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Background/objectives: Recent evidence suggests nonconstant nature of dispersion in adult women's body mass index (BMI) across sociodemographic groups. The overall variances in BMI and height are also shown to have substantially changed over time. We modeled complex variation in adults' anthropometry-BMI and height-by wealth and education, and assessed their differences over time in India., Subjects/methods: Data from a total of 768,130 women and 180,691 men from the Indian National Family Health Survey (NFHS) 2006 and 2016 were used for the analysis. The average association between wealth and education with anthropometry was assessed from linear regression models assuming constant variance. Individual heterogeneity was modeled to obtain separate variances in anthropometry for each wealth quintile and education level. All analyses were stratified by survey year and sex., Results: On average, the positive socioeconomic gradient in adult's BMI and height persisted over time with slight attenuation. The residual variance in BMI ranged from 10.1 to 14.9 (7.2-11.3) by education level and 6.1 to 17.4 (5.0-13.0) by household wealth for women (men) in 2006, and they increased over time for the lower socioeconomic groups but remained the same or decreased for the higher socioeconomic groups. No significant pattern was observed for variation in height for both genders., Conclusions: We found potential reversal in the socioeconomic patterning in BMI variability in India as suggested by the increasing dispersion among the least educated and poorest populations. For a comprehensive understanding of nutrition transition in developing countries, it is necessary to assess the changes in means and variances of anthropometry in tandem.

Background: India is deemed the "Diabetes Capital," with over 100 million people suffering from this deadly disease. The disease is a lifestyle disorder and significantly impacts the quality of life. Thus, the study assesses the lifestyle factors and quality of life (QoL) among people suffering from Type 2 Diabetes (T2D). Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 100 T2DM participants aged 18–65. Data were collected from Diabetic Clinics across Pune City using the Modified Diabetes Quality of Life Questionnaire, having seven domains with 17 questions. Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) were used to assess Stress and Physical Activity. Purposive and snowball sampling techniques were used to collect data. The data was entered and cleaned in Microsoft Excel and analysis was done using SPSS v23. Descriptive and inferential analysis was computed. Results: 60% of the participants were males with a mean age of 43.30 ± 10.89 years. The mean age of women was 50.17 ± 10.13 years. The mean HbA1c of males and females was 7.98 ± 1.41 and 7.83 ± 1.25, respectively. 83% have moderate stress, while 11% have low stress. Only 11% were found to be physically active. The average QoL score of the participants was 63.4 ± 11.2, non-significantly higher in males than in females (64.9 ± 11.03 vs 61.0 ± 11.22). Domain assessment of QoL showed statistical significance among general health (p = 0.002) and energy fatigue (p = 0.015), with males having better general health than women, and energy levels were better in females than males. However, no significance was seen between the genders in physical function, emotional well-being, and role limitation. A statistical significance for energy fatigue (p = 0.031) was observed when QoL was assessed across the disease duration. Conclusion: Due to a sedentary lifestyle and increased stress, the glycemic profile of the participants was uncontrolled, which negatively impacted their quality of life. Thus, a holistic approach to managing diabetes will be more beneficial in improving the quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study examines the levels and predictors of malnutrition in Indian children under 5 years of age. Methods: Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure was applied to data from the India National Family Health Survey 2019–2021. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to assess the predictors. Results: 52.59% of children experienced anthropometric failure. Child predictors of lower malnutrition risk included female gender (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 0.881) and average or large size at birth (AOR = 0.729 and 0.715, respectively, compared to small size). Higher birth order increased malnutrition odds (2nd-4th: AOR = 1.211; 5th or higher: AOR = 1.449) compared to firstborn. Maternal predictors of lower malnutrition risk included age 20–34 years (AOR = 0.806), age 35–49 years (AOR = 0.714) compared to 15–19 years, normal BMI (AOR = 0.752), overweight and obese BMI (AOR = 0.504) compared to underweight, and secondary or higher education vs. no education (AOR = 0.865). Maternal predictors of higher malnutrition risk included severe anemia vs. no anemia (AOR = 1.232). Protective socioeconomic factors included middle (AOR = 0.903) and rich wealth index (AOR = 0.717) compared to poor, and toilet access (AOR = 0.803). Children's malnutrition risk also declined with paternal education (primary: AOR = 0.901; secondary or higher: AOR = 0.822) vs. no education. Conversely, malnutrition risk increased with Hindu (AOR = 1.258) or Islam religion (AOR = 1.369) vs. other religions. Conclusions: Child malnutrition remains a critical issue in India, necessitating concerted efforts from both private and public sectors. A 'Health in All Policies' approach should guide public health leadership in influencing policies that impact children's nutritional status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Obesity is found to be one of the most common modifiable risk factor for lifestyle diseases, its screening has become crucial to identify it at an early stage. This study aims to find whether neck circumference is a reliable indicator to measure childhood obesity. Objectives: To analyse neck circumference as a marker of abdominal obesity in children. Methodology: A cross sectional study was conducted among 220 children between 6-11 years of age group by visiting their school. Data was analysed using MS Excel and SPSS (version 20.0). Results: 220 students were included in the study. Age, waist circumference, hip circumference and BMI are positively correlated with Neck Circumference. Conclusion: Neck circumference is a reliable tool to measure childhood obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Considering the concerns of obesity problems, Mumbai Police authorities had launched full-day residential "Healthy Living Training Program" in February 2019 for obese policemen. We studied the effectiveness of the program by assessing health profile of the participants, and change in anthropometric measurements and blood pressure readings. Methods and Materials: Permission from the concerned authorities and approval from the Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC) were taken. Health profiles of 143 policemen were assessed. Anthropometric measurements and blood pressure recordings were done on the first and the last day of the 28-day program. The data were coded and entered in password-protected Microsoft Excel. Paired t-test was applied to test statistically significant differences. The association of some of the variables with weight change was assessed by the Chi-square test for categorical variables. Results: The mean age of participants was 49.6 ± 5 years. The proportion of hypertensive, diabetics, vision problems, and bone and joint problems were 48.2%, 23.2%, 57.1%, and 46.4%, respectively. Only 70% of them had home-cooked food in the lunch. Daily, 50% of the participants do physical activity. There was statistically significant weight reduction (105.6 ± 12.1s vs. 103.3 ± 12 kg), body mass index (BMI) (36.3 ± 3.4 vs. 35.5 ± 3.3), waist circumference (110.8 ± 7.9 vs. 109.5 ± 7.9), and hip circumference (115.6 ± 8.1 vs. 106.8 ± 15.0) of the participants after 28 days of training program. Conclusion: "Healthy Living Training Program" was effective in reducing weight, blood pressure, BMI, and waist and hip circumference. The program benefitted the participants by inculcating healthy lifestyles and raising awareness of health issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitamin D deficiency is a serious issue in developing nations, including India. This study investigates the determinants of vitamin D deficiency among Indian adolescents