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Genus Harpactea Bristowe, 1939 Type species Dysdera latreillii Blackwall, 1832, by original designation. Remarks. Harpactea hombergii is currently stated as the type species of the genus Harpactea (World Spider Catalog 2021). It is through synonymy of Aranea hombergii and Dysdera latreillii. Templeton (1835) described a new dysderid genus Harpactes for Dysdera latreillii. He was not sure whether his specimens were conspecific with Blackwall’s (1832) Dysdera latreillii, therefore he called it D. latreillii with question mark. Vigors (in Templeton 1835), the editor of the paper, emended the name to D. templetoni. Later, Bristowe (1939) noticed that the name Harpactes was already preoccupied, so he replaced it with Harpactea. In summary, the type species of the genus Harpactea is undoubtedly Dysdera latreillii, not Aranea hombergii (see also Thaler & Knoflach 2002, Řezáč et al. 2014). Diagnostic characters. Diagnostic characters of Harpactea include the body size, colour of prosoma, leg spination and the shape of male chelicerae and copulatory organs. Harpactea are usually small to medium size spiders (carapace length 1.3–2.3 mm, although members of the group rubicunda from the eastern Meditteranean are usuay larger), with a homogeneous body shape (Fig. 1), although some species have elongated body and appendages (e.g., Fig. 1C). The prosoma is brown or yellow, usually darker in the anterior part. The abdomen shows no color patterns, its cuticle is hardly pigmented, so that grey or brownish midgut is visible. The shape of the chelicerae and the arrangement of the cheliceral teeth are uniform and characteristic for the majority of species of the genus (see the fageli type below)., Published as part of Řezáč, Milan, Cardoso, Pedro & Řezáčová, Veronika, 2023, Review of Harpactea ground-dwelling spiders (Araneae: Dysderidae) of Portugal, pp. 335-364 in Zootaxa 5263 (3) on page 337, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5263.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7804268, {"references":["Bristowe, W. S. (1939) The Comity of Spiders. Ray Society, London, 228 pp.","Blackwall, J. (1832) Description of a species of Arachnida, hitherto uncharacterized, belonging to the family Araneidae. London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, Series 3, 1, 190 - 191. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 14786443208647870","World Spider Catalog (2021) World Spider Catalog, Natural History Museum Bern. Available from: http: // wsc. nmbe. ch (accessed 2 February 2021)","Templeton, R. (1835) On the spiders of the genus Dysdera Latr. with the description of a new allied genus. The Zoological Journal, 5, 400 - 408.","Thaler, K. & Knoflach, B. (2002) Zur Faunistik der Spinnen (Araneae) von Osterreich: Atypidae, Haplogynae, Eresidae, Zodariidae, Mimetidae. Linzer biologische Beitrage, 34, 413 - 444.","Rezac, M., Gasparo, F., Kral, J. & Heneberg, P. (2014) Integrative taxonomy and evolutionary history of a newly revealed Dysdera ninnii complex (Araneae: Dysderidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 172, 451 - 474. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / zoj. 12177"]}

Harpactea gaditana Pesarini, 1988 (Fig. 1B, 2B, 3B, 4B, 9) H. gaditana Pesarini 1988: 180, fig. 2 (description based on male); Le Peru 2011: 269, fig. 402 (♁, redrawn from Pesarini 1988). Material. Type material was not examined. New material. Fundao, Alcongosta, 40.117, -7.484, inside house, 1 ♁, 3 June 2008, leg. S. Korenko, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague. Diagnosis. Harpactea gaditana is very similar to H. henriquesi sp. nov. in thin body with relatively long legs and genitalic morphology. It differs from H. henriquesi sp. nov. by slightly larger body (Fig. 1B), less curved embolus (Fig. 4B—e), the base of embolus is not covered by the base of conductor. Ecology. Adults can be found in spring (March–June). Distribution. It occurs in southern Spain (near the town Vejer in Cadiz province, Pesarini 1988) and eastern Portugal. In western Portugal it is replaced by the sibling species H. henriquesi sp. nov., Published as part of Řezáč, Milan, Cardoso, Pedro & Řezáčová, Veronika, 2023, Review of Harpactea ground-dwelling spiders (Araneae: Dysderidae) of Portugal, pp. 335-364 in Zootaxa 5263 (3) on page 346, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5263.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7804268, {"references":["Pesarini, C. (1988) Due nuove specie di Harpactea Bristowe appartenenti alla fauna Iberica. Atti della Societ Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano, 129, 179 - 184.","Le Peru, B. (2011) The spiders of Europe, a synthesis of data: Volume 1 Atypidae to Theridiidae. Memoires de la Societe Linneenne de Lyon, 2, 1 - 522."]}

Harpactea tavirensis Wunderlich, 2020 (Figs 1M, 2M, 3M, 5E, 8E, 9) H. tavirensis Wunderlich 2020: 7, figs 4–6 (description based on ♁). Material. Type material. 1 ♁ paratype, 5 km WNW of Tavira, leg. et coll. J. Wunderlich, R178 /ARICJW. New material. S. Bras de Alportel, Fonte da Taipa, 37.203, -7.963, Quercus suber forest with Erica sp., 3 ♁♁, 13 ♀♀, 12 April 2005, 2 ♁♁, 9 November 2005, 3 ♁♁, 6 ♀♀, 31 March–1 April 2013, leg. M. Řezáč, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague; Santa Bárbara de Nexe, 37.111, -7.982, 3 ♁, April 1963, leg. leg. Henry Coiffait?, coll. National Natural History Museum, Prague; Barranco do Velho, 37.238, -7.941, Quercus suber forest, 3 ♁♁, 2 ♀♀, December 1964, leg. Henry Coiffait?, coll. National Natural History Museum. Diagnosis. It can be distinguishged from any other Iberian Harpactea by cymbium with concave retrolateral side, unlike retrolateral side of cymbium being either convex or straight, in other species (only the prolateral side is concave in some species), and concave hairless dorso-apical side. It possesses the cheliceral type minoccii (see the Materials and Methods) characterised by only three cheliceral teeth. In contrast to other two representatives of this cheliceral type, H. minoccii and H. subiasi, it has slightly obtuse posterior distal tooth (in two mentioned species it is pointed) and thicker basal cheliceral segment (Fig. 2M). Vulva is similar to that of H. algarvensis, but it can be distinguished by sclerotization only present at the median rod of the anterior arc (Fig. 8E). A couple of bands of white delicate tissue run from the epigastric furrow towards the ovary and turn dorsally in the middle of the abdomen (Fig. 8E —wt, when the spider is in certain level of saturation, it can be observed by transparency, without dissecting). It co-occurs with H. algarvensis, from which it can be distinguished by smaller size (H. algarvensis 2.2 mm, H. tavirensis 1.4–2.0 mm), darker coloration and slightly annulated legs. Description. Male. Carapace red-brown, matting (Fig. 1M). Sternum brown-yellow, matting. Chelicerae red brown. Legs yellow-brown, anterior legs and pedipalps are darker. For measurements and leg spination see the Table 1. Relative leg length: IV>I>II>III. Cymbium slightly elongated (Fig. 3M), distally widened, with concave retrolateral side. Tegulum wider than long (Fig. 5E). Conductor relatively short, slightly S-shaped. Embolus dark, extremely long, its base directs to the opposite side than the conductor but then it is bent in 180° angle, so its tip directs to the same side as conductor. Opisthosoma cylindrical, whitish. Female. All somatic characters as described for the male. The vulva is of the type algarvensis (Fig. 8E). The vulva is very small and weakly sclerotised, anterior arc, transversal bar and median rod are only tiny rudiments. Rudiment of posterior diverticle is tiny circular spot. Behind the epigastric furrow there is a paired mass of whitish tissue. Variability. Male carapace length 1.51–2.00 mm (1.77±0.14, N=9), female carapace length 1.38–2.00 mm (1.65±0.13, N=22). The twisting of embolus is variable. Moreover, its appearance depends on the angle of view. Ecology. The adults occur in early spring in leaf litter of Quercus suber and Erica forests on eastern slopes. Females lay 16– 21 eggs (N=2). Distribution. So far known only from mountains in Algarve, southern Portugal., Published as part of Řezáč, Milan, Cardoso, Pedro & Řezáčová, Veronika, 2023, Review of Harpactea ground-dwelling spiders (Araneae: Dysderidae) of Portugal, pp. 335-364 in Zootaxa 5263 (3) on page 356, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5263.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7804268, {"references":["Wunderlich, J. (2020) Description of four new and few rare spider species from the Western Palaearctic (Araneae: Dysderidae, Linyphiidae and Theridiidae). Beitrage zur Araneologie, 1, 4 - 18."]}

Harpactea dolanskyi Řezáč sp. nov. (Figs 1L, 2L, 3L, 5D, 9) Type material. Holotype. ♁, Mertola, Mertola, 37.643, -7.661, Eucalyptus trees, 30 March 2013, leg. M. Řezáč, coll. National Natural History Museum, Prague, code P6A 7386. Paratypes. Mertola, Mertola, 37.643, -7.661, Eucalyptus trees, 3 ♁♁, 30 March 2013, 2 ♁♁, 20 March 2022, leg. M. Řezáč, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague. Etymology. Named after the Czech arachnologist Jan Dolanský, our friend who helped us to discover this species. Diagnosis. This species is characterised by long thin S-shaped conductor and embolus (Fig. 5D). Its bulbus is similar to that of H. tavirensis, but tegulum is longer than wide, and embolus is more detached from tegulum. It possesses the cheliceral type algarvensis (Fig. 2L). In contrast to the other two representatives of this cheliceral type, H. algarvensis and H. krejcii sp. nov., its posterior basal cheliceral tooth is shifted more basally (it is not next to the anterior basal tooth, Fig. 2L). The male pedipalpal tarsus is only slightly elongated, it exhibits, like in H. algarvensis, no special modifications (Fig. 3L). Description. Male (holotype). Carapace olive brown, matting (Fig. 1L). Sternum yellow-brown, matting. Chelicerae brown. Legs yellow-brown, anterior legs and pedipalps darker. For measurements and leg spination see the Table 1. Relative leg length: IV>I>II>III. Cymbium with elongated distal part (Fig. 3L), and concave basal half of the prolateral side. Tegulum large, longer than wide (Fig. 5D). Conductor thin, relatively long, S-shaped. Embolus dark, very long, thin, S-shaped, directing distally. Opisthosoma cylindrical, whitish. Female unknown. Variability. Male carapace length 1.9–2.5 mm (2.2±0.2, N=4). Ecology. It was found in relatively dry leaf litter under Eucalyptus trees on a northern slope in early spring. Distribution. Known only from the type locality, in the valley of Guadiana river, near Mértola, in southern Portugal., Published as part of Řezáč, Milan, Cardoso, Pedro & Řezáčová, Veronika, 2023, Review of Harpactea ground-dwelling spiders (Araneae: Dysderidae) of Portugal, pp. 335-364 in Zootaxa 5263 (3) on pages 344-345, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5263.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7804268

Harpactea crespoi Řezáč sp. nov. (Figs 1N, 2N, 3N, 5F, 8C, 9) Type material. Holotype. ♁, Moura, Serra da Adiça, 37.978, -7.294, Quercus coccifera wood, 27 December 2005, leg. L. Crespo, coll. National Natural History Museum, Prague, code P6A 7385. Paratypes. Moura, Serra da Adiça, 37.978, -7.294, Quercus coccifera wood, 1 ♁, 1 ♀, 7 November 2005, leg. M. Řezáč, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague; 1 ♀, 27 December 2005, leg. L. Crespo, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague; 6 ♁♁, 13 ♀♀, 27 March 2013, leg. M. Řezáč, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague. Etymology. Named after the Portuguese arachnologist Luis Crespo, our friend, who helped to discover this species. Diagnosis. The species is characteristic by the cymbium bent around tegulum (Fig. 3N), tegulum wider than long and extremely long embolus (Fig. 5F). The embolus is very long also in H. dolanskyi sp. nov. and H. tavirensis, but these species possess conductor, in H. crespoi sp. nov. it is absent. The vulva is similar to that of H. algarvensis, but it lacks two pockets of whitish tissue in front of the anterior arc, and is less sclerotised, the only obviously sclerotised part of the anterior arc is the median rod (Fig. 8C). Description. Male (holotype). Carapace pale brown, matting (Fig. 1N). Sternum brown-yellow, matting. Chelicerae pale brown. Legs are pale yellow, pedipalps darker. For measurements and leg spination see the Table 1. Relative leg length: IV>I>II>III. Cymbium slightly bent around the bulbus, with elongated distal part (Fig. 3N), and slightly concave basal half of the prolateral side. Tegulum wider than long (Fig. 5F). Conductor absent. Embolus dark, extremely long, slightly undulated, directing to the side, the base is bent in 180° angle. Opisthosoma cylindrical, whitish. Female (paratypes). All somatic characters as described for the male. The vulva is of the type algarvensis (see Materials and Methods) (Fig. 8C).The vulva is relatively small and only slightly sclerotised. The median rod is very weak. The posterior diverticle is a rudimentary spherical sclerotised spot. Size range. Male carapace length 1.6–2.3 mm (1.9±0.18, N=8), female carapace length 1.53–1.86 mm (1.72±0.17, N=3). Ecology. Adults were found in early spring in leaf litter of Quercus coccifera forests on northeastern slopes. Distribution. So far known only from Serra da Adiça, a small mountain range in southern Portugal., Published as part of Řezáč, Milan, Cardoso, Pedro & Řezáčová, Veronika, 2023, Review of Harpactea ground-dwelling spiders (Araneae: Dysderidae) of Portugal, pp. 335-364 in Zootaxa 5263 (3) on page 344, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5263.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7804268

Harpactea stalitoides Ribera, 1993 (Fig. 9) H. stalitoides Ribera 1993: 2, fig. 1–4 (description based on female); Reboleira et al. 2011: fig. 3a. Material. Type material was not examined. Ecology. It occurs in the afotic zone of caves. The adult females were collected in winter and early spring (Ribera 1993). Distribution. It is known from few caves in southern Portugal (Algar„o Menor do Paulino, Algar„o dos Mouros, Gruta do Vale Telheiro, Loulé and Gruta da Senhora, Moncarapacho) (Reboleira et al. 2011, Ribera 1993)., Published as part of Řezáč, Milan, Cardoso, Pedro & Řezáčová, Veronika, 2023, Review of Harpactea ground-dwelling spiders (Araneae: Dysderidae) of Portugal, pp. 335-364 in Zootaxa 5263 (3) on page 355, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5263.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7804268, {"references":["Ribera, C. (1993) Dysdera caeca n. sp. y Harpactea stalitoides n. sp. (Araneae), dos nuevas especies cavernicoles de Marruecos y Portugal. Revue Arachnologique, 10, 1 - 7.","Reboleira, A. S. P. S., Borges, P. A. V., Gonsalves, F., Serrano, A. R. M. & Oromi, P. (2011) The subterranean fauna of a biodiversity hotspot region - Portugal: an overview and its conservation. International Journal of Speleology, 40, 23 - 37."]}

Harpactea magnibulbi Machado & Ferrández, 1991 (Fig. 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, 8A, 9) H. magnibulbi Machado & Ferrández 1991: 54, figs 1–7 (description based on both sexes); Le Peru 2011: 274, fig. 425 (♁ ♀, redrawn from Machado & Ferrández 1991). Material. Type material was not examined. New material. Monchique, Fóia, 37.316, -8.597, mountainous forest, 4 ♁♁, 1 ♀, 7 April 2008, leg. M. Řezáč, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague. Diagnosis. Harpactea magnibulbi is very similar to H. korenkoi sp. nov. Males differ from H. korenkoi sp. nov. by the distance between the anterior cheliceral teeth, that is the same as the distance between the teeth in the posterior row (Fig. 2G); the dorsal distal tooth is next to the posterior basal tooth (in H. korenkoi sp. nov. it is between the posterior teeth— Fig. 2H); the embolus is thicker (Fig. 4G—e). Females differ from H. korenkoi sp. nov. by the anterior arc without lobes bent backwards on its prolateral edges (Fig. 8A). Ecology. Adult males and females as well as juveniles were observed in leaf litter in early spring. Distribution. It occurs in Sierra de Monchique in southern Portugal (Machado & Ferrandez 1991: 58, fig. 8)., Published as part of Řezáč, Milan, Cardoso, Pedro & Řezáčová, Veronika, 2023, Review of Harpactea ground-dwelling spiders (Araneae: Dysderidae) of Portugal, pp. 335-364 in Zootaxa 5263 (3) on page 349, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5263.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7804268, {"references":["Machado, A. de B. & Ferrandez, M. A. (1991) Harpactea magnibulbi n. sp. un nuevo disderido (Araneae, Dysderidae), del sur de Portugal. Boletin de la Real Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural (Sec. Biol.), 87, 53 - 60.","Le Peru, B. (2011) The spiders of Europe, a synthesis of data: Volume 1 Atypidae to Theridiidae. Memoires de la Societe Linneenne de Lyon, 2, 1 - 522."]}

