates are motivated to seek employment on the Australian mainland and in particular, metropolitan cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Navigating the world of work: experiences and perspectives of care leavers in China.
- Author
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Yin, Shian
- Subjects
- *
JOB skills , *PEOPLE with disabilities , *LABOR supply , *EMPLOYMENT - Abstract
This study explores the employment experiences of care leavers in China, addressing a gap in understanding their transition into the workforce. Through qualitative interviews with 19 participants, five distinct work pathways were identified: (i) placement approach – typical, (ii) placement approach – typical plus, (iii) self-job-searching approach – typical, (iv) self-job-searching approach – typical plus, and (v) self-job-searching approach – typical ‘on the way.’ The findings highlight care leavers’ proactive roles in navigating their employment journeys, yet also reveal challenges such as educational setbacks, insufficient work skills, lack of support, and societal discrimination, particularly against those with physical impairments. Enhanced support systems are essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. The Evolution of Board-Certified Emergency Physicians and Staffing of Emergency Departments in Israel.
- Author
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Shopen, Noaa, Tshuva, Raphael, Drescher, Michael J., Glatstein, Miguel, Cohen, Neta, Coral, Rony, Ressler, Itay, and Halpern, Pinchas (Pinny)
- Subjects
- *
CROSS-sectional method , *EMERGENCY physicians , *QUESTIONNAIRES , *INTERVIEWING , *STATISTICAL sampling , *KRUSKAL-Wallis Test , *FISHER exact test , *HOSPITAL emergency services , *CHI-squared test , *MANN Whitney U Test , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics , *JOB satisfaction , *LONGITUDINAL method , *SURVEYS , *THEMATIC analysis , *ANALYSIS of variance , *SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC factors , *DATA analysis software , *CONFIDENCE intervals , *LABOR supply , *PSYCHOSOCIAL factors , *EMPLOYMENT - Abstract
Introduction: Emergency medicine (EM) was recognized as a specialty in Israel in 1999. Fifty-nine of the 234 (25%) attending physicians working in emergency departments (ED) nationwide in 2002 were boardcertified emergency physicians (EP). A 2012 study revealed that 123/270 (45%) of ED attendings were EPs, and that there were 71 EM residents. The EPs primarily worked midweek morning shifts, leaving the EDs mostly staffed by other specialties. Our objective in this study was to re-evaluate the EP workforce in Israeli EDs and their employment status and satisfaction 10 years after the last study, which was conducted in 2012. Methods: We performed a three-part, prospective cross-sectional study: 1) a survey, sent to all EDs in Israel, to assess the numbers, level of training, and specialties of physicians working in EDs; 2) an anonymous questionnaire, sent to EPs in Israel, to assess their demographics, training, employment, and work satisfaction; and 3) interviews of a convenience sample of EPs analyzed by a thematic approach. Results: There were 266 board-certified EPs, 141 (53%) of whom were employed in EDs full-time or part-time. Sixty-two non-EPs also worked in EDs. The EPs were present in the EDs primarily during weekday morning shifts. There were 273 EM residents nationwide. A total of 101 questionnaires were completed and revealed that EPs working part-time in the ED worked fewer hours, received higher salaries, and had more years of experience compared to EPs working full time or not working in the ED. Satisfaction correlated only with working part time. Meaningful work, diversity, and rewarding relationships with patients and colleagues were major positive reasons for working in the ED. Feeling undervalued, carrying a heavy caseload, and having complicated relationships with other hospital departments were reasons against working in the ED. Conclusion: Our study findings showed an increase in the number of trained and in-training EPs, and a decrease in the percentage of board-certified EPs who persevere in the EDs. Emergency medicine in Israel is at a crossroads: more physicians are choosing EM than a decade ago, but retention of boardcertified EPs is a major concern, as it is worldwide. We recommend taking measures to maintain trained and experienced EPs working in the ED by allowing part-time ED positions, introducing dedicated academic time, and diversifying EP roles, functioning, and work routine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Federal Student Loan Debt in Public Health and the Opportunities for Loan Repayment Programs.
- Author
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Tait, Margaret, Burke, Emily, Leshan, Tim, Casalotti, Adriane, Krasna, Heather, and Leider, Jonathon P.
