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Paper reviews the method of deodorization and dehydration of sludge-lignin, which is based on the interaction of sludge-lignin with quicklime. CaO added to the sludge-lignin neutralizes lignin in the amount of around 15–20% and within 8–12 days binds volatile sulfur-containing components, functional organic groups and water. The proposed method can effectively reduce unpleasant odor to the level of 2–3 points based on a 5-point scale, as well as to diminish the humidity of the end product by 45–50%, making it look as a free-flowing powder, convenient for transportation and further use. Sludge lignin neutralized by the quicklime can be used for land recycling of municipal solid waste, as well as for other purposes. The recycling technology is characterized by the simple instrumental and the use of the inexpensive chemical reagent. The high economic efficiency of this method makes it promising for solving environmental problems of the ‘Baikal Pulp and Paper Mill’.

International audience; The Covid-19 coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, is inactivated much faster on paper (3 h) than on plastic (7 d). By classifying materials according to virus stability on their surface, the following list is obtained (from long to short stability): polypropylene (mask), plastic, glass, stainless steel, pig skin, cardboard, banknote, cotton, wood, paper, tissue, copper. These observations and other studies suggest that SARS-CoV-2 may be inactivated by dryness on water absorbent porous materials but sheltered by long-persisting micro-droplets of water on waterproof surfaces. If such physical phenomenons were confirmed by direct evidence, the persistence of the virus on any surface could be predicted, and new porous objects could be designed to eliminate the virus faster.

This study aims to investigate the sewage sludge (SS) drying process by incorporating a by-product formed in the pulp and paper industry (green liquor dregs - GLD) as drying adjuvant. Through an innovative approach, the drying kinetics was modelled, and the final dried product was tested for soil applications. After the characterization phase, small cylinders of SS without and with 0.15 g GLD g SS−1wb (SS_GLD) were dried in isothermal conditions at 70, 100, and 130 °C. The experimental data were fitted by Fick's second law and thin-layer models, and good results were achieved in both cases (R2 > 0.98 and RMSE

Thermochemical heat storage materials for space heating applications such as, ZnSO4 offer high energy storage density, low cost and clean mean of long-term solar energy storage. Herein, we studied the ZnSO4 hydrated salt as potential heat storage material at low temperature and furthermore observed the impact of temperature and concentration on the dehydration/hydration process and enthalpy. The thermal behavior of ZnSO4•7H2O was investigated by applying various dehydration temperatures. The results showed that 85% of water loosed at 100 °C temperature, which released 699 J/g (1.37 GJ/m3) in the dehydration process. The hydration process of ZnSO4.7H2O at 100 °C recovered 541 J/g enthalpies, which delivered 1.1 GJ/m3. Similarly, the dehydration result obtained at 150 °C was the same as showed at 100 °C. However, the enthalpy of hydration was 20% less than prior. The XRD result showed that at higher temperatures agglomeration appeared followed by Van der Waals forces which affect the hydration rate. The result of good cyclability and larger water sorption performance of ZnSO4 make them a promising and suitable for heat storage in space heating application, which can be used as thermochemical heat storage material for thermal storage devices.

Mixed sludge from a pulp and paper mill was hydrothermally carbonized at 180–260 °C for 0.5–5 h with the use of HCl or NaOH for determining the effect of acid and base additions during sludge carbonization. Based on the results carbonization was mainly governed by dehydration, depolymerization and decarboxylation of sludge components. Additive type had a statistically significant effect on hydrochar carbon content and carbon and energy yield, of which especially energy yield increased through the use of HCl. The theoretical energy efficiencies of carbonization increased with decreasing reaction temperature, retention time and the use of HCl and suggested that the energy requirement could be covered by the energy content of attained hydrochar. The BOD5/COD-ratios of analyzed liquid samples indicated that the dissolved organic components could be treated by conventional biological methods.