Harpactea fageli Brignoli, 1980 (Fig. 1A, 2A, 3A, 4A, 6A, 9) H. fageli Brignoli 1980: 1, figs 1–3 (description based on both sexes); Ferrández & Fernández 1990: 44, fig. 1E–F (♁); Le Peru 2011: 268, fig. 401 (♁ ♀, redrawn from Brignoli 1980). Material. Type material was not examined. New material. Freixo de Espada a Cinta, Congida, 41.088, -6.793, forest, 1 ♁, 1 juv., 3 October 2007, leg. M. Řezáč, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague; Freixo de Espada a Cinta, Freixo de Espada a Cinta, 41.083, -6.817, Quercus forest, 6 ♀♀, 1 juv., 4 October 2007, leg. M. Řezáč, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague; Nisa, Nisa, 39.518, -7.651, Pinus plantation, 1 ♀, 1 May 2005, leg. C. Rufino, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague; Setúbal, Mata do Vidal, 38.487, -8.993, Quercus coccifera forest, 12 ♁♁, 4 ♀♀, 14 January 1998, leg. P. Cardoso, Finnish Museum of Natural History, Helsinki (http://id.luomus.fi/KN.23946). Diagnosis. Harpactea fageli is similar to H. henriquesi sp. nov. and H. gaditana. The males differ from these two species by thick S-shaped conductor (Fig. 4A—c). The females differ from H. henriquesi sp. nov. and H. gaditana by more sclerotised anterior arc and median rod (Fig. 6A —aa, mr). The median rod lacks terminal globule, it possesses crest for attaching muscles (Fig. 6A —mr). Ecology. It inhabits humid leaf litter in Quercus forests as well as Pinus plantations. Distribution. It occurs in mountains in central Spain and northern Portugal (Ferrandez & Ferrandez 1990: 49, fig. 4)., Published as part of Řezáč, Milan, Cardoso, Pedro & Řezáčová, Veronika, 2023, Review of Harpactea ground-dwelling spiders (Araneae: Dysderidae) of Portugal, pp. 335-364 in Zootaxa 5263 (3) on pages 345-346, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5263.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7804268, {"references":["Brignoli, P. M. (1980) Araignees d'Espagne V. Une nouvelle Harpactea de la province de Salamanca (Araneae, Dysderidae). Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, 52 (20), 1 - 4.","Ferrandez, M. A. & Fernandez de Cespedes, H. (1990) Nuevos datos sobre las especies ibericas del genero Harpactea Bristowe, 1939 (Araneae, Dysderidae). Boletin de la Real Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural (Seccion Biologica), 86, 39 - 53.","Le Peru, B. (2011) The spiders of Europe, a synthesis of data: Volume 1 Atypidae to Theridiidae. Memoires de la Societe Linneenne de Lyon, 2, 1 - 522."]}

Harpactea krejcii Řezáč sp. nov. (Figs 1K, 2K, 3K, 5C, 9) Type material. Holotype. ♁, Loule, Ameixial, 37.357, -7.965, litter under Quercus suber, 1 ♁, 30 March 2013, leg. M. Řezáč, coll. National Natural History Museum, Prague, code P6A 7388. Paratype. Loule, Ameixial, 37.357, -7.965, litter under Quercus suber, 1 ♁, 30 March 2013, leg. M. Řezáč, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague. Etymology. Named after the Czech arachnologist Tomáš Krejčí, our friend who helped us to discover this species. Diagnosis. It resembles H.algarvensis in tegulum longer than wide, and conductor and embolus of approximately the same length (Fig. 5C), but it can be distinguished from the last species by the longer conductor and embolus. Description. Male (holotype). Carapace yellow brown, matting (Fig. 1K). Sternum yellow, matting. Chelicerae brown. Legs pale yellow, pedipalps brown. For measurements and leg spination see the Table 1. Relative leg length: IV>I>II>III. Cymbium tapering, with elongated distal part (Fig. 3K, like in H. algarvensis). Tegulum large, longer than wide (Fig. 5C). Conductor long, thin, S-shaped, pointed, directing distally. Embolus dark, very long, thin, flattened, its basal part directs distally, then it is bent proximally and distally, so its tip directs distally again. Opisthosoma cylindrical, whitish. Female unknown. Ecology. It was found in early spring in humid leaf litter under Quercus suber on the bottom of the valley. Distribution. So far known only from Ameixial in the mountain range in southern Portugal., Published as part of Řezáč, Milan, Cardoso, Pedro & Řezáčová, Veronika, 2023, Review of Harpactea ground-dwelling spiders (Araneae: Dysderidae) of Portugal, pp. 335-364 in Zootaxa 5263 (3) on pages 348-349, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5263.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7804268

Harpactea adicensis Řezáč sp. nov. (Figs 1I, 2I, 3I, 5A, 9) Material. Holotype. ♁, Moura, Serra da Adiça, 37.978, -7.294, Quercus coccifera bush, 27 March 2013, leg. M. Řezáč, coll. National Natural History Museum, Prague, code P6A 7384. 1 ♁ Paratype. Moura, Serra da Adiça, 37.978, -7.294, Quercus coccifera bush, 27 March 2013, leg. M. Řezáč, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague. Etymology. Named after the mountain range Serra da Adiça, the type locality of this species. Diagnosis. Harpactea adicensis sp. nov. resembles H. magnibulbi and H. korenkoi sp. nov. by the shape of copulatory organs, in particular by almost straight dorsal side of cymbium (Fig. 3I), but it can be distinguished from these species by absence of conductor and the flattened embolus directing distally, growing from the middle of a collar on the terminal part of tegulum (Fig. 5A). Also, the morphology of male chelicerae is unique. The arrangement of teeth is of usual Harpactea type (two teeth in posterior row and two teeth between them in anterior row, but the fang is with tooth on its frontal side. Description. Male (holotype). Carapace olive brown, matting (Fig. 1I). Sternum yellow-brown, matting. Chelicerae brown.Legs brown yellow, pedipalps brown. For measurements and leg spination see the Table 1. Relative leg length: IV>I>II>III. Cymbium with elongated distal part (Fig. 3I), and concave prolateral side. Tegulum large, longer than wide, terminated by collar surrounding the base of the embolus (Fig. 5A). Conductor atrophied. Embolus dark, regularly bent, flattened, the widest in the middle, directing distally. Opisthosoma cylindrical, whitish. Female. Unknown Ecology. Adults were found in early spring in leaf litter of Quercus coccifera forests on northeastern slopes. Distribution. So far known only from Serra da Adiça, a mountain range in southern Portugal., Published as part of Řezáč, Milan, Cardoso, Pedro & Řezáčová, Veronika, 2023, Review of Harpactea ground-dwelling spiders (Araneae: Dysderidae) of Portugal, pp. 335-364 in Zootaxa 5263 (3) on page 341, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5263.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7804268

Harpactea minoccii Ferrández, 1982 (Fig. 1E, 2E, 3E, 4E, 7A, 9) H. minoccii Ferrández 1982: 23, fig. 1a–e (description based on ♁); Ferrández 1990: 32, fig. 1g (♁); Le Peru 2011: 275, fig. 426 (♁, redrawn from Ferrández 1982). Material. Type material was not examined. New material. Mertola, Corredoura, 37.746, -7.642, Quercus coccifera bush, 1 ♀, 15 April 2005, 1 juv., 8 November 2005, 1 ♀, 3 April 2008, 3 ♀♀, 29 March 2013, leg. M. Řezáč, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague; Mertola, Mertola, 37.643, -7.661, Eucalyptus trees, 5 ♀♀, 30 March 2013, leg. M. Řezáč, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague; Mertola, Mertola (montado), 37.652, -7.66, Quercus suber, 31 ♁♁, 25 ♀♀, 15 May 2000, leg. P. Cardoso, Finnish Museum of Natural History, Helsinki (http://id.luomus.fi/KN.23950); Mertola, Alcaria Ruiva, 37.7, -7.762, woody vegetation, 4 ♀♀, 6 juv., 2 April 2008, leg. M. Řezáč, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague; Mertola, Corte da Velha, 37.687, -7.729, woody vegetation, 1 ♀, 2 April 2008, leg. M. Řezáč, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague; Mertola, Mesquita, 37.543, -7.518, woody vegetation, 1 ♀, 4 April 2008, leg. M. Řezáč, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague; Sines, 37.955, -8.867, woody vegetation, 1 ♁, 10 November 2005, leg. S. Henriques, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague; Loule, Santa Catarina, 37.746, -7.642, woody vegetation, 1 ♀, 6 April 2008, leg. M. Řezáč, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague; Nisa, Nisa, 39.518, -7.651, Eucalyptus grove, 1 ♀, 27 May 2005, leg. C. Rufino, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague; Moura, Serra da Adiça, 37.978, -7.294, Quercus ilex wood, 2 ♀♀, 20 April 2005, leg. M. Řezáč, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague; Evora, Herdade da Mitra, 38.532, -8.018, woody vegetation, 1 ♀, 5-7 November 2004, leg. S. Pekár, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague; 5 ♁♁, 17- 19 April 2005, leg. M. Řezáč, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague; 2 ♁♁, 26 March 2009, leg. S. Pekár, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague; Campinho, 38.3752, -7.4236, Quercus ilex wood, 1 ♁, 22 March 2022, leg. M. Řezáč, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague. Diagnosis. Males can be distinguished from the similar H. subiasi by very concave prolateral side of pedipalp tarsus, and by proportions of conductor and embolus. The embolus is thicker and relatively shorter, and the conductor is of similar width in its whole length, while in H. subiasi it is markedly tapering (Fig. 4E). The numbers in brackets indicate the number of spines on left legs. Measurements are in mm. ......continued on the next page ......continued on the next page The vulva is of the type minoccii. It resembles H. subiasi but it can be distinguished from the later species by larger paired posterior diverticles, easy to overlook in H. subiasi (Fig. 7B —pd) and by more compact hooks of the anchor-shaped anterior arc (Fig. 7A ven.). Description. The female has not been known so far. The somatic characters correspond with those described for the holotype male. The vulva is well developed. The anterior arc is high in ventral view. The median rod carries large crest, it does not contain any spermatheca. The anterior arc with median rod strongly resemble anchor in the ventral/dorsal view. The transversal bar carries a couple of translucent membranous pockets (Fig. 7A). Ecology. In humid leaf litter under trees or bush on shaded slopes. Females lay eggs at the beginning of spring. The presence of independent juveniles at the same time suggests a two-year life cycle. Distribution. Relatively large area comprising southern Spain (Ferrandez 1990: 37, fig. 3; Ferrandez & Ferrandez 1990: 49, fig. 4; Machado & Ferrandez 1991: 58, fig. 8) and southern Portugal., Published as part of Řezáč, Milan, Cardoso, Pedro & Řezáčová, Veronika, 2023, Review of Harpactea ground-dwelling spiders (Araneae: Dysderidae) of Portugal, pp. 335-364 in Zootaxa 5263 (3) on pages 349-354, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5263.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7804268, {"references":["Ferrandez, M. A. (1982) Harpactea minoccii n. sp., nouvelle espece de Dysderidae (Araneae) de la Peninsule Iberique. Revue Arachnologique, 4, 23 - 26.","Le Peru, B. (2011) The spiders of Europe, a synthesis of data: Volume 1 Atypidae to Theridiidae. Memoires de la Societe Linneenne de Lyon, 2, 1 - 522.","Machado, A. de B. & Ferrandez, M. A. (1991) Harpactea magnibulbi n. sp. un nuevo disderido (Araneae, Dysderidae), del sur de Portugal. Boletin de la Real Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural (Sec. Biol.), 87, 53 - 60."]}

Harpactea algarvensis Ferrández, 1990 (Fig. 1J, 2J, 3J, 5B, 8D, 9) H. algarvensis Ferrández 1990: 32, fig. 1A–B (description based on male); Le Peru 2011: 263, fig. 379 (♁, redrawn from Ferrández 1990). Material. Type material was not examined. New material. S. Bras de Alportel, Fonte da Taipa, 37.203, -7.963, Quercus suber forest and Pinus monoculture, 9 ♁♁, 19 ♀♀, 12 April 2005, 1 ♁, 9 November 2005, 25 ♁♁, 42 ♀♀, 31 March–1 April 2013, leg. M. Řezáč, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague. Diagnosis. The males are similar to H. minoccii, H. subiasi, H. magnibulbi sp. nov. and H. korenkoi sp. nov. They differ by relatively longer, markedly flattened embolus. The vulva is of the type algarvensis. In contrast to the vulva of H. minoccii and H. subiasi it is reduced, without paired posterior spermathecae, small and only slightly sclerotised (Fig. 8D). In contrast to vulvae of H. tavirensis and H. crespoi sp. nov. the anterior arc is sclerotised (slightly though), it constitutes two pockets on sides of the median rod (Fig. 8D fro.). Description. The female has not been known so far. The somatic characters are as in males. The vulva is relatively small, only slightly sclerotised. Posterior diverticle is absent. Anterior arc is of rectangular shape in dorsal view, the sclerotised median rod is short.Anteriorly there are two lobes of whitish tissue connected to the anterior arc. Ecology. It was found in humid leaf litter in shaded Quercus forests or Pinus monocultures. Females were found with eggs (Range = 12–68, mean = 27, SD = 15, N = 20) in April. The presence of independent juveniles in early spring suggests a two-year life cycle. Distribution. It occurs in southern Portugal (Ferrandez 1990: 37, fig. 3; Machado & Ferrandez 1991: 58, fig. 8)., Published as part of Řezáč, Milan, Cardoso, Pedro & Řezáčová, Veronika, 2023, Review of Harpactea ground-dwelling spiders (Araneae: Dysderidae) of Portugal, pp. 335-364 in Zootaxa 5263 (3) on pages 342-343, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5263.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7804268, {"references":["Le Peru, B. (2011) The spiders of Europe, a synthesis of data: Volume 1 Atypidae to Theridiidae. Memoires de la Societe Linneenne de Lyon, 2, 1 - 522.","Machado, A. de B. & Ferrandez, M. A. (1991) Harpactea magnibulbi n. sp. un nuevo disderido (Araneae, Dysderidae), del sur de Portugal. Boletin de la Real Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural (Sec. Biol.), 87, 53 - 60."]}

Harpactea hombergii (Scopoli, 1763) (Fig. 9) Dysdera latreillii Blackwall, 1832: 190 (the first description of this species, based on ♁). Remarks. The name Harpactea hombergi has been erroneously used for this species (Řezáč et al. 2008a). Walckenaer (1830) first used the name D. hombergii for the Harpactea species. His wrong concept was adopted by the latter authors (see the above list of misidentifications). The species so far called Harpactea hombergii was first described as Dysdera Latreillii by Blackwall (1832). However, resurrecting a name that has not been used as valid for over 150 years would severely threaten nomenclatoric stability. Therefore, we propose to keep using the name hombergii for this species. Harpactea hombergii is usually incorrectly written with a single “i” (for example, World Spider Catalog 2021). It was named after Homberg, latinized in Hombergius; the genitive of Hombergi-us is then Hombergi-i. Therefore, the name “hombergii” does not fit into the cases of incorrect names that must be changed. Thus, the original spelling of the specific name should be maintained according to ICZN, articles 31–33. Material. Type material was not examined. New material. Alcos de Valdevez, Mezio, 41.886, -8.312, inside house, 2 ♁♁, 14 June 2005, leg. S. Henriques, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague. Diagnosis. Harpactea hombergii can be easily distinguished from other Portuguese Harpactea by dark brown carapace, especially in males elongated body, slightly annulated legs, remarkably shortened tarsus of male pedipalps, and by the shape of copulatory organs. Ecology. During the day this nocturnal species can be found in leaf litter, under stones and branches lying on the ground or under bark of trees. In the Iberian Peninsula it lives in humid forests, adults are usually found in May. In central Europe it usually lives in sparse dry forests on rocks, especially with predominating Quercus spp., less often Fagus sylvatica or Pinus spp.; it matures at the end of summer. Distribution. Harpactea species with the largest area of distribution comprising most of the western, central and southern Europe. It is absent in its southernmost (southern parts of Iberian, Appenine and Balkan peninsulas), northern (Scandinavia, Baltic countries, Russia) and eastern parts (Bielorussia, Ukraine). In Spain (Ferrandez & Ferrandez 1990: 49, fig. 4) and Portugal (Fig. 9) it lives only in the northern parts, with very few southern records that probably are misidentified (see Branco et al. 2019b)., Published as part of Řezáč, Milan, Cardoso, Pedro & Řezáčová, Veronika, 2023, Review of Harpactea ground-dwelling spiders (Araneae: Dysderidae) of Portugal, pp. 335-364 in Zootaxa 5263 (3) on page 347, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5263.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7804268, {"references":["Scopoli, I. A. (1763) Entomologica Carniolica, exhibens insecta Carnioliae indigena et distributa in ordines, genera, species, varietates. Methodo Linnaeana. Trattner, Vienna, 420 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 119976","Blackwall, J. (1832) Description of a species of Arachnida, hitherto uncharacterized, belonging to the family Araneidae. London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, Series 3, 1, 190 - 191. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 14786443208647870","Walckenaer, C. A. (1830) Araneides. In: Faune francaise, ou histoire naturelle generale et particuliere des animaux qui se trouvent en France, constamment ou passagerement, a la surface du sol, dans les eaux qui le baignent et dans le littoral des mers qui le bornent par Viellot, Desmarrey, Ducrotoy, Audinet, Lepelletier et Walckenaer. Livr. 26 & 29. Chez Rapet, Paris, pp. 97 - 175 + 177 - 240.","World Spider Catalog (2021) World Spider Catalog, Natural History Museum Bern. Available from: http: // wsc. nmbe. ch (accessed 2 February 2021)","Branco, V. V., Morano, E. & Cardoso, P. (2019 b) An update to the Iberian spider checklist. Zootaxa, 4614 (2), 201 - 254. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4614.2.1"]}

