6 results
Search Results
2. An Information Distortion Model of Social Class Differences in Math Self-Concept, Intrinsic Value, and Utility Value
- Author
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Parker, Philip D., Marsh, Herbert W., Guo, Jiesi, Anders, Jake, Shure, Nikki, and Dicke, Theresa
- Abstract
In this paper, we develop an information distortion model (IDM) of social class differences in self-beliefs and values. The IDM combines psychological biases on frame-of-reference effects with sociological foci on ability stratification. This combination is hypothesized to lead to working-class children having more positive math self-beliefs and values than equally able salariat children. We further suggest that the same conditions that give rise to the working-class benefit in self-beliefs and values are associated with signaling effects that suppress educational aspirations and attainment. These hypotheses are tested in 1 cross-sectional multinational and 1 longitudinal study. The results in favor of the IDM challenge cultural models of social class differences and have implications for rational action theory.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Closure, equality or organisation: Trade union responses to EU labour migration.
- Author
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Afonso, Alexandre, Negash, Samir, and Wolff, Emily
- Subjects
COLLECTIVE bargaining ,CONTRACTS ,CORPORATE culture ,EMIGRATION & immigration ,EMPLOYEE attitudes ,HOSPITAL closures ,HOSPITAL wards ,IMMIGRANTS ,INTERVIEWING ,CASE studies ,PRACTICAL politics ,POWER (Social sciences) ,RACISM ,RESEARCH funding ,RISK assessment ,LABOR unions ,WAGES ,MEMBERSHIP ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics - Abstract
This paper explores trade union strategies to protect wages in the face of EU migration after the enlargement of the European Union. We argue that unions have three instruments at their disposal to deal with the risks linked to downward wage pressure: closure through immigration control, equalisation through collective bargaining and minimum wages, and the organisation of migrant workers. Using comparative case studies of Sweden, Germany and the UK, we show how different types of power resources shape union strategies: unions with substantial organisational resources (in Sweden) relied on a large membership to pursue an equalisation strategy and expected to be able to 'afford' openness. German unions with low membership but access to the political system pushed for a mix of closure and equality drawing on political intervention (e.g. minimum wages). British unions, unable to pursue either, focused their efforts on organisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. COVID-19 and the ageing workforce: global perspectives on needs and solutions across 15 countries.
- Author
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Pit, Sabrina, Fisk, Malcolm, Freihaut, Winona, Akintunde, Fashola, Aloko, Bamidele, Berge, Britta, Burmeister, Anne, Ciacâru, Adriana, Deller, Jürgen, Dulmage, Rae, Han, Tae Hwa, Hao, Qiang, Honeyman, Peter, Huber, Peter C., Linner, Thomas, Lundberg, Stefan, Nwamara, Mofoluwaso, Punpuing, Kamolpun, Schramm, Jennifer, and Yamada, Hajime
- Subjects
WORK environment ,COVID-19 ,AGEISM ,INTERGENERATIONAL relations ,AGE distribution ,LABOR supply ,SOCIOECONOMIC factors ,AGING ,CASE studies ,BUSINESS ,DECISION making ,COMMUNICATION ,INDUSTRIAL hygiene ,MANAGEMENT ,PERSONNEL management - Abstract
Background: COVID-19 has a direct impact on the employment of older people. This adds to the challenge of ageism. The World Health Organization has started a worldwide campaign to combat ageism and has called for more research and evidence-based strategies that have the potential to be scaled up. This study specifically aims to identify solutions to combat the adverse effects of COVID-19 on the global ageing workforce. Methods: We present 15 case studies from different countries and report on what those countries are doing or not doing to address the impact of COVID-19 on ageing workers. Results: We provide examples of how COVID-19 influences older people's ability to work and stay healthy, and offer case studies of what governments, organizations or individuals can do to help ensure older people can obtain, maintain and, potentially, expand their current work. Case studies come from Australia, Austria, Canada, China, Germany, Israel, Japan, Nigeria, Romania, Singapore, Sweden, South Korea, Thailand, United Kingdom (UK), and the United States (US). Across the countries, the impact of COVID-19 on older workers is shown as widening inequalities. A particular challenge has arisen because of a large proportion of older people, often with limited education and working in the informal sector within rural areas, e.g. in Nigeria, Thailand and China. Remedies to the particular disadvantage experienced by older workers in the context of COVID are presented. These range from funding support to encouraging business continuity, innovative product and service developments, community action, new business models and localized, national and international actions. The case studies can be seen as frequently fitting within strategies that have been proven to work in reducing ageism within the workplace. They include policy and laws that have increased benefits to workers during lockdowns (most countries); educational activities such as coaching seniorpreneurship (e,g, Australia); intergenerational contact interventions such as younger Thai people who moved back to rural areas and sharing their digital knowledge with older people and where older people reciprocate by teaching the younger people farming knowledge. Conclusion: Global sharing of this knowledge among international, national and local governments and organizations, businesses, policy makers and health and human resources experts will further understanding of the issues that are faced by older workers. This will facilitate the replication or scalability of solutions as called for in the WHO call to combat ageism in 2021. We suggest that policy makers, business owners, researchers and international organisations build on the case studies by investing in evidence-based strategies to create inclusive workplaces. Such action will thus help to challenge ageism, reduce inequity, improve business continuity and add to the quality of life of older workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Improving the mix of institutional and community care for older people with dementia: an application of the balance of care approach in eight European countries.