We developed and characterized a paper-based microfluidic sensor for the on-site diagnosis of drought stress in plants. Proline was used as a biomarker for analyzing drought stress, which was extracted by a colorimetric method using the proline-ninhydrin reaction. Paper was used as the main sensor material for the on-site detection of proline as it is easily transportable and cost-effective. The paper-based sensor was fabricated using wax-printing and origami methods, and the sensor was precoated with ninhydrin to allow for easy and convenient on-site use. Furthermore, a sample-to-ninhydrin ratio of 1:2 was found to confer optimal sensitivity to the drought diagnosis sensor. The concentration of proline in a sample was quantified by red-green-blue analysis to determine the change in green color intensity levels in response to distinct proline concentrations, which were detected by the sensor. The limit of detection of proline using the devised sensor was 657 µM, and the green color intensity level decreased with increasing proline concentration. In addition, the sensor was validated in an experimental drought stress model with Arabidopsis and subjected to drought stress for 21 days, and the amount of proline detected was 10 mM. The devised paper-based microfluidic sensor highlights the possibility of the on-site evaluation of drought stress in plants with potential to be utilized in various agricultural areas in the future.

An estimation of the possibility of dehydration of sludge-lignin of the Baikal Pulp and Paper Mill by the freeze-thaw method was carried out. Change of sludge-lignin structure, physicochemical properties and chemical composition after freeze-thaw are shown. Toxicity and chemical composition of the water solution separated from the sludge-lignin during its freeze-thaw is estimated. An increase in the rate of germination of seeds of the cress in the soil with the addition of the frozen-out sludge-lignin in the ratio "sludge-lignin-soil" 1:3-1:4 is shown. Possibility of application and recommendations for the use of freezed out sludge-lignin as an organic fertilizer is considered. Principal possibility of the worm transformation of sludge-lignin, previously dehydrated by the freeze-thaw method, by red Californian worms Eisenia foetida Andrei Bouche (1972) is shown. The issue of prospects for processing this waste in a fertile bio-soil is discussed. The latter can later be used for recultivation of the territory of the sludge accumulator plots of the Baikal Pulp and Paper Mill.

We investigated the behaviour of salt solutions during the drying process in porous stone and the extraction of salts by paper pulp poultices (PPP). The investigations were carried out at a 300 year old boundary wall of the Worcester College in Oxford, UK, as well as under laboratory conditions. The laboratory blocks of porous, bioclastic limestone (Aflenzer stone, Austria) were cut into stone cubes and prisms (5 × 5 × 5 and 5 × 5 × 20 cm) and soaked first with ultrapure H2O and second with different concentrations (0.1, 0.5 and 1 mol l−1) of a saline solution of NaCl and Na2SO4 to determine their behaviour during the dehydration process under different conditions. After determining the capillary absorption coefficient and the capillary rise behaviour of the stone cubes, we sampled material by PPP and by drilling. The samples were immersed in ultrapure water and the salt ion content was measured via conductivity and ion chromatography (IC). The main aim of the laboratory analysis was to investigate the effectivity of the PPP in extracting salts from the stone and to derive a semi-quantitative calibration (PPP results vs. original salt content). The field work at the college boundary wall comprised sampling (PPP and stone surface material) at surfaces of different weathering features. Finally, the field work results were compared to the laboratory work. The lab experiment results show that approximately 24% of the salts within a 100% saturated stone cube moved into the poultice within the 1 h of application. At 75% and lower saturation degrees, only 14–11% of the salts moved into the respective poultices. For the field setting, the amount of anions extracted by PPP is 6–63% (mean 20.7%) of the amount found in the stone samples. The spatial distribution of salt ion concentrations, collected by poultices, corresponds with the ‘hot spots’ of weathering.