- Subjects
- *
POLICY sciences , *SCHOLARSHIPS , *MEDICAL education , *DATA analysis , *MEDICAL personnel , *ENDOWMENTS , *STATISTICAL significance , *DEBT , *HEALTH policy , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics , *FINANCIAL stress , *GOVERNMENT aid , *STATISTICS , *GOVERNMENT programs , *PUBLIC health , *DATA analysis software , *EMPLOYMENT , *LABOR supply - Abstract
Objectives: A need persists for graduates with public health training in government public health roles; however, earnings for these positions tend to be lower when compared with earnings for people with undergraduate or graduate training who are working in other sectors, such as private health care or pharmaceuticals. This study assessed federal student loan debt associated with education for public health, with an aim to quantify the need that may be met through the federal Public Health Workforce Loan Repayment Program (PHWLRP), which is one tool that policy makers have proposed to incentivize people with public health training to pursue employment in government public health. Methods: We analyzed federal student loan data provided by the National Center for Education Statistics College Scorecard for the 2018-2019 academic year. We merged these data with the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System to estimate the number of degrees awarded. We used Spearman rank correlation to compare associations between debt and annual earnings by award level (bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees). Results: Across all award levels, the median level of federal student loan debt associated with education for public health was $33 366. The median annual earnings 1 year after graduation were $80 687 for graduates with doctoral degrees and $33 279 for graduates with bachelor's degrees. Conclusions: As policy makers attempt to strengthen the public health workforce with a focus on funding and implementing the PHWLRP, the existing levels of student debt should be considered to ensure that programs such as the PHWLRP are funded and reflect the needs of graduates and government public health employers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Covid Lockdown and Employment in the Philippines.
- Author
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Ducanes, Geoffrey M. and Daway-Ducanes, Sarah Lynne S.
- Subjects
- *
STAY-at-home orders , *YOUNG workers , *COVID-19 , *EMPLOYMENT , *LABOR supply , *TELECOMMUTING , *WORKING hours - Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has severely impacted employment worldwide, mainly due to social distancing measures – hard lockdowns especially. Using difference-in-differences (DiD) analysis on Philippine Labor Force Survey (LFS) data, which exploits (1) the preemptive and selective application of a hard lockdown within the country; and (2) the conduct of the LFS coinciding with the imposition of the hard lockdown in April 2020, this study finds that the hard lockdown has a significant impact on employment apart from the general impact of the pandemic. The hard lockdown's effect falls mainly on the intensive margin (weekly hours worked) rather than on the extensive margin (number of employed) per se. While employment and hours worked were generally down during the pandemic, the hard lockdown reduced weekly hours worked by an additional 18 hours. The most heavily affected workers are young male workers with low to medium educational attainment levels; and workers in sectors with low telework potential: Manufacturing, Construction, and Transportation. These results may inform the scope and form of government assistance given the limited fiscal space; and highlight the importance of developing digital skills and technologies to minimize the adverse employment impacts of hard lockdowns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. The forgotten ECEC staff working with birth-to-3-year-olds: The imbalances between the workforce policies and ECEC staff employment conditions in Spain.
- Author
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Corral-Granados, Anabel, Rogers, Chrissie, and Kruse, Fredrik
- Subjects
- *
CAREER development , *WORK environment , *EMPLOYMENT , *EARLY childhood education , *LABOR supply , *OCCUPATIONAL roles - Abstract
In response to an international focus on Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC), Spanish scholars have recently started to explore the participation of early years practitioners in their educational organisations and their views on working conditions. However, a comprehensive review of the current challenges experienced by the Under 3 s early years educators and the examination of the imbalances in workforce policy and working conditions on literature, has thus far not been conducted. Three themes are identified related to the professional developmental path within the school settings that the Spanish ECEC educators follow. The first relates to the educators' initial ECEC education and training, who the staff caring for this age group are, and how prepared they are. The second is linked to the ECEC programs available for children from birth until they reach three years, and how and where the inclusive programs are delivered to this age group, as well as the early years educators' working conditions and the impact of the professional roles. Whereas the third relates to in-service professional development derived from interaction and collective learning. The article concludes with suggestions on how the practitioners' professional development could operationalise policy requirements in order to achieve more inclusive and child-centred learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. How is disability addressed in a job interview?
