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This paper discusses the experiences resulting from EU's adoption and implementation of a wide variety of policy measures in response to the COVID-19 crisis. These measures included stimulating the relocation and expansion of manufacturing to reduce vulnerability, depending on imports, ensuring the stability and development of industrial production. Using the example of the pharmaceutical industry in EU27 in the years 1995-2018, the study proposes and tests a new approach to assessing the consequences of relocation policies aimed at developing the local production potential, increasing the value added by activity, and expanding the share of local value added in industry exports. Specifically, the focus is on the formation of statistical analysis tools for assessing the changes of the specialisation and identifying the country's comparative advantages. The authors propose new indicators: RSP - coefficient of Revealed Specialisation of Production, CAVA - coefficient of Comparative Advantage in Value Added by Activity and EVA - coefficient of Comparative Advantages in the Domestic Value Added Exports. Additionally, formulas for their calculation are provided which allow the assessment of the position of Ukraine's industries among a reference group, widening the 'revealed comparative advantage' concept. Finally, a test of the new methodology showed that it can be used to identify the comparative advantages of EU member states supported by state assistance programmes involving the implementation of business projects which aim to develop domestic production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smart homes often face security problems caused by internal or external factors that can bring different problems both in terms of IoT components and at the overall level. In the paper, a prototype is defined to analyze several indicators to measure the extent to which the residents' requirements are met. At the level of scientific literature, the analysis is done from the overall point of view, the interest here being for the IoT components taken individually to see the impact in the daily life of the people who live in that house. The problem of the interdependence of the indicators and how they are managed individually both manually and by remote control is a point of interest in the analysis carried out, here both the technical part and the business part and adaptation to the requirements and the trend of the future come into discussion. Based on the current situation and trends, some guiding steps were identified regarding the appropriate use of the analyzed indicators. The security of the smart home can suffer changes if a new element is inadequately integrated into the system circuit, affecting both the other sensors, but also allowing attacks on the personal space of the people who live inside or who have sensitive data that can be accessed once with access to the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The paper is an attempt to gather and analyse different approaches used in practice and literature towards energy security. A definition of this concept that suits best international comparisons has been identified. On the basis of existing literature and own reflections a comprehensive set of indicators was proposed and possibility of quantitative approach towards energy security measurement has been discussed. The indicators may be used for any comparative study of national energy systems made by international security and international relations researchers. The model will prove to be useful also for analyses of Asian economies. The paper is based on international and Polish literature. W artykule zestawiono różne podejścia do zagadnienia bezpieczeństwa energetycznego, stosowane w praktyce oraz w literaturze naukowej i poddano je krytycznej analizie. Na tej podstawie zidentyfikowano najbardziej trafną definicję pojęcia. W oparciu o istniejącą literaturę oraz własne przemyślenia, udało się zaproponować w miarę kompletny i uniwersalny zestaw wskaźników przydatnych do opisu bezpieczeństwa energetycznego oraz poddano pod rozwagę możliwość kwantyfikacji tych wskaźników. Materiał może posłużyć badaczom bezpieczeństwa międzynarodowego i stosunków międzynarodowych do wykonania analiz porównawczych systemów energetycznych poszczególnych państw. Zaproponowany model badawczy doskonale nadaje się do analizy gospodarek azjatyckich. Artykuł jest oparty na polsko- i obcojęzycznej literaturze przedmiotu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Services include a highly heterogeneous range of economic activities which are characterized by different manufacturing processes, different delivery modalities, service providers and consumers with different behaviors, various market structures. The main characteristic features of the service are: immateriality and intangibility; unable to be stored; simultaneity of production and consumption; inability to be sustainable; inseparability of the services provider and the person of the user; heterogeneity; lack of properties. The study of various classification systems is particularly interesting for understanding the nature and diversity for services, analysis of different systems applicable to services and their evolution over time, and the correlations between services and other economic activities they serve. The market has very different characteristics depending on the type of service, level of competition, and the state can intervene in the market for the normal conduct of market mechanisms. Regulation can take three forms: technical regulations, administrative and price controls. It was also treated the issue service in rural areas by providing classification and analysis in some ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We are proposing the results of economic development factors analysis, and there influence in forming and display of the economic cycles. The purpose of this article is to identify significant indicators of the cyclical development Azerbaijan economy for the capable of predicting and regulating phases of the onset of business cycle. Were checking 20 different indicators based by the annual data of the State Statistical Committee from 1998 to 2018. The relationship and influence of interest rates and the cyclical Azerbaijan economy development were examined. The methodological basis of this work became an analysis of such fundamental research data as papers IMF and the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBEI) of the United States. Scientific methods of our research were an indicator approach, complemented by a qualitative analysis and a correlation-regression analysis. The calculations were performed by the freely distributed modern software - the statistical environment R, the most dynamically developing program in its class. So acyclic, countercyclical, and pro-cyclic indicators were identified by us. The features of the influence of these indicators on cyclic development in modern conditions were identified, their significance was determined. It was concluded that the possibility of economic cycles forecasting by the various phases indicators contributes to the modeling of economic activity. The results of the research can be applied both to monitor the development of the Azerbaijan economy and to predict the onset of the corresponding economic phases with the aim of adapting and reducing crises’ negative impact at the micro and macro levels.

This article aims to highlight how important it is to analyze and effectively manage a state's public debt in order to maintain a stable macroeconomic situation. In this sense, we made an analysis of the main indicators of public debt. During the period 2015-2020, the level of indebtedness in relation to economic activity decreased, with the exception of 2020, which, under the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic, shows an increase in public debt. A thorough research of the public debt is needed in the the current context of the Covid-19 pandemic. Among the analyzed indicators we can mentione: public debt per capita in lei and in euro, public debt related to GDP and exports of goods and services, government public debt service. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents one of the most common tools in making investment decisions - Activity Based Costing (ABC). For this, we focused in the study on the literature review and practice using the ABC method in funding to establish investment decisions. We use for exemplification a project financing with the objective based on upgrading a hotel through complex arrangement works, achieved in order to obtain European funds. The basic information used for the cost-benefit analysis we access using the financial layout related to the funding measure that was desired accessing grants, information found in the financial statements of the company. The accuracy of the method used for this evaluation depends on the accuracy of financial statements provided by the hotel that reflects the work. Thus, our results have allowed us to establish clearly the investment situation, but equally the sustainability and reliability, confirming the need of the hotel analyzed to access grants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On 9th February 2015, 170 years passed since the first co-operative enterprise had been established in Slovakia. Co-operatives were developing through many stages and their importance at present is different than it used to be in the past. However, the mission of co-operatives has not changed: it is a long- term everyday care of both their members and employees. Currently, over a quarter of million of the Slovak population are either members or workers in one or more co-operatives. The housing and consumers' co-operatives have the most numerous memberships while various small producer co-operatives have the fewest members. For a successful future of Slovak co-operatives, it is inevitable to propose such solutions in the economic and social areas, that will meet needs of their members while taking into consideration customers' requirements. In the current fierce competition, the international collaboration is even more important than it has been before, because local markets are too small for profitable co-operatives. This contribution pays attention to the assessment of economic activities of the Slovak co-operatives in years 2010 to 2014. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main characteristic of the current development process in Republic of Croatia's coastal area is its unevenness. While former studies on differences in regional development have mainly discussed inequalities in terms of coast/inland/islands, this study analyzes a differentiated economic development along the Croatian coast, not including the islands. Basic analytical spatial units are cities and municipalities that can be classified into seven major coastal spatial units (sub-regions): Istria, Rijeka, Sub-Velebit, Zadar, Šibenik, Split and Dubrovnik-Neretva coastal area. In order to rate the level of development and determine differences in economic activities of coastal spatial region, several economic indicators have been taken into account. The results have confirmed that Istria and Rijeka coastal subregions are the most prosperous parts of Croatian coast. The economic orientation of cities and municipalities on the coast has been determined with the index of specialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]