and assesses their relative importance using dominance analysis. Data from the Comprehensive National Nutrition Survey (CNNS) conducted between 2016 and 2018 were utilized in this study. Vitamin D levels were assessed based on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration, with a sample size encompassing 13,065 adolescents aged between 10 and 19 years. Backward stepwise multivariate logistic regression was used to identify the correlates of vitamin D deficiency, and the relative importance of these factors was assessed using dominance analysis. The study identified nine predictors that were significantly associated with vitamin D deficiency at a 1% level of significance (α = 0.001). Among these factors, sex was found to be the most significant predictor, with female adolescents being 2.66 (95% CI: 95% CI: 2.39–2.96) times more likely to be vitamin D deficient compared to male adolescents. Lifestyle and behavioral factors, such as "sex," "wealth index," and "place of residence," were more dominant in predicting vitamin D deficiency than biological indicators like "BMI" and "serum creatinine." This underscores the vital role of sunlight exposure in maintaining sufficient vitamin D levels. In summary, this study sheds light on the multifaceted factors contributing to vitamin D deficiency among Indian adolescents, emphasizing the significance of targeted interventions and public health awareness campaigns to mitigate this pressing issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Breastfeeding is crucial for child health and development, yet its practices and their implications on children's nutritional status vary. Aim & Objectives: This study aimed to explore the determinants of breastfeeding practices and their effects on the nutritional status of children in an Indian population. Methodology: This study is conducted in four villages of Udaipur district, Rajasthan, among 120 mother-child pairs. The data is collected on anthropometric measurements, socioeconomic factors, and child health parameters. Results: We found that only 37.5% of children were exclusively breastfed. Significant associations were observed with birth month (P=<0.001) and nearly significant associations with mode of delivery (P=0.06) and undernutrition (P=0.07). Conclusion: These findings highlight the need for larger-scale research to further investigate these associations and enhance breastfeeding practices to improve child health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the impact of Body Mass Index (BMI) on Quality of Life (QoL) and treatment outcomes in breast cancer (BC) patients, particularly focusing on underweight individuals with compromised nutritional status. A nonrandomized prospective study comprising 121 newly diagnosed patients across various BMI categories utilized FACT-B & FACIT-Sp-12 questionnaires. Follow-ups occurred at baseline, during (3rd and 6th), and after (12th month) anthracycline-taxane chemotherapy, either sequentially or concomitantly. Patients with low BMI (<18.5 kg/m2; 53.7%) exhibited significantly poorer QoL, marked by compromised nutritional indicators (low MUAC and SFT). Repeated measures ANOVA identified significant correlations between BMI groups in functional, social, and emotional QoL aspects (p < 0.05), with no notable differences in other domains. A Chi-square (ꭓ2) test underscored a significant link between BMI and treatment response (p < 0.0001), showing higher rates of non-responders among underweight patients (p = 4.259e−14). The study advocates pretreatment consultation with a dietitian as standard care for Indian BC patients, offering complimentary nutritional support for improved QoL outcomes and treatment responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Menstrual cycle irregularities and anovulation have been found to occur with increased frequency in women who deviate considerably from normal weight. Ovulation abnormalities may also be caused by fluctuations in weight, such as being overweight, obese, or underweight, which are hypothesized to disrupt the energy balance. Objectives The aim of this study was to find out the association between menstrual patterns and body mass index (BMI) among students of selected health science university. Materials and Methods A descriptive research study was conducted among 222 university students at a selected health science university in Mangalore. The samples were selected by using simple random sampling techniques. A demographic proforma, self-reported menstrual pattern questionnaire, and anthropometric measurements like height and weight were measured. BMI was calculated by using the standardized formula, BMI= (weight [kg]/height [m 2 ]) by the World Health Organization for the Asian population based on the revised consensus guidelines for India. Students who are aged between 17 and 25 years, unmarried female students who are studying under Yenepoya (deemed to be university), attained menarche, and who are willing to participate in the study were included in the study. Results From this study, it can be considered that the mean age of menarche was 12.49 ± 0.51years. Most 68.5% students reported dysmenorrhea. It is the most common menstrual disorder among our study subjects. Of the total subjects, 38.3% cases had oligomenorrhea, which was the next most common menstrual disorder. The majority of the subjects has a normal BMI, with a mean of 21.02 kg/m 2. There is a significant association between dysmenorrhea, oligomenorrhea, and polymenorrhagia with BMI status of university students at 0.05 level significance. Conclusion Lifestyle modification and nutritional counselling for female students could alleviate menstrual problems. It will not only improve the girls' current health, sense of well-being, and overall quality of life but may also lower her risks for future disease and ill health after proper advice about diet and exercise. Menstrual irregularities are mostly neglected by the society due to unawareness regarding the irregular menstrual pattern and their problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Inbreeding is thought to affect the morphometric parameters leading to lower health status among the progeny. The present study was aimed to investigate the repercussions of inbreeding on anthropometric traits, namely height, weight and body mass index (BMI). Subjects and methods: The survey was conducted in two North Indian cities and total 813 individuals were randomly recruited from inbred and outbred families. The morphometric parameters of the subjects were measured using standard methods, BMI was calculated and categorized into underweight, normal weight and overweight. Family pedigrees were drawn and degree of inbreeding in terms of the inbreeding coefficient (F) was calculated. Results: A significant decline in morphometric measures was observed among inbred individuals as compared to outbred ones. The mean differences (95% CI) were found significant for various inbred and first cousin categories as compared to outbred subjects (p < 0.05). We found the increased frequency of underweight individuals corresponding to the degree of inbreeding for different types of inbred categories (p = 2.086 × 10−9) and also for different subtypes of first cousin unions corresponding to their sex-linked inbreeding coefficients (p = 5.2 × 10−5). The regression slope and correlation coefficient revealed a fitness decline and depression in anthropometric measures (p < 0.05) with the increase in 'F' for all inbred groups and first cousin categories. Conclusions: The present research confirms the adverse effects of inbreeding on morphometric parameters among inbred subjects. It has novelty in shedding light on the hitherto unreported differences in the consequences of inbreeding among different types of first cousin unions. Highlights: Consanguinity acts as a risk factor among humans resulting in poor health status. This empirical study deals with the effect of inbreeding on anthropometric measures. Significant decrease in morphometric traits was observed among inbred individuals. The risk for poor health status was found proportional to the degree of inbreeding. We also reported the differences in inbreeding effects for various first cousin unions for the very first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nutrition deficiency is commonly observed in lactating mothers and is a rising trend in India due to improper dietary patterns, physiological factors, socio-economic and demographic factors. The aim was to study the nutritional status and its related factors among lactating mothers in the urban areas of Delhi region, India. A structured, pre-tested and validated questionnaire was used to capture the socio-demographic information, including economical and medical conditions, of 150 lactating women in Delhi, India. Pearson correlation coefficient and association of various factors were determined. 