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Climate change is altering nutrient cycling within the Arctic Ocean, having knock-on effects to Arctic ecosystems. Primary production in the Arctic is principally nitrogen-limited, particularly in the western Pacific-dominated regions where denitrification exacerbates nitrogen loss. The nutrient status of the eastern Eurasian Arctic remains under debate. In the Barents Sea, primary production has increased by 88% since 1998. To support this rapid increase in productivity, either the standing stock of nutrients has been depleted, or the external nutrient supply has increased. Atlantic water inflow, enhanced mixing, benthic nitrogen cycling, and land–ocean interaction have the potential to alter the nutrient supply through addition, dilution or removal. Here we use new datasets from the Changing Arctic Ocean program alongside historical datasets to assess how nitrate and phosphate concentrations may be changing in response to these processes. We highlight how nutrient dynamics may continue to change, why this is important for regional and international policy-making and suggest relevant research priorities for the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 356 Site U1461 cored a Miocene to Holocene sedimentary sequence in the upper bathyal carbonate offshore northwestern Australia (NWA). The siliciclastic component of these strata is primarily derived from the Australian continent. Radiocarbon dating on macrofossils and planktonic foraminifera shows that the upper 14 m section at Site U1461 preserves Holocene sediments, recording regional climate variability. K/Ca ratios determined by X-ray fluorescence elemental analyses and %K determined by shipboard natural gamma ray analysis are interpreted as indicators of riverine run-off from the Australian continent. We document the consequences of the variability of the Australian Summer Monsoon (ASM) on the continental shelf of NWA. We report an increase in terrigenous input due to a riverine run-off after 11.5 ka, which reaches a maximum at ~ 8.5 ka. This maximum is the result of the enhanced ASM-derived precipitation in response to the southern migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). A decrease in riverine run-off due to a weakening of precipitation in the NWA region after 8.5 ka was caused by the northern migration of the ITCZ. We conclude that the ITCZ reached its southernmost position at 8.5 ka and enhanced precipitation in the NWA region. This Holocene record shows that even during interglacial periods, monsoonal variability was primarily controlled by the position of the ITCZ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]