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This scientific paper examines the role of Integrated Coastal Management (ICM) approach in the protection of coastal and marine resources in Tanzania. It engages coastal resource users and practitioners in focus group discussions and interviews, and complements the data obtained with documented sources. A modified version of the Benefit Analysis Framework is adopted from Wenger et al. (2011) to analyze the extent to which ICM yields a wide range of benefits that may potentially promote the protection of coastal ecosystem and enhance the commitment of communities that live adjacent to the coastal strip to manage mangroves, fisheries, coral reefs, and coastal land in a sustainable manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large‐scale seepage‐faces occur on small‐slope tidal flats. All previous studies assume that the seepage‐face has only one single exit point. Here we show via numerical simulations of tidally‐influenced groundwater flow that, in a two‐dimensional vertical, homogeneous transect of a tidal flat with gentle beach slope of 1‰, multiple seepage‐faces may occur with at most four unsaturated beach surface segments which separate four seepage‐faces. Salinity‐variation induced density‐dependent flow leads to this complex phenomenon. While the seepage‐faces are the groundwater discharging zones on the beach surface, the unsaturated zones are the recharging zones. The whole aquifer beneath the tidal flat is almost occupied by seawater and forms a wall blocking the horizontal seaward discharge of inland fresh groundwater so that inland freshwater discharges mainly occur near the high tide mark. This is in great contrast with the traditional results that inland freshwater discharge occurs mainly near low tide mark. Plain Language Summary: Tidal flat with very gentle‐slopes distributes extensively around the world, for example, the coastline of Bohai, the Yellow Sea of China, and Willapa bay of USA. Due to small slopes, the intertidal zone can be as wide as several kilometers, leading to large‐scale seepage‐faces (saturated beach surface with groundwater efflux) during ebbing and low tides. All previous studies assume that the seepage‐face has only at most one segment, the upper end of which is the exit point of water table and the other end is the intersection point of seawater and beach surface. Here, we found that in a tidal flat with gentle beach slope of 1‰, multiple seepage‐faces may occur with at most 4 unsaturated beach surface segments which separate 4 seepage‐faces during low and rising tides. The locations of these seepage‐faces and adjacent unsaturated zones are quite dynamic due to the complex, dynamic density‐dependent groundwater flow in the aquifer beneath the tidal flat. Seepage‐faces are kind of complex and important boundary for coastal groundwater flow in order to accurately model the groundwater flow and solute transport in intertidal aquifers, the complex nonlinear boundary conditions on the seepage‐faces should be strictly and accurately implemented. This paper made such an attempt. Key Points: Tidal groundwater flow with strict and explicit seepage‐face boundary conditions were numerically simulatedMultiple seepage‐faces were first found to develop on gentle tidal flat with slope around 1‰Multiple seepage‐faces imply multiple local density‐dependent groundwater‐seawater re‐circulations [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a contribution to a special issue of "Interdisciplinarity and governance in water landscapes" with a critical reflection on the "Marta-Bolsena-Tarquinia" River, Lake, and Coast Contract research experience in the Lazio Region. This Contract is the only one in Italy that covers three different water landscapes, from lake to coast (Lake Bolsena, the river Marta and the Tarquinia coastline), all in the same water basin. However, despite the ambitious premises, research shows how this Contract has partially failed. Indeed, the in-depth study offers a commentary not only to better understand what did not work in this River, Lake, and Coast Contract process, but also to suggest how to move on from a formal coalition, towards much more cooperative practices by reforming the redistribution of responsibilities, power, and knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coastal zone, situated at the sensitive interface between land and sea, serves as a pivotal area of human economic activities. As one of China's economic special zones, Xiamen exemplifies the comprehensive trajectory of coastal governance in China. However, there are still research gaps in the human ecological transitions in coastal governance. This study adopts the research approach of scale politics and the local state, with the purpose of explaining the governance model of the coastal zone transformation. Sources include interviews with fishers, direct observation, participant observation, and content analysis. The study demonstrates how local governments strive to maximize the profits of scenic tourism, by (1) appropriating the international scale, absorbing international aid and technical assistance; (2) confiscating the access rights of the coastal zone; and (3) vertically integrating all relationships from local to international organizations to create new governance patterns. Xiamen's coastal landscape not only presents the meltdown of human ecology under local state governance but also demonstrates a keen adaptation to the shifting dynamics of the international tourism market. From the theoretical perspective of the local state, this paper effectively points out the political characteristics of local government and bridges the loss of cultural ecology in the transformation of governance patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sea level rise (SLR) may impose substantial economic costs to coastal communities worldwide, but characterizing its global impact remains challenging because SLR costs depend heavily on natural characteristics and human investments at each location – including topography, the spatial distribution of assets, and local adaptation decisions. To date, several impact models have been developed to estimate the global costs of SLR. Yet, the limited availability of open-source and modular platforms that easily ingest up-to-date socioeconomic and physical data sources restricts the ability of existing systems to incorporate new insights transparently. In this paper, we present a modular, open-source platform designed to address this need, providing end-to-end transparency from global input data to a scalable least-cost optimization framework that estimates adaptation and net SLR costs for nearly 10 000 global coastline segments and administrative regions. Our approach accounts both for uncertainty in the magnitude of global mean sea level (g.m.s.l.) rise and spatial variability in local relative sea level rise. Using this platform, we evaluate costs across 230 possible socioeconomic and SLR trajectories in the 21st century. According to the latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Assessment Report (AR6), g.m.s.l. is likely to rise during the 21st century by 0.40–0.69 m if late-century warming reaches 2 ∘ C and by 0.58–0.91 m with 4 ∘ C of warming. With no forward-looking adaptation, we estimate that annual costs of sea level rise associated with a 2 ∘ C scenario will likely fall between USD 1.2 and 4.0 trillion (0.1 % and 1.2 % of GDP, respectively) by 2100, depending on socioeconomic and sea level rise trajectories. Cost-effective, proactive adaptation would provide substantial benefits, lowering these values to between USD 110 and USD 530 billion (0.02 and 0.06 %) under an optimal adaptation scenario. For the likely SLR trajectories associated with 4 ∘ C warming, these costs range from USD 3.1 to 6.9 trillion (0.3 % and 2.0 %) with no forward-looking adaptation and USD 200 billion to USD 750 billion (0.04 % to 0.09 %) under optimal adaptation. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) notes that deeply uncertain physical processes like marine ice cliff instability could drive substantially higher global sea level rise, potentially approaching 2.0 m by 2100 in very high emission scenarios. Accordingly, we also model the impacts of 1.5 and 2.0 m g.m.s.l. rises by 2100; the associated annual cost estimates range from USD 11.2 to 30.6 trillion (1.2 % and 7.6 %) under no forward-looking adaptation and USD 420 billion to 1.5 trillion (0.08 % to 0.20 %) under optimal adaptation. Our modeling platform used to generate these estimates is publicly available in an effort to spur research collaboration and support decision-making, with segment-level physical and socioeconomic input characteristics provided at 10.5281/zenodo.7693868 and model results at 10.5281/zenodo.7693869. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citrus is one of the most valuable crops in Syria, with the largest production areas being in the coastal provinces of Tartus and Latakia, where this study was performed. A companion paper reported on the basal crop coefficients derived from the field water balance and on the performance assessment of various irrigation methods used in a citrus orchard located in the same region. That study evidenced the need for the improved management of irrigation water, mainly reducing water applications and increasing productivity, thus leading to the current research. The main objectives consisted of (i) providing a set of reliable basal (Kcb) and average (Kc) crop coefficients to be used in practice in the citrus orchards of the Syrian coastal area, while accounting for the diversity of characteristics observed; (ii) to estimate the seasonal consumptive use of typical orchards under different climate-demand and deficit-irrigation scenarios; and (iii) to assess possible water savings and related yield reductions. The previously calibrated water balance model SIMDualKc was used for these purposes. The computed Kcb values for the mid-season and average demand for water ranged from 0.52, when the plant density was low, to 0.84, when plant density was very high. The corresponding Kc values, which further reflected the impact of drip irrigation on controlling soil evaporation, were 0.72 and 0.97, respectively. Overall, the consumptive use of water was estimated to range from 867 to 1573 mm. The assessed water-saving scenarios consisted of adopting increased management-allowed depletion (MAD) thresholds relative to the p depletion fraction for no stress: MAD = 1.05, 1.10, 1.20, and 1.30 p. For trees under a very high climatic demand, water savings ranged from 12 to 34%, but the yield losses induced by the water deficits ranged from 8 to 48%. Although the selection of optimal strategies should be based upon economic terms, these may only be used when the Syrian economy recovers from civil war and the current crisis. The present results show the feasibility of adopting such MAD thresholds for building an irrigation management platform. The data provided by the current study are valuable because they can be efficiently used to support of the irrigation management of Syrian citrus production systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is based on territorial intelligence (TI) and its application to the sustainability of tourist destinations. The TI focus is viewed as being suited to dealing with the problems of tourist destinations, as well as the integrating nature of different aspects of their reality. The aim of this research is to design a System of Smart Coastal Destination Indicators (SD-Coast) that allows the level achieved by a destination to be measured and a comparison in time and space to be made. The selected study scope comprises 14 destinations on the Spanish Mediterranean coast. The tool proposed for the evaluation of territorial intelligence in coastal destinations is based on the generation of standards that enable the measurement and explanation of variables to be clearly delineated. For this purpose, 30 indicators are considered, covered by six dimensions (Smart Governance, Smart Environment, Universal Access, Smart Business, Smart Technology and Smart Innovation). What most coastal destinations have in common is specialisation in technological advances and the respective application of these advances to long-term sustainability. Yet the municipalities in question are far from being considered a shining example in terms of accessibility or governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the various dimensions that affect the tourist sector in order to provide an assessment of the environmental quality and logistic and infrastructural dimensions of Italian coastal municipalities. The analysis starts from the assumption that the environmental resources and logistic and infrastructural dimensions of each area represent an asset for the whole territory, since they are able not only to increase the quality of life of residents but, above all, to attract travellers, thus contributing to the development of the tourism sector. Therefore, it can be said that the dimensions assessed in this work increase the capacity of the territory to generate income. In the analysis a quantitative aggregative partially non-compensatory method, known as Mazziotta Pareto Index (MPI) was used; by means of the MPI it was possible to express the magnitude of the tourist phenomenon reducing the compensation effect that occurs every time indicators with non-homogeneous values are aggregated. The contribution provides further insights into coastal tourism, a particularly important tourist sector on a national scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, there is an urgent need for widespread restoration of coastal wetlands like mangroves and saltmarsh. This restoration has been slow to progress in Australia for a number of reasons, including legal issues surrounding land tenure, ownership and use. This paper uses the responses to a survey of coastal zone experts to identify and articulate these legal issues, before considering and analysing in-depth recommendations, solutions and levers to facilitate restoration, and areas where further research or possible policy and/or law reform is needed. It calls for legislative reform to clarify tidal boundaries generally and under sea-level rise, greater use of incentive schemes to encourage the uptake of restoration projects, and utilisation of contracts and land-based covenants to secure projects and carbon flows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an analysis of the environmental factors affecting the ecology of seaweed (macroalgae) populations in the Levant Basin, attempting to identify both similar and different factors that determine distribution. Using correspondence analysis (CA) the study found a significantly similar pattern in the relations between countries and macroalgae – both for the whole group and within each phylum: Chlorophyta, Ochrophyta, Rhodophyta. The study identified two different macroalgae populations in the Levant Basin: The easternmost group living in open water off the coasts of Syria, Lebanon and Israel, and the shell group found in more sheltered waters in Egypt, Turkey, the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, and Republic of Cyprus (Greece Cyprus): south Cyprus; and the North Cyprus. The differences between the two communities can be explained by dynamic wave activity. Following a taxonomic and nomenclatural revision according to AlgaeBase, of 693 species to date recorded from the studied area, only 573 species remained. 26 of them appear in all 7 countries and other 68 in 6 countries. 204 species appear in only one country. 