72.5 per cent of women were in the age bracket of 20–25 years and in low-income group (70 per cent). The prevalence of underweight was 21.33 per cent, and the mean and SD of body mass index (BMI) of mothers were 19.17 ± 2.1 and 20.70 ± 2.3 for sedentary and moderate workers, respectively. There were significant correlations found between BMI, energy, carbohydrates, fat and protein intake (p <.05). Multivariate regression model was used to associate the nutrition of participants' income group, education, type of work, age of mothers and frequency of meals. Based on the results, intervention programmes for dietary correction and the effect of nutrition on the body have to be emphasised to lactating mothers for better health and nutritional outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity is considered as one of the major public health burden and it is predictor of cardiovascular risk factor. Yoga is a mind-body medicine helps to promote health. This study was aimed to explore whether Laghoo Shankaprashalana (LS) reduce the body weight in obese individuals. This was a single group pre-post study. A total of 40 subjects (9 Male, 31 Female) aged between 18 and 40 years were recruited. This study was conducted in government yoga and naturopathy medical college, Chennai. Subjects were practiced weekly once LS for eight weeks (eight sessions). Subjects were assessed pre and post on body weight, body mass index, waist circumference, hip circumference, waist hip ratio, pulse rate and blood pressure. Variables were analyzed using Paired sample t test except waist hip ratio, which were analyzed using Wilcoxon's signed ranks test. There was significant reduction in the body weight (p<0.001, 5.81 %), Body Mass Index (p<0.001, 5.88 %), Waist Circumference (p<0.001, 7.20 %), Hip Circumference (p<0.001, 5.04 %), and Waist Hip Circumference (p<0.001, 3.19 %) after LS. However, there was no statistical significance difference in pulse rate, blood pressure. Eight sessions of Laghoo Shankaprakshalana helps to reduces body weight, body mass index, waist circumference, hip circumference and waist hip ratio. Reduction in the waist circumference might helps to reduce the cardiovascular risk. LS may be one of the cost effective intervention that can be incorporated in the weight loss regimen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increased prevalence of obesity, particularly central obesity, is closely associated with many metabolic complexions, including hypertension and diabetes. The present study investigates the cut-off points of some anthropometric measurements such as body mass index [BMI (kg/m2)], waist circumference [WC (cm)], waist-hip ratio (WHR), and waist-height ratio (WHtR) associated with high blood pressure. It determines the risk factors among the Chiru tribe of North East India. The cross-sectional study was conducted in four villages in the hilly districts of Manipur. For the present study, 416 Chiru adults (209 males and 207 females) aged 20–79 years were included. Anthropometrics and blood pressure were measured using standard procedures. Statistical methods such as chi-square, Pearson correlation, and multivariate logistic regression were employed. The result indicates that the cut-off values to detect hypertension were 21.83 for BMI, 82.55 for WC, 0.92 for WHR, and 0.53 for WHtR. However, the cut-off values to detect hypertension in females were 23.92 for BMI, 86.48 for WC, 0.94 for WHR, and 0.55 for WHtR. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that hypertension was an independently associated risk factor in both males and females with an age ≥ 50 years (OR = 18.52 and 10.12), physical activity (OR = 0.10 and 0.21), salt intake (OR = 7.81 and 3.36), and smoking (OR = 2.56 and 3.23), respectively. It has been concluded that BMI, WC, WHR, and WHtR values can determine hypertension risk in the Chiru population. Age, smoking, physical activity, and salt intake were independent risk factors associated with high blood pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Food is a basic thing without which, life is impossible. Without proper food, body will not thrive to its optimum potential and Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) is the state, where there is a lack of food intake over a prolonged period of time. Aims & Objectives: To find the association of dietary habits with CED in ethnic Punjabi population. Methodology: The study was a cross-sectional study using simple random sampling technique. Taking the prevalence of CED as 30% in India, the sample size came out to be 336 but, 400 subjects were selected equally from rural and urban areas for convenience. Results: Subjects having lesser calorie intake than RDA, developed CED more 62(82.9%) than meeting RDA 13(17.1%). Subjects who skipped meals had higher CED rates. Pure vegetarians had higher rates of CED 71(93.4%) than non-vegetarians 5(6.6%). People consuming milk or milk products more than once daily developed lesser CED 1(1.3%) than those taking once daily 15(19.7%) and ones taking only once a week 60(79.0%). Conclusion: According to the study, persons with adequate calorie intake, who do not skip meals, take some kind of non-vegetarian food, and consume milk on daily basis have lesser tendency to develop CED. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: India is known as capital of Diabetes all over the world. Diabetes is a lifestyle disease which affects all age groups. Objective: To identify the risk of developing Diabetes in adults using Indian Diabetes Risk Score (IDRS) and identify associated factors. Material & Methods: A cross sectional study was done among 200 adults who were non-diabetic by systematic random sampling in urban area, Diphu, Assam using pre-designed semi structured questionnaire, validated IDRS and anthropometric measurements. SPSS Version 20.0 was used for data analysis. Predictors of risk of Diabetes was identified by logistic regression. Results: Among 200 participants, moderate risk was found in 106 subjects and high risk was found in 71 subjects. On multiple regression analysis, age, marital status, education, fruit consumption, blood pressure, Body mass index and physical activity were significantly associated with risk of developing Diabetes. Conclusion: Individuals at risk of diabetes should be identified by screening so that appropriate interventions can be done to prevent/delay the onset of diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Hand Grip Strength, measured by hand-grip dynamometry, is a measure of muscular strength. This cross-sectional study was performed to determine the correlation between Hand Grip Strength (HGS) and different anthropometric measurements like Body Mass Index (BMI), Hand Length (HL) and Mid Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) among undergraduate medical students of a Tertiary Health Care Institute in West Bengal. Material and methods: This research, which was cross-sectional, analytical, and observational, had two groups of fifty male and fifty female participants in the 19-25 age range. An analogue, basic metal hand-grip dynamometer weighing 50 kg was used. The recorded HGS value was the average of three trials, with a 15-second inter-trial rest interval between each trial. For Statistical Analysis, Tests of Significance (Student's t-test and Pearson's Correlation Coefficient) have been used. P-values = 0.05 have been considered significant. Results: A hundred undergraduate medical students of the age group 19-25 years were divided into two groups, male (50) and female (50). A significant strong positive correlation of HL (r = 0.6308, p < 0.00001) with Dominant Hand Grip Strength (DHGS) was found in the general population. However, no significant correlation of BMI (r = 0.0831, p = 0.411091) with DHGS was observed. A significant weak positive correlation of age (r = 0.2790, p = 0.004939) with DHGS was observed and a significant moderate positive correlation of MUAC (r = 0.4035, p = 0.000031) with DHGS was seen. Significant weak positive correlations of HL (r = 0.3227, p = 0.022275) and MUAC (r = 0.3788, p = 0.006674) with DHGS were observed for females. Males recorded greater values of DHGS (17.6526 kg) and NDHGS (16.7430 kg) than females (DHGS = 7.3856 kg, NDHGS = 6.6404 kg) and the difference was statistically significant. Conclusion: Thus, it may be concluded that the most significant predictor of hand grip strength (HGS) is hand length (HL). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABO blood system is not only important for determining the lifestyle diseases, blood transfusion and exchange but it has also been found to be highly relevant to genetic marker of obesity. Recent studies are trying to explore the relation between blood grouping and obesity, and blood group diets and management of obesity. But still there are limited studies related to reduction of weight from blood group diets. The aim of this study is to examine the association of blood groups and weight reduction through a Moderate-Fat, Balanced Nutrient Reduction Diets among overweight and obese adults. A longitudinal study was conducted over 175 overweight and obese adults (>18 years and <60 years of age) of urban Bihar. A planned diet regime was followed by participants for a period of six months, and their anthropometric measurements were used for statistical analysis. There were substantial decreases in weight, BMI and waist circumference across different blood groups resulted through moderate-fat balanced nutrient reduction diet plan in both genders. For all blood groups, BMI reduction was at least 3.78 kg/m2 through the program, and the program was most effective for blood group O positive participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Menopause is the permanent cessation of menstruation resulting from loss of ovarian follicular activity. This induces a reduction in resting metabolic rate, physical activity, and fat-free mass. Buildup of adipose tissues in the anterior abdominal wall and in the intra-abdominal visceral tissue hinders diaphragmatic movement and diminishes basal lung expansion during inspiration causes ventilation--perfusion abnormalities. Very few evidence of the correlation between body fat distribution and pulmonary function in menopausal women. AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between anthropometry determinants, body fat distribution, and pulmonary function in postmenopausal women. SETTING AND DESIGN: After ethical committee approval, an observational study of 101 postmenopausal women fulfilling the criteria were selected from the tertiary care center. METHODOLOGY: Anthropometric measurements of participants such as height, weight, body mass index, waist circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) were measured. Body fat distribution is evaluated by measuring skinfold at five sites (biceps, triceps, abdominal, suprailiac, and subscapular) with the help of Lange caliper. Pulmonary function (forced expiratory volume in 1st second [FEV1], forced vital capacity [FVC], FEV1/FVC, and peak expiratory flow rate) recorded on a computerized portable lung function unit. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: As the data were not in normal distribution, Spearmen's correlation test was used. RESULTS: It showed that strong negative correlation existed between age and FVC (r = -0.742) and WHR and FEV1/FVC (r = -0.796). Furthermore, moderate negative correlation was found between biceps and FEV1 and FVC (r = -0.433 and r = -0.475), respectively, and abdominal skinfold and FEV1 and FVC (r = -0.628, r = -0.646) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION/CLINICAL IMPLICATION: It could be concluded that in postmenopausal women, there may be a negative correlation between anthropometry, body fat distribution, and pulmonary function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Obesity in children has become a public health concern worldwide with a significant rise in recent years. Aim & Objective: This study aimed to estimate the occurrence of overweight and obesity in adolescents studying in school and to determine the risk factors for obesity as well as overweight in this population. Settings & Design: This cross-sectional research was carried out among adolescent children of age group 12-15 years from Jodhpur's rural and urban schools. Methods & Material: The present study included 1864 school children. A well-structured questionnaire was used to gather data, and the researchers measured weight and height with the help of calibrated tools. Index for Body Mass (BMI) and Z-scores were calculated, and the World Health Organization (WHO) standardized gender-specific growth chart was used to classify children as being overweight and obese. Statistical analysis used: The statistical evaluation was conducted utilising SPSS version 23.0. Chi-square analyses were applied to analyse the relationship of independent variables with overweight/obesity status. Variables showing statistical significance at a 5% level were further analysed using multiple logistic regression. Results: It was discovered that the rate of overweight and obesity among Jodhpur schoolchildren was 23.2%, with 22.9% classified as overweight and 0.3% as obese. The analysis revealed that children attending urban and public schools exhibited higher rates of obesity and overweight compared to those in rural and private schools. Conclusions: The study highlights a considerable burden of overweight among children enrolled in schools of Jodhpur, warranting the implementation of sustainable intervention aimed at encouraging physical exercise and a balanced diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim- Metabolic fuel detectors regulate energy balance at peripheral and central levels. The aim of this study is to assess association of serum Orexin levels with Metabolic risk markers in women of reproductive age group. Material And Methods- The study was conducted in campus of King George Medical University (KGMU), Uttar Pradesh Lucknow, INDIA. 150 apparently healthy women of reproductive age group i.e. 20-40 years of age were randomly selected. Fasting serum orexin and Serum insulin levels were measured using ELISA and weight, Body mass index, Fasting blood glucose, Lipid prole and Blood pressure were estimated in women. Result- The results show that Serum orexin levels has signicant positive correlation with fasting blood glucose, weight, BMI and waist circumference along with a weak negative correlation with serum Insulin level. Conclusion- In present study Serum orexin levels signicantly correlate with weight, BMI, Fasting blood glucose and weak negative correlation with serum Insulin levels. serum orexin levels did not correlate with lipid prole of women of reproductive age group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of the current study was to measure grip strength along with correlates, to inform recommendations to protect students entering the nursing workforce and increase career longevity, as well as health, among working nurses.Participants and Methods: A convenience sample of nursing staff and students (18 to 59 years) at a large teaching hospital (N = 316) participated in a cross-sectional study. A brief survey included sociodemographic questions, the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-4), and the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ). Anthropometric measures included height, weight, waist circumference, and hand grip strength using a Jamar digital dynamometer.Results: Only 22.5% of the participants met Indian normative grip strength parameters by age and gender, and on average had a normal body mass index (M = 22.31, SD 4.15). Grip strength was significantly associated with BMI and waist circumference, which explained 76% of the variance in grip strength.Conclusion: This study provides a baseline measurement of grip strength among Indian nursing staff and students, and documents grip strength among young adults (18– 20 years of age) who were not included in published normative grip strength data among healthy Indian participants. Data from the current study demonstrates that very few participants met normative grip strength, thus indicating the need for strengthening. Variance in grip strength was largely explained by waist circumference, pointing to the importance of nutrition. Interventions are needed to improve physical performance of nursing duties and prevent on-the-job injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The physiological data cannot be the only predictor of competitive performance, much like in other sports where abilities are crucial. On the other hand, it's important to remember that these physiological norms and standards are prerequisites for success in football competition at the highest levels. When choosing talent, conventions are crucial. For athletes who train and compete at the greatest levels of performance, pain management is a critical concern. Purpose: To evaluate the comparison of physiological effects among collegiate-level football players with and without musculoskeletal pain. Materials and Methods: The subjects were selected from the Saveetha physical education department based on inclusion criteria from January 2022 to April 2022. They explained about the study. 