Harpactea subiasi Ferrández, 1990 (Fig. 1F, 2F, 3F, 4F, 7B, 9) H. subiasi Ferrández 1990: 35, fig. 1e, 2 (description based on both sexes); Le Peru 2011: 282, fig. 455 (♁ ♀, redrawn from Ferrández 1990). Material. Type material was not examined. New material. Loule, Ameixial, 37.357, -7.965, litter under Quercus suber, 2 ♁♁, 1 ♀, 30 March 2013, leg. M. Řezáč, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague; Setúbal, Mata do Solitario, 38.462, -9.002, Quercus coccifera forest, 6 ♁♁, 6 ♀♀, 17 November 1997, leg. P. Cardoso, coll. Finnish Museum of Natural History, Helsinki (http://id.luomus. fi/KN.24633); 10 ♁♁, 15 ♀♀, 4 April 2013, leg. M. Řezáč, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague; Setúbal, Portinho da Arrabida, 38.476, -8.985, Quercus coccifera forest, 1 ♀, 1 juv., 7 October 2007, leg. M. Řezáč, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague; Santiago do Cacem, 38.0000, -8.7356, Quercus ilex wood, 1 ♁, 1 ♀, 20. March 2022, leg. M. Řezáč, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague. Diagnosis. It closely resembles H. minoccii from which it can be distinguished by the remarkably tapering tarsi of male pedipalp in dorsal view (not visible in Fig. 3F as it is a lateral view) For the other differences from H. minoccii see the diagnosis in H. minoccii. Ecology. It lives in humid leaf litter in Quercus forests in shaded places. The females lay eggs (Range = 11–39, mean = 19, SD = 11, N = 5) in spring. The presence of independent juveniles in spring suggests a two-year life cycle. Distribution. It occurs in southern Portugal (maps in Ferrandez 1990: 37, fig. 3 and Machado & Ferrandez 1991: 58, fig. 8)., Published as part of Řezáč, Milan, Cardoso, Pedro & Řezáčová, Veronika, 2023, Review of Harpactea ground-dwelling spiders (Araneae: Dysderidae) of Portugal, pp. 335-364 in Zootaxa 5263 (3) on pages 355-356, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5263.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7804268, {"references":["Le Peru, B. (2011) The spiders of Europe, a synthesis of data: Volume 1 Atypidae to Theridiidae. Memoires de la Societe Linneenne de Lyon, 2, 1 - 522.","Machado, A. de B. & Ferrandez, M. A. (1991) Harpactea magnibulbi n. sp. un nuevo disderido (Araneae, Dysderidae), del sur de Portugal. Boletin de la Real Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural (Sec. Biol.), 87, 53 - 60."]}

Harpactea pekari Řezáč sp. nov. (Figs 1D, 2D, 3D, 4D, 6C, 9) Type material. Holotype. ♁, Mertola, Corredoura, 37.746, -7.642, Quercus coccifera and Q. ilex wood, 29 March 2013, leg. M. Řezáč, coll. National Natural History Museum, Prague, code P6A 7389. Paratypes. Mertola, Corredoura, 37.746, -7.642, Quercus coccifera and Q. ilex wood, 9 ♁♁, 1 ♀, 1999, 13 ♁♁, 2 ♀♀, 2000, leg. P. Cardoso, coll. Finnish Museum of Natural History, Helsinki (http://id.luomus.fi/KN.23951); 1 ♀, 1 juv., 8 November 2005, 1 ♀, 3 April 2008, 3 ♀♀, 3 juv., 29 March 2013, leg. M. Řezáč, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague. Etymology. Named after the Czechoslovak arachnologist Stano Pekár, our friend who helped us to collect material for this study. Diagnosis. The smallest and more gracile Portuguese Harpactea species. It resembles H. gaditana, H. fageli and H. henriquesi sp. nov. by slightly elongated unmodified cymbium (Fig. 3D). It can be distinguished from the former species by spherical tegulum, no conductor and long regularly curved embolus, transversal in respect to tegulum (Fig. 4D). The reduced (small, only slightly sclerotised and without spermathecae) vulva resembles H. algarvensis, H. tavirensis and H. crespoi sp. nov. but it can be distinguished from these species by narrow posterior transversal bar bearing two furrows (Fig. 6C). It co-occurs with H. minoccii, from which it differs by smaller and lighter body. Description. Male (holotype). Carapace yellow-orange, head region darker, matting (Fig. 1D). Sternum yellow, matting. Chelicerae brown. Legs yellow, femora I and pedipalps darker. For measurements and leg spination see the Table 1. Relative leg length: IV>I>II>III. Cymbium with only slightly elongated distal part (Fig. 3D). Tegulum large, longer than wide (Fig. 4D). Conductor atrophied. Embolus dark, long, regularly bent, directing to the side. Opisthosoma cylindrical, whitish. Female. All somatic characters as described for the male. The vulva is of the type pekari (see the Material and Methods). It is very reduced and does not possess any posterior diverticle (Fig. 6C). Variability. Male carapace length 1.33–1.84 mm (1.58±0.14, N=21), female carapace length 1.51–1.60 mm (1.54±0.04, N=4). Ecology. Adults are found in early spring in leaf litter and under stones on humid northern slopes with Quercus ilex and Juniperus turbinata bush. Distribution. Known only from the valley of the river Guadiana near Mertola in southern Portugal., Published as part of Řezáč, Milan, Cardoso, Pedro & Řezáčová, Veronika, 2023, Review of Harpactea ground-dwelling spiders (Araneae: Dysderidae) of Portugal, pp. 335-364 in Zootaxa 5263 (3) on pages 354-355, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5263.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7804268

Harpactea henriquesi Řezáč sp. nov. (Figs 1C, 2C, 3C, 4C, 6B, 9) Type material. Holotype. ♁, Torres Novas, Paul do Boquilobo, 39.39, -8.541, Quercus suber, 24 April 2002, leg. P. Cardoso, coll. Finnish Museum of Natural History, Helsinki (http://id.luomus.fi/KN.23947). Paratypes. Coimbra, Botanical Garden of Coimbra, 40.21, -8.42, woody vegetation, 1 ♁, 6 June 2005, leg. L. Crespo, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague; Lisboa, Monsanto, 38.734, -9.19, woody vegetation, 2 ♁♁, 11 March 2006, leg. L. Crespo, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague; Lisboa, 38.7418, -9.1606, wasteland, 1 ♁, 10 March 2022, leg. G. Ramos, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague; Golega, Golega, 39.412, -8.478, woody vegetation, 1 juv., 2 October 2007, leg. M. Řezáč, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague; Torres Novas, Paul do Boquilobo, 39.39, -8.541, Quercus suber, 9 ♁♁, 7 ♀♀, 24 April 2002, leg. P. Cardoso, Finnish Museum of Natural History, Helsinki (http://id.luomus.fi/KN.23948); Torres Novas, Vale Garcia, 39.55, -8.588, Scrubland, 27 ♁♁, 18 ♀♀, 23 April 2002, leg. P. Cardoso, Finnish Museum of Natural History, Helsinki (http://id.luomus.fi/KN.23949); Porto de Mos, Serro Ventoso, 39.556, -8.838, Quercus faginea wood, 2 ♁♁, 6 ♀♀, 16-17 April 2005, leg. M. Řezáč, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague. Etymology. Named after the Portuguese arachnologist Sergio Henriques, our friend who helped us to collect material for this study. Diagnosis. Harpactea henriquesi differs from the majority of Portuguese Harpactea species by the shape of copulatory organs, in particular by slender tegulum and thin embolus and conductor of approximately the same length (Fig. 4C). Males are also characteristic by markedly slender and elongated abdomen and elongated prosoma (Fig. 1C). It resembles H. gaditana and H. fageli in that the first leg is longer than the fourth. Concerning bulbus shape, it is most similar to H. gaditana, from which it differs by base of embolus covered by the base of conductor (in H. gaditana it is not covered). Embolus is uniformly curved (Fig. 4C, in H. gaditana the distal part of embolus is less curved than the basal one). Concerning size and body proportions H. henriquesi sp. nov. is more similar to H. sciakyi Pesarini, 1988 from Spain, from which it differs by uniformly curved embolus (in H. sciakyi it is strongly bent in the middle), straight conductor with only slightly dilated apex (in H. sciakyi conductor is bent at base, its apex is strongly and suddenly spatulated), and femora I with a single, relatively weak subapical prolateral spine (in H. sciakyi femora I with a pair of strong prolateral spines). The vulva is similar to that of H. fageli, but it is relatively smaller and less sclerotised, the anterior part is terminated by a globule, it does not carry any crest for attaching muscles. Also the members of Harpactea hombergii group possess similar vulva morphology. In the only representative of this group in Portugal, Harpactea hombergii, the lateral parts of the anterior arc are bent like in anchor (Fig. 6B). Description. Male (holotype). Carapace olive brown, matting, in comparison with other Harpactea species elongated (Fig. 1C). Sternum ferruginous, matting. Chelicerae brown. Legs brown-yellow, anterior legs and pedipalps darker. Measurements and spination are shown in Table 1. Relative leg length: I>IV>II>III. Cymbium with only slightly elongated distal part (Fig. 3C, like in H. gaditana). Tegulum thin, much longer than wide (Fig. 4C). Conductor straight, directing distally. Embolus dark, parallel to conductor, but regularly bent, of the same length as conductor, directing distally. Opisthosoma cylindrical, markedly elongated and slender (Fig. 1C). Female. In females the carapace is less elongated (especially the posterior part) than in males: the ratio length / maximum width of carapace in females is 1.36–1.40, in males 1.44–1.50. Opisthosoma less elongated than in males. The vulva is of the type fageli (see the chapter Diagnostic characters) (Fig. 6B). Variability. Male carapace length 1.17–2.07 mm (1.56±0.23 (mean± SD), N=39), female carapace length 1.18– 1.79 mm (1.50±0.16, N=32). Ecology. Found in leaf litter in sparse Quercus forests. Distribution. The species was found in several sites in central-western Portugal., Published as part of Řezáč, Milan, Cardoso, Pedro & Řezáčová, Veronika, 2023, Review of Harpactea ground-dwelling spiders (Araneae: Dysderidae) of Portugal, pp. 335-364 in Zootaxa 5263 (3) on pages 346-347, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5263.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7804268, {"references":["Pesarini, C. (1988) Due nuove specie di Harpactea Bristowe appartenenti alla fauna Iberica. Atti della Societ Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano, 129, 179 - 184."]}

Harpactea proxima Ferrández, 1990 (Fig. 9) H. proxima Ferrández 1990: 33, fig. 1c–d (description based on ♁); Le Peru 2011: 277, fig. 436 (♁, redrawn from Ferrández 1990). Material. Type material was not examined. Diagnosis. Harpactea proxima is very similar to H. minoccii. According to Ferrández (1990) H. minoccii differs from H. proxima by absence of femoral spines. However, all our H. minoccii specimens possess femoral spines. Their absence is very unusual in the genus Harpactea in general, which lead us to conclude that the holotype of H. minoccii is just an individual with aberrant spination. Further, H. proxima possesses conductor (not embolus as stated in Ferrández (1990)) that is uniformly curved (in H. minoccii it is sinuous— Fig. 4E). Because we found only Harpactea with bulbus morphology of H. minoccii in the region from where H. proxima was described, we can not exclude the possibility that these two morphotypes are in fact the same species. Ecology. So far unknown (cf. Ferrández 1990). Distribution. It is recorded from southern Portugal (Ferrandez 1990: 37, fig. 3; Machado & Ferrandez 1991: 58, fig. 8)., Published as part of Řezáč, Milan, Cardoso, Pedro & Řezáčová, Veronika, 2023, Review of Harpactea ground-dwelling spiders (Araneae: Dysderidae) of Portugal, pp. 335-364 in Zootaxa 5263 (3) on page 355, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5263.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7804268, {"references":["Le Peru, B. (2011) The spiders of Europe, a synthesis of data: Volume 1 Atypidae to Theridiidae. Memoires de la Societe Linneenne de Lyon, 2, 1 - 522.","Machado, A. de B. & Ferrandez, M. A. (1991) Harpactea magnibulbi n. sp. un nuevo disderido (Araneae, Dysderidae), del sur de Portugal. Boletin de la Real Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural (Sec. Biol.), 87, 53 - 60."]}

The shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiver sity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxo nomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world’s known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world’s most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend be yond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still un equally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the coun try. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora. Fil: Gomes da Silva, Janaina. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro: Rio de Janeiro, Brasil Fil: Filardi, Fabiana L.R. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Barbosa, María Regina de V. Universidade Federal da Paraíba: Joao Pessoa; Brasil Fil: Baumgratz, José Fernando Andrade. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: de Mattos Bicudo, Carlos Eduardo. Instituto de Botânica. Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ecologia; Brasil Fil: Cavalcanti, Taciana. Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia; Brasil Fil: Coelho, Marcus. Prefeitura Municipal de Campinas; Brasil Fil: Ferreira da Costa, Andrea. Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Museu Nacional. Department of Botany; Brasil Fil: Costa, Denise. Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Dalcin, Eduardo C. Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden Research Institute; Brasil Fil: Labiak, Paulo. Universidade Federal do Parana; Brasil Fil: Cavalcante de Lima, Haroldo. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Lohmann, Lucia. Universidade de São Paulo; Brasil Fil: Maia, Leonor. Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; Brasil Fil: Mansano, Vidal de Freitas. Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Menezes, Mariângela. Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Museu Nacional. Department of Botany; Brasil Fil: Morim, Marli. Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Moura, Carlos Wallace do Nascimento. Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana. Department of Biological Science; Brasil Fil: Lughadha, Eimear NIck. Royal Botanic Gardens; Reino Unido Fil: Peralta, Denilson. Instituto de Pesquisas Ambientais; Brazil Fil: Prado, Jefferson. Instituto de Pesquisas Ambientais; Brasil Fil: Roque, Nádia. Universidade Federal da Bahia; Brasil Fil: Stehmann, Joao. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Brasil Fil: da Silva Sylvestre, Lana. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Trierveiler-Pereira, Larissa. Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina; Brasil Fil: Walter, Bruno Machado Teles. EMBRAPA Cenargen Brasília; Brasil Fil: Zimbrão, Geraldo. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Forzza, Rafaela C. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Morales, Matías. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Recursos Biológicos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Morón. Facultad de Agronomía y Ciencias Agroalimentarias; Argentina

Lippia grata Selected material:— BRAZIL. Bahia, Juazeiro, Reserva Legal do Projeto Salitre, 14 May 2004, C.T.V. Dias 46c (RB). Maranhão, Parque Nacional da Chapada das Mesas, 10 April 2018, O.S. Monteiro et al. 91 (CESJ). Pará, FLONA de Carajás, Serra Sul, Parauapebas, 20 February 2008, L.M.M. Carreira et al. 329 (CESJ); Canaã dos Carajás, Serra Sul, 18 February 2010, A.J. Arruda et al. 203 (BHCB). Pernambuco, Serra das Umburanas, Mirandiba, 23 June 2007, Y. Melo et al. 303 (CESJ). Piauí, P.N. S.C., Piracuruca, 8 June 2002, A. Carvalho 150 (HUEFS).

Lippia origanoides Selected material:— BRAZIL. Bahia, Morro do Chapéu, 24 April 2010, V.A.O. Dittrich & T.C. Novais 1662 (CESJ). Espírito Santo, Ponto Belo, 30 November 2012, D.A. Foli 6962 (CESJ). Mato Grosso, C 270 km N of Xavantina, 8 May 1968, J.A. Ratter 1357 (RB). Minas Gerais, Diamantina, Parque Estadual do Biribiri, 19 January 2022, F. Salimena & P.H. Nobre 4083 (CESJ); Tiradentes, Serra de São José, s.d., R.J.V. Alves 967 (R). Rio de Janeiro, Santa Maria Madalena, 28 February 1935, S. Lima 14290 (RB). São Paulo, Itirapina, 17 March 1989, B. Djurangin s.n. (RB 672546).