- Author
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Vedeler, Janikke Solstad
- Subjects
- *
DIVERSITY & inclusion policies , *SOCIAL workers , *RESEARCH funding , *WORK environment , *ETHNOLOGY research , *DECISION making , *EMPLOYMENT interviewing , *CONCEPTUAL structures , *EMPLOYEE recruitment , *EMPLOYEE selection , *DISCRIMINATION against people with disabilities , *SELF-consciousness (Awareness) , *SELF advocacy , *PEOPLE with disabilities , *INDUSTRIAL relations , *EMPLOYMENT , *LABOR supply , *MANAGEMENT - Abstract
Evidence reveals that disabled people face discrimination during the hiring process. Nonetheless, knowledge is scarce about how employers and disabled applicants relate to the phenomenon of disability in job interviews. This article explores the understandings of disability emerging from actual job interviews for a company with an expressed diversity policy. By combining the analytical concepts of 'dialogism' and 'staring', the article illustrates the tendency to use an individualised understanding of disability, thus blocking affirmative understanding and the candidates' limited agency to perform the role of 'staree' in the job interview setting (i.e. advocating for disability as an asset). To facilitate more inclusive hiring practices, employers could explicitly link the diversity statements in their job listings to their inclusion policies in practice to show their concern about staff diversity and work-life inclusion to their candidates. Disabled people are known to face discrimination during the job hiring process. This article shows that even inclusive employers may use a person-deficit approach when talking to disabled applicants in a job interview. Educators and employment service providers should educate employers on the different understandings that exist about disability to foster inclusive dialogues and work environments. Educators and social workers should support disabled job seekers, as they strive to achieve self-awareness and build self-advocacy skills, which would enable them to inform potential employers about the assets of disability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Why I'm not working: People with vision impairments explain.
- Author
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Crudden, Adele, Steverson, Anne, and Sergi, Katerina
- Subjects
- *
PEOPLE with visual disabilities , *HEALTH services accessibility , *JOB qualifications , *RESEARCH funding , *QUALITATIVE research , *INTERVIEWING , *ECONOMIC status , *THEMATIC analysis , *TRANSPORTATION , *EMPLOYMENT of people with disabilities , *RESEARCH methodology , *VOCATIONAL rehabilitation , *DATA analysis software , *SOCIAL support , *EMPLOYMENT , *PROFESSIONAL competence , *LABOR supply - Abstract
BACKGROUND: Approximately half of people with vision impairments are not employed or looking for work. Many of these people have additional health or disability concerns, but little is known about those concerns or other reasons they are out of the workforce. OBJECTIVE: We investigated employment barriers impacting labor force participation among people with vision impairments, their perceptions of their skills and training needs, and the impact of not working on their economic status. METHODS: Thirty people with vision impairments who were not in the labor force participated in exploratory interviews conducted using a semi-structured protocol. We used a qualitative software program and multiple researchers to code the interviews, identify and analyze themes, and organize participants' information. RESULTS: Employment barriers included concerns about health and disability, employer attitudes, transportation, training needs, economics, age, and lack of support. Some participants wanted to work now or in the past but were unable to find employment that accommodated their needs and generated a salary that made it economically worthwhile. CONCLUSION: Participants appear to need assistance identifying career paths leading to economic security, training for these careers, locating affordable transportation, and working with employers to gain workplace accommodations. Providing support and encouraging family support may positively influence interest in employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Contribution of non-timber forest products to national employment following weather shocks: evidence from 24 countries.
- Author
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Mulungu, Kelvin
- Subjects
NON-timber forest products ,FOREST reserves ,JOB creation ,LABOR supply ,EMPLOYMENT ,ECONOMIC shock - Abstract
Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) have been shown to play an important role in the livelihoods of rural communities, especially when experiencing an economic shock. However, their role at the macro-level is less understood. This paper assembled unique data from 24 countries and determined the contribution of NTFPs to employment and the effect of weather shocks on employment in NTFPs. Results show that NTFPs contribute about 0.03% to national employment and make up about 2% of the total agriculture sector labour force. Weather shocks (droughts and floods) increase the number of people employed in NTFPs by more than 16,000 workers per year, which is about 0.8% of the total agriculture labour force, and this effect is increasing in forest size. We contribute to the literature on the role of forests and NTFPs in employment creation at the national level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Fostering decent jobs, formalising informal employment and spurring job mobility in MENA countries.