In this study, ionic liquid treatment for increasing the wet strength of cellulose paper was studied. The effects of treatment conditions with the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([BMIM]Cl) on the wet strength were investigated. First, the [BMIM]Cl (20 g) was melted at 80–100 °C and the paper was immersed in it for 5–60 s. Next, the paper was immersed in ethanol, and finally, it was washed with distilled water. The paper was dried in a hot press at 110 °C and 1.1 MPa for 5 min. The [BMIM]Cl treatment improved the wet strength of the paper. Disintegration of the papers was investigated by immersing them in distilled water, and the paper treated with [BMIM]Cl did not disintegrate. The minimum treatment time required for improvement of the wet strength of the paper was only 5 s. Excess [BMIM]Cl from the original treatment was recovered by vacuum distillation and dehydration was used to treat new paper. This recovered [BMIM]Cl enhanced the wet strength to a level similar to that obtained with the virgin [BMIM]Cl. Therefore, the [BMIM]Cl can be efficiently re-used in this method. The paper treated with [BMIM]Cl will be composed completely of cellulose. Therefore, this method is a viable alternative to treatment by adding chemical such as a polyamideamine epichlorohydrin (PAE).

This study aims to produce levulinic acid (LA) from paper towel waste in environment-friendly and economically feasible conditions, and evaluate the difference using solid and aqueous Bronsted acids. Direct dehydration of glucose to LA required sufficiently strong Bronsted acidity, where Amberlyst 36 demonstrated rapid production of approximately 30Cmol% of LA in 20min. However, the maximum yield of LA was limited by mass transfer. In contrast, the yield of LA gradually increased to over 40Cmol% in 1M H2SO4 at 150°C in 60min. The SEM images revealed the conversion in dilute acids under microwave at 150°C resulting in swelling structures of cellulose, which were similar to the pre-treatment process with concentrated acids. Further increase in reaction temperature to 200°C significantly shortened the reaction time from 60 to 2.5min, which saved the energy cost as revealed in preliminary cost analysis.

Rationale The loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) is a fruit tree that has been used in Chinese medicine for thousands of years for the treatment of various diseases. The loquat leaf extracts contain several bioactive compounds with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, and identification of these substances using quick and simple methods has been an analytical trend. Methods The influence of dehydration of loquat leaves (without drying, at 40°C, and at 60°C), the type of solvent (ethanol and methanol), and the method of extraction (shaking and ultrasound) on obtaining extracts containing phenolic compounds and substances with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties was evaluated. The chemical constituents of an extract were identified using paper spray mass spectrometry (PS-MS). Results The extract obtained from the dehydrated leaves at 40°C presented the best results. The extracts obtained from these leaves and with ethanol had the highest values of total phenolics and antioxidant activities, but the methanolic extract subjected to ultrasound had the highest levels of chlorogenic, caffeic, and ellagic acids. All extracts evaluated inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. Using the PS-MS technique, it was possible to identify the presence of 49 substances such as organic acids, phenolic acids, flavonoids, sugars, quinones, and terpenes. Conclusions In general, extracts of dehydrated leaves at 40°C and extracted with ethanol using ultrasound can be considered a good source of bioactive compounds with potential applications as functional ingredients or additives in the food and pharmaceutical industries. PS-MS was demonstrated to be a simple and ultrafast technique to obtain the chemical profile of the loquat leaf extract.

Moringa oleifera Lam. is an incredible plant because of vital nutrients such as minerals, vitamins and phytochemicals. The present work is focused on studying the optimization and quality attributes retention in moringa flowers in a freeze dryer (FD). Because the conventional drying process takes more time and energy which will affect the product quality and safety. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the effect of drying temperature (- 65 to - 45°C), vacuum pressure (0.5 to 2.5 mmHg) and drying time (18 to 24 h.) on the vitamin C, total antioxidant activity(TAA) and hygroscopicity (HS) of moringa flower. The developed model response R2 values of vitamin C 0.96, total antioxidant activity 0.97 and hygroscopicity0.95. Based on response surface and desirability (0.74) functions, moringa flower was freeze sdried at - 63.75°C for18 hr under 0.55 vacuum pressure had an optimum level of vitamin C 285.84 mg/100g, TAA 453.20 mg/100g and HS 1.57 percent. Freeze dried moringa flower powder at -55°C had maximum drying characteristics with special reference to high powder recovery (98.75%) and excellent flowability.The first principal component, accounting for 52.15 per cent and two 23.02 per cent of the total variance resolved the different drying temperatures.