3 or 4 species have only been described in the Middle East and could be endemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Harbour Engineering is the property of Editorial Office of China Harbour Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Moroccan coasts are occasionally inundated by storm surges and tsunamis. Local historical archives recorded some of these events, such as the storm surge of 1913 CE and the tsunami of 1755 CE. The latter remains the most destructive event the country has ever faced, with major human and economic losses recorded mainly between the two cities of Tangier and Safi. The privileged way to prevent any hazard related to these events is to study their past occurrences and impacts. However, historical evidences about these natural hazards are often very scarce to determine their return periods and evaluate their intensities. The scientific community increasingly uses sedimentary archives from coastal environments, since they offer a viable complement to historical archives. Several studies using this approach have been conducted on the Moroccan coast in recent years; however, until now, there has been no review dealing with these studies, which is the main objective of this paper. Twenty sites with traces of coastal inundation deposits have been inventoried during this work, and most of them are located along the Atlantic coast. The Mediterranean side remains poorly studied despite the presence of tsunami and storm surge risks. The review draws attention also to the absence of chronological data for most of the coastal inundation deposits recognized up to now along the Moroccan coasts, which is a major issue that prevents the determination of the return period of these events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cost-effective coastal flood adaptation requires a realistic valuation of losses, costs and benefits considering the uncertainty of future flood projections and limited resources for adaptation. Here we present an approach to quantify the flood protection benefits of beaches accounting for the dynamic interaction of storm erosion, long-term shoreline evolution and flooding. We apply the method in Narrabeen-Collaroy (Australia) considering uncertainty in different shared socioeconomic pathways, sea-level rise projections, and beach conditions. By 2100, results show that failing to consider erosion can underestimate flood damage by a factor of 2 and maintaining present-day beach width can avoid 785 million AUD worth assets from flood damage. By 2050, the flood protection and recreational benefits of holding the current mean shoreline could be more than 150 times the cost of nourishment. Our results give insight on the benefits of beaches for adaptation and can help accelerate financial instruments for restoration. This paper presents a method for quantifying the benefits of beaches in reducing storm and long-term coastal flood risk. This method can contribute to cost-effective decision-making on climate change adaptation in many of the world's coasts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the effectiveness of transplanted (either created or restored) seagrass meadows as a coastal protection measure is assessed through a five-step methodology. The analysis is focused on a stretch of the Catalan coast (NW Mediterranean) which is a fetch-limited environment. The results show that even considering conservative values for the meadow parameters (plant diameter, meadow density and canopy height), significant reductions of the annual average wave heights reaching the beach may be obtained, reducing flooding and erosion risks. Therefore, the investment in the conservation and restauration of seagrass meadows for protecting coastal areas from erosion and flooding is a measure that must be considered, due to the multiple benefits that they provide including ecosystem services. In addition, the proposed methodology may be a useful tool for coastal managers to help them in the design of seagrass meadows for coastal protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transformation has become a prevailing and desirable concept in blue economy literature. In parallel, researchers have been considering ways to effectively engage stakeholders to support just transformational agendas. Globally, coastal communities are already being affected by the inevitable impacts of climate change and changes to the blue economy. These pressures present complex contexts for coastal zone stakeholder engagement. In this paper, I argue that taking a systems integration approach to interacting with stakeholders is needed to support just transformational change. Assessing stakeholder systems and their relationship to coastal resources is imperative for understanding dynamics that may promote or hinder just transformation. Taking an adaptive management approach to working alongside stakeholders through transitional processes, thus building capacity, is needed to generate momentum toward just transformational change. Lastly, I explain how applications of the subsidiarity principle in integrating stakeholder systems can support a just transformational process and can inform more durable transformational outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historically, fishers (both men and women) have engaged in different activities ranging from preparing fishing equipment (traps, nets, fishing vessels), weather forecasting, and sailing to fishing grounds and they continue to do so today. While sailing, fishers paddle collaboratively when the wind is low and when the boat is leaking, some crew will bail the vessel. Once they arrive at the fishing grounds, fishers cast anchor, mend the fishnets, and fix the boat foresheets. If successful, the fishers collect their catch, weigh the anchor, return to shore, and prepare to sell their fish. These fishing activities have always been accompanied by maritime customs, traditions, rituals, stories, and gestures. For instance, singing is one key tradition that has continued to accompany the fishing process from the start to the end. This paper documents and present the songs that have always been part of the fishing process in Kilwa Kisiwani, along the southern coast of Tanzania. The fishing songs are presented in the context of intangible cultural heritage of the east African Swahili coast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Location, specific topography, and hydrographic setting together with climate change and strong anthropogenic pressure are the main factors shaping the biogeochemical functioning and thus also the ecological status of the Baltic Sea. The recent decades have brought significant changes in the Baltic Sea. First, the rising nutrient loads from land in the second half of the 20th century led to eutrophication and spreading of hypoxic and anoxic areas, for which permanent stratification of the water column and limited ventilation of deep-water layers made favourable conditions. Since the 1980s the nutrient loads to the Baltic Sea have been continuously decreasing. This, however, has so far not resulted in significant improvements in oxygen availability in the deep regions, which has revealed a slow response time of the system to the reduction of the land-derived nutrient loads. Responsible for that is the low burial efficiency of phosphorus at anoxic conditions and its remobilization from sediments when conditions change from oxic to anoxic. This results in a stoichiometric excess of phosphorus available for organic-matter production, which promotes the growth of N2 -fixing cyanobacteria and in turn supports eutrophication. This assessment reviews the available and published knowledge on the biogeochemical functioning of the Baltic Sea. In its content, the paper covers the aspects related to changes in carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus (C, N, and P) external loads, their transformations in the coastal zone, changes in organic-matter production (eutrophication) and remineralization (oxygen availability), and the role of sediments in burial and turnover of C, N, and P. In addition to that, this paper focuses also on changes in the marine CO2 system, the structure and functioning of the microbial community, and the role of contaminants for biogeochemical processes. This comprehensive assessment allowed also for identifying knowledge gaps and future research needs in the field of marine biogeochemistry in the Baltic Sea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a novel automated coastline extraction method from SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) data is presented. The method is designed to exploit radar backscatter coefficients ( σ 0 ) from multipolarization SAR acquisitions (the 4 classic co- and cross-polarized polarizations), whereas single-pol data are employed in the majority of methods in this field, implementing data fusion through the use of an autoencoder neural network and producing the coastline by harnessing a Pulse-Coupled Neural Network (PCNN). Main results are presented throughout the paper, demonstrating superiority and comparability with established methods and with a recent