Amidst a global biodiversity crisis, the word “biodiversity” has become indispensable for practical conservation, including as a normative term. Yet, biodiversity is often used as a buzzword in scientific literature. Resonant titles promoting to have studied “global biodiversity” may then be used to oversell research that is narrow-focused on a limited sample of taxonomic groups, regions, or habitats. We selected a random sample of ~900 papers with the word “biodiversity” in their title to take a long view of the use and misuse of this term. We analyzed the degree to which studies actually consider different taxonomic groups and biodiversity facets and how all of this translates to the impact of a paper. As many as 22% of the articles used the term biodiversity in the title but did not measure it at any level. Among the articles sampling biodiversity directly, the proportion of biodiversity investigated was systematically low. We documented a decrease in the taxonomic scope of articles in recent years, especially those relying on big data. This is in stark contrast with the parallel advances in analytical tools, monitoring technologies, and the availability of data. Importantly, studies with general titles (i.e., using the word “biodiversity” without mentioning any taxa, habitat, or region) attract more citations and online attention (Altmetric), but only when they also have a wider taxonomic scope. Our results have broad ramifications for understanding how the extrapolation from studies with narrow taxonomic scope shapes our view of global biodiversity patterns and poorly informs conservation practices.

Identification key for the Brazilian Stachytarpheta with atropurpureous to black corollas 1. Leaves glabrous..................................................................................................................................................................................2 1’. Leaves hairy........................................................................................................................................................................................5 2. Branches puberulous to pubescent; leaves 3-verticillate, blade obovate to rhomboid............................................... S. rhomboidalis 2’. Branches glabrous; leaves opposite, blade ovate, elliptic, oblong, oblong-lanceolate or subrotund.................................................3 3. Shrubs, densely branched; branches woody, resistant, smooth; calyx green throughout..................................................... S. glauca 3’. Subshrubs, unbranched to little branched; branches reed-like, easily flattened, striated; calyx green, atropurpureous at the apex..4 4. Leaves ovate, obovate to subrotund, base cuneate non-amplexicaul............................................................................ S. integrifolia 4’. Basal leaves oblong, the apical leaves oblong-lanceolate, base cordate and amplexicaul.......................................... S. oblongifolia 5. Leaf blade sparsely strigose; calyx puberulous................................................................................................................. S. puberula 5’. Leaf blade and calyx villose, sericeous, sericeous-strigose, or lanate................................................................................................6 6. Leaf base truncate to slightly cordate.................................................................................................................................................7 6’. Leaf base cuneate...............................................................................................................................................................................8 7. Leaves ovate to broadly ovate, blade with apex obtuse to round; bracts and calyx lanose........................................... S. glazioviana 7’. Leaves elliptic to broadly elliptic, blade with apex acute to obtuse, apiculate; bracts and calyx sericeous....................... S. sericea 8. Leaf margins coarsely serrate at the apex; bracts ovate, apex acute; calyx green-grayish.............................................. S. salimenae 8’. Leaf margins crenate-serrate at the apex; bracts oval-triangular to narrowly triangular, apex acuminate to caudate; calyx yellowgreenish...............................................................................................................................................................................................9 9. Leaves ovate to rotund, petiolate, petiole 0.5–1 cm long, smaller leaves present in the same axil; bracts 0.6–0.8 cm long, abaxially puberulous with trichomes concentrated at the base................................................................................................ S. flavovirescens 9’. Leaves elliptic, sessile, smaller leaves absent in the same axil; bracts 0.9–1.2 cm long, abaxially villose.......................... S. mollis, Published as part of Cardoso, Pedro Henrique, Neto, Luiz Menini, Cabral, Andressa & Trovó, Marcelo, 2021, Taxonomic updates in Brazilian Stachytarpheta (Verbenaceae) with atropurpureous to black corollas: Two new species and a new synonym, pp. 167-178 in Phytotaxa 523 (2) on page 176, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.523.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/5585439

Stachytarpheta longispicata (Pohl) S.Atkins Figs 6G–I, 7E–F, 8E–F, 11 Kew Bulletin 60: 229 (Atkins 2005). – Melasanthus longespicatus Pohl, Plantarum Brasiliae Icones et Descriptiones 1: 77, tab. 61 (Pohl 1827), basionym. – Stachytarpheta chamissonis Walp., Synopsis Verbenacearum, Myoporinearum, Selaginearum, Stilbinearum, Globulariearum et Plantaginearum. Repertorium Botanices Systematicae 4: 10 (Walpers 1845). nom. illeg. [superfluous name]. Material examined Type BRAZIL – Goiás • “ Habitat in montosis arids, ad Serra de Cristaes [Serra dos Cristais] Capitaniae Goyas [Goiás] ”; 1818; J.B.E. Pohl s.n.; lectotype: W[W0073831] web!, designated by Cardoso et al. (2020); isolectotypes: BR[BR0000008026668] web!, W[W0073832] web!. Representative specimens BRAZIL – Goiás • “ Cristalina ”; 21 Feb. 1992; R. Mello-Silva et al. 559; SPF • “ Cristalina ”; 4 Feb. 1987; J.R. Pirani et al. 1523; SPF • “ Cristalina ”; 4 Feb. 1987; J.R. Pirani et al. 1613; SPF • “ Cristalina, beira de estrada ”; 21 Apr. 2008; J.F.B. Pastore & J.B.A. Bringel 2581; HUEFS • “ Cristalina, BR-040, 2 km L de Cristalina ”; 13 Aug. 1980; G. Hatschbach et al. 43059; MBM • “ Cristalina, BR-251 ”; 22 Jan. 1997; G. Hatschbach et al. 66127; ESA, MBM, SPF • “ Cristalina, estrada para Salto do Arrojado ”; 22 Jan. 1997; G. Hatschbach et al. 66127; MBM • “ Cristalina, Linda Serra dos Topázios ”; 13 Jun. 2004; J.F.B. Pastore 1005; CEN • “ Cristalina ”; 10 Sep. 1998; V.C. Souza et al. 21465; ESA • “ Cristalina, RPPN Linda Serra dos Topázios ”; 15 Dec. 1996; C.E.B. Proença 1660; UB • “ Cristalina, Serra dos Cristais ”; 8 Mar. 1966; H.S. Irwin et al. 13774; NY, RB • “ Cristalina, Serra dos Cristais, 9 km by road S of Cristalina on road to Catalão ”; 4 Apr. 1973; W.R. Anderson 8104; NY • “ Cristalina, entrada para a RPPN Linda Serra dos Topazios ”; 11 Mar. 2020, P.H. Cardoso et al. 46; CESJ • “ Cristalina, RPPN Linda Serra dos Topazios ”; 12 Mar. 2020; P.H. Cardoso et al. 48; CESJ. Description Clump-forming shrubs 0.7–1.2 m tall, erect, branched or unbranched, stems cylindrical, strigose to tomentose-hirsutulous, xylopodium present. Leaves opposite, patent, sometimes conduplicate, sometimes with smaller leaves on the axils, petiolate; petioles 3.7‒14.22 mm long, strigose; blades 16.02–33.42 × 13.3–27.2 mm, ovate, subrhomboid or subrotund, thickly-chartaceous, slightly discolorous, base cuneate or attenuate, decurrent into petiole, apex acute, obtuse or rounded, margin entire near the base, crenateserrate towards the apex, revolute, abaxially foveolate, tomentose-hirsutulous, veins evident forming a reticulate network, adaxially strigose. Inflorescences 183.22–562.61 × 17.95–24.5 mm, pendulous at the apex, rachis visible, tomentose-hirsutulous; bracts 4.3–6.79 × 0.91–1.51 mm, light green, triangular or narrowly triangular, apex caudate, abaxially tomentose-hirsutulous. Flowers pedicellate, pedicel 0.92– 2.2 mm long, tomentose-hirsutulous; calyx tube narrow, widened at apex, 9.37‒13.42 × 3.64–6.17 mm, light green, externally tomentose-hirsutulous at base, becoming strigose at apex, 5-toothed; corolla salmon, tube 13.66‒17.88 cm long, externally with pedicellate glandular trichomes. Fruits 0.3‒0.55 cm long, castaneous, external surface reticulate, with thin and flat commissure, apex rounded with short stylopodium, prominent attachment scar, separating into two cluses, covered by the persistent calyx. Distribution, habitat and phenology Stachytarpheta longispicata is endemic to the Serra dos Cristais region in the Cerrado domain of Goiás State (Fig. 5). It forms small and locally restricted populations growing in campos limpos (grasslands) and campos sujos (shrubby grasslands). Found fertile from January to April, and in June, August, September, and December. Proposed conservation status Stachytarpheta longispicata is endemic to the Serra dos Cristais region, with an estimated EOO of 38.121 km 2 and AOO of 30 km 2. It is not found inside protected areas, and its populations are clearly under anthropic influence, especially due to soybean and Eucalyptus crops and livestock (Ignácio 2014; Carvalho 2018). Furthermore, the municipality of Cristalina is the world’s greatest quartz reserve and Brazil’s largest gem commercial centre (Martinelli & Moraes 2013). Thus, S. longispicata should be considered “Critically Endangered” (CR), based on the B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv) criteria, due to its EOO Stachytarpheta longispicata subsp. longispicata as a clump-forming shrub up to 1 m tall, branched, with a xylopodium, petiolate leaves, with small leaves on the leaf axils, leafblades fan-shaped, 15–4 × 12–30 mm, apex obtuse to rounded, base truncate to cuneate, inflorescence 250–330 mm long, pendulous at apex, rachis visible between the flowers, bracts narrowly triangular, ca 6 mm long and densely covered with uniseriate hairs, calyx ca 12 mm long, and corolla ca 18 mm long, ranging from orange to red. Despite not being the taxon most commonly and historically associated with the name S. longispicata, it certainly matches the species originally described by Pohl (1827) from Serra dos Cristais (Atkins 2005). When comparing our current circumscription with the one proposed by Atkins (2005), it is possible to observe differences regarding plant stature, leaf-blade size, and length of the inflorescences, bracts, calyx and corolla. Atkins (2005) presents longer measurements for the leaves, which most likely represents the combined petiole and leaf-blade length. However, we presently provide the length of both structures independently. According to Atkins (2005), the leaves of S. longispicata subsp. longispicata are fanshaped with a truncate or cuneate base. All specimens studied by the author were also analysed by us, where we observed ovate, subrotund and subrhombic leaves, with a cuneate or attenuate base, which is in agreement with the protologue: “ folia subrhombea, indivisa, crenata, ciliata, apice rotundata, integerrima, base cuneiformia, angustata ” (Pohl 1827). Based on our morphometric analysis, plus qualitative data and distribution, it is possible to recognise Stachytarpheta longispicata subsp. longispicata exclusively at the species rank. Stachytarpheta longispicata is disjunct from the remaining pedicellate species of the genus, being restricted to the Serra dos Cristais, Goiás State. It is characterised by its ovate, subrhombic or subrotund leaves, 16.02–33.42 × 13.3–27.2 mm, flowers laxly arranged along the rachis, and calyx 9.37‒13.42 mm long, tomentosehirsutulous at base, becoming strigose towards the apex. Despite Atkins (2005) citing this species as restricted to the Serra dos Cristais region, she provides a specimen list including collections from the municipality of Niquelândia. In the present study, these specimens from Niquelândia are recognised as Stachytarpheta longipedicellata due to their long pedicels and distribution in the same geographic area., Published as part of Cardoso, Pedro Henrique, Neto, Luiz Menini, Somavilla, Nádia Silvia & Trovó, Marcelo, 2022, A morphometric approach and recircumscription of the Stachytarpheta longispicata complex (Verbenaceae), pp. 12-45 in European Journal of Taxonomy 833 on pages 34-36, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.833.1881, http://zenodo.org/record/6949934, {"references":["Atkins S. 2005. The genus Stachytarpheta (Verbenaceae) in Brazil. Kew Bulletin 60: 161 - 272. Available from https: // www. jstor. org / stable / i 381322 [accessed 23 Jun. 2022].","Pohl J. B. E. 1827. Plantarum Brasiliae Icones et Descriptiones 1. A. Strauss, Wien.","Walpers W. G. 1845. Synopsis Verbenacearum, Myoporinearum, Selaginearum, Stilbinearum, Globulariearum et Plantaginearum. Repertorium Botanices Systematicae 4. Sumtibus Friderici Hofmeister, Leipzig.","Ignacio M. B. 2014 A Expansao do Modo capitalista de Producao e sua marcante Influencia no Campo brasileiro: o Caso de Cristalina - GO. Monography, Universidade de Brasilia, Brasilia.","Carvalho A. L. 2018. Modernizacao da Agricultura e Transformacoes socioespaciais no Municipio de Cristalina - Goias. PhD thesis, Universidade de Brasilia, Brasilia","Martinelli G. & Moraes M. A. 2013. Livro vermelho da Flora do Brasil. CNCFlora, Rio de Janeiro.","IUCN. 2022. Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, Version 15. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Committee. Available from https: // www. iucnredlist. org / resources / redlistguidelines [accessed 1 Jul. 2022]."]}