- Author
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Adair, Philippe, AlAzzawi, Shireen, and Hlasny, Vladimir
- Subjects
OCCUPATIONAL mobility ,LABOR supply ,SOCIAL enterprises ,INFORMAL sector ,EMPLOYMENT ,JOB creation ,SOCIAL cohesion - Abstract
Longstanding evidence in Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries shows a high prevalence of unemployment and informality among a large fraction of population, and at the same time gender disparities in labour force participation and occupational mobility. Why is there such persistent labour‐market segmentation? What is the impact and potential of various formalisation policies? An overview of the informal economy across three middle‐income MENA countries (Egypt, Jordan and Tunisia) is provided with respect to taxonomy, coverage and drivers. Transition matrices and multinomial logistic regressions are applied to longitudinal microdata from Labour‐Market Panel Surveys, focusing on workers' occupational mobility in relation to their previous status, age cohort, gender and other demographics. Persistent segmentation and low occupational mobility in all countries suggest that informal employment is not driven by choice on the labour supply side but by structural constraints on the demand side. Existing formalisation policies based on distinct stick and carrot strategies, and targeting of existing businesses and workers achieve rather modest impacts. One recommendation to supplement policies for decent jobs creation is to promote social and solidarity enterprises and extend microfinance to informal enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. OCCUPATIONAL REALLOCATION AND MISMATCH IN THE WAKE OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: CROSS-COUNTRY EVIDENCE FROM AN ONLINE JOB SITE.
- Author
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CIMINELLI, GABRIELE, HARAMBOURE, ANTTON, SAMEK, LEA, SCHWELLNUS, CYRILLE, SHRIVASTAVA, ALLISON, and SINCLAIR, TARA
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COVID-19 pandemic ,EMPLOYMENT ,LABOR market ,OCCUPATIONS ,LABOR supply - Abstract
Copyright of OECD Productivity Working Papers is the property of Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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- 2024
46. EMPLOYMENT, UNEMPLOYMENT, AND WAGES.
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LABOR supply , *UNEMPLOYMENT insurance , *UNEMPLOYMENT , *EMPLOYMENT , *WAGES , *UNEMPLOYED people , *HOUSEHOLD employees - Abstract
The article "EMPLOYMENT, UNEMPLOYMENT, AND WAGES" provides data on the unemployment rate, labor force status, and nonagricultural employment in the United States. The data is presented in tables and charts, covering monthly figures from 2014 to 2024. The article emphasizes that the data is seasonally adjusted and may not be directly comparable to earlier data due to revised population controls. It also includes information on employment and earnings in various industries, as well as data on the employment cost index and productivity in the business and nonfarm business sectors. Additionally, there is a table showing GDP and employment data for a specific sector, which could be useful for analyzing economic trends. [Extracted from the article]
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- 2024
47. THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION — AUGUST 2024.
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INDEPENDENT contractors ,EMPLOYMENT ,LABOR supply ,529 plans ,INDUSTRY classification ,LIFE care communities ,UNEMPLOYMENT statistics - Abstract
The article focuses on the U.S. employment situation for August 2024, highlighting a modest increase in nonfarm payrolls and a stable unemployment rate. Topics include the growth in construction and health care jobs; the slight decline in manufacturing employment; the average hourly earnings and workweek changes; and also mentions about frequently asked questions about employment and unemployment estimates.
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- 2024
48. Dynamism and realignment in the HR architecture: Online labor platform ecosystems and the key role of contractors.
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Keegan, Anne and Meijerink, Jeroen
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ASSOCIATIONS, institutions, etc. ,DIGITAL technology ,EMPLOYEE recruitment ,ECOSYSTEMS ,ORGANIZATIONAL change ,LABOR supply ,EMPLOYMENT ,BUSINESS ,PERSONNEL management ,ALGORITHMS - Abstract
Given the widespread contribution of independent contractors to organizational innovation and competitive advantage, it is timely to reassess assumptions about the HRM practices appropriate to their management and the rationale for organizations to work with them. In the original and highly influential HR architecture model of Lepak and Snell (1999), contractor status is viewed as an outcome of the low value and/or low uniqueness of human capital resulting in the proposition to externalize and manage them using either none or minimal compliance‐based HRM practices. Developments in digital technologies and algorithmic management epitomized by online labor platforms prompt us to reconsider these assumptions and to challenge the proposed links between value/uniqueness of human capital, employment mode and HRM practices that are assumed by the HR architecture model. Using insights from online labor platforms, we argue that the significant benefits to firms of working with contractors, coupled with the possibilities offered by algorithmic management to efficiently monitor and regulate their behavior, provide a compelling reason for organizations to choose external employment modes even when workers are key to value creation. We challenge the alignment and stability of the relationships proposed by the HR architecture model, and offer propositions to extend the model by reconsidering the rationale for, and nature of, HRM practices associated with contractors. This reassessment is both timely and relevant given the growing prominence of business models where externalizing workers is central alongside the development of new forms of algorithmic human resource management to control them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
- Full Text
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49. Physician assistants/associates in psychiatry: a workforce analysis.