automated algorithm that can be considered among the state-of-the art techniques in this field; furthermore, effectiveness of data fusion and segmentation obtained through the mentioned neural networks has been compared to that of several combinations of the same networks with different frameworks: a different data fusion framework, obtained through the use of linear Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and a different binarization framework, based on the use of Expectation-Maximization (EM) image segmentation. Main achievements of presented technique consist in enabling a possible faster processing as well as the opportunity of operating with an improved fused information content on coastline, together with very high accuracy results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Western Periphery of the Red Sea (WPRS) is an important region for paleoanthropological discussions about the history of hominin dispersal out of Africa. This paper examines the existing Paleolithic evidence in the region and some key aspects of its environmental setting, with the goal of assessing its role in hominin survival and dispersals. The paper's chronological focus is the span 1.8–0.05 million years ago (Ma). Although the majority of the Paleolithic (Stone Age) sites so far documented in the region lack precise chronological control, the available evidence comprises Acheulean, Middle and Later Stone Age technocomplexes that can be broadly linked to distinct hominin settlement episodes. Most of the documented sites appear to be related to terrestrial niche exploitation around channelized alluvial plains between the coastal zone and the eastern slopes of the Red Sea Hills, although wave erosion may have destroyed sites associated with coastal resource use. As an extension of the East African Rift system, the WPRS mirrors the landscape features of the fossil-rich Rift Valley region, with the addition of a coastal niche. Thus, it may have posed little survival risk for hominins coming from the inland habitats, and some of the inhabitant populations may have easily dispersed toward Eurasia from there. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cybium: International Journal of Ichthyology is the property of Societe Francaise d'Ichtyologie (SFI) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The coastal cliffs of the Jurassico–Cretaceous formation, outcropping along the coastal area of Safi (Morocco), are particularly vulnerable. A wide variety of instabilities and slope failure, impacts such slopes, inducing serious structural and human security risks and accelerating the retreat. This paper presents results of research conducted on shoreline change assessment and forecast and inspecting causes that produce and/or accelerate coastline change to propose optimal management and protection solutions. Net Shoreline Movement, Linear Regression Rate, and End Point Rate analysis were computed to examine shoreline change rate (2002–2020) using Landsat 7 ETM + and LOI data and Digital Shoreline Analysis System. The Kalman filter model is used to predict shoreline change (2030 and 2040). The estimated erosion and accretion rates between − 7.87 and 2.23 m/year highlight the main erosional trend, and reveal the feedbacks between the proportional advance (set-forwards or accretion) and the active landslides, high accretion rates are recorded in the landsliding segment. An attempt was made to identify the relationships between causal factors; to this end, a methodological development through field investigation and laboratory tests of the brown clay involved in all slope failures. Results of physicochemical and mineralogical tests showed that all clay samples had medium to high plasticity, and similar mineral compositions, mainly illite, vermiculite, mixed-layer illite-vermiculite of expandable phases, and permit to point out the strong relationship existing between landslide occurrence, cliff dynamic, and geotechnical and mineralogical properties of Brown clay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advantages derived from the use of Uncrewed Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are well-established: they are cost-effective and easy to use. There are numerous environmental applications, particularly when monitoring contexts characterized by rapid morphological changes and high rates of sediment transport, such as coastal areas. In this paper, three different case studies of survey and monitoring with high resolution and accuracy obtained through the use of UAVs are presented; these concern transgressive coastal sites. Results allow for the definition and quantification of coastal landforms and processes, including: (i) The anatomy of a parabolic dune and the rate of landward migration that could interfere with a tourist settlement; (ii) The mode and timing of morphological recovery and realignment of a barrier island overwashed by storm surge episodes; and (iii) The potential flood risk of a progradational spit that is a nesting site of a species of migratory breeding birds of conservation concern. The results demonstrate and confirm that, through a good coupling of drone-sensed quality data and accurate topographic control, quantitative estimates that are useful in assessing the impacts of natural processes involving both human and natural assets can be obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beach width is an important factor for tourists' comfort, and the backshore is a swash zone where sediment moves quickly. Artificial sandy beaches focus on beach width stability and evolution. This paper is based on an artificial beach project in Haikou Bay, where, in view of the existing conditions, a new type of beach profile that can protect beach berm and width without being eroded by large wave action. Numerical simulation based on XBeach model were conducted to predict the morphodynamical responses of the beach, including a diagnosis of the erosion spots under storm and normal wave events, respectively. Sediment fluxes along and across the shoreline under varied scenarios, dependent on profile width and backshore slope, were discussed. It was found that normal waves with lower heights and longer periods can induce stronger erosion than storm waves due to the landform of the inner-bay in Haikou Bay. Engineering and biological methods to reduce beach erosion during wave action were discussed. Biological methods such as green-plants-root-system can retain berm surface sediment without allowing it to be transported offshore by wave action. The design concept of this artificial beach project may inspire more beach design and protection projects in coastal zones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many tourists around the world are interested in coastal sites of exceptional scenic quality. This paper aims to assess the landscape quality of 50 sites along the Moroccan Mediterranean coast based on a novelty Coastal Scenic Quality Evaluation (CSQE) method able to classify the attractiveness of the sites and to distinguish exceptional ones with high tourist potential. This proposed methodology relies on evaluating coastal areas through easily obtainable indicators in order to simplify its application to other regions around the world. Four landscape dimensions were selected: Substratum, Sea-Coastal Area, Vegetation and Scenic Background. Each dimension was numerically assessed and ranged from 0 to 1. The values of each dimension along the sites were classified as: <0.2 (very low); 0.2 to <0.4 (low); 0.4 to <0.6 (medium); 0.6 to <0.8 (high) and ≥0.8 (very high). The results show that the overall scenic quality score of the Moroccan Mediterranean coast is 0.6 (high quality), reflecting a potential tourist destination of high scenic value. Substratum, Sea-Coastal Area and Vegetation dimensions obtained a high quality score (0.6 to <0.8), while the Scenic Background dimension recorded medium quality (0.4 to <0.6). Urbanization, the presence of litter and sewage evidence were the main factors of degradation of the Moroccan coastal landscapes, i.e., 32 out of 50 sites (64%) obtained low scores (from 0 to 2) for these three variables. Sound management actions have to be taken to reduce their impacts, in order to preserve and improve the natural landscape, and strength its capacity to host the various tourist activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European Union allows the designation of mixing zones (MZ) adjacent to a punctual discharge. Concentrations of one or more substances could exceed the environmental quality standards in the MZ if the rest of the water body meets the standards. However, the European Union does not explain how to define it. In this paper, the simulation of the MZ is done through two free software, Discharge Test and Visual Plumes. Discharge Test is used to perform a first analysis of the proposed scenario and to assess the discharge effects on the receiving environment. Visual Plumes is used to analyze in more detail these effects and the behavior of the polluting plume. The results obtained, for a mercury discharge from an outfall that discharges into the coastal zone of the Mediterranean Sea, show that these models could be a useful tool for the determination of MZ. A methodology is defined to delimit the MZ for an outfall. This MZ will be the circular surface, with a radius equivalent to the estimated distance, around the discharge point. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global gravity models from satellite altimetry missions have widely contributed to the improvement of the knowledge over the oceans. However, few models are available with a validated accuracy model, as the most recent models V21 to V32 from Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO). The aim of this paper is to propose a method to estimate the accuracy of any free air gravity anomaly model derived from satellite altimetry from validated marine data sets. The main idea is to correlate the error of the model to the mean roughness of the free air gravity anomaly on precise marine measurement areas. The relationship obtained is then generalized to each point of the model. This error grid is eventually combined with the grid provided by the satellite models, reflecting the errors related to the technology of the different altimetry satellites used. The method has been successfully applied to successive versions of SIO gravity anomaly models (from V18 to V31) to produce continuous accuracy grids over the North Atlantic Ocean. Validation of the results from independent marine data shows that the proposed approach allows to strongly improve the estimation of the used models' accuracy which converges, whatever the tested versions, toward a minimal value of 0.9 mGal over flat areas. Plain Language Summary: Satellite altimetry missions allow to build models of the gravity anomaly over the oceans. However, it is very difficult to assess for the accuracy of such models, many sources of error being involved between data acquisition and the model itself. Comparing a model to marine data is a good way to estimate its accuracy over the marine survey, but generalizing this information to the whole model seems challenging. We have proposed to relate the error to the roughness of the model, which is a good indicator of the part of signal the model may miss. However, we also discovered that this method cannot be applied everywhere, especially where the error of the model relies on specificity of the satellite data acquisition: coastal zones and ocean mesoscale high variability areas. Combining our error grid with the one associated to some models eventually appeared as a good solution to assess for the accuracy of the model. Key Points: Comparing marine data to gravity anomaly model derived from satellite altimetry is a good mean to estimate the accuracy of the latterGeneralization to any grid point can be performed using the relation between model roughness and accuracyThis method cannot account for all sources of error, especially those related to altimetry measurement [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: The main outcome and procedure described in this paper aim to equip Public Administrations with a tool that can provide on-demand support. Bathymetric information has become essential to help maintain and operate coastal zones. Traditional in situ bathymetry mapping using echo sounders is inefficient in shallow waters and operates at a high logistical cost. On the other hand, lidar mapping provides an efficient means of mapping coastal areas. However, this comes at a high acquisition cost as well. In comparison, satellite-derived bathymetry (SDB) provides a more cost-effective way of mapping coastal regions, albeit at a lower resolution. This work utilises all three of these methods collectively, to obtain accurate bathymetric depth data of two pocket beaches, Golden Bay and Għajn Tuffieħa, located in the northwestern region of Malta. Using the Google Earth Engine platform, together with Sentinel-2 data and collected in situ measurements, an empirical pre-processing workflow for estimating SDB was developed. Four different machine learning algorithms which produced differing depth accuracies by calibrating SDBs with those derived from alternative techniques were tested. Thus, this study provides an insight into the depth accuracy that can be achieved for shallow coastal regions using SDB techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More than 29 years of altimeter data have been recently reprocessed by the multi-satellite Data Unification and Altimeter Combination System (DUACS) and made available under the name of DT2021 through the Copernicus Marine Service (CMEMS) and the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S). New standards have been applied and various geophysical correction parameters have been updated compared to the previous release in order to improve the product quality. This paper describes the assessment of this new release through the comparison of both the all satellites and the two satellites product with external in situ tide gauge measurements in the coastal areas of the European seas for a time period from 1 January 1993 to 31 May 2020. The aim is to quantify the improvements on the previous DT2018 processing version for the retrieval of sea level in the coastal zone. The results confirmed that the CMEMS product in the new DT2021 processing version better solves the signal in the coastal band. The all satellites dataset showed a reduction of 3 % in errors when compared with tide gauges and of 5 % in the variance of the differences between the datasets compared to DT2018 reprocessing. Moreover, the all satellites dataset provided more accurate sea level measurements when making a comparison with tide gauges with respect to the climatic two satellites dataset due to the better performance of the former for the assessment of higher than climatic frequency signals. By contrast, the two satellite dataset is the most suitable product for the assessment of long-term sea level sea surface height (SSH) trends in the coastal zone due to its larger stability to the detriment of the all satellites dataset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we review observational and modelling results on the upwelling in the tropical Atlantic between 10 ∘ N and 20 ∘ S. We focus on the physical processes that drive the seasonal variability of surface cooling and the upward nutrient flux required to explain the seasonality of biological productivity. We separately consider the equatorial upwelling system, the coastal upwelling system of the Gulf of Guinea and the tropical Angolan upwelling system. All three tropical Atlantic upwelling systems have in common a strong seasonal cycle, with peak biological productivity during boreal summer. However, the physical processes driving the upwelling vary between the three systems. For the equatorial regime, we discuss the wind forcing of upwelling velocity and turbulent mixing, as well as the underlying dynamics responsible for thermocline movements and current structure. The coastal upwelling system in the Gulf of Guinea is located along its northern boundary and is driven by both local and remote forcing. Particular emphasis is placed on the Guinea Current, its separation from the coast and the shape of the coastline. For the tropical Angolan upwelling, we show that this system is not driven by local winds but instead results from the combined effect of coastally trapped waves, surface heat and freshwater fluxes, and turbulent