25 collegiate football players were involved: group A (n = 7) with musculoskeletal pain and group B (n = 17) without musculoskeletal pain. The pro agility shuttle, vertical jump, standing broad jump, 40-yard test, and three cone drill were assessed, and the body composition was assessed using a skinfold caliper. Result: The statistical analysis made with quantitative data revealed no statistical difference between groups A and B. Conclusion: The present study shows there is no significant difference in the physiological profiles of football players with or without musculoskeletal pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Child marriage, defined as marriage before the age of 18 years, is a precocious transition from adolescence to adulthood, which may take a long-term toll on health. Aim: This study aims to assess whether child marriage was associated with added risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes in a nationally representative sample of Indian adults. Methods: Applying the non-laboratory-based Framingham algorithm to data on 336,953 women aged 30–49 years and 49,617 men aged 30–54 years, we estimated individual's predicted heart age (PHA). Comparing the PHA with chronological age (CA), we categorized individuals in four groups: (i) low PHA: PHA < CA, (ii) equal PHA: PHA = CA (reference category), (iii) high PHA: PHA > CA by at most 4 years, and (iv) very high PHA: PHA > CA by 5 + years. We estimated multivariable multinomial logistic regressions to obtain relative risks of respective categories for the child marriage indicator. Results: We found that women who were married in childhood had 1.06 (95% CI 1.01–1.10) and 1.22 (95% CI 1.16–1.27) times higher adjusted risks of having high and very high PHA, respectively, compared to women who were married as adults. For men, no differential risks were found between those who were married as children and as adults. These results were generally robust across various socioeconomic sub-groups. Conclusions: These findings add to the relatively new and evolving strand of literature that examines the role of child marriage on later life chronic health outcomes and provide important insights for public health policies aimed at improving women's health and wellbeing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Police personnel constitute a special occupational group with exposure to stressful work environment indirectly resulting in a high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, including metabolic syndrome (MS), hypertension, hyperlipidemia, cigarette smoking, and a sedentary lifestyle is reported among policemen. Surveillance activities are limited in the present scenario. Aims: The present study was designed to measure the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and other cardiovascular risk factors among police officers in Kozhikode district and observe the trend over the last 10 years. Settings and Design: The design was cross-sectional and spanned 630 policemen of Kozhikode Corporation in Kerala Methods and Material: Data collection was done using a pre-tested questionnaire. Anthropometric and biochemical measurements were carried out using standard techniques. MS was diagnosed using the National Cholesterol Education Program--Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. Statistical Analysis Used: Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS 20.0 software. Prevalence of MS and cardiovascular risk factors were expressed as percentages (95% CI). Associated factors with MS were identified using Chi square test. Results: MS was observed in 45.1% of the study population. Obesity and lack of physical activity were the commonest abnormalities. Cardiovascular risk factors identified were high body mass index (67.3%), lack of physical activity (47.1%), hypertension (16.7%), alcohol use (24.2%), smoking (17.3%) and diabetes (8.8%). Conclusions: There is a rising prevalence (16.8% in 2012 to 45.1% in 2021) of Metabolic Syndrome among policemen in Calicut Corporation. All the cardio vascular risk factors are also highly prevalent among the policemen. Policy makers might seriously take up the issue and introduce effective policies that might help reduce the incidence of MS and other cardio vascular risk factors in the newly recruited young policemen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nutritional status is an important aspect of childhood cancer, with a bearing on the disease and subsequent survivorship. We sought to evaluate the long-term anthropometric outcomes in a cohort of pediatric solid tumor survivors treated between 1994 and 2016. Anthropometry was noted at the time of presentation, after completion of therapy, and at the last follow-up. The z-scores for weight-for-age, height-for-age, and BMI-for-age were calculated using WHO growth charts for ages <5 years and the Indian Academy of Pediatrics growth charts for age >/= 5 years. BMI was calculated for adult survivors. We included 317 survivors, comprising 48, 81, and 188 survivors of Hepatoblastoma (HB), Malignant Germ cell Tumor (MGCT), and Wilms Tumor (WT) respectively. The median age at diagnosis was 24.5 (IQR 59-13.2) months, with a follow-up ranging from 5 to 19.54 years. The z-scores of the collective cohort and individual cohorts of HB, MGCT, and WT showed an improving trend from diagnosis to the last follow-up. The difference in the prevalence of malnutrition was found to be statistically significant when any two-time points were compared. Of the 28 adult survivors, 43% were noted to be underweight. Thus, anthropometric measures improve during follow-up, however, up to 15% of children persist in being malnourished. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Movement deficits and asymmetries are detected using the functional movement screen (FMS). Although increased body composition makes body movement more challenging, the relationship of body composition and FMS in athletes is unclear.AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: This study aimed (1) to relate the effects of body composition on FMS and speed and (2) to relate the effects of body composition on FMS and speed among the three groups.METHODOLOGY: In this cross-sectional study, 135 university male athletes free from injury participated. The subjects were divided into three groups. Each group has 45 subjects: Group A = team sports (hockey, football, rugby, and cricket); Group B = individual sports (judo, boxing, fencing, and taekwondo), and Group C = recreational subjects. Each participant completed FMS and speed (50-m dash test) and body composition was recorded on Omron Karada Scan HBF-224.RESULTS: The components of body composition (body mass index [BMI] [r = −0.420, P = 0.000], body fat % [r = −0.297, P = 0.000], and visceral fat % [r = −0.423, P = 0.000]) showed a negative correlation with FMS while skeletal mass % (r = 0.328, r = 0.000) showed a correlation with FMS. The result of components of body composition (BMI [r = 7.23, P = 0.000], body fat % [r = 0.572, P = 0.000], and visceral fat % [r = 0.751, P = 0.000]) and speed showed a positive correlation while skeletal mass % (r = −0.535, P = 0.000) showed a negative correlation with speed.CONCLUSION: This study concludes that maintaining the body composition in the normal range can boost their performance by giving them the best FMS and speed outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Imprisoned people usually have a poor health status and an increase risk to suffer chronic debilitating conditions, co-infection due to their limitations in physical activity and mental disturbances. This study was carried to find out the health impacts of Yogic practice of Indian healthy jail inmates. It was interventional single group pre-post design study. A total no of 30, Jail inmates including 08 female were participated in this study and practiced Yoga for six months. Body Mass Index, Heart Rate, Blood Pressure, Salivary alpha amylase activity (SAA) a stress marker were assessed before, after three months and after completion of six months of Yogic practice. Improvement was noted in all parameters, but significant improvement was noted in systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean blood pressure, double product a index of load in the heart and SAA following Yogic practice in total participants. Significant improvement was also noted in systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean blood pressure, double product a index of load in the heart and SAA following Yogic practice in male group. No significant effect was noted in female group. The present study revealed that regular Yogic practice resulted in reduction blood pressure, load in the heart and stress in mail jail inmates, when it is practiced regularly and carefully. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Malnutrition and depression have been found to be prevalent in the older persons and often lead to preventable adverse complications. Depression has been shown to be associated with malnutrition. This study was aimed at determining the predictors of depression and malnutrition among older persons attending selected primary health-care centers (PHC) in Kosofe local government area in Lagos, Nigeria. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study carried out among older persons attending PHC in Kosofe local government, Lagos. A multi-stage random technique was used to select the 219 participants from the PHC centers. Data were collected using a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire and analyzed using Epi Info 7.1. Chi-square was used to test the association between Socio-demographic characteristics and nutritional status, body mass index and depression, and one-way ANOVA was used to test for the association between anthropometric parameters and malnutrition. Associations were statistically significant if P < 0.05. Results: It was found that 57.9% were malnourished or at risk of malnutrition. The study showed that 47.1% of the participants were depressed. There was a significant association (<0.001) between the malnutrition and the level of depression. There was a statistically significant association between family support (P ≤ 0.001), malnutrition (P ≤ 0.001), and depression. There was statistically significant association between the height (P = 0.009), weight (P = 0.001), waist–hip ratio (P = 0.036), and the malnutrition. Remarkably, there was statistically significant association between the waist (P = 0.023) and hip circumference (P = 0.047) and their level of depression. Conclusion: The results from this study revealed a high prevalence of malnutrition and depression among older persons. Therefore, health providers working in PHC centers should have a high index of suspicion for depression among older persons with malnutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The National Family Health Survey-4 data from Odisha shows, adolescent growth spurt and nutritional level needs to be studied comprehensively for designing appropriate policies. Kandra community of Odisha is a Schedule Caste (SC) community with low socio-economic status. No study has been done on growth spurt of girls from this community. Hence, the paper examined growth and nutritional trend and test for significant difference on height, weight, and Body Mass Index (BMI). Methodology: Crosssectional study with 78 sample were collected from one Gram Panchayat of Ganjam district, India. Somatometric measurements i.e., height, weight, chest, and calf circumference were collected from school-going adolescent, randomly. Mean difference between early and middle adolescent were seen through Levene's Test for equality of variances and independent sample-t-test. Result: Findings say, adolescent growth spurt was highest at age 13-14 years. The overall median height and weight were reported less than Indian and National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) standards. The difference between 12-13 years and 14-16 years were significant at p<.001 for BMI. Conclusion: Findings were like the gaps reported in NFHS-4 nutritional indictors and is a concern as the girls are going to be future mother, and deficiency may pull their life into risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The hand anthropometric data is the baseline for design of hand tools and equipment. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to generate the hand anthropometric database of male and female agricultural workers and compare it with the hand anthropometric data of other regions of India. The use of collected data is illustrated to design hand tools and protective gear. METHODS: Hand anthropometric data were collected from 228 male and 198 female agricultural workers of northeast India. A total of 35 hand dimensions, stature and body mass from different tribes in the age group of 18–60 years were precisely measured. Measured data were statistically analysed to study the effects of gender, ethnicity, and age on hand dimensions. Correlation coefficients were determined among hand dimensions and linear regression equations were developed between highly correlated dimensions. RESULTS: The results show that all hand dimensions of the male and female subjects are significantly different (p < 0.01). Most of the hand dimensions were significantly different (p < 0.05) among different tribes for the male subjects. However, less number of hand dimensions were significantly different among tribes for the female subjects. Age of the subjects has significant effects (p < 0.01) on dimensions related to thickness, depth and circumference of fingers. The use of these data in the ergonomic design of hand tools and personal protective gear is illustrated to increase safety and comfort as well as efficiency of operators. CONCLUSION: There is a difference in the hand dimensions of different tribes of northeast India. This needs to be considered when designing agricultural hand tools and equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Obesity has been a major concern due to its increasing prevalence and associated metabolic complications. Body mass index (BMI) assesses general obesity, but it does not distinguish between muscle and fat accumulations, so using only BMI can lead to an erroneous result. Waist circumference (WC), a marker of central obesity, predicted mortality risk better than BMI. However, WC can be affected by abdominal distension, is time-consuming, and may not be culture-sensitive. Neck circumference (NC) is devoid of these disadvantages and is believed to be an index of upper body fat distribution. This study aimed to assess the association of neck circumference with general and central obesity and to identify the cut-off points for evaluating obesity in young adults using NC. Material and Methods: Height, weight, waist, and hip circumference were measured to determine BMI and waist-hip ratio. NC was measured at the level of the mid-cervical spine and mid-anterior neck in a standing position with the arms hanging freely. For males with a laryngeal prominence, NC was measured just below the prominence. Results: In total, 357 (170 male and 187 female) young, healthy Indian adults aged 18--25 participated. Neck circumference (NC) is significantly associated with BMI and WC in both genders. We found the best cut-off for male and female participants to be ≥34 cm and ≥30.5 cm, with a sensitivity of 88.3% and 84.4% for assessing obesity. Conclusion: NC may be a better alternative to BMI and WC as a marker to assess obesity since it is more practical, simple, inexpensive, time-saving, and less invasive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in men and the second in women worldwide. The objective of the present study was to determine and quantify important modifiable risk factors attributable to colorectal cancer, in order to explore the ways to reduce the incidence of colorectal cancer in this region. Materials and Methods: A case--control study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in Goa, India. The study subjects were group matched for age and sex so as to include 110 cases and 110 controls. Only incident cases of colorectal cancer were recruited in the study. Predesigned structured questionnaire was utilized for data collection, while anthropometric measurements and laboratory investigations were conducted. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS software package. The study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of the institute. Informed written consent was obtained from the study participants. Results: Smoking, smokeless tobacco use, alcohol consumption, red meat consumption, high body mass index (BMI), and the presence of Type 2 diabetes mellitus were found to be the risk factors for colorectal cancer on univariate analysis, while fruit and vegetable consumption were found to be the protective factors. Multiple logistic regression analysis identified Type 2 diabetes mellitus and high BMI as risk factors for colorectal cancer and consumption of fruits and vegetables as protective factors. Conclusion: Identification of risk factors for colorectal cancer would help in setting of colorectal cancer screening guidelines as well as for creating awareness regarding prevention of colorectal cancer among the general population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Many studies have engrossed on correlating one or two biomechanical parameters related to the lower limb alignment factors but not many have taken into account the effect of increased body weight on the relationship between Q-angle and pelvic tilt. Aim: The present study aims to assess the changes in pelvic inclination angle (PIA) and quadriceps angle (Q-angle) in the different categories of body mass index (BMI). Furthermore, to find an association between PIA, Q-angle, and waist-hip ratio (WHR) in different categories of BMI. Setting and Design: The Observational case control study was conducted on community dwelling individuals from Delhi NCR. Subjects and Methods: Two hundred and forty participants (120 participants of BMI score 18.5-22.9 kg/m2 (normal weight healthy individuals) and 120 participants of BMI score >25 kg/m2 (obese healthy individuals) were recruited on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria. BMI, PIA, Q-angle, and WHR were assessed in the standing position. Statistical Analysis: Intra-class correlations of analysis was done using the Pearson correlation coefficient calculation for all the measured variables. Results: Significant higher mean values of PIA and Q-angle were observed in obese participants when compared with normal weight participants (P < 0.01). BMI was significantly positively correlated with PIA (P = 0.011) and Q-angle (P = 0.014) for obese population, whereas no significant association was found to normal weight healthy population. Similarly, statistically significant positive correlation was found between PIA and Q-angle (P < 0.01). Conclusion: The study concluded that increase in body weight is an important factor which influences the biomechanical alignment of kinematic chain segments of the lower quadrant of the body. Hence, it is very important to focus on proper biomechanical alignment and the whole lower extremity should be considered rather than a single segment as a factor, because one mechanical factor has the potential to compensate for or affected by another when functioning in the weight bearing position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Undiagnosed diabetes is a significant public health concern in India, considering the accumulative burden of diabetes and its long-term complications. We have estimated the prevalence and factors associated with undiagnosed diabetes in India. Methods We used data from the fifth round of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5, 2019-21) to estimate undiagnosed diabetes prevalence aged under 50 (15-49) years. A log-binomial model with survey-adjusted Poisson regression was used to estimate the prevalence risk ratio (PR) between undiagnosed diabetes and various factors. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the factors associated with diagnosed diabetes (vs. healthy) and undiagnosed diabetes (vs. healthy). All the analyses were survey-weighted and stratified by gender and reported with 95% confidence intervals. Results The prevalence of diabetes for individuals aged 15-49 years was found to be 4.90% (4.80 to 5.00%) from the NFHS-5. Among them, the proportion of individuals with undiagnosed diabetes was 24.82% (24.07 to 25.59%), with higher among males (28.82% (26.45 to 31.30%)) than females (24.22% (23.44 to 25.01%)). The overall prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes was 1.22% (1.18 to 1.26%), with a higher prevalence among males (1.60% (1.46 to 1.76%)) than females (1.17% (1.13 to 1.21%)). Individuals who are middle-aged (45-49), have a higher body mass index (BMI), and are in a lower wealth index group, or live in the southern regions of India are at a higher risk of being undiagnosed for diabetes. Conclusion One in every four having diabetes is undiagnosed. The study highlights the need for public health interventions to improve diabetes screening and access to health care, particularly among middle-aged individuals, and those with higher BMI, as well as addressing lifestyle and dietary factors. The findings also reveal disparities in diabetes burden among population subgroups in India, underscoring the need for targeted efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthropometric breast measurements are essential in planning and manipulating reconstructive surgeries of the breast. The current study was aimed to perform anthropometric breast measurements and to assess the brassiere wearing practices of women. Hundred and one women with no known breast morbidities were enrolled by non-proportionate quota sampling after obtaining a written informed consent. Data were collected using an instrument consisting of demographic, clinical, reproductive profile, anthropometric breast measurements record sheet, and questionnaire related to brassiere wearing practices and selection. The average values for age, age at menarche, menopausal age, and BMI were 38 ± 11.04 years, 14.43 ± 1.45 years, 45.16 ± 4.73 years, and 25 ± 4.58 kg/m2, respectively. The median difference in the right and left breast volume was not significant (p = 0.13). Most of the breast measurements of right and left breast were similar except the mean sternal notch length (SNL) [p = 0.01, CI (0.074–0.487)] and mean lateral mammary radius LR [p = 0.04 CI (0.006–0.300)]. Ninety-six (95%) were currently wearing brasseries and 77 (76.2%) had awareness about their size. The results will be valuable to set a reference of breast measurements for Indian women and compare them with other nationalities. The findings will help in planning breast reconstruction surgeries or designing accessories/clothing for females after mastectomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The relationship between the parameters of body mass index (BMI) and lung function has been established by numerous studies done earlier. Those studies have been done mainly on obese individuals, but only a very few studies have been done in people with normal BMI or overweight group. Our aim is to analyze the various spirometric variables, namely forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory flow (FEF 25%–75%), and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), with respect to increase in the BMI in otherwise normal healthy subjects. Methods: The present study design is a randomized experimental parallel-group study. Sixty individuals who were otherwise healthy without any respiratory illness were selected for this study. Their anthropometric measurements were taken. Based on WHO classification, the subjects were grouped as follows: Group I with a BMI of 18.5–24.9 as a normal weight group and Group II with a BMI of 25–29.9 as the overweight group. Using Medispiror, the spirometric variables were determined. Analysis of spirometric variables, namely FEV1, FVC, FEF 25%–75%, and PEFR, were all done using the appropriate statistical method. Results: The results showed that there was a significant decrease in all spirometric variables except PEFR with an increase in BMI. However, the decrease in FVC was relatively more than the decrease in FEV1. Conclusion: This study can be concluded that there is a significant decrease in spirometric variables, namely FEV1, FVC, and FEF 25%–75%, as the BMI increases even in normal individuals who are not obese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, the rise in the prevalence of non-communicable illnesses is the most significant public health challenge of the 21st century, with childhood obesity playing a key role. Its well-known evidence that school-based interventions are effective in managing childhood obesity and diabetic profiles. The primary objective of this study