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Mineral matter in coals has been found to host valuable elements including germanium, lithium and rare-earth elements (REE), but such content of Australian coals remains under-explored. The aim of this paper is to provide a proof-of-concept study that determines elemental concentrations in the mineral matter of the high-ash, Fort Cooper Coal Measures (FCCM), Bowen Basin, Queensland. Coal in the FCCM has good coking properties but has not been extensively explored owing to its high ash content. This study performs a preliminary assessment of the elements from the coal portion that would typically become waste after washing or combustion. Given that the needs for industrial extraction methods will change over time, cataloguing and documenting the elemental composition of coal may assist future development of multiple products for the benefit of both the coal and mineral industries. This preliminary study has revealed similar elevations of REE and higher-than-average crustal concentrations of lithium, bismuth and scandium in some of the samples. Further analyses will be required on a larger dataset to better understand elemental associations and explore spatial patterns of elemental content that may indicate localised enrichments. Understanding the potential of valuable elements in the FCCM may stimulate interest in multiple-product-coal (or elemental-coal) mining in this under-exploited resource and further encourage the reduction of waste from other Australian coals at the wash-plant stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inaccuracies in spatial modelling of coal properties can impact coal resource and reserve estimates. Geostatistical methods which account for compositional data have previously been recommended as a preferred method for modelling of coal properties. These methods can quantify uncertainty, can use auxiliary information to improve estimates, and ensure that compositional data (such as coal proximate analysis) is modelled in a mathematically consistent way. However, geostatistical methods have drawbacks in that have rigid statistical assumptions about the distribution and stationarity of the target variable and require variogram interpretation which can be onerous when then number of domains and target variables are numerous. Due to these drawback, inverse distance weighting (a simple deterministic method) remains the most popular method for modelling coal properties in Australian resource estimates. To address the drawbacks of geostatistical methods, a machine learning approach based on the quantile regression forest algorithm is proposed as an alternative method to spatially model coal properties. This newly proposed method, accounts for spatial arrangement of data, requires minimal pre-processing steps, can quantify uncertainty and can easily incorporate auxiliary information of various types. To evaluate the performance of this method, the accuracy of predictions of coal proximate analysis properties, and coal density are compared to the predictions of inverse distance weighting and regression kriging. All methods incorporate isometric log ratio transform and back-transform of data in order to account for the compositional nature of coal proximate analysis. Data from an active coal mine in the Bowen Basin, Queensland Australia was used as basis of the results. A unique feature of the mine site in this basin is the presence of intrusion which impacts coal quality properties to various degrees. Using evaluation metrics from leave-one-out cross-validation, this paper demonstrates that quantile regression forest has higher accuracy, lower bias and higher precision than inverses distance weighting across all coal properties. The paper also shows that results of the new method are very similar or better than regression kriging. It is also demonstrated that the prediction maps produced by quantile regression forest could be used to more accurately map out coal impacted by intrusion compared to inverse distance weighting, and that inverse distance weighting overestimates the impact of intrusion and intrusion extent. A drawback of the method compared to inverse distance weighting, is that it is more computationally demanding, less intuitive and is currently not available in existing geological packages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large, incomplete fragment of arthropod cuticle with distinctive tuberculate ornamentation from the late Permian Kaloola Member, Baralaba Coal Measures of the Bowen Basin in central Queensland, is assigned to the mycteropoid clade of sea scorpions. It is Changhsingian (254–252 Ma) in age and occurs in a freshwater, possibly fluvial, environment. The cuticle ornamentation consists of round to oval tubercles in two size classes and differs, in detail, from all previously described mycteropoids. We therefore propose a new species, ?Woodwardopterus freemanorum sp. nov., to accomodate this new specimen. It is at least 11 Ma younger than any previously known eurypterid fossil. This significant discovery demonstrates that large sweep-feeding eurypterids persisted until the end-Permian extinction in the southern high latitudes of Gondwana. Ecological factors that may have contributed to the survival of these freshwater eurypterids into the late Palaeozoic are also briefly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coal resource tonnage estimates are reliant on spatial modeling of critical data including in-situ density. To model coal in-situ density, numerous methods are available including deterministic, geostatistical, and machine learning-based