mixing. Finally, we review recent changes in the upwelling systems associated with climate variability and global warming and address possible responses of upwelling systems in future scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New York City faces accelerating inundation risk from sea level rise, subsidence, and increasing storm intensity from natural and anthropogenic causes. Here we calculate a previously unquantified contribution to subsidence from the cumulative mass and downward pressure exerted by the built environment of the city. We enforce that load distribution in a multiphysics finite element model to calculate expected subsidence. Complex surface geology requires multiple rheological soil models to be applied; clay rich soils and artificial fill are calculated to have the highest post‐construction subsidence as compared with more elastic soils. Minimum and maximum calculated building subsidence ranges from 0 to 600 mm depending on soil/rock physical parameters and foundation modes. We compare modeled subsidence and surface geology to observed subsidence rates from satellite data (Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar and Global Positioning System). The comparison is complicated because the urban load has accumulated across a much longer period than measured subsidence rates, and there are multiple causes of subsidence. Geodetic measurements show a mean subsidence rate of 1–2 mm/year across the city that is consistent with regional post‐glacial deformation, though we find some areas of significantly greater subsidence rates. Some of this deformation is consistent with internal consolidation of artificial fill and other soft sediment that may be exacerbated by recent building loads, though there are many possible causes. New York is emblematic of growing coastal cities all over the world that are observed to be subsiding (Wu et al., 2022, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL098477), meaning there is a shared global challenge of mitigation against a growing inundation hazard. Plain Language Summary: As coastal cities grow globally, the combination of construction densification and sea level rise imply increasing inundation hazard. The point of the paper is to raise awareness that every additional high‐rise building constructed at coastal, river, or lakefront settings could contribute to future flood risk, and that mitigation strategies may need to be included. The subsidence mapping concept helps to quantify the hazard and adds specificity to soil types and conditions. We present satellite data that show that the city is sinking 1–2 mm/tr with some areas subsiding much faster. Key Points: More than 8 million people live in New York City, which is observed to be sinking 1–2 mm/year, while sea level risesWe calculate the mass of all buildings in New York City and model the subsidence caused by the pressure they exert on the EarthWe show detailed images of observed subsidence in New York City from satellite data [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an era of globalisation, tourism has become a crucial economic driver, contributing significantly to global GDP and stimulating the development of other sectors. However, awareness of the negative impact of tourism on the environment and society has also grown. This study examines the increasing relevance of sustainable development in the tourism industry, with a focus on ecotourism and sustainable tourism management. The analysis is conducted through a bibliometric lens, tracking the evolution and interaction of these concepts in the academic literature. Through bibliometric analysis, the paper reveals developments and trends in research in this field, examining the contributions of researchers from across the globe. The results show how the themes of sustainable development and tourism are interlinked and how they have developed over time. This research contributes to current discussions on tourism and sustainable development by providing a comprehensive overview of the literature and identifying possible research directions. The results are intended to support policy makers, tourism managers and researchers in their efforts to promote more sustainable and responsible tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large-magnitude earthquakes in northern Chile and southern Peru occur every 108 years on average. It should be noted that over 143 years since the catastrophic earthquake of May 9, 1877, any similar events were completely absent. In 2007, a 7.7 Mw earthquake occurred near Tocopilla, and in 2014 a catastrophic M = 8.1 earthquake hit Pisagua. It is believed that only part of the energy accumulated over 143 years has been released during those events, while most of it is yet to be released. Thus, we can conclude that a serious tsunami hazard exists for all coastal cities of southern Peru and northern Chile. In this paper, on the basis of the available historical data and geodynamic studies, numerical simulation of the historical catastrophic earthquake and tsunami of May 9, 1877 is carried out assuming the blockwise earthquake source configurations. We implemented 23 simulation scenarios for different kinematic behavior patterns of such a source, sequentially updating the source fragmentation to reduce the misfit between the simulated and observed wave height data. Using the proposed methodology, for each scenario, the generation of a tsunami source is simulated and the computation of wave fields up to the 5-m isobath is carried out. The results obtained are compared with historical data. Analysis of the entire set of simulated earthquake scenarios makes it possible to choose a tsunamigenic earthquake scenario with the most adequate characteristics of tsunami waves in the coastal zone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we extended video stitching to nearshore bathymetry for videos that were captured for the same coastal field simultaneously by two unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). In practice, a video captured by a single UAV often shows a limited coastal zone with a lack of a wide field of view. To solve this problem, we proposed a framework in which video stitching and bathymetric mapping were performed in sequence. Specifically, our method listed the video acquisition strategy and took two overlapping videos captured by two UAVs as inputs. Then, we adopted a unified video stitching and stabilization optimization to compute the stitching and stabilization of one of the videos separately. In this way, we can obtain the best stitching result. At the same time, background feature points identification on the shore plays the role of short-time visual odometry. Through the obtained panoramic video in Shuang Yue Bay, China, we used the temporal cross-correlation analysis based on the linear dispersion relationship to estimate the water depth. We selected the region of interest (ROI) area from the panoramic video, performed an orthorectification transformation and extracted time-stack images from it. The wave celerity was then estimated from the correlation of the signal through filtering processes. Finally, the bathymetry results were compared with the cBathy. By applying this method to two UAVs, a wider FOV was created and the surveying area was expanded, which provided effective input data for the bathymetry algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper stresses the importance of shark fisheries at the site of Gramalote, an early Initial Period (1500–1200/1100 cal BC) fishing settlement, which has yielded the largest amount of shark remains ever reported along the coast of Peru. The article discusses fishing techniques utilized to capture such dangerous fish with limited technology. Moreover, it highlights the economic importance of this abundant source of marine food for small-scale residential settlements along the north coast of Peru. Based on current evidence, sharks may have played an important role in the domestic and community-level rituals at Gramalote. Due to the abundance of shark remains, it is suggested that the surplus of its flesh was processed in storage facilities at family level and later was traded with residential settlements for products not available on the coast. Finally, this article