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Bruza-Augatis, Mirela, Kozikowski, Andrzej, Hooker, Roderick S., and Puckett, Kasey
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- *
PHYSICIANS' assistants , *MEDICAL personnel , *PSYCHIATRY , *LABOR supply , *LABOR demand , *ALASKA Natives , *JOB satisfaction - Abstract
Background: Physician assistants/associates (PAs) provide services in diverse medical specialties globally, including psychiatry. While health professionals in psychiatry have been described for many years, little is known about PAs practicing in this discipline. Methods: We describe US PAs practicing in psychiatry using robust national data from the National Commission on Certification of Physician Assistants (NCCPA). Analyses included descriptive and inferential statistics comparing PAs in psychiatry to PAs in all other medical and surgical specialties. Results: The percentage of PAs practicing in psychiatry has increased from 1.1% (n = 630) in 2013 to 2.0% (n = 2 262) in 2021. PAs in psychiatry differed from PAs practicing in all other specialties in the following: they identified predominately as female (71.4% vs. 69.1%; p = 0.016), were more racially diverse (Asian [6.6% vs. 6.0%], Black/African American [5.5% vs. 3.4%], multi-race [2.8% vs. 2.1%], and other races [Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, American Indian/Alaska Native, or other; 3.7% vs. 3.6%]; p < 0.001), and resided in the South (43.8% vs. 34.1%; p < 0.001). PAs in psychiatry vs. all other specialties were more likely to work in office-based private practice settings (41.6% vs. 37.3%; p < 0.001) and nearly twice as likely to provide telemedicine services for their patients (62.7% vs. 32.9%; p < 0.001). While one-third (31.9%) of PAs in psychiatry experienced one or more burnout symptoms, and 8.1% considered changing their current position, the vast majority of PAs in psychiatry (86.0%) were satisfied with their position. Conclusions: Understanding the attributes of PAs in psychiatry is essential in medical labor supply and demand research. Our findings suggest that the number of PAs working in psychiatry is steadily increasing. These PAs were predominantly female, exhibited greater racial diversity, and were primarily located in the South and Midwest regions of the US. A striking difference was that PAs in psychiatry were almost twice as likely to provide telemedicine services for their patients. Although nearly a third of PAs in psychiatry acknowledged having one or more symptoms of burnout, few were considering changing their employment, and the vast majority reported high job satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
- Full Text
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50. Employment Survey for European Chemists (ESEC3) How Diverse is Europe's Chemical Workforce?
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Salzer, Reiner, Hrastelj, Nineta, and Smith, Anthony
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LABOR market , *CHEMISTS , *SEX discrimination , *LABOR supply , *EMPLOYMENT - Abstract
Understanding diversity is the foundation for progress on inclusion. Diversity covers a wide range of characteristics, not just gender. Does the training meet the current needs of the workplace? What role does gender discrimination play in the chemical workforce? To what extent are partners treated equally when caring for a family member? Three Employment Surveys for European Chemists (ESEC1 – ESEC3) were conducted between 2013 and 2020. The online questionnaires were open to chemists from all countries. 9747 responses were collected for all three surveys together. The reports for ESEC1 and ESEC2 are freely available.[1,2] The questionnaires from ESEC1 to ESEC3 were continuously adapted to reflect the latest discussions in our societies, for example diversity, which was specifically addressed in ESEC3. The results are reported here. The Royal Society of Chemistry asked similar questions.[3] Graduates from the last 15 years are particularly important for two reasons. They are the largest group of ESEC participants, with 59 % of the responses, and they represent the labour market with the greatest future prospects. Their situation is of particular importance for real decisions about the chemistry labour market. For this reason, the current report focuses exclusively on graduates of the last 15 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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