The aim of the study is to reduce the negative impact of sewage sludge from the production of cardboard and paper products on the soil by dewatering them with a dehydrator and preparing them for further disposal. Large-scale wastewater sludge from industrial enterprises during utilization is placed at disposal landfills which inevitably leads to a negative impact on the soil cover, littering of territories and withdrawal of the land fund from the economic turnover. In the course of the performed study, the well-known methods of dehydration of moisture-containing material were investigated and there was considered a technical solution to reduce the volume of formation of this type of waste using the example of cardboard and paper production. An electroosmotic installation is proposed, comprising an electrical insulation housing with electrodes: an anode made in the form of a current conductive cover and a cathode made in the form of a conductive perforated bottom of the housing which have a space between them for dehydrated waste. To study the process of sludge dewatering, a series of experiments was carried out on the dehydrator unit with variable voltage parameters between the electrodes. The results of the experimental study were the basis for statistical expressions of the mutual voltage influence between the electrodes, the duration of waste processing, the amount of removed moisture. A model has been obtained that describes the amount of moisture removed during waste treatment. The most productive operating mode of the installation, the time for treatment of waste portion have been established. It has been proven that with the help of an electroosmotic device, up to 70% of moisture is effectively removed from the volume of waste sludge. This makes it possible to significantly decrease their volumes, reduce areas for possible or temporary placement and reduce the ecological load on the environment.

Neglect of vulnerable adults living in long-term care (LTC) homes has been well documented. It often presents first in the physical symptoms of decubitus ulcers, dehydration and urinary tract infections (UTIs). A retrospective cohort study was conducted to examine the relationship between neglect and 90-day mortality among LTC residents in Ontario. An index of neglect was created. Of 106,765 residents, more than one-quarter were found to have at least one indicator of neglect: 13.1% had decubitus ulcers, 13.5% had dehydration, 6.2% had a UTI. Residents who exhibited clinical signs of neglect had higher risks of death within 90 days, both before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The paper presents the results of experimental studies of the drying processes of forest biomass, which is promising for energy purposes, - branches of various types of wood: birch, linden, poplar. The experiments were carried out on an installation that provides a low level of error (no more than 8.5%) for measuring the main significant parameters and characteristics of the dehumidification process. According to the results of the experiments, the integral characteristics of the greatest interest (times of complete dehydration) of the drying process have been established. Based on the results of the experiments, a non-monotonic change in the rates of moisture removal was established (the values of W eva increase and decrease with time) at a low-temperature heating mode (at Tg 373 K). At the same time, under conditions of relatively high ambient temperatures (Tg ≥ 373 K), such a change in W eva does not occur. The authors formulated a hypothesis explaining the physical mechanism of such a dependence of the mass rate of moisture removal ( W eva ) on time. An energy analysis of the drying efficiency of three types of biomass has been carried out. It has been shown that branches of birch, poplar and linden are most efficiently dried in conditions of relatively low temperatures (333 ≤ Tg ≤ 353 K). At the same time, it was found that for birch and poplar branches, an increase in the ambient temperature leads to a decrease in the efficiency of the drying process of woody biomass.

