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Scour is the removal of soil around bridge supports due to water flow during floods. One of the major problems with scour is in the case of unknown bridge foundations. Bridges with unknown foundations are listed in the National Bridge Inventory as having insufficient data for scour evaluation, particularly regarding foundation depth. Knowing the foundation depth is a critical component of scour risk assessment. Multiple nondestructive testing methods are currently used to determine the depth of unknown bridge foundations; however, many methods are hindered by the type of substructure. An advantage of using near-surface geophysical methods, specifically electrical resistivity (ER) and induced polarization (IP) imaging, is that the inversion processes yield subsurface images, thereby allowing the depth and, to a lesser extent, the foundation type to be seen. Unlike a majority of existing testing methods, ER and IP imaging do not physically use the structure so they are applicable to simple and complex foundation structures. In this paper, results of ER and IP imaging tests performed at the Texas A&M University National Geotechnical Experimentation Site, on a bridge with known foundation depth and a bridge with unknown foundation depth are presented. The applicability of ER and IP imaging to determine substructure characteristics for unknown bridge foundations is also discussed. A probability of nonexceedance estimate for predictions using IP is given to quantify IP imaging reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scour of the soil by flowing water around bridge supports is the number one reason for bridge collapse. Predicting the depth of the scour hole is an integral part of the bridge foundation design, as it impacts the depth of the piles. Indeed, the scour depth must be ignored in the vertical and horizontal resistance of the piles. This paper presents a method to calculate the maximum depth of the scour hole around bridge supports when subjected to a constant water velocity. Most existing methods take into account the water velocity and the geometry of the obstacle but not the soil type. The method presented in this paper keeps those important variables and adds the paramount influence of the soil erosion characteristics. It is developed on the basis of 94 flume tests, some of them very large laboratory-scale tests, as well as dimensional analysis and experience. It applies to pier scour, contraction scour, and abutment scour. The method is evaluated by comparing the maximum scour depth predictions against measured data from 10 databases of pier, contraction, and abutment scour depths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]