- Author
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Tucker, S., Sutcliffe, C., Bowns, I., Challis, D., Saks, K., Verbeek, H., Cabrera, E., Karlsson, S., Leino-Kilpi, H., Meyer, G., and Soto, M.E.
- Subjects
COMMUNITY health services ,COMPARATIVE studies ,COST control ,DEMENTIA ,HEALTH care rationing ,LONG-term health care ,NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL tests ,CASE studies ,MEDICAL care ,MEDICAL care costs ,RESEARCH funding ,ACTIVITIES of daily living ,RESIDENTIAL care - Abstract
Objectives: To examine whether the mix of community and institutional long-term care (ILTC) for people with dementia (PwD) in Europe could be improved; assess the economic consequences of providing alternative services for particular groups of ILTC entrants and explore the transnational application of the ‘Balance of Care’ (BoC) approach. Method:A BoC study was undertaken in Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, and the UK as part of theRightTimePlaceCareproject. Drawing on information about 2014 PwD on the margins of ILTC admission, this strategic planning framework identified people whose needs could be met in more than one setting, and compared the relative costs of the possible alternatives. Results:The findings suggest a noteworthy minority of ILTC entrants could be more appropriately supported in the community if enhanced services were available. This would not necessarily require innovative services, but more standard care (including personal and day care), assuming quality was ensured. Potential cost savings were identified in all countries, but community care was not always cheaper than ILTC and the ability to release resources varied between nations. Conclusions: This is believed to be the first transnational application of the BoC approach, and demonstrates its potential to provide a consistent approach to planning across different health and social care systems. Better comparative information is needed on the number of ILTC entrants with dementia, unit costs and outcomes. Nevertheless, the findings offer important evidence on the appropriateness of current provision, and the opportunity to learn from different countries' experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
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- View/download PDF
6. Child Protection in Europe: Development of an International Cross-Comparison Model to Inform National Policies and Practices.
- Author
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Spratt, Trevor, Nett, Jachen, Bromfield, Leah, HietamΣki, Johanna, Kindler, Heinz, and Ponnert, Lina
- Subjects
CHILD abuse ,CHILD welfare ,HUMAN rights ,CASE studies ,HEALTH policy ,SOCIAL case work ,CULTURAL awareness - Abstract
We report a five-nations project in comparative child protection to provide recommendations on policy and practice to inform the redevelopment of the Swiss child protection system. The Swiss Federal Government and the Optimus and Oak Foundations commissioned the project--collective title: Association Programme National pour la Protection de l'Enfant. We identify the historical developmental trajectories of child protection systems together with common drivers: the evidential basis for the prevalence and effects of child abuse, the co-joining of social and economic policies and practices to promote early investment in children, the influence of children's rights and comparative international league tables on child well-being. We describe the cross-national project methodology and analysis of results. Three key indicators for the performance of national child protection systems are indicated: creating a culturally sensitive child protection governance framework, building a relational heart and using evidence to inform policy and practice. These encapsulate the recommendations made with respect to the Swiss child protection system. The results provide a prototype model with potential utility in similar cross-national studies, and add weight to the argument that cross-cultural learning in the context of a globalised society is not only possible, but desirable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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