Sewage sludge (SS) dewatering is a key step in sludge disposal, which plays an important role in reducing sludge volume, facilitating transportation and subsequent treatment. In this paper, a facile hydrothermal-alkaline treatment for SS was proposed, which can be used for sludge dewatering and humic acid (HA) recycling at the same time. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to determine the optimal conditions, and a mathematical model was established to accurately predict the changes of sludge water content and the extraction rate of HA. Under the optimal conditions of 170 °C/42 min/0.05 (for hydrothermal temperature, hydrothermal time, and mass ratio of KOH to wet sludge, respectively), the water content decreased to 46.7% and the extraction rate of HA (with a purity of 96.2%) was 89.1%. The improvement of the dewatering performance effectively facilitates the subsequent disposal of the sludge. The hydrothermal-alkaline method not only realizes the efficient dehydration of the sludge, but also obtains HA from the sludge extract. The obtained HA has potential economic value in the fields of agriculture, biological medicine, environment, and the like.

Lignite is difficult to obtain highly efficient indexes by conventional flotation due to its poor surface hydrophobicity. Although the modification of flotation reagents has made some progress in improving the flotation performance, they all remain at the stage in the laboratory. Here, we proposed to improve the flotation performance by hydrothermal treatment dewatering (HTD) for lignite. Combined with the 13C NMR and FT-IR analysis, the impact of the HTD process on lignite’s chemical structural evolution and flotation performance was investigated. The results showed that the HTD process is an effective means for dehydration and deoxygenation to increase lignite quality and the metamorphic degree of coal. The content of oxygen-containing functional groups generally decreases during the HTD process, especially carboxyl acid and ether groups. Therefore, surface properties and wettability of HTD coal samples were changed, and the contact angle gradually increases with the HTD temperature increased, which enhance the hydrophobicity and decrease hydrophilia of the lignite surface. The HTD process effectively improves the flotation performance of lignite during the conventional flotation operation condition, even if the coal pulp after HTD was directly used as a flotation feedstock. Specifically, the coal oil and capryl alcohol were used as collector and forming agents, respectively, and the pulp concentration was adjusted to 60 g/L. The yield of the cleaned coal increased from 12.14% of the raw coal to 55.58% of HTD310, and combustible matter recovery increased from 13.83% of the raw coal to 65.17% of HTD310 by raw coal basis.

The mechanical dehydration method is generally used for reducing the moisture content in sludge. However, there is little understanding of the physical and mechanical properties and dehydration mechanism of sludge during pressurization. In this paper, characteristics of sludge were studied from the perspective of soil mechanics. The water permeability, loading conditions, and dehydration performance of the sludge during the pressurization process were analyzed through a series of geotechnical laboratory experiments. The results showed that the pore structure, compressibility coefficient, consolidation coefficient, and permeability coefficient of the sludge are related to the dehydration rate. The conditioners that mixed with sludge could increase the dewatering rate by reducing the sludge viscosity, changing the water status, and increasing the permeability coefficient. The two conditioners used in this study increased the dehydration rate of the sludge from 27.5 to 52.6% and 63.9%, respectively. Unlike the seepage consolidation of ordinary clay, which has only one stage, the seepage consolidation of sludge could be divided into three stages. The removed water in the first stage is mainly free water; the discharge in the second stage is the combination of free water and bound water, and bound water was mainly discharged in the third stage. The water content at the end of each stage corresponds to the liquid limit, plastic limit, and shrinkage limit of the sludge. Our study provides a novel insight for understanding the deep dewatering of sludge and is benefit to solve the problem of sludge dewatering.

Municipal sludge is a by-product of urban sewage treatment; it has high water content and contains many hydrophilic extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). It is difficult to achieve deep dewatering of sludge. Therefore, it is necessary to find an efficient method to treat sludge. In this study, an acid-microwave treatment method was proposed to improve the dewatering ability of sludge. A vacuum filtration test and particle size analysis test were used to explore the improvement effect of dehydration performance. After centrifugation, the concentrations of soluble proteins and polysaccharides in the supernatant were measured to explore the disintegration of acid-microwave treatment on EPS. Finally, the microstructure of sludge treated by acid-microwave was studied via the SEM test. The results showed that short-term microwave radiation was conducive to sludge dewatering. However, the sludge dewatering performance deteriorated significantly when the treatment time was too long. The optimal microwave treatment condition was 700 W for 180 s, and the SRF of sludge was the lowest, which was 10.11 × 10 12 m / kg . After acid-microwave treatment, sludge particle size increased significantly. The concentration of protein and polysaccharide in supernatant increased with the increase of microwave treatment time. Acid-microwave treatment could significantly improve the release efficiency of the polysaccharide. Through the SEM test, it can be verified that the bulk floc structure of sludge is broken after microwave treatment, and acid-microwave treatment is beneficial to the aggregation of floc fragments to form large particles, which can provide larger pores for drainage.