Stachytarpheta longipedicellata (Moldenke) P.H.Cardoso comb. and stat. nov. Figs 6D–F, 7C–D, 8C–D, 10 Stachytarpheta chamissonis var. longipedicellata Moldenke, Phytologia 28: 467 (Moldenke 1974), basionym. – Stachytarpheta longispicata subsp. longipedicellata (Moldenke) S.Atkins, Kew Bulletin 60: 230 (Atkins 2005). Stachytarpheta chamissonis var. andersonii Moldenke, Phytologia 28: 467 (Moldenke 1974), basionym. – Stachytarpheta longispicata var. andersonii (Moldenke) S.Atkins, Kew Bulletin 60: 230 (Atkins 2005). – Type. BRAZIL – Goiás • 4 km by road east of São João da Aliança, Serra Geral do Paraná; 24 May 1973; W.R. Anderson et al. 7893; holotype: LL[LL00373686] web!; isotypes: F[F0074448F] web!, NY[NY00138062] web!, U[U0007044] web!. syn. nov. Stachytarpheta chamissonis var. parvifolia Moldenke, Phytologia 45: 39 (Moldenke 1980), basionym. – Stachytarpheta longispicata var. parvifolia (Moldenke) S.Atkins, Kew Bulletin 60: 230 (Atkins 2005). – Type. BRAZIL – Goiás • Alto Paraíso, Chapada dos Veadeiros; 14 Feb. 1979; Gates & Estabrook 176; lectotype: NY[NY00138066] web!, designated by Cardoso et al. (2020); isolectotypes: MICH [MICH1108415] web!, UB web!. syn. nov. Stachytarpheta chamissonis var. longipetiolata Moldenke, Phytologia 52: 414 (Moldenke 1983). – Type. BRAZIL – Goiás • Chapada dos Veadeiros, about 50 km north of Alto Paraíso; 24 Mar. 1971; H.S. Irwin et al. 33117; holotype: NY [NY00138065] web!; isotype: K[K000065450] web!. Material examined Type BRAZIL – Goiás • Chapada dos Veadeiros, 20 km by road north of Alto Paraíso; 6 Mar. 1973; W.R.Anderson et al. 6460; holotype: LL[LL00373687] web!; isotypes: F[F0074449F] web!, K[K000065450] web!, NY [NY00138064] web!. Representative specimens BRAZIL – Goiás • “ Água Fria de Goiás, Estação Repetidora da Telebrasília de Roncador ”; 8 Feb. 1994; G. Hatschbach et al. 60021; MBM • “ Alto Paraíso de Goiás, Córrego Piçarrão ”; 8 Nov. 1991; G. Hatschbach et al. 55932; MBM • “ Alto Paraíso de Goiás ”; 28 Feb. 1982; P.I. Oliveira 377; SPF • “ Alto Paraíso de Goiás ”; 30 May 1994; J.A. Ratter & S. Bridgewater 4271; UFG • “ Alto Paraíso de Goiás, Fazenda Água Fria ”; 15 Mar. 2020; P. H. Cardoso et al. 54; CESJ • “ Alto Paraíso de Goiás, trilha para a Cachoeira Água Fria ”; 15 Mar. 2020; P.H. Cardoso et al. 59; CESJ • “ Alto Paraíso de Goiás, entrada do aeroporto em direção ao Rio dos Couros ”; 16 Mar. 2020; P.H. Cardoso et al. 60; CESJ • “ Alto Paraíso de Goiás, RPPN Cara Preta ”; 16 Mar. 2020; P.H. Cardoso et al. 62; CESJ • “ Chapada dos Veadeiros, ca 6 km E de Alto Paraíso de Goiás ”; 14 Feb. 1979; S.M. Sano & T.S. Filgueiras 47; K, NY, UB • “ Cavalcante, Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Veadeiros ”; 15 Apr. 2009; G. Martinelli 16467; SPF • “ Macedo, ca 15 km N of Niquelândia ”; 21 Apr. 1988; R.R. Brooks et al. 157; NY • “ Niquelândia, 1 km após a mina da companhia de níquel Tocantins (CNT)”; 12 Apr. 1996; R.C. de Mendonça 2428; NY • “ Niquelândia, Return to ‘ponte alta’ área ”; 5 Feb. 2005; R.D. Reeves 3030; CEN • “ Niquelândia, ca 20 km de Niquelândia, estrada de terra que vai para a mina de níquel ”; 21 Jun. 1995; M.L. Fonseca et al. 375; UFG. Description Clump-forming shrubs 0.5–2 m tall, erect, much-branched, stems cylindrical, when young sericeous, when old puberulent to hirsutulous, xylopodium present. Leaves opposite, patent, not conduplicate, with smaller leaves on the axils, petiolate; petioles 4.76‒24.19 mm long, sericeous; blades 16.78–46.15 × 11.43–40.29 mm, ovate, thickly-chartaceous, slightly discolorous, base cuneate or attenuate, rarely obtuse, decurrent into petiole, apex acute or obtuse, margin entire near the base, crenate-serrate towards the apex, revolute, abaxially not foveolate, sericeous, veins evident, adaxially sericeous. Inflorescences 89.14–702.35 × 16.99–26.83 mm, pendulous at the apex, rachis visible, lanuginose; bracts 4.29–10.49 × 0.6–1.67 mm, light green, triangular or narrowly triangular, apex caudate, abaxially sparsely lanuginose. Flowers pedicellate, pedicel 2.43‒6.91 mm long, lanuginose; calyx tube narrow, slightly widened at the apex, 8.29‒14.22 × 2.73–5.44 mm, light green, externally lanuginose from base to apex, 5-toothed; corolla salmon, tube 13.88‒18.91 mm long, externally with pedicellate glandular trichomes. Fruits 0.32‒0.5 cm long, castaneous, external surface reticulate, with thin and flat commissure, apex rounded with short stylopodium, prominent attachment scar, separating into two cluses, covered by the persistent calyx. Distribution, habitat and phenology Stachytarpheta longipedicellata is endemic to the Cerrado of Goiás State, being mostly found in the northern mesoregion and in the Chapada dos Veadeiros (Fig. 5). Dense, but locally restricted populations are found in these areas, growing in campos rupestres, campos limpos (grasslands), and campos sujos (shrubby grasslands). Found fertile from February to June, and in November. Proposed conservation status Stachytarpheta longipedicellata has an estimated EOO of 11 592.019 km 2 and AOO of 72 km 2. Its populations are abundant, but locally restricted. Although this species occurs within a protected area (Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park), most collection records are from farms, crops, pastures, or mining areas. Several extinction threats are found in the Chapada dos Veadeiros region, such as the tourism increase in recent years, agriculture expansion, cattle ranching, and illegal fires (Barbosa 2008; Silva et al. 2018; Matos et al. 2020). Additionally, populations from Niquelândia are threatened by mining and recent soybean crops (Leite & Steinberger 2015; Moretto 2016). Thus, S. longipedicellata can be regarded as “Endangered” (EN) based on the B2ab(i,ii,iii) criteria and subcriteria (IUCN 2022) due to its AOO Stachytarpheta longispicata var. longipedicellata from Chapada dos Veadeiros as a shrub up to 2 m tall, ramified, with leaf-blades ovate, 25‒55 × 10‒25 mm, base attenuated, inflorescence up to 170 mm long, bracts linear up to 7 mm long, calyx up to 12 mm long, densely covered with uniseriate hairs pointing in all directions, and corolla salmon pink. This author states that this variety is similar to S. longispicata var. andersonii, only differing in the salmon pink corolla (vs red orange corolla in S. longispicata var. andersonii). This latter was described for the São João da Aliança municipality, less than 70 km from the Chapada dos Veadeiros, within the same geomorphological unit (Martins-Ferreira & Campos 2017). On the other hand, according to Atkins (2005), S. longispicata var. longipedicellata and S. longispicata var. andersonii were distinguished from the S. longispicata subsp. longispicata by the ovate leaves and shorter inflorescences (vs leaves fan-shaped and longer inflorescences in S. longispicata subsp. longispicata). The morphological characters used by Atkins (2005) to distinguish Stachytarpheta longispicata var. longipedicellata from S. longispicata var. andersonii seem to be based solely on specimens’ label annotations, which described the salmon colouration differently.Although the corolla colour distinguishes some species groups within Stachytarpheta (e.g., groups with black, bright red, or blue corolla), no taxon is solely distinguished based on this character (Atkins 2005; Cardoso & Salimena 2020). In this case, corolla colour is a weak character since it heavily relies on the collector’s point of view, and it is not always included in the specimens labels. Stachytarpheta chamissonis var. longipetiolata was treated as a synonym of S. longispicata var. longipedicellata by Atkins (2005), while S. longispicata var. parvifolia was characterised as shrubs up to 50 cm tall, ramified, leaf-blades ovate, 15‒30 × 9‒14 mm, bracts narrowly-triangular up to 5 mm long, calyx up to 10 mm long, densely hairy, with hairs pointing to all directions, and corolla red (Atkins 2005). In the PCA and DA (Figs 2–3), the type specimen of Stachytarpheta longispicata var. parvifolia represents a variation extreme in its grouping. This can be explained by the specimen consisting of an immature branch with short leaves and inflorescences, plus not fully developed flowers. Stachytarpheta chamissonis var. longipetiolata is supported as a synonym of S. longispicata var. longipedicellata in our analyses by its type specimen being grouped with the populations collected in Chapada dos Veadeiros, with long pedicels and petioles. The same is observed regarding the placement of the type specimen of S. longispicata subsp. andersonii. It was characterised by its “distinctly pedicellate flowers”, while S. longispicata var. longipedicellata was similarly characterised by its “long-pedicellate flowers” (Moldenke 1974). This equal characterisation of both taxa was an early indication of weak taxonomic boundaries. Thus, based on the morphometric results, it is possible to recognise all accepted varieties of S. longispicata that have sympatric distributions as a single taxonomic entity. In its current circumscription, Stachytarpheta longispicata var. longipedicellata is elevated to the species level and two new synonyms are proposed (S. longipicata var. andersonii and S. longispicata var. parvifolia). The name Stachytarpheta longipedicellata was chosen to represent this species, with the specific epithet referring to its main diagnostic feature (longer length of the pedicels). Stachytarpheta longipedicellata is distinguished from the remaining taxa of this complex mainly by its flowers with pedicels equal to or longer than 2.43 mm, rachis, calyx, and pedicel lanuginose, with the hairs conferring a whitish aspect to the inflorescences. Regarding the observed variations on the analysed specimens, contrasting with Atkins (2005) circumscription, this species is a clump-forming shrub, 0.8–2 m tall, with leaf-blades 16.78–46.15 × 11.43–40.29 mm, inflorescences 89.14–702.35 mm long, bracts 4.29–10.49 mm long, calyx 8.29‒14.22 mm long, and corolla 13.88‒18.91 mm long. According to Atkins (2005), the leaves can be up to 55 mm long, but this measurement would also encompass the petiole, and in this study the petioles and leaf-blades were separately measured. Inflorescence length in the three varieties demonstrated by Atkins (2005) varied from 70 to 170 mm. However, we verified that inflorescences might be up to 700 mm long, being the longest ones from this species complex. When inflorescences are shorter than 90 mm, the specimens most likely represent young individuals. Furthermore, we observed that some specimens from Niquelândia have a more sparse indumentum on the leaves and inflorescences., Published as part of Cardoso, Pedro Henrique, Neto, Luiz Menini, Somavilla, Nádia Silvia & Trovó, Marcelo, 2022, A morphometric approach and recircumscription of the Stachytarpheta longispicata complex (Verbenaceae), pp. 12-45 in European Journal of Taxonomy 833 on pages 30-33, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.833.1881, http://zenodo.org/record/6949934, {"references":["Moldenke H. N. 1974. Notes on new and noteworthy plants LXVII. Phytologia 28: 192 - 295.","Atkins S. 2005. The genus Stachytarpheta (Verbenaceae) in Brazil. Kew Bulletin 60: 161 - 272. Available from https: // www. jstor. org / stable / i 381322 [accessed 23 Jun. 2022].","Moldenke H. N. 1980. Notes on new and noteworthy plants CXXXIII. Phytologia 45: 36 - 40.","Moldenke H. N. 1983. Notes on new and noteworthy plants CLXIV. Phytologia 52: 414 - 415.","Barbosa A. G. 2008. As Estrategias de conservacao da biodiversidade na Chapada dos Veadeiros: Conflitos e Oportunidades. PhD Thesis, Universidade de Brasilia, Brasilia.","Silva M. S., Gurgel H., Laques A., Silveira B. D. & Siqueira R. V. 2018. 30 anos de dinamica espacotemporal (1984 - 2015) da regiao de influencia do Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Veadeiros Goias. Revista francobrasilera de Geografia, Confins: 35. https: // doi. org / 10.4000 / confins. 14851","Matos R. M. P., Aguiar L. L. L. & de Aquino-Martins P. T. 2020 Ocorrencia de fogo no Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Veadeiros, Goias, Brasil: historico recente no contexto da sua ampliacao. GeoTextos 16: 151 - 171. https: // doi. org / 10.9771 / geo. v 16 i 2.38041","Leite U. B. & Steinberger M. 2015. A nova regiao mineradora de Goias: uma proposta de delimitacao. Boletim Goiano de Geografia 35: 305 - 320. https: // doi. org / 10.5216 / bgg. v 35 i 2.37433","Moretto S. P. 2016. Na fronteira do Cerrado: as transformacoes ambientais no norte de Goias. Revista Expedicoes: Teoria da Historia e Historiografia 7: 119 - 130.","IUCN. 2022. Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, Version 15. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Committee. Available from https: // www. iucnredlist. org / resources / redlistguidelines [accessed 1 Jul. 2022].","Martins-Ferreira M. A. C. & Campos J. E. G. 2017. Compartimentacao geomorfologica como suporte para estudos de evolucao geotectonica: aplicacao na regiao da Chapada dos Veadeiros, GO. Revista Brasileira de Geomorfologia 18: 501 - 519. https: // doi. org / 10.20502 / rbg. v 18 i 3.1119","Cardoso P. H. & Salimena F. R. G. 2020. Stachytarpheta. In: Flora do Brasil. Jardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro. Available from http: // floradobrasil. jbrj. gov. br / reflora / floradobrasil / FB 15189 [accessed 19 Nov. 2021]."]}

Stachytarpheta ratteri (S.Atkins) P.H.Cardoso comb. and stat. nov. Figs 6M–O, 7I–J, 8I–J, 13 Stachytarpheta longispicata subsp. ratteri S.Atkins, Kew Bulletin 60: 231 (Atkins 2005), basionym. Material examined Type BRAZIL – Distrito Federal • Fazenda Água Limpa near Vargem Bonita; 15 Mar. 1976; J.A. Ratter & S.F. da Fonseca 2775; holotype: K [K000065168] web!; isotypes: NY [NY00956498] web!, UB web!, UEC n.v. Representative specimens BRAZIL – Distrito Federal • “ Brasília área do Zoobotânico ”; 10 Jan. 1967; A.P. Duarte 10163; RB • “ Brasília, between University of Brasília and Lago Paranoá ”; 11 Apr. 1968; D. Philcox & E. Onishi 4767; K, UB • “ Brasília, Chapada Contagem ”; 5 Feb. 1987; J.R. Pirani et al. 1650; K, SPF • “ Brasília, estrada da Península perto do Clube do Congresso ”; 29 May 1965; D. Sucre 25; RB • “ Brasília, campus da Universidade ”; 29 Sep. 1975; F.H. F. Oldenburger 1627; SPF • “ Brasília, Fazenda Sucupira ”; 6 May 1999; J.G. Faria 107; CEN • “ Brasília, Fazenda Sucupira ”; 18 Apr. 2007; G.D. Vale 457; RB • “ Brasília, Fazenda Sucupira ”; 13 Jan. 1998; A.B. Sampaio et al. 153; CESJ • “ Brasília, Jardim Botânico de Brasília ”; 13 Mar. 2020; P.H. Cardoso et al. 51; CESJ • “ Brasília, Brasília, Parque Ecológico Burle Marx ”; 7 Mar. 2021; B. Schindler & M. Figueira 56; CEN, CESJ • “ Brasília, Jardim Botânico ”; 10 Nov. 2009; W. Alkimim & J.B.A. Bringel 86; UB • “ Brasília, Parque Boca da Mata ”; 14 Jul. 1995; J.M. de Rezende 4; CESJ • “ Brasília, Parque Nacional ”; 22 Jan. 1978; A. Krapovickas et al. 33180; K • “ Brasília, Parque Nacional de Brasília ”; 14 Dec. 1990; P.C.M. Ramos 482; UB • “ Brasília, Parque Nacional de Brasília ”; 4 Nov. 1992; M. Barros et al. 2220; HUEFS, K • “ Brasília, Reserva do CPAC ”; 31 Jan. 2009; D.M. Ramos 1; CEN • “ Brasília, Reserva Ecológica do IBGE ”; 29 Mar. 2014; V.C. Souza et al. 38219.0; ESA • “ Brasília, Reserva Ecológica do IBGE ”; 24 Mar. 2016; V.C. Souza et al. 40214; RB • “ Brasília, Planaltina, CPAC – Embrapa ”; 5 May 1980; J.A. da Silva 116; CEN • “ Brasília, Reserva Biológica de Contagem ”; 5 Mar. 2012; M.R.V. Zanatta 1230; RB • “ Brasília, rodovia Brasília-Sobradinho ”; 1 Apr. 1992; R.F. Vieira 1223; CEN • “ Brasília, Rodovia Sobradinho/DF ”; 15 Aug. 1999; G. Pereira-Silva 4234; CEN • “ Brasília, Saia Velha ”; 21 Feb. 2003; F. França et al. 4600; HUEFS. – Goiás • “ Cocalzinho de Goiás ”; 20 May 2006; L.B. Bosquetti 305; ESA • “ Cocalzinho de Goiás, Serra dos Pireneus ”; 24 Nov. 2007; P.G. Delprete 10414; NY • “ Corumbá de Goiás, estrada velha da cidade eclética para Anápolis ”; 31 Nov. 1990; R.F. Vieira 625; CEN • “ Luziânia, estrada Brasília-Luziânia ”; 20 Jul. 1990; E. de Melo 314; CEN • “ Pirenópolis, Fazenda Lavras do Abade ”; 8 Dec; 2018; G.M. Antar 2532; CEN • “ Pirenópolis, Serra dos Pireneus ”; 15 Jan. 1972; H.S. Irwin et al. 34156; NY • “ Pirenópolis, Parque Estadual da Serra dos Pireneus ”; 24 Feb. 2009; F. Almeda et al. 9520; UEC • “ Planaltina ”; 21 Apr. 2007; H.D. Ferreira 4589; UFG • “ Planaltina, Rod. Go-118 ”; 12 Jun. 1993; G. Hatschbach et al. 59296; MBM. Description Clump-forming shrubs 0.5–2 m tall, erect, much-branched or unbranched, stems cylindrical, pubescenttomentose, xylopodium present. Leaves opposite, patent, often conduplicate, sometimes with smaller leaves on the axils, petiolate; petiole 1.98‒11.35 mm long, woolly; blade 19.32–45.67 × 24.96–48.52 mm, fan-shaped or obovate, coriaceous, slightly discolorous, base truncate, rarely cuneate, decurrent into petiole, apex obtuse to rounded, sometimes emarginate, margin entire near the base, crenate-serrate towards the apex, lightly revolute, abaxially foveolate, tomentulose, veins evident forming a reticulate network, adaxially strigose with abundant small brown nectaries. Inflorescences 218.9–601.04 × 19.97– 28.44 mm, pendulous at the apex, rachis visible, pubescent-tomentose or lanate; bracts 6.13–9.51 × 1.11– 1.77 mm, light green, triangular or narrowly triangular, apex acuminate or caudate, abaxially sericeous. Flowers pedicellate, pedicel 1.03–2.27 mm long, sericeous; calyx tube widened at the apex, 11.72‒17.59 × 4.49–7.13 mm, light green, externally sericeous at base, becoming strigose at apex, 5-toothed; corolla salmon, tube 14.06‒22.02 mm long, externally with pedicellate glandular trichomes. Fruits 0.42‒0.5 cm long, castaneous, external surface reticulate, with thin and flat commissure, apex rounded with short stylopodium, prominent attachment scar, separating into two cluses, covered by the persistent calyx. Distribution, habitat and phenology Stachytarpheta ratteri is endemic to the Cerrado domain in the states of Goiás and Distrito Federal (Fig. 5), growing in campos rupestres, campos sujos (shrubby grasslands), campos limpos (grasslands), and disturbed areas. Its populations are generally large-sized, but fragmented. Found fertile throughout the year, except in October. Proposed conservation status Stachytarpheta ratteri has an estimated EOO of 7 537.960 km 2 and AOO of 224 km 2. Its populations are generally large-sized, but fragmented. The species is recorded for several regions in Distrito Federal and some municipalities of Goiás, west of Brasília, including protected areas (Parque Estadual da Serra dos Pireneus and Parque Nacional de Brasília). In the state of Goiás, the increased frequency of illegal fires for agricultural purposes, mining activities, unorderly touristic activities, and invasive species represent the greatest threats for S. ratteri (Salmona et al. 2014; Santos 2018; Castro 2019). In Brasília, the constant urban expansion (Anjos 2015) is the most important threat to this species. Therefore, S. ratteri should be considered “Endangered” (EN), based on the B2ab(i,ii,iii) criteria (IUCN 2022), due to its AOO Stachytarpheta longispicata subsp. ratteri as a clump-forming shrub up to 2 m tall, with a xylopodium, unbranched, petiolate leaves, blades 30–50 × 25–40 mm, inflorescences up to 730 mm long, rachis not visible at apex, linear bracts ca 7 mm long, calyx ca 16 mm long, corolla orange to rusty, and tube ca 20 mm long. According to Atkins (2005), it represents the taxon most commonly associated with the name S. longispicata, with large leaves, long inflorescences, and restricted to Distrito Federal. When comparing our present circumscription with the one proposed by Atkins (2005), it is possible to observe differences in the size of the leaves and length of the inflorescences, bracts, calyx, and corolla. Once again, these inconsistencies about the size of the leaves are caused by the petiole and leaf-blade lengths being combined by Atkins (2005), while we present them separately. The author also described the inflorescences as being up to 730 mm long and the rachis not visible at the apex. However, during the analysis of the specimens cited by Atkins (2005), we observed that the inflorescences reach only up to 600 mm in length and that despite the flowers being more congested at the inflorescence apex (compared with S. longispicata), the rachis is always visible. Based on our morphometric analysis as well as qualitative characters, and geographic distribution, Stachytarpheta longispicata subsp. ratteri is elevated to the species rank. Therefore, S. ratteri can be differentiated from the remaining species of Stachytarpheta with pedicellate flowers by its leaf-blades large (19.32–45.67 × 24.96–48.52), coriaceous, with base frequently truncate, rarely cuneate, abundant small brown nectaries adaxially, sericeous pedicels, and calyx externally sericeous at base, becoming strigose towards the apex. Its distribution is expanded to the state of Goiás (Atkins 2005; Cardoso & Salimena 2020)., Published as part of Cardoso, Pedro Henrique, Neto, Luiz Menini, Somavilla, Nádia Silvia & Trovó, Marcelo, 2022, A morphometric approach and recircumscription of the Stachytarpheta longispicata complex (Verbenaceae), pp. 12-45 in European Journal of Taxonomy 833 on pages 38-41, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.833.1881, http://zenodo.org/record/6949934, {"references":["Atkins S. 2005. The genus Stachytarpheta (Verbenaceae) in Brazil. Kew Bulletin 60: 161 - 272. Available from https: // www. jstor. org / stable / i 381322 [accessed 23 Jun. 2022].","Salmona Y. B., Ribeiro F. F. & Matricardi E. A. T. 2014. Parques \" no papel \" conservam? O caso do Parque dos Pireneus em Goias. Boletim Goiano de Geografia 34: 295 - 310. https: // doi. org / 10.5216 / bgg. v 34 i 2.31740","Santos C. E. D. 2018. O Plano de Manejo das Areas protegidas do Cerrado e uma Ferramenta efetiva para conter a Perda de Habitat? PhD thesis, Instituto Federal de Educacao, Ciencia e Tecnologia Goiano - Rio Verde, Goias.","Castro J. D. B., Barros T. F. S., Silva M. R. & Santos M. G. 2019. Unidades de Conservacao, atributos ecologicos e suas implicacoes: o caso do Parque Estadual dos Pireneus e da APA dos Pireneus - GO. Sustentabilidade em Debate 10: 63 - 78. https: // doi. org / 10.18472 / SustDeb. v 10 n 3.2019.24330","Anjos R. S. A., Vilela R. O., Bolzon A. C. & Oliveira J. 2015. Monitoring of urban growth in Brasilia. Revista Eletronica: Tempo - Tecnica - Territorio 6: 25 - 50. https: // doi. org / 10.26512 / ciga. v 6 i 2.21941","IUCN. 2022. Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, Version 15. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Committee. Available from https: // www. iucnredlist. org / resources / redlistguidelines [accessed 1 Jul. 2022].","Cardoso P. H. & Salimena F. R. G. 2020. Stachytarpheta. In: Flora do Brasil. Jardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro. Available from http: // floradobrasil. jbrj. gov. br / reflora / floradobrasil / FB 15189 [accessed 19 Nov. 2021]."]}