methods. In most studies the focus is on comparing differing spatial model method accuracy, however, in this study, the focus is on determining if different in-situ density spatial model methods materially impact resource tonnage estimates. This study used data from an active open-cut coal mine located in the Bowen Basin, Queensland Australia. The coal mine has extensive areas that are impacted by lamprophyre and dolerite intrusion. This study compared tonnage estimates derived from in-situ density modeling from four spatial model methods including inverse distance weighting, ordinary kriging, geographic quantile regression forest, and random forest regression kriging. This study found that, at local scale and in areas highly impacted by intrusion, variation in tonnage estimates between in-situ density model methods was up to 4.40%. This variation was considered material as it was higher than the error of each spatial model. It is, therefore recommended that, especially in coal deposits which are impacted by intrusion, spatial model methods are carefully selected and evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Igneous intrusions in or adjacent to coal seams impact the coal quality directly and cause hazards for both coal mining and coal seam gas extraction. Specifically, sills can be identified at borehole level by wireline logs, e.g. natural gamma-ray, density, and resistivity tools because of their unique petrophysical characteristics. The literature describes also the use of surface seismic surveys as a tool for mapping thick sills. However, there is no precise and efficient way to delineate its horizontal distribution where sills are thin in thickness, e.g. less than 5 m. This paper presents an integrated method to predict igneous sill distribution in the Rangal Coal Measures, which are the Late Permian seams from the Blackwater Group in the Bowen Basin, based on petrophysical logs and seismic attributes. In this study, the mean amplitude, half-energy time, and root mean square amplitude from a post-stack 3D seismic survey have been used and compared. Results show that the sill thickness ranges from 0.5 m to 6.4 m with an average of 2.1 m from the analysed 12 wells; The prediction results of the sill are depending on the time-depth windows for calculating and mapping the half-energy time and their cut-offs; The half-energy time calculated with a time-depth window of about 40 ms with a cut-off of 13.5% yields the highest prediction accuracy of 83%. Compared to the mean amplitude and root mean square, the half-energy time is found the best surface seismic attribute in predicting horizontal sill distribution. The sequential Gaussian simulation is successfully used in mapping the sill distribution for the whole study area. • Geophysical characteristics for coal, coked coal and igneous sill are compared at boreholes. • Half-energy time is used in predicting igneous sill distribution. • Different time depth windows for half-energy time calculation are compared for accuracy in predicting sill at wells. • Sequential Gaussian simulation is used in mapping the sill distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identification of the extent of heat altered coals is important for coal mining and resource estimation because alteration directly affects key economic properties such as ash content, volatile matter, specific energy, sulphur, free swell index and beneficiation characteristics. The most reliable method to identify altered coal is through geochemical analysis of drill core samples; however this method is time consuming and costly. Cheaper alternative methods to identify altered coal is by macroscopic observation of non-core drill cuttings, but this is less reliable than core. Geophysical wireline log data is also used to identify altered coal, but with variable success. Over the past decades, Machine Learning methods have proven popular to automatically classify a variety of lithotypes from geophysical log data. However rarely has there been focus on predicting altered coal. In this paper we apply the most recent machine learning methods which include gradient boosted machines, random forests and artificial neural networks to automatically predict altered and non-altered lithotypes using geophysical log data. We use a massive data set comprising of 1230 samples from 263 boreholes from a highly intruded deposit in the Bowen Basin, Eastern Australia. To do this, we calculate each sample's distance from intrusion and predict their relative density from geophysical log inputs including gamma ray, caliper and compensated density. We then train our machine learning methods on 80% of the data to predict alteration class using the calculated distance to intrusion, predicted relative density, and geophysical log gamma ray, as primary inputs. We evaluated each of these machine learning methods on the remaining 20% of the data to determine the best performing model. Finally, using the best performing model we further split the altered and non-altered classification into lithotypes using a decision tree based on geological knowledge of the case study area. The results indicate that of the machine learning algorithms the random forest produced the best results with only 11 misclassifications across the entire data set of 1230 samples which represents <1% error. • Prediction of heat affected coals with a massive dataset and machine learning methods in the Bowen Basin. • Prediction of relative density and classification of altered and non-altered coals. • Lithology group definition based on a decision tree with <1% error. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]