Humectants perform essential roles in the formulation of topical moisturizing products in terms of delivery of active ingredients, consumer experience and biophysical behaviour. How they retain and release water is key to understanding their behaviour.Dynamic vapour sorption (DVS) was used to monitor the dehydration kinetics of three humectants widely used in topical formulations-glycerine, dexpanthenol and urea. Model aqueous solutions with concentrations of 20% w/w were tested and compared against pure deionized water.The three humectants varied in their ability to retain water during the dehydration process. Dexpanthenol was able to retain water most efficiently during the latter stages of dehydration. Urea demonstrated evidence of crystallization during the final stage of water loss, which was not shown by glycerine or dexpanthenol.Humectants perform vital roles in the formulation of consumer acceptable topical products including the delivery of actives to the skin. Their ability to influence water movement in the skin is also essential for the maintenance of stratum corneum flexibility. DVS assessment of aqueous solutions has demonstrated how the behaviour of three commonly used humectants differs. Knowledge of the mechanisms by which these humectants operate enables the formulator to develop topical products optimized for the roles for which they are intended.Les agents humectants jouent un rôle essentiel dans la formulation des produits hydratants topiques en termes de délivrance des principes actifs, d’expérience client et de comportement biophysique. La façon dont ils retiennent et libèrent l’eau est essentielle pour comprendre leur comportement. MÉTHODES: La gravimétrie d’adsorption de vapeur d’eau (Dynamic Vapour Sorption, DVS) a été utilisée pour surveiller la cinétique de déshydratation de trois humectants largement utilisés dans les formulations topiques : glycérine, dexpanthénol et urée. Des solutions aqueuses modèles avec des concentrations de 20 % p/p ont été testées et comparées à de l’eau pure déionisée. RÉSULTATS: Les trois humectants ont varié dans leur capacité à retenir l’eau pendant le processus de déshydratation. Le dexpanthénol a été capable de retenir l’eau plus efficacement pendant les dernières étapes de la déshydratation. L’urée a démontré des signes de cristallisation pendant la perte d’eau au stade final qui n’a pas été démontrée par la glycérine ou le dexpanthénol CONCLUSIONS: Les agents humectants jouent un rôle essentiel dans la formulation des produits topiques acceptables pour les consommateurs, y compris l’administration de principes actifs sur la peau. Leur capacité à influencer le mouvement de l’eau dans la peau est également essentielle pour maintenir la flexibilité de la couche cornée. L’évaluation DVS des solutions aqueuses a démontré comment le comportement de trois humectants couramment utilisés diffère. La connaissance des mécanismes par lesquels fonctionnent ces humectants permet au formulateur de développer des produits topiques optimisés pour les rôles auxquels ils sont destinés.

Globally, textile industries are one of the major sectors releasing dye pollutants. This is the first report on the positive correlation between toxicity and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of textile effluent along with the proposed pathway for enzymatic degradation of acid orange 10 using Geotrichum candidum within a very short stretch of time (18 h). Removal efficiency of this mycoremedial approach after 18 h in terms of chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand, total suspended solids, salinity, color and dye concentration in the treated effluent reached to 98.5%, 56.3%,73.2%, 64%, 89% and 87% respectively. Also there was a decrease in pH of the treated effluent. FTIR analysis of the treated effluent confirmed biodegradation. The LCMS analysis showed the degradation of acid orange 10, which was confirmed by the formation of two biodegradation products, 7-oxo-8-iminonapthalene-1,3-disulfonate and nitrosobenzene, which subsequently undergoes stepwise hydrogenation and dehydration to form aniline via phenyl hydroxyl amine as intermediate. The X-ray diffraction studies showed that heavy metal content in the treated effluent has reduced along with decrease in % crystallinity, indicating biodegradation. The connection between toxicity and COD was also inveterated using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Further the toxicological studies indicated the toxicity of raw textile effluent and relatively lower toxic nature of metabolites generated after biodegradation by G. candidum.