Stachytarpheta minasensis (S.Atkins) P.H.Cardoso comb. and stat. nov. Figs 6J–L, 7G–H, 8G–H, 12 Stachytarpheta longispicata subsp. minasensis S.Atkins, Kew Bulletin 60: 231 (Atkins 2005), basionym. Material examined Type BRAZIL – Minas Gerais • Serra do Cabral, Joaquim Felício; 15 Apr. 1996; G. Hatschbach et al. 64789; lectotype: MBM [MBM409619] web!, designated here; isolectotypes: CTES[CTES0013844] web!, K[K000065239] web!, K[K000065396] web!, MBM [MBM193011] web!. Representative specimens BRAZIL – Minas Gerais • “ Joaquim Felício, Parque Estadual da Serra do Cabral ”; 14 Sep. 2019; F.R.G. Salimena & P.H. Nobre 4051; CESJ • “ Serra do Cabral, 85 km N de Corinto ”; 13 May 1977; P.E. Gibbs et al. 5059; MBM, UEC • “ Serra do Cabral, Joaquim Felício ”; 15 May 2001; G. Hatschbach et al. 72033; MBM, RB. Description Shrubs 0.35–1 m tall, erect, much-branched, stems cylindrical when young, lanate, puberulent when old, xylopodium present. Leaves opposite, patent, flat, sometimes with smaller leaves on the axils, deciduous in maturity, petiolate; petiole 1.93‒4.79 mm long, lanate; blade 8.19–15.88 × 6.32–14.35 cm, ovate or fan-shaped, thickly-chartaceous, slightly discolorous, base attenuate, apex obtuse or rounded, margin entire near the base, serrate towards the apex, revolute, abaxially not foveolate, lanate, veins prominent, adaxially sericeous. Inflorescences 27.04–237(–354.53) × 18.39–23.5 mm, pendulous or not at the apex, rachis visible, lanate; bracts 3.23–6.97 × 0.83–1.59 mm, light green, triangular, apex acuminate or caudate, abaxially sparsely lanate. Flowers pedicellate, pedicel 1.15–2.39 mm long, lanate; calyx tube widened at the apex, 8.21‒14.55 × 3.2–5.29 mm, light green, lanate at base and along nerves, becoming strigose at apex, briefly 5-toothed; corolla salmon, tube 13.36‒16.35 mm long, externally with pedicellate glandular trichomes. Fruits 3.8‒5 mm long, castaneous, external surface reticulate, with thin and flat commissure, apex rounded with short stylopodium, prominent attachment scar, separating into two cluses, covered by the persistent calyx. Distribution, habitat and phenology Stachytarpheta minasensis is endemic to the Cerrado domain in the Serra do Cabral region, state of Minas Gerais (Fig. 5). It forms large-sized but restricted populations in campos rupestres. Found fertile in April, May and September. Proposed conservation status Stachytarpheta minasensis is known from only two localities in Serra do Cabral, in the municipality of Joaquim Felício, with an AOO smaller than 10 km 2. Despite being found inside a protected area (Parque Estadual da Serra do Cabral), it is threatened by the continuous decline in habitat quality, especially due to livestock stomping and illegal fires, which prevail due to lack of inspection, warning and clarification (IEF 2013). Therefore, S. minasensis should be considered “Critically Endangered” (CR), based on the B2ab(i,ii,iii) criteria of IUCN (2022) due to its restricted AOO, fragmented distributions, number of known populations, and continuous decline in habitat quality. Notes Atkins (2005) indicated that the holotype of Stachytarpheta longispicata subsp. minasensis (Hatschbach et al. 64789) was housed at MBM. However, there are two different specimens of Hatschbach et al. 64789 at MBM; in this framework it is not possible to ascertain which one is explicitly the holotype referred to by Atkins (2005) since she did not provide a clear indication of it. Therefore, we designate as the lectotype the specimen in which the inflorescences are complete and still present corollas. Atkins (2005) characterised Stachytarpheta longispicata subsp. minasensis as a shrub 35 cm tall, with a xylopodium, branched, spathulate or ovate leaves, blades 5–20 × 3–10 mm, inflorescences 40–70 mm long, linear bracts up to 4 mm long, and calyx up to 10 mm long with uniseriate mostly patent hairs. According to Atkins (2005), this taxon has a micro-endemic distribution, being recognised by its very small leaves. When comparing the circumscription proposed by Atkins (2005), it is possible to observe differences regarding plant stature, size of the leaf-blades, and the length of the inflorescences, bracts, calyx and corolla. Regarding the size of the leaves, Atkins (2005) provides greater measurement ranges for length. However, these measurements are most likely associated with the smaller leaves on the axil of larger leaves (for which we only recorded their presence or absence), as well as the combined values for petiole and leaf-blade length (instead of being presented separately). Atkins (2005) described the leaves as spathulate to ovate. Nonetheless, the author sometimes applied the term spathulate to describe leaves that are considered fan-shaped (P.H. Cardoso pers. obs.). Based on our morphometric analysis, as well as qualitative characters and geographic distribution, Stachytarpheta longispicata subsp. minasensis is elevated to the species rank. Therefore, S. minasensis differs from the remaining species of Stachytarpheta with pedicellate flowers due to its diminutive leaves (8.19–15.88 × 6.32–14.35 cm), ovate or fan-shaped, with attenuate base and conspicuously serrate margin., Published as part of Cardoso, Pedro Henrique, Neto, Luiz Menini, Somavilla, Nádia Silvia & Trovó, Marcelo, 2022, A morphometric approach and recircumscription of the Stachytarpheta longispicata complex (Verbenaceae), pp. 12-45 in European Journal of Taxonomy 833 on pages 36-38, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.833.1881, http://zenodo.org/record/6949934, {"references":["Atkins S. 2005. The genus Stachytarpheta (Verbenaceae) in Brazil. Kew Bulletin 60: 161 - 272. Available from https: // www. jstor. org / stable / i 381322 [accessed 23 Jun. 2022].","IUCN. 2022. Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, Version 15. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Committee. Available from https: // www. iucnredlist. org / resources / redlistguidelines [accessed 1 Jul. 2022]."]}

Stachytarpheta brevibracteata (Moldenke) P.H.Cardoso comb. and stat. nov. Figs 6A–C, 7A–B, 8A–B, 9 Stachytarpheta chamissonis var. brevibracteata Moldenke, Phytologia 45: 38 (Moldenke 1980), basionym. – Stachytarpheta longispicata subsp. brevibracteata (Moldenke) S.Atkins, Kew Bulletin 60: 231 (Atkins 2005). Material examined Type BRAZIL – Minas Gerais • Morro das Pedras, 25 km NE of Patrocínio; 28 Jan. 1970; H.S. Irwin et al. 25457; lectotype: NY [NY00138063] web!, designated by Cardoso et al. (2020); isolectotypes: MO[MO1254482] web!, UB web!. Representative specimens BRAZIL – Minas Gerais • “ Bambuí, entre Bambuí e Patos de Minas ”; 11 Feb. 2012; J.F.B. Pastore et al. 4027; HUEFS • “ Delfinópolis ”; 7 Sep. 1998; V.C. Souza et al. 21233; ESA • “ Delfinópolis, estrada para casa branca ”; 10 Apr. 2002; R. Romero et al. 6255; RB • “ Delfinópolis, Fazenda Água da Serra ”; 10 Mar. 2003; R.A. Pacheco 483; HUFU • “ Delfinópolis, Condomínio de Pedra ”; 17 May 2003; R.L. Volpi 675; HUFU • “ Furnas ”; 16 Nov. 1977; N.D. da Cruz et al. 6212; MBM • “ São Roque de Minas ”; 21 Mar. 1998; P.T. Sano et al. 963; SPF • “ São Roque de Minas, Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra (PNSC), estrada para a Serra das Sete Voltas ”; 19 Mar. 1995; R. Romero et al. 2026; CESJ, HUFU • “PNSC, estrada São Roque para Sacramento a 2 km da portaria Sacramento ”; 14 Apr. 2017; F.R.G. Salimena & P.H. Nobre 3989; CESJ • “PNSC, estrada São Roque – Sacramento km 60 ”; 22 Feb. 1997; J.N. Nakajima et al. 2265; CESJ, HUFU • “PNSC, Guarita de Sacramento ”; 29 Jun. 1994; R. Romero & J.N. Nakajima 1086; CESJ, HUFU • “PNSC, Guarita de Sacramento ”; 17 Oct. 1997; J.N. Nakajima et al. 2883; CESJ, HUFU • “PNSC, Guarita de Sacramento ”; 14 Jul. 1995; J.N. Nakajima et al. 1180; CESJ, HUFU • “PNSC, guarita de Sacramento ”; 11 Jan. 1998; R. Romero et al. 4991; CESJ, HUFU • “PNSC, Sacramento, próximo do Morro da Guarita 1 ”; 23 Feb. 1994; J.N. Nakajima & R. Romero 180; CESJ, HUFU • “PNSC, 3 km da Guarita de Sacramento ”; 19 Aug. 1997; R. Romero et al. 4418; CESJ, HUFU • “PNSC, 5 km da Guarita de Sacramento ”; 19 Mar. 1995; R. Romero et al. 2035; CESJ, HUFU • “PNSC, próximo a nascente do Rio das Velhas ”; 22 Nov. 1996; R. Romero & J.N. Nakajima 3818; CESJ, HUFU • “PNSC, próximo à Guarita de Sacramento ”; 6 May 2021; P.H. Cardoso & W.P. Leite 65; CESJ • “PNSC, próximo à Guarita de Sacramento ”; 6 May 2021; P.H. Cardoso & W.P. Leite 66; CESJ. – São Paulo • “ Pedregulho ”; 24 May 2003; D. Sasaki 534; SPF. Description Shrubs 0.8–2 m tall, erect, much-branched, stems cylindrical, tomentose, xylopodium present. Leaves opposite, patent to suberect, not conduplicate, sometimes with smaller leaves on the axils, deciduous at maturity, petiolate; petioles 3.57‒9.2 mm long, tomentose; blades 17.1–36.73 × 12.21–27.31 mm, ovate or subrotund, thickly-chartaceous, slightly discolorous, base cuneate or attenuate, decurrent into petiole, apex acute, obtuse or rounded, margin entire near the base, crenate-serrate towards the apex, revolute, abaxially not foveolate, tomentose, veins evident, adaxially strigillose. Inflorescences 64.22– 200.61 × 14.52–19.89 mm, pendulous or not at the apex, rachis visible, tomentose; bracts 3.31–5.13 × 0.68–1.07 mm, light green, linear-triangular, apex acute or acuminate, abaxially tomentose. Flowers pedicellate, pedicel 1.21–2.23 cm long, tomentose; calyx tube narrow throughout, not widened at the apex, 9.01‒13.03 × 1.98–2.9 mm, light green, externally tomentose from base to apex, 5-toothed; corolla dark red, tube 13.43‒21.31 mm long, externally with pedicellate glandular trichomes. Fruits 0.41‒0.58 mm long, castaneous, external surface reticulate, with thin and flat commissure, apex rounded with short stylopodium, prominent attachment scar, separating into two cluses, covered by the persistent calyx. Distribution, habitat and phenology Stachytarpheta brevibracteata is endemic to the Cerrado of the states of Minas Gerais and São Paulo (Fig. 5). It is found growing in campos rupestres, campos limpos (grasslands), and campos sujos (shrubby grasslands), forming dense but fragmented populations. Found fertile throughout the year, except in December. Proposed conservation status Stachytarpheta brevibracteata has an EOO of 7 507.461 km 2 and an AOO of 32 km 2. Despite occurring inside a protected area, the Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra, its distribution is mostly restricted to roadsides. It is subjected to the increase of unorderly tourist activity, the suppression of native vegetation by invasive species, and mostly by illegal fires (IBAMA 2005). Therefore, S. brevibracteata should be considered “Endangered” (EN), based on criteria B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv) (IUCN 2022), due to its AOO S. longispicata subsp. brevibracteata as subshrubs up to 1 m tall, branched, leaves ovate or subrotund, blades 12–25 × 5–12 mm, base attenuate, inflorescence 70–80 mm long, bracts linear and up to 3 mm long, calyx up to 12 mm long, covered by short hairs, and corolla dark red. The subspecies was established based solely on the type specimen and characterised by its short leaves and inflorescences (Atkins 2005). When comparing our current circumscription with the one proposed by Atkins (2005), it is possible to observe differences regarding plant stature, leaf-blade size, and length of the inflorescence, bract, calyx and corolla. Atkins (2005) provides smaller measurements for leaves’ length and width. However, this is most likely associated with smaller axillary leaves, which are only analysed as qualitative characters in the present study. Based on our morphometric analysis, plus qualitative data and distribution, Stachytarpheta longispicata subsp. brevibracteata is recognised by us at the species rank. Therefore, S. brevibracteata differs from the remaining species of Stachytarpheta with pedicellate flowers due to its branches, abaxial surface of the leaves, rachis, bracts and calyx tomentose, adaxial surface of the leaves strigillose, and narrow calyx (not enlarged towards the apex, equal or narrower than 2.9 mm width)., Published as part of Cardoso, Pedro Henrique, Neto, Luiz Menini, Somavilla, Nádia Silvia & Trovó, Marcelo, 2022, A morphometric approach and recircumscription of the Stachytarpheta longispicata complex (Verbenaceae), pp. 12-45 in European Journal of Taxonomy 833 on pages 25-30, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.833.1881, http://zenodo.org/record/6949934, {"references":["Moldenke H. N. 1980. Notes on new and noteworthy plants CXXXIII. Phytologia 45: 36 - 40.","Atkins S. 2005. The genus Stachytarpheta (Verbenaceae) in Brazil. Kew Bulletin 60: 161 - 272. Available from https: // www. jstor. org / stable / i 381322 [accessed 23 Jun. 2022].","IBAMA - Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renovaveis. 2005. Plano de Manejo do Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra. MMA / IBAMA.","IUCN. 2022. Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, Version 15. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Committee. Available from https: // www. iucnredlist. org / resources / redlistguidelines [accessed 1 Jul. 2022]."]}

Aim Species distribution models (SDMs) have emerged as essential tools in the equipment of many ecologists, useful to explore species distributions in space and time and answering an assortment of questions related to biogeography, climate change biology and conservation biology. Historically, most SDM research concentrated on well-known organisms, especially vertebrates. In recent years, these tools are becoming increasingly important for predicting the distribution of understudied invertebrate taxa. Here, we reviewed the literature published on main terrestrial arthropod predators (ants, ground beetles and spiders) to explore some of the challenges and opportunities of species distribution modelling in mega-diverse arthropod groups. Location Global. Methods Systematic mapping of the literature and bibliometric analysis. Results Most SDM studies of animals to date have focused either on broad samples of vertebrates or on arthropod species that are charismatic (e.g. butterflies) or economically important (e.g. vectors of disease, crop pests and pollinators). We show that the use of SDMs to map the geography of terrestrial arthropod predators is a nascent phenomenon, with a near-exponential growth in the number of studies over the past ten years and still limited collaborative networks among researchers. There is a bias in studies towards charismatic species and geographical areas that hold lower levels of diversity but greater availability of data, such as Europe and North America. Conclusions Arthropods pose particular modelling challenges that add to the ones already present for vertebrates, but they should also offer opportunities for future SDM research as data and new methods are made available. To overcome data limitations, we illustrate the potential of modern data sources and new modelling approaches. We discuss areas of research where SDMs may be combined with dispersal models and increasingly available phylogenetic and functional data to understand evolutionary changes in ranges and range-limiting traits over past and contemporary time-scales.