suggests that, during the Late Preceramic and Initial Periods, a subsistence pattern may have emerged: while the Central Coast and the Norte Chico regions relied on anchovy as one of the most important fish species for subsistence and other needs, on the north coast of Peru sharks may have played a pivotal role for daily subsistence and economic transactions at the household level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the results of a comprehensive analysis of bottom sediment samples taken in 2020 during the Roshydromet marine scientific research in Stepovoi and Litke bays of the Novaya Zemlya archipelago and in the coastal zone of the Kara Sea near Amderma village. All sediment samples were analyzed for the concentration of radionuclides 137Cs, 90Sr, 238Pu, 239 + 240Pu, and some samples were analyzed for the content of toxic chemicals: heavy metals, persistent organochlorine compounds, and aliphatic hydrocarbons. The analysis of the results showed that the levels of radionuclides and toxic chemicals in bottom sediments of Stepovoi Bay are generally consistent with the data of similar surveys in previous years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concentration‐discharge (C‐Q) relationships of total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), particulate organic carbon (POC), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were investigated in the tributaries and main‐stems of two mountainous river systems with distinct watershed characteristics (Eel and Umpqua rivers) in Northern California and central Oregon (USA). Power‐law (C = a × Qb) fits to the data showed strong transport‐limited behavior (b > 1) by TSS and POC, moderate transport limitation of DOC (b > 0.3) and chemostatic behavior (b < 0) by TDS in most streams. These contrasts led to significant compositional differences at varying discharge levels, with particle‐bound constituents becoming increasingly important (relative abundances of 50% to >90%) at high‐flow conditions. Organic carbon contents of TSS displayed marked decreases with discharge whereas they increased in TDS during high‐flow conditions. Daily and cumulative material fluxes for different coastal streams were calculated using the C‐Q relationships and showed that the delivery of transport‐limited constituents, such as TSS and POC (and DOC to a lesser degree), was closely tied to high‐discharge events and occurred primarily during the winter season. The coherence between winter fluxes and high wave‐southerly wind conditions along the coast highlights how seasonal and inter‐annual differences in fluvial discharge patterns affect the fate of land‐derived materials delivered to coastal regions. Plain Language Summary: Rivers play a key role in transporting materials from land to the ocean. In this study, we investigated several streams of different characteristics from two basins, the Eel River in Northern California and the Umpqua River in central Oregon. We measured how the concentrations of dissolved and particulate materials, including total suspended and dissolved solids and particulate and dissolved organic carbon, varied as a function of river flow. Our results show that different streams export these materials in different ways depending on the level of river flow and certain watershed characteristics. The different trends with river flow exhibited by these constituents impact the total amounts exported by rivers each year as well as the timing of their export. The latter is important because ocean conditions off the Eel and Umpqua rivers exhibit marked contrasts in winds, currents, and waves depending on the season. In the paper, we explore how the combination of the timing of export by the river and the ocean conditions offshore influences the distribution and cycling of particulate and dissolved materials from land in the coastal ocean. Key Points: Concentration‐discharge relationships for different constituents show marked variability among streams from different watershedsTotal suspended solids, particulate organic carbon, and to a lesser degree, dissolved organic carbon exhibit transport limitationThe magnitude and composition of constituent fluxes display variability at distinct time scales that affect their transport to the ocean [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Historia Actual Online is the property of Asociacion de Historia Actual and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The co-occurrence of multiple flood drivers resulting in compound flooding has received increased attention during the past decade subsequent to several catastrophic flood events in coastal areas around the world. However, most coastal flood risk assessments generally account for one of either oceanic or inland flood sources even in situations where the joint probability of occurrence of more than one flood driver is high. Accordingly, this paper examines the compound flooding potential due to tropical cyclone-induced storm surges, waves and precipitation for a major river basin in a low-lying coastal city of Sri Lanka. The physical processes associated with compound flooding in the coastal lowlands of the river basin, i.e. hydrodynamics of the storm surge including wave effects, river hydraulics as well as precipitation-induced direct surface run-off, have been numerically simulated by employing an array of loosely integrated models to compute space- and time-varying flood distributions for 14 scenarios of cyclonic storms and riverine floods covering a range of return periods. The selected scenarios cover a range of combinations of relative strengths of oceanic and inland flood drivers. The model simulations have been performed for three cases: storm surge (S) only, river flow (R) only and compound flooding (C) with S and R combined. The precipitation has been added in the cases of river flow and compound flooding events. The analysis of model simulations provides further insight into the temporal and spatial variation of the nonlinear interaction of storm surge and riverine flow that occurs in a transition zone between the respective fully dominant regions. The analysis of time-varying flood levels indicates a lesser interaction between storm surge-induced and riverine flood waves when one component is more dominant than the other whilst nearly equal magnitudes resulting in a greater interaction and rise in instantaneous compound flood level compared to flood levels if either component were to act separately. The effect of the phase shift of storm surge and riverine flood waves on the peak flood levels and extents as well as on the degree of nonlinear interaction of the component flows in the compound region are also examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expansion of the population and tourism industry, especially near the coast, is altering land use and deteriorating coastal resources. This contributes significantly in increasing the susceptibility of a coastal area to flooding and sea-level rise. Therefore, identifying vulnerable coastal areas through an integrated approach for comprehensive coastal development and realistic management policies is pivotal. This paper presents a method for assessing coastal vulnerability by employing selected physical and human indices. It was applied to the Mandarmani–Dadanpatrabar coastal sector of West Bengal, where the issue of rapid tourism growth at the expense of coastal resources is a major concern. For the assessment of coastal vulnerability, the entire length of the study area was divided into 64 equal segments. A set of six physical variables (shoreline change, beach width, coastal slope, dune discontinuity, vegetation, and coastal geomorphology) and three human variables (land use land cover, coastal protection, and distance of road) were measured using fieldwork and remote sensing and geographical information system. Subsequently, the physical and human vulnerability was calculated and then combined to create an integrated coastal vulnerability index (ICVI). While the majority of the coast is low-to-moderately vulnerable, it was observed that high vulnerability was present in areas where physical resources were rapidly exploited for the growth of tourism. This study emphasizes the need of implementing existing coastal regulation zone