Based on our present knowledge on SARS-CoV-2 virus, which is collectively summarized in this work, it is shown that water plays a crucial role in stabilizing the virus, in such a way that its viability may reduce from a few days to a few seconds in the absence of water layer. Water not only provides a protective shell for the virus in which it is enveloped, but enhances its binding with the human cell. Therefore, one may conclude that the dehydration of the hydrated virus makes it much more vulnerable, due to the fact that if it is exposed to many chemicals it will be deactivated; even by particles in air, such as ozone, singlet oxygen and pollutants. Thermodynamically, the dehydration may be facilitated at higher temperature, low humidity, and exposure to deliquescent materials. We have concluded that if the contaminated air passes over or through some water absorbents, like calcium chloride, with enough time contact, the virus is expected to become dehydrated and deactivated shortly afterward. If the time contact is not enough for the deactivation, the air may be exposed to the blue or UVC lights as well. The conclusion is based on the hydrated–dehydrated equilibrium of the coronavirus introduced in this work.

The access towards chiral nitriles remains crucial in the synthesis of several pharmaceuticals. One approach is based on metal‐catalyzed dehydration of chiral aldoximes, which are generated from chiral pool‐derived aldehydes as substrates, and the use of a cheap and readily available nitrile as co‐substrate and water acceptor. Dehydration of N‐acyl α‐amino aldoximes such as N‐Boc‐l‐prolinal oxime catalyzed by copper(II) acetate provides access to the corresponding N‐acyl α‐amino nitriles, which are substructures of the pharmaceuticals Vildagliptin and Saxagliptin. In this work, a detailed investigation of the formation of the amide as a by‐product at higher substrate loadings is performed. The amide formation depends on the electronic properties of the nitrile co‐substrate. We could identify an acceptor nitrile which completely suppressed amide formation at high substrate loadings of 0.5 m even when being used with only 2 equivalents. In detail, utilization of trichloroacetonitrile as such an acceptor nitrile enabled the synthesis of N‐Boc‐cyanopyrrolidine in a high yield of 92 % and with full retention of the absolute configuration., Unwanted amide formation in the copper(II)‐catalyzed dehydration of aldoxime can be reduced or completely suppressed by a high excess of acetonitrile or by choosing a more electrophilic acceptor nitrile such as trichloroacetonitrile. Carefully tuning these parameters enabled the synthesis of N‐Boc‐cyanopyrrolidine in a high yield of 92 %, with full retention of the absolute configuration.

This research studied the possibility of producing bio-ethanol from Iraqi date crop. The juice of the Zahdi species of Iraqi dates is chosen for this purpose since it is available in large quantities in Iraq and has good sugar contents. The production procedure consists of fermentation, distillation and dehydration processes. A special rig is designed and assembled for the production. The fermentation process involved the use of three different types of yeast (the bread yeast, cheese Yeast and whey) to choose the best type that requires shorter fermentation time. It is found that the fermentation times for these yeasts are 25, 40 and 34 hrs respectively. The fermentation process is followed by the distillation process, which was performed in three stages. Finally, the dehydration process which is the most important and difficult process because it takes a long time to produce the required concentration of ethanol. This process involved the use of two different types of drying materials (ethylene glycol and calcium oxide). Experimental results show the importance of using dates as a source of bio ethanol in Iraq. It is found that 1 ton of Zahdi yields 300 L of bio-ethanol. It is also found that the cost of 1 L bio-ethanol is about 1022 ID which is about 85 cents. This cost can be reduced in case of mass production. This price is comparable with ethanol prices worldwide.This work proved that date crop in Iraq is an important source of renewable energy comparable to crude oil.