Stachytarpheta salimenae P.H.Cardoso & Menini sp. nov. (Fig. 4A–I, Fig. 5A–D). Type:— BRAZIL. Goiás, Mambaí, 7 June 2012, R. J. V . Alves 9035 (holotype CESJ 62878!; isotype R 227273!). Diagnosis:— The new species is similar to Stachytarpheta sericea S. Atkins (1991: 281), but differs by the ovate, broadly ovate to subrotund leaf blade (vs. elliptic to broadly elliptic leaf blade), obtuse to rounded apex (vs. acute to obtuse, and apiculate apex), cuneate base (vs. truncate base), margin entire near the base and coarsely serrate towards the apex (vs. margin entire up to the middle third and slightly serrate towards the apex), and ovate bracts (vs. narrowly triangular bracts). Shrubs 0.4–1.5 m tall, profusely branched, branches erect, woody, smooth, rounded to subtetragonous, densely sericeous, silvery hairs giving a silvery-green appearance when dry. Leaves spreading to suberect, opposite, slightly dicolorous, subsessile to petiolate, petiole to 0.6 cm long; leaf blade 1.8–5.7 × 1.6– 1.1 cm, smaller leaves in the same axil rarely present, ovate, broadly ovate to subrotund, coriaceous, apex obtuse to rounded, rare acute, base cuneate, decurrent into the petiole, margin entire near the base, coarsely serrate towards the apex, not revolute, adaxial surface densely sericeous, bullate, abaxial surface densely sericeous, silvery hairs giving a silvery-green appearance when dry, nectaries present in abaxial surface, veins strongly prominent. Inflorescences 2.3–7.5 × 1.8–2.2 cm, terminal, cylindric, congested, rachis not visible, becoming elongate in fruiting. Flowers sessile, spirally arranged; floral bract 0.4–0.6 cm long, appressed against the calyx, herbaceous, glaucous, ovate, apex acute, abaxial surface sericeous; calyx 1.6–2 cm long, herbaceous, glaucous, flattened-cylindrical, 5-toothed, teeth inconspicuously acute, externally sericeous, erect, not embedded in excavations in the rachis; corolla 1.8–2.2 cm long, a narrow tube and spreading lobes, atropurpureous to black with the base of the tube white, externally with glandular-pedicellate trichomes, throat entirely pubescent, with a dense ring of hairs just above the ovary; androecium included, stamens 2, thecae divergent, staminodes 2, inserted at the top of the corolla tube; ovary ca. 2 mm long, narrow oblong, style 1.9–2.3 cm long, filiform, exserted, stigma capitate. Fruit a schizocarp ca. 5 mm long, brown, outer surfaces reticulate, with thin and flat commissure, apex rounded, with prominent attachment scar, with short stylopodium, covered by the persistent calyx, separating into two cluses. Paratypes:— BRAZIL: Bahia. Cocos, 6 July 2001, M. L . Fonseca et al. 2858 (IBGE, HUEFS!); Cocos, 6 July 2001, R. C . Mendonça et al. 4428 (CESJ!, IBGE); Correntina, na divisa com Goiás, April 1996, R. M . Harley & G. da Silva s.n. (HUEFS 204072!); São Desidério, 4 April 1984, J. E. R . Collares & M. M. Fernandes 134 (NY!, RB!); São Desidério, 25 May 2010, E . Melo et al. 8272 (HUEFS!). Goiás. São Domingos, 15 May 2000, G . Hatschbach et al. 71139 (ALCB!, BHCB!, ESA!, HUCS, HUEFS!, HUFU!, SP, UB); São Domingos a Posse, May 1840, G . Gardner 4339 (K!); Planalto do Brasil, Serra Geral de Goiás, Rio da Prata, ca. 6 Km of Posse, 6 April 1966, H. S . Irwin et al. 14455 (IAN, K!, MO, NY!, RB!, UB, US). Minas Gerais. Arinos, RPPN Veredas do Pacari, estrada para Chapada Gaúcha, 27 May 2004, M. L . Fonseca et al. 5498 (IBGE, HUEFS!); Chapada Gaúcha, Serra das Araras, June 1840, G . Gardner 5108 (K!). Tocantins. Mateiros, próximo à Serra da Garganta, 11 May 2012, J. S . Silva 1165 (CEN!). Distribution— Stachytarpheta salimenae occurs in the states of Bahia, Goiás, Minas Gerais, and Tocantins. This species is endemic to the Cerrado domain, where it grows in campo cerrado and campo rupestre, in areno-argillaceous soils, at elevations between 700 and 840 m (Fig. 3). Phenology— This species was collected with flowers and fruits from April to July. Provisional conservation assessment— Stchytarpheta salimenae shows an AOO of 40 km ² and an EOO of approximately 45,400 km ², and is found in areas with native vegetation strongly anthropized, i.e., suppressed by agribusiness, mining, and anthropic fires (Klink & Machado 2005, Passos et al. 2010, Werneck et al. 2012). Because of the restricted AOO, the restricted number of known locations, the continuing decline of habitat quality, and the fact that this species does not occur within any protected area, it is provisionally classified as “EN” (Endangered) based on the criterion and sub-criteria B2ab (i, ii, iii, iv) of IUCN (2019). Etymology:— This species is dedicated to Dr. Fátima Regina Gonçalves Salimena, the former curator of the Leopoldo Krieger Herbarium (CESJ) and a distinguished researcher from the Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, in honor of her important contributions to botany, especially for the taxonomy of Verbenaceae. Fátima Salimena has inspired many taxonomists with her enthusiasm and great devotion to botany. She was the former professor and advisor of both the first and second authors of this work. Taxonomic note:— The discovery of Stachytarpheta salimenae is related to the elucidation of a taxonomic confusion involving two other species of the genus: S. dawsonii Moldenke(1956:231) and S. mollis. The synonymization of these two taxa is further discussed below. Stachytarpheta mollis was described by Moldenke (1947) based on the collection Glaziou 2196 from Goiás state and was later treated as a synonym of S. villosa (Pohl) Chamisso (1832: 247) by Atkins (2005). However, Cardoso et al. (2020) re-established S. mollis based on various morphological features. This species is endemic to the Chapada dos Veadeiros, in the Brazilian state of Goiás. It can be distinguished from other Stachytarpheta species by the villous stems; sessile and elliptical leaves, with an acute to obtuse apex; narrowly triangular bracts longer than 0.9 cm, with a caudate apex; yellow-greenish calyces with five acute teeth; and, atropurpureous to black corollas (Moldenke 1947, Cardoso et al. 2020). Stachytarpheta dawsonii was described by Moldenke (1956) based on the collection Y. Dawson 14722 (holotype R, isotype TEX - fragment), from the Chapada dos Veadeiros, Goiás state. Atkins (2005) did not examine the type of this species, but was able to study a photograph of S. dawsonii presented in Dawson (1957). Atkins (2005) listed three other collections of S. dawsonii from Goiás and Bahia, namely: J.E.R. Collares & M.M. Fernandes 134, G. Gardner 4339, and H.S. Irwin et al. 14455. The original circumscription of S. dawsonii (Moldenke 1956) and that presented by Atkins (2005) are contrasting. While Atkins (2005) described the bracts of S. dawsonii as ovate, with approximately 4 mm long, Moldenke (1956) characterized the bracts as lanceolate, with 10–15 mm long. Stachytarpheta dawsonii was recognized by Cardoso & Salimena (2020) based solely on the three specimens listed by Atkins (2005). Nevertheless, during ongoing taxonomic studies of the Brazilian Stachytarpheta, we were able to access the holotype of S. dawsonii deposited at R. A comparative analysis of this specimen (Y. Dawson 14722) with the type and additional specimens of S. mollis, indicates that both names should be treated as conspecific. In addition to the morphological identity, the type of S. dawsonii and all specimens of S. mollis are found exclusively in the Chapada dos Veadeiros. Given the morphological similarity and geographical overlap, we synonymize S. dawsonii with S. mollis. It is now clear that none of the three specimens previously identified as Stachytarpheta dawsonii by Atkins (2005) correspond to S. dawsonii. These specimens actually represent a distinct taxon that is newly described here as S. salimenae. This species differs from other species of Stachytarpheta by a combination of the following characters: stems with sericeous indument; leaves petiolated, ovate, broadly ovate to subrotund, with margins entire near the base and coarsely serrate towards the apices, veins strongly prominent on the abaxial surface; bracts ovate; calyx glaucous; and, corolla atropurpureous to black. Stachytarpheta salimenae shares atropurpureous to black corollas and a dense indument with Stachytarpheta glazioviana S. Atkins (2005: 233), S. mollis, S. sericea, and S. flavovirescens. However, S. salimenae differs by several characteristics summarized in Table 1. This new species can be found in the region around the borders of Bahia (Northeastern Brazil), Goiás (Central-Western Brazil), Tocantins (Northern Brazil), and Minas Gerais (Southeastern Brazil). S. flavovirescens, S. glazioviana, and S. mollis are endemic to the Chapada dos Veadeiros (Goiás state), while S. sericea is common in the municipality of Cristalina (Serra dos Cristais, Goiás), and the Distrito Federal (Central-Western Brazil) (Atkins 2005). Stachytarpheta mollis Moldenke (1947: 370). Type:— BRAZIL, Goiás, November 1894, A. F. M. Glaziou 21906 (holotype S [S-R-5870]; isotypes NY fragment [NY00138092], US [US 00811289]). = Stachytarpheta dawsonii Moldenke (1956: 231). Type:— BRAZIL, Goiás, 5 km W of Veadeiros, 29 April 1956, Y. Dawson 14722 (holotype R [R000196647]; isotype LL fragment [LL00373689]). syn. nov.

Stachytarpheta flavovirescens P.H.Cardoso sp. nov. (Fig. 1 A–I, Fig. 2A–D). Type:— BRAZIL. Goiás, Alto Paraíso de Goiás, estrada vicinal para Bona Espero, próximo à rodovia Alto Paraíso de Goiás, 17,1 km do trevo sul de Alto Paraíso de Goiás em direção à São Jorge, 14°04’43.5” S, 47”37’50.5” W, 4 September 2013, J. R . Pirani et al. 6431 (holotype SPF 207740!). Diagnosis: —The new species is similar to Stachytarpheta mollis Moldenke (1947: 370), but differs by the petiolate leaves (vs. sessile leaves), ovate to rotund leaf blade (vs. elliptic leaf blade), with smaller leaves in the same axil (vs. without smaller leaves in the same axil), bracts 0.6–0.8 cm long (vs. bracts 0.9–1.2 cm long), oval-triangular (vs. narrowly triangular), with puberulous abaxial surface and trichomes concentrated at the base (vs. entirely villous). Shrubs 0.5–2 m tall, profusely branched, branches erect, woody, smooth, rounded, villous when young, puberulous when adult. Leaves spreading, opposite, slightly discolorous, petiole 0.5–1 cm long, leaf blade 1.6–3.9 × 1.4–2.5 cm, with smaller leaves in the same axil, ovate to rotund, subcoriaceous, apex obtuse to rounded, base cuneate, decurrent into the petiole, margin entire near the base, crenate-serrate towards the apex, not revolute, adaxial surface sericeous, abaxial surface sericeous-canescent, more numerous white hairs near the petiole, veins prominent. Inflorescences 2–10 × 1.2–2 cm, terminal, cylindric, congested, rachis not visible, becoming elongate in fruiting. Flowers sessile, spirally arranged; floral bract 0.6–0.8 cm long, appressed against the calyx, herbaceous, yellow-greenish, oval-triangular, apex acuminate to caudate, abaxial surface puberulous with trichomes concentrated in the base, margin ciliate; calyx (1–) 1.2–1.4 cm long, herbaceous, yellow-greenish, flattened-cylindrical, 5-toothed, teeth conspicuously acute, externally sparsely sericeous-strigose, erect, not embedded in excavations in the rachis; corolla 1.4–2 cm long, a narrow tube and spreading lobes, atropurpureous to black, externally with glandular-pedicellate trichomes, throat entirely pubescent, with a dense ring of hairs just above the ovary; androecium included, stamens 2, thecae divergent, staminodes 2, inserted at the top of the corolla tube; ovary ca. 2 mm long, narrow oblong, style 1.4–2.2 cm long, filiform, stigma capitate. Fruit a schizocarp 3.4–5.5 mm long, brown, outer surface reticulate, with thin and flat commissure, apex rounded, with prominent attachment scar, with short stylopodium, covered by the persistent calyx, separating into two cluses. Paratypes:— BRAZIL: Goiás. Alto Paraíso de Goiás, Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Veadeiros, trilha para as Corredeiras, 24 January 2005, J . Paula-Souza et al. 4565.0 (ESA!); Alto Paraíso de Goiás, Rio das Cobras, rod. para Colinas do Sul, 14 June 1993, G . Hatschbach & E. Barbosa 59512 (ESA!, K!, MBM!, MO). Distribution— Stachytarpheta flavovirescens occurs in the Chapada dos Veadeiros region, in the municipality of Alto Paraíso de Goiás, in the Brazilian state of Goiás (Fig. 3). The species grows in campo rupestre and grasslands. Phenology— This species was collected with flowers and fruits in January, June, and September. Provisional conservation assessment— Although the Chapada dos Veadeiros is intensively studied, only three specimens of Stachytarpheta flavovirescens were collected to date in 1993, 2005, and 2013. It seems that the populations are small and narrowly distributed. This species is only known from three localities, and shows an EOO of 5.051 km 2 and an AOO of 12 km 2. Even though this species occurs within a protected area (i.e., Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Veadeiros), it is under multiple threats, including tourism, the expansion of agricultural and livestock activities, increased frequency of anthropogenic fires, and invasive exotic species, especially grasses (Fiedler et al. 2006, Souza & Felfili 2006, Barbosa 2008, Silva 2018). These threats have contributed to a decline of the species EOO, AOO, and habitat quality. Based on the criterion and sub-criteria B1ab (i, ii, iii) of the IUCN (2019), this species is provisionally considered as “CR” (Critically Endangered). Etymology:— The specific epithet refers to the yellow-greenish inflorescences. Taxonomic notes:— Among the Stachytarpheta species with atropurpureous to black corollas, S. flavovirescens is most similar to S. mollis, which is also endemic to the Chapada dos Veadeiros (Cardoso et al. 2020). Both species show hairy leaves, hairy bracts, hairy calyces, and congested, yellow-greenish inflorescences. However, they can be distinguished by the characters summarized in Table 1. Stachytarpheta flavovirescens can also be confused with S. longispicata var. longipedicellata (Pohl) S. Atkins (2005: 230) when fruiting due to the elongated inflorescences. Both species are found in the region of the Chapada dos Veadeiros (Atkins 2005), but can be separated by a series of morphological features. Namely, S. longispicata var. longipedicellata has pedicellate flowers laxly arranged along the rachis and salmon-colored corollas, while S. flavovirescens has sessile flowers in a congested arrangement along the rachis, and atropurpureous to black corollas. Table 1. Morphological comparison of Stachytarpheta flavovirescens, S. salimenae, S. glazioviana, S. mollis, and S. sericea., Published as part of Cardoso, Pedro Henrique, Neto, Luiz Menini, Cabral, Andressa & Trovó, Marcelo, 2021, Taxonomic updates in Brazilian Stachytarpheta (Verbenaceae) with atropurpureous to black corollas: Two new species and a new synonym, pp. 167-178 in Phytotaxa 523 (2) on pages 168-172, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.523.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/5585439, {"references":["Moldenke, H. N. (1947) Notes on new or noteworthy plants III. Phytologia 2: 363 - 372.","Fiedler, N. C., Merlo, D. A. & Medeiros, M. B. D. (2006) Ocorrencia de incendios florestais no Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Veadeiros, Goias. Ciencia Florestal 16: 153 - 161. https: // doi. org / 10.5902 / 198050981896","Souza, C. D. D. & Felfili, J. M. (2006) The utilization of medicinal plants in the region of Alto Paraiso of Goias, GO, Brazil. Acta Botanica Brasilica 20: 135 - 142. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0102 - 33062006000100013","Barbosa, A. G. (2008) As estrategias de conservacao da biodiversidade na Chapada dos Veadeiros: conflitos e oportunidades. Universidade de Brasilia, Brasilia, 128 pp.","Silva, M. S., Gurgel, H. Laques, A., Silveira, B. D. & Siqueira, R. V. (2018) 30 anos de dinamica espacotemporal (1984 - 2015) da regiao de influencia do Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Veadeiros Goias. Revista franco-brasilera de geografia 35: http: // journals. openedition. org / confins / 14851","IUCN Standards and Petitions Committee (2019) Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 14. Available from: http: // www. iucnredlist. org / documents / RedListGuidelines. pdf (accessed 17 May 2021)","Atkins, S. (2005) The genus Stachytarpheta (Verbenaceae) in Brazil. Kew Bulletin 60 (2): 161 - 272."]}

While several recent studies have focused on global insect population trends, all are limited in either space or taxonomic scope. As global monitoring programs for insects are currently not implemented, inherent biases exist within most data. Expert opinion, which is often widely available, proves to be a valuable tool where hard data are limited. Our aim is to use global expert opinion to provide insights on the root causes of potential insect declines worldwide, as well as on effective conservation strategies that could mitigate insect biodiversity loss. We obtained 753 responses from 413 respondents with a wide variety of spatial and taxonomic expertise. The most relevant threats identified through the survey were agriculture and climate change, followed by pollution, while land management and land protection were recognized as the most significant conservation measures. Nevertheless, there were differences across regions and insect groups, reflecting the variability within the most diverse class of eukaryotic organisms on our planet. Lack of answers for certain biogeographic regions or taxa also reflects the need for research in less investigated settings. Our results provide a novel step toward understanding global threats and conservation measures for insects.