guidelines in a more realistic way to prevent loss of assets and promote integrated development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines how the populations of French Guiana have, since the colonization period until today, inhabited the coast, in particular the cheniers close to the coast, whereas these spaces are subject to intense changes—colonization and destruction of the mangrove ecosystem, erosion, modification of the estuaries—which have significant consequences for living conditions and access to natural resources. The interdisciplinary approach brought together historians, geographers, geomorphologists, ecologists and anthropologists. Three contrasted areas were studied: Awala-Yalimapo, a Kali'na Amerindian village located at the Maroni estuary, the savannas region, between Sinnamary and Iracoubo where the Creole peasantry flourished, and finally, the particular case of the city of Kourou, built from the 1960s by the sea to house the engineers and technicians of the Guiana Space Center. This paper aims to propose a reflection on mobility and adaptability of the traditional habitat of the Amerindian and Creole populations, based on the collective appropriation of the land, and what could be described as a light approach to development. On the contrary, Kourou was built with a relationship to the sea largely imported from metropolitan France at a time when private property became the norm in French Guiana. The city is now facing serious erosion problems. As we question how to inhabit the coastline at a time when global change is likely to bring rapid transformations, knowing this history can be a valuable source of reflection for future coastal management strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The active Campi Flegrei caldera in southern Italy has a remarkably long history of coexistence between volcanism and human settlements, and it is famous for its peculiar slow ground movement called bradyseism, i.e. episodes of inflation and deflation of the caldera floor due to magmatic and/or hydrothermal processes. This natural phenomenon has interacted with the civilization that inhabited this strategic and fertile area, especially in Roman times, when the sinking of the coast hindered the flourishment of Puteoli and Baiae coastal towns. The drowning of a large part of Republic-early Imperial Roman coastal buildings, west of the modern Pozzuoli town, is classically used to illustrate the bradyseism activity. In this paper, we investigate the spatial variability and the role of this phenomenon, demonstrating that the caldera deflation alone cannot account for the submersion of Roman facilities in the western sector where the harbour structures of Portus Iulius and luxury villas of the Baianus Lacus presently lie beneath sea level. On the contrary, the sinking of this area is mainly the result of the activity of volcano-tectonic faults. We restored the topography to 100 BCE using archaeological and high-resolution topographic data. Results show that the several metres of vertical displacement recorded in the Baia area in the last 2100 yr were mainly produced by the activity of normal faults and secondarily by caldera deflation, the former including the long-lived Baia Fault and the younger normal faults associated with the Monte Nuovo eruption at 1538 CE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Organic carbon (OC) plays an important role in the multimedium transport of pollutants and the carbon cycle. However, the distribution and fate of OC in coastal areas with multiple sedimentary environments, especially in underdeveloped coastal areas, have been underappreciated and lacked sufficient understanding. Materials and methods: In this paper, the characteristics and fate of OC in four sedimentary environments (mangrove, sandy coast, bay, and estuary) in a coastal area in Guangdong, China, were compared. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and suspended sediment (SPS) concentrations in water phases as well as total organic carbon (TOC) content and grain size distribution in sediments were determined. Results and discussion: The DOC concentrations and TOC contents were 0.006–13.66 mg L−1 and 0.04–9.51%, respectively, indicating a large spatial heterogeneity. The DOC levels showed an increasing trend into the bays and a decreasing trend along the estuaries, relating to hydrodynamic conditions for OC transport. The SPS concentrations were positively correlated with the TOC/DOC ratios in estuaries, confirming the carrier role of SPS in water–sediment systems. No significant differences in DOC concentrations were found under different water column depths, inferring that water–sediment ratios were not a limiting factor for DOC levels. The actual OC storage of the whole mangrove sedimentary environment was underestimated by 18.2% when calculated using the OC levels of the largest mangrove. Conclusion: Our results suggest that the OC storage estimation in multiple sedimentary environments could be underestimated. This study provides new insight for management and protection of coastline eco-environments and the estimation of carbon stock in the hopes of adapting to climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecosystem metabolism is a vital measurement for understanding the dynamics of aquatic environments. China has a range of aquatic resources and in the past two decades, there has been an increasing interest in ecosystem metabolism research. However, no studies have evaluated overall variation and environmental patterns which affect metabolism in China's vast range of aquatic systems. For this paper, we searched for articles with metabolism data for China's major rivers and coastal zones from 2000 to 2020. We identified 127 studies documenting ecosystem metabolism functions including primary production (PP), community respiration (CR) and net ecosystem production (NEP). Using path analysis, we documented relationships across a range of environmental parameters. Light availability affected riverine and coastal PP (<0.1–10.7 gC m−2 day−1), while riverine PP was also linked to precipitation, photosynthesis‐related biomass, and land‐use variables. Riverine and coastal CR ranged from 0.01 to 24.3 gC m−2 day−1 and was affected strongly by nutrient concentrations. Average NEP ranged from 2.9 to 9.2 gC m−2 day−1, suggesting the potential of some of the evaluated ecosystems to be CO2 sinks. Within this review, the large spatiotemporal range allows for a wide‐ranging understanding of the variation of metabolic processes which contribute to CO2 dynamics and the role of aquatic ecosystems in regional climate change. Additionally, by evaluating aquatic ecosystem metabolism across such a diverse range of environmental conditions this work provides a scientific basis for future assessments of ecological risks under the complex conditions of climate change. This article is categorized under:Science of Water > Water QualityScience of Water > Water and Environmental ChangeWater and Life > Nature of Freshwater Ecosystems [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Goa is a coastal State located on the west coast of India, known for its pristine sandy beaches and environment. Ministry of Environment and Forest implemented Coastal Regulation Zone Notification in 1991 for monitoring the coastal zones for unplanned developmental activities but has been just for name-sake purposes (Mascarenhas 1999, Agarwal 2019). The regulation has been changed in recent years thereby making the coastal and the riverine ecosystem more vulnerable to human interference. In the name of development, various hap-hazardous, unplanned activities have taken place which is degrading the coastal and riverine environment, especially mangroves. This paper studies the vulnerability of mangroves to the changing regulations with respect to 1991 and the 2018 CRZ notifications considering the land use land cover changes in the regulated zones of Mandovi and Zuari rivers. Spatial analysis techniques and software such as Arc GIS 10.3, and ERDAS IMAGINE 2014 have been used for analysis and results. The findings from the study can be effectively implemented in monitoring the regulated zones and protecting mangroves efficiently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]