Актуальність теми. Підвищення показників якості документного паперу та забезпечення їх стабільності шляхом впровадження новітніх досягнень в паперовому виробництві; зниження собівартості кінцевого продукту за рахунок підвищення ефективності технологічного потоку виробництва паперу. Зв'язок роботи з науковими програмами, планами, темами: розробка інноваційних технологій рослинного ресурсозбереження № ІХФ-2016-5. Мета і задачі дослідження. Метою дисертаційної роботи є вивчення властивостей документного паперу, вдосконалення технології його виробництва для підвищення якості продукції, що виготовляється. Для досягнення поставленої мети необхідно вирішити наступні задачі: - ознайомлення з властивостями документного паперу і особливостями його виробництва; - проаналізувати сучасні досягнення в технології виробництва паперу з водяними знаками; - запропонувати методи, які дозволять підвищити якість продукції та знизити її собівартість шляхом часткової заміни сировинної бази, додаткових хімічних компонентів, зміни технології поверхневого проклеювання та встановлення додаткового обладнання. Об’єкт дослідження: процес виготовлення документного паперу. Предмет дослідження: показники якості вихідної сировини та готової продукції, технологічні параметри поверхневої обробки документного паперу. Методи дослідження: фізико-механічні методи випробування паперу в лабораторних умовах фабрики в процесі вдосконалення технології виготовлення документного паперу. Практичне значення одержаних результатів: запропоновані зміни в технологічному потоці дозволять зменшити собівартість продукції та підвищити якість документного паперу, який виготовляється на «Фабриці банкнотного паперу Банкнотно-монетного двору Національного банку України». Апробація результатів дисертації: Основні положення дисертаційної роботи доповідалися та обговорювалися на міжнародних конференціях: ХVІІІ Міжнародній науково-практичній конференції студентів, аспірантів та молодих вчених «Ресурсоенергозберігаючі технології та обладнання», Київ, 21-22 травня 2020 р.; ХІХ Міжнародній науково-практичній конференції «Ресурсоенергозберігаючі технології та обладнання», Київ, 25-26 листопада 2020 р. Relevance of the topic. Improving the quality of document paper and ensuring its stability by implementing the latest achievements in paper production; reducing the cost of the product due to the reconstruction of the technological flow of production and the use of improved surface treatment. Purpose and objectives of the study. The purpose of the thesis is to study the properties of document paper, reconstruction of technological flow to improve the quality of manufactured products. To achieve the goal, we need to solve the following tasks: - familiarization with the properties of document paper by studying normative and technical documentation; - analysis of modern achievements in the technology of paper production with watermarks; - search of methods that will improve the quality of product and reduce its cost by complete or partial replacement of the raw material base, additional chemical components, as well as changes in surface gluing technology. Object of the study: the process of making document paper. Subject of the study: quality indicators, raw material base, equipment and surface processing of document paper. Methods of the study: physical and mechanical methods of testing the samples obtained in the factory laboratory conditions in the process of technological flow reconstruction and the use of improved surface treatment. Practical value of the obtained results: reconstruction of the technological flow makes it possible to reduce the cost of production and, at the same time, to improve the quality of document paper produced at the Banknote Printing and Minting Works of the National Bank of Ukraine. Approval of the thesis results: The main points of the thesis were reported and discussed at international conferences: XVIII International scientific-practical conference of students, graduate students and young scientists "Resource-saving technologies and equipment", Kyiv, May 21-22, 2020; XIX International Scientific and Practical Conference "Resource and Energy Saving Technologies and Equipment", Kyiv, November 25-26, 2020.