Background A large scale semi-quantitative biodiversity assessment was conducted in white oak woodlands in areas included in the Spanish Network of National Parks, as part of a project aimed at revealing biogeographic patterns and identify biodiversity drivers. The semi-quantitative COBRA sampling protocol was conducted in sixteen 1-ha plots across six national parks using a nested design. All adult specimens were identified to species level based on morphology. Uncertain delimitations and identifications due to either limited information of diagnostic characters or conflicting taxonomy were further investigated using DNA barcode information. New information We identified 376 species belonging to 190 genera in 39 families, from the 8,521 adults found amongst the 20,539 collected specimens. Faunistic results include the discovery of 7 new species to the Iberian Peninsula, 3 new species to Spain and 11 putative new species to science. As largely expected by environmental features, the southern parks showed a higher proportion of Iberian and Mediterranean species than the northern parks, where the Palearctic elements were largely dominant. The analysis of approximately 3,200 DNA barcodes generated in the present study, corroborated and provided finer resolution to the morphologically based delimitation and identification of specimens in some taxonomically challenging families. Specifically, molecular data confirmed putative new species with diagnosable morphology, identified overlooked lineages that may constitute new species, confirmed assignment of specimens of unknown sexes to species and identified cases of misidentifications and phenotypic polymorphisms.

Cardoso, Pedro Henrique, Valério, Vanessa Imaculada Dos Reis, Neto, Luiz Menini, Salimena, Fátima Regina Gonçalves (2021): Verbenaceae in Espírito Santo, Brazil: richness, patterns of geographic distribution and conservation. Phytotaxa 484 (1): 1-43, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.484.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.484.1.1

Lippia raoniana P.H.Cardoso & Salimena sp. nov. urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77214745-1 Figs 1, 4 B–C Diagnosis The new species is similar to Lippia spiraeastrum (Mart. & Schauer) T.R.S.Silva, but differs by ovate leaves (vs oblong or oblong-elliptic), slightly discolorous (vs strongly discolorous), matte adaxial surface (vs shiny), glandular abaxial surface (vs tomentose-glandular), shorter peduncle (0.8–1.3 vs 3.2–10.5 cm long) and slender (vs thick), ovate bracts (vs lanceolate). Etymology The specific epithet is in homage to Raoni Metuktire, an important indigenous leader of Brazil, internationally known as a symbol of environmental preservation. Raoni is dedicated to the fight for the rights of native indigenous people and conservation of the tropical forest, mainly Amazonia. His legacy is a symbol of the daily struggle for Brazilian biodiversity, constantly threatened. Material examined Type BRAZIL – Minas Gerais • Serro, “ próximo ao Km 1 do distrito de Milho Verde” [near to Km 1 of the Milho Verde district]; 18°27′35.1″ S, 43°29′24.4″ W; 13 Feb. 2020; fl / fr; F.R.G. Salimena & P.H. Nobre 4057; holotype: CESJ; isotypes: HUEFS, RB, SPF. Paratypes BRAZIL – Minas Gerais • Felício dos Santos, “ APA Municipal Felício ” [Municipal Environmental Protection Area Felício]; 10 Jun. 2006; fl / fr; F.R.G. Salimena et al. 1382; CESJ • Serro, “ estrada Diamantina para o distrito de Milho Verde ” [road from Diamantina to the Milho Verde district]; 16 Nov. 2010; fl / fr; V. Thode, P. Lu-Irving, N. Mota, M. Toledo 386; CESJ, ICN. Description Shrub 1.5 m tall, aromatic, branched, branches erect, tetragonal, sulcate, glabrescent to strigose, with sessile glandular trichomes, nodes conspicuous. Leaves decussate, patent, congested at the stem apices, petioles 2.2–6 mm long, cylindrical, strigose, with abundant sessile glandular trichomes; blades 1.5–3 × 0.8–1.5 cm, chartaceous, ovate, slightly discolorous, apex acute to obtuse, base cuneate, decurrent into the petiole, margin basally entire, crenate to serrate toward the apex, ciliate, slightly revolute, adaxial surface matte, sparsely strigose, densely covered by sessile glandular trichomes, abaxial surface densely covered by sessile glandular trichomes, strigose along the veins. Inflorescence one per axil, 0.5–1 cm long, capituliform, hemispherical, rachis not elongated in the infructescence, peduncle 0.8–1.3 cm long, cylindrical, slender, strigose, with abundant sessile glandular trichomes; bracts 3–5 mm long, green, spirally arranged, ovate, apex acute to obtuse, margin ciliate, adaxial surface strigose, covered by sessile glandular trichomes, abaxial surface densely covered by sessile glandular trichomes; calyx 1–2 mm long, tubular, 2-lobed, apex 4-toothed, externally hirsute, ciliate, with abundant glandular sessile trichomes; corolla tube 6–8 mm long, limb 2-labiate, lilac, hypocrateriform, externally pubescent, with abundant glandular sessile trichomes, throat yellow, pubescent, 4 didynamous stamens, inserted at the middle of the corolla tube, included, thecae parallel; ovary 1 mm long, ovoid, glabrous, 2-locular, 1 ovule per locule, stigma oblique, lateral. Fruit drupaceous, mesocarp dry, 2-pyrenate, 2 mm long, spherical, lightbrown, dorsal surface smooth to slightly striated, surrounded by the persistent calyx. Distribution, habitat and phenology Lippia raoniana P.H.Cardoso & Salimena sp. nov. is known only from two localities in the Diamantina Plateau (Felício dos Santos and Serro), on the Espinhaço Range, Minas Gerais, Brazil, where it seems to be endemic (Fig. 2). The populations are quite small and grow on quartzitic rock outcrops (campos rupestres), at an elevation of 1200–1400 m. Plants were collected with flowers and fruits in January, June, and November. Prelimiminary conservation status Lippia raoniana P.H.Cardoso & Salimena sp. nov. is only known from two localities, presenting an estimated Area of Occupation (AOO) smaller than 10 km ². The first known population is small and located in the municipality of Serro, along an unpaved road, near to a residential area under urban pressure. The other population is recorded from the municipality of Felício dos Santos, inside a conservation unit. The Diamantina Plateau is now witnessing increasing, uncontrolled tourism, exposing the vulnerability of its soils and vegetation (Schaefer et al. 2002). Thus, L. raoniana sp. nov. may be considered Critically Endangered (CR) based on criteria and sub-criteria B2ab(ii, iii, iv) of IUCN (2019), due to its restricted AOO, number of known locations, and the continuous decline in the quality of its habitat. Notes Lippia raoniana P.H.Cardoso & Salimena sp. nov. most closely resembles L. spiraeastrum, which is also endemic to the Espinhaço Range, occurring in Gr„o Mogol, Minas Gerais State (Salimena & Cardoso 2020), due to the shrubby habit, conspicuous nodes, leaves concentrated in the upper portion of the stem, adaxial surface glandular, axillary inflorescences, capituliform, hemispherical, corolla lilac, and fruit with dry mesocarp, 2-pyrenate. However, several characters of the leaves, peduncles and bracts can be used to distinguish them. The new species is mainly characterized by the combination of ovate leaves with adaxial and abaxial surfaces densely covered by sessile glandular trichomes, peduncles 0.8–1.3 cm long, and ovate bracts with adaxial and abaxial surfaces densely covered by sessile glandular trichomes. Identification key to the species of Lippia L. from the Diamantina Plateau, Minas Gerais, Brazil 1. Inflorescences more than 2 per leaf axil; bracts tetrastichous, the basal ones connate..................... 2 – Inflorescence 1 per leaf axil; bracts spiraled, all free....................................................................... 3 2. Plants with frondose-bracteaose inflorescences................................................ L. stachyoides Cham. – Plants with frondose inflorescences.................................................................. L. origanoides Kunth 3. Calyx laterally flattened, 2-winged.......................... L. rubella (Moldenke) T.R.S.Silva & Salimena – Calyx tubular-cylindric, not winged................................................................................................. 4 4. Leaves with hyphodromous venation; corolla yellow............................ L. filifolia Mart. & Schauer – Leaves with pinnate venation; corolla pink, lilac, rarely white........................................................ 5 5. Bracts membranous, pink to magenta, rarely green at base and vinaceous at apex, longer than the corolla tube....................................................................................................................................... 6 – Bracts foliaceous, green, rarely vinaceous at apex, shorter than the corolla tube.......................... 10 6. Leaf-blades abaxially densely pubescent with pedunculate glandular trichomes; bracts green at base, vinaceous at apex........................................................................ L. pseudothea (A.St.-Hil.) Schauer – Leaf-blades abaxially lacking pedunculate glandular trichomes; bracts pink to magenta............... 7 7. Leaves ovate-deltoid to suborbicular, margin dentate-lobate........... L. hederifolia Mart. & Schauer – Leaves ovate, broadly ovate or elliptic, margin crenate................................................................... 8 8. Branches densely velutinous, pedunculate glandular trichomes present; leaves ovate-elliptic to oblong-elliptic................................................................................ L. rhodocnemis Mart. & Schauer – Branches hirsute or pubescent, pedunculate glandular trichomes absent; leaves ovate to broadly ovate.................................................................................................................................................. 9 9. Branches and peduncles pubescent; inflorescences hemispheric or cylindric.................................................................................................................................... L. diamantinensis Glaz. ex Moldenke – Branches and peduncles hirsute; inflorescences globose...................................... L. lupulina Cham. 10. Corymbs axillary, densely congested at the apex of the branches...................................................11 – Spikes axillary, not congested at the apex of the branches............................................................. 13 11. Leaf-blades abaxially hirsute, adaxially bullate; bracts elliptic, apex reflexed.............................................................................................................................................................. L. corymbosa Cham. – Leaf-blades abaxially tomentose, adaxially slightly bullate; bracts ovate-lanceolate, apex straight.......................................................................................................................................................... 12 12. Leaves ovate, base cordate.................................................................. L. lacunosa Mart. & Schauer – Leaves ovate-orbicular or orbicular, base obtuse to cuneate........................... L. rotundifolia Cham. 13. Leaves congested at the apex of the branch, with few tector trichomes; drupe with 2 pyrenes............................................................................................. L. raoniana P.H.Cardoso & Salimena sp. nov. – Leaves evenly distributed along the branch, with several tector trichomes; schizocarp with 2 cluses............................................................................................................................................... 14 14. Leaves obovate to suborbicular; inflorescences few-flowered................... L. hermannioides Cham. – Leaves ovate to ovate-elliptic; inflorescences many-flowered....................................................... 15 15. Branches sulcate, nodes conspicuous; bracts elliptic................................... L. subracemosa Mansf. – Branches not sulcate, nodes inconspicuous; bracts ovate or lanceolate......................................... 16 16. Branches villous-sericeous; leaves ovate-deltate, abaxially villous-sericeous; bracts lanceolate............................................................................ L. krenakiana P.H.Cardoso, V.I.R.Valério & Salimena – Branches strigose; leaves elliptic to ovate-elliptic, adaxially strigose; bracts broadly ovate.......................................................................................................................................... L. rosella Moldenke Identification key to the species of Lippia L. from the Diamantina Plateau, Minas Gerais, Brazil 1. Inflorescences more than 2 per leaf axil; bracts tetrastichous, the basal ones connate..................... 2 – Inflorescence 1 per leaf axil; bracts spiraled, all free....................................................................... 3 2. Plants with frondose-bracteaose inflorescences................................................ L. stachyoides Cham. – Plants with frondose inflorescences.................................................................. L. origanoides Kunth 3. Calyx laterally flattened, 2-winged.......................... L. rubella (Moldenke) T.R.S.Silva & Salimena – Calyx tubular-cylindric, not winged................................................................................................. 4 4. Leaves with hyphodromous venation; corolla yellow............................ L. filifolia Mart. & Schauer – Leaves with pinnate venation; corolla pink, lilac, rarely white........................................................ 5 5. Bracts membranous, pink to magenta, rarely green at base and vinaceous at apex, longer than the corolla tube....................................................................................................................................... 6 – Bracts foliaceous, green, rarely vinaceous at apex, shorter than the corolla tube.......................... 10 6. Leaf-blades abaxially densely pubescent with pedunculate glandular trichomes; bracts green at base, vinaceous at apex........................................................................ L. pseudothea (A.St.-Hil.) Schauer – Leaf-blades abaxially lacking pedunculate glandular trichomes; bracts pink to magenta............... 7 7. Leaves ovate-deltoid to suborbicular, margin dentate-lobate........... L. hederifolia Mart. & Schauer – Leaves ovate, broadly ovate or elliptic, margin crenate................................................................... 8 8. Branches densely velutinous, pedunculate glandular trichomes present; leaves ovate-elliptic to oblong-elliptic................................................................................ L. rhodocnemis Mart. & Schauer – Branches hirsute or pubescent, pedunculate glandular trichomes absent; leaves ovate to broadly ovate.................................................................................................................................................. 9 9. Branches and peduncles pubescent; inflorescences hemispheric or cylindric.................................................................................................................................... L. diamantinensis Glaz. ex Moldenke – Branches and peduncles hirsute; inflorescences globose...................................... L. lupulina Cham. 10. Corymbs axillary, densely congested at the apex of the branches...................................................11 – Spikes axillary, not congested at the apex of the branches............................................................. 13 11. Leaf-blades abaxially hirsute, adaxially bullate; bracts elliptic, apex reflexed.............................................................................................................................................................. L. corymbosa Cham. – Leaf-blades abaxially tomentose, adaxially slightly bullate; bracts ovate-lanceolate, apex straight.......................................................................................................................................................... 12 12. Leaves ovate, base cordate.................................................................. L. lacunosa Mart. & Schauer – Leaves ovate-orbicular or orbicular, base obtuse to cuneate........................... L. rotundifolia Cham. 13. Leaves congested at the apex of the branch, with few tector trichomes; drupe with 2 pyrenes............................................................................................. L. raoniana P.H.Cardoso & Salimena sp. nov. – Leaves evenly distributed along the branch, with several tector trichomes; schizocarp with 2 cluses............................................................................................................................................... 14 14. Leaves obovate to suborbicular; inflorescences few-flowered................... L. hermannioides Cham. – Leaves ovate to ovate-elliptic; inflorescences many-flowered....................................................... 15 15. Branches sulcate, nodes conspicuous; bracts elliptic................................... L. subracemosa Mansf. – Branches not sulcate, nodes inconspicuous; bracts ovate or lanceolate......................................... 16 16. Branches villous-sericeous; leaves ovate-deltate, abaxially villous-sericeous; bracts lanceolate............................................................................ L. krenakiana P.H.Cardoso, V.I.R.Valério & Salimena – Branches strigose; leaves elliptic to ovate-elliptic, adaxially strigose; bracts broadly ovate.......................................................................................................................................... L. rosella Moldenke