was to examine the school nurse delivered health promotion intervention on diabetes indices among overweight children. Methods: True experimental research design was carried out. A total of eight schools in all consented to take part in the investigation and the distribution of the schools were done randomly using the lottery technique. Children aged between 12 -18 participated in the intervention program and the children in the study group received a school-based intervention for 16 weeks. The anthropometric measurements of weight, height and BMI were assessed as primary outcomes and diabetes indices such as fasting and postprandial blood sugar were assessed as secondary outcomes. Comparison of baseline values band after the intervention was done through paired and unpaired t-tests. Results: Compared with the control group experimental group showed a decrease in weight (t=3.835 P<0.001) and body mass index (t=1.724 P<0.001). Substantial changes in the fasting blood sugar (t=0.135, p=0.0893) and post prandial blood sugar (t=2.282, p=0.023). Additionally, there was a link between fasting sugar and BMI that was favourable. After a 16-week intervention program, the postprandial blood glucose level in the experimental group showed a significant positive connection (r=0.706 p0.001, r=0.628 p0.001, r=0.567 p0.00). Conclusion: Despite the fact that a lot of research has focused on the impact of childhood obesity and the significance of the diabetic profile. This study demonstrated that the physical activity-based intervention helped. the obese children significantly in improving their physical health status and reducing complications on health issues related to diabetes. In order to screen diabetic students and conduct screening procedures, additional policy and protocol need be implemented in school settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: India is facing a dual burden of malnutrition with high prevalence of underweight and increasing prevalence of overweight/obesity. Methodology: This study reports anthropometric findings (body mass index, waist circumference [WC], and waist–hip ratio [WHR]) from the screening of 3296 students admitted during 2018–2019. Results: Majority of the students were male (70%), with a mean age of 18.57 years. About 31% and 19% of students were underweight and overweight, respectively. Given sex-specific cutoffs for WC and WHR, about 5% and 21% of students were at substantially increased risk of metabolic complications. About 14.5% of normal and underweight students were also found to be at substantially increased risk of metabolic complications. Multivariate analysis found increasing age (odds ratio [OR] = 0.92; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.88–0.98) and being male (OR = 0.74; 95% CI: 0.62–0.88) to be protective factors against underweight. We did not find any statistically significant correlation for overweight, for WHR among males, and WC and WHR among females. Conclusion: It has been noted that the college environment increases the risk of weight gain. Hence, it makes a case to periodically study changes in anthropometric measures through a longitudinal study, and accordingly develop life cycle-based interventions for prevention/management of undernutrition, obesity, and related complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Current patterns of lifestyle, especially in young adults, linked to technological and social development, have led to an increased prevalence of sleep disorders. Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) when present hampers the quality of life of the individual and the overall productivity of the community as a whole. Three major hormones which influence the metabolism of the human body namely ghrelin, leptin and insulin are known to be affected by Inadequate sleep. The purpose of this study was to find if there is any correlation between Excessive daytime sleepiness and body composition in order that useful interventions may be found, to reduce the burden of these conditions. Methods: The research involved 30 subjects between 18 to 25 years of age. Body mass index, waist-hip ratio and neck circumference was calculated and the daytime sleepiness was measured using the Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS). The Spearman rank correlation test was used for analysis. Conclusion: Stanford Sleepiness Scale score was correlated with Body mass index, waist-hip ratio and neck circumference individually and the p value came to be 0.5876, 0.8145 and 0.9076 respectively which is not considered significant. Hence, no correlation was found between daytime sleepiness and Body mass index, Waisthip ratio and Neck circumference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of the study was to assess the relationship between height and dental caries among 13-year-old adolescents in schools of Bangalore, India. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was undertaken on 1900 schoolchildren aged 13 years from both government and private schools of Bangalore using stratified random sampling. Demographic data; family-related factors; and general and oral health-related factors such as frequency of sugar consumption, dietary habits, oral hygiene practices, and dental attendance were interviewed using both open-ended and close-ended questions. Anthropometric measurements for height and weight were performed. Clinical examination was done and caries was recorded using the decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index (WHO criteria, 1997). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 21.0, and descriptive statistics including percentages, mean, and frequencies were performed. Student's t-test and ANOVA were applied to find the significant differences between mean DMFT among groups. Categorical data were analyzed by Chi-square test for differences between groups. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to find the correlation among dental caries and height and body mass index (BMI).P value was set at a statistical significance level of 0.05. Results: The prevalence of dental caries among the study population was 36.3% which was higher among girls as compared to boys. Dental caries was found to be significantly associated with socioeconomic status, family structure, birth order, use of oral hygiene aids, mouthrinsing, last dental visit, weight, and BMI. Height and BMI showed a strong negative correlation with dental caries. Conclusion: The present study showed a significant negative correlation between height and dental caries. However, since both caries and height are a dynamic phenomenon, hence a longitudinal study exploring the possible relationship should be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The mounting trends of beauty perceptions have contributed to distorted body image among adolescents. This demand understanding about current pointers of body image satisfaction to prevent eating disorders associated with mismanagement of weight in adolescents. Aim & Objective: The objectives of this cross-sectional study were to apprehend body image perception and dissatisfaction among adolescents (12-14years) across the genders and associate it with their actual BMI along with identifying the factors influencing body image perception. Settings and Design: A structured questionnaire was developed and administered on randomly selected 112 adolescents (68% boys & 34% girls, 12-14 years), mean age=12.8 ±0.45 from urban coeducational school of western India. Anthropometric measurements were taken with standardized tools and BMI z-scores were calculated. The actual and perceived weight was compared using paired t-test and descriptive statistics. Association between body image indicators, gender, and BMI were assessed using Chi-square test and One-way ANOVA. Factor analysis was done by Principal component analysis. Results: There was a significant difference in the perceived (M=2.31, SD=0.93) and actual BMI (M=1.96, SD=0.69), p=0.002. A significant association between gender and the influence of media idols, discrimination due to physical appearance and BMI was observed (p≤.0.005). Self-perception and judgements of others, behaviors related with self-fixation, social influence and inappropriate dietary practices and comparison with models and actors were the emerging factors identified. Conclusion: The body image perception was distorted among adolescents of both sexes, with higher body image discontent shown by girls. The perceived body image, when compared with their BMI was found