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Diffuse discharges preionized by runaway electrons can produce large-area homogeneous discharges at elevated pressures, which is an intriguing phenomenon in the physics of pulsed discharges. In this paper, runaway-electron-preionized diffuse discharge (REP DD) was obtained in a wide pressure range (0.05-0.25 MPa), and under certain conditions a positive streamer and a cathode-directed spark leader could be observed to propagate at some angles to the applied (background) electric field lines. For a 16-mm gap at an air pressure of 0.08-0.1MPa, the percentage of pulses in which such propagation is observed is about 5%-50% of their total number, and in the other pulses such bent paths could not be observed because there is even no streamer or cathode-directed spark leader in diffuse discharges. In our opinion, such propagation of the positive streamer and the cathode-directed spark leader at some angle to the background electric field lines owes to different increase rates of the electron density in different regions of the discharge volume under REP DD conditions. Therefore, during the formation of a REP DD, the increase of the electron density is inhomogeneous and nonsimultaneous, resulting in an electron density gradient at the ionization wave front. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-energy electron beam can be generated during the breakdown process in a gas diode at elevated pressures. The design of electrodes in the gas diode affects the parameters of these electron beams. In this paper, investigation on parameters of the runaway electron beam (REB) in air and nitrogen excited by nanosecond pulsed generators are presented. Experiments were carried out with gas diodes by using cathode and anode made of different materials, including stainless steel, aluminum, copper and titanium. Experimental results show that, in the case of nanosecond-pulse breakdown, the cathode material significantly affects the amplitude of the REB current pulse when either pressure or gap spacing are small. When the pressure is low, the REB current is highest for the stainless steel cathode due to its small electron work function. However, the REB current for the aluminum, copper and titanium cathodes is higher than that of stainless steel cathode at atmospheric pressure because of the Malter effect on their surfaces. The dependence of the amplitude of the REB current on the anode foils is investigated by using aluminum, titanium, copper and tantalum. The experimental results show that the atomic number of the metal, as well as mass mean free path of the electron in it contribute to the amplitude of the REB current pulse. Based on the REB currents of different anode foils, energy distribution of runaway electrons is estimated. Electron distribution with an average energy of ~55 keV is obtained when the amplitude of the applied voltage pulse across the discharge gap is 110 kV. The results may contribute to the design of the gas diode for the generation of high-energy electron beams in nanosecond-pulse breakdown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we report on results from a computational investigation of nanosecond pulsed discharges in air of negative polarity using a two-dimensional fluid and fluid-Monte Carlo simulations. The computational parameters and conditions are taken from an experiment. The discharge is initiated near the cathode having a small radius of curvature and propagates towards the flat anode. The simulations are done in atmospheric pressure air with a nanosecond pulse of 120 kV amplitude in a 12 mm gap with a sharp cathode. The essential difference between discharges initiated by low- and high-energy beams of electrons originating in the vicinity of the cathode was observed. The beam of electrons with the initial energy of 20 keV was shown to result in a diffuse discharge, while the 20 eV beam had a negligible influence on the discharge evolution. By analyzing the experimental and computational results, we conclude that a diffuse discharge is formed due to fast electrons without any assumptions on the critical role of the runaway electrons. More study is required to explore the intermediate range of energies and investigate the transition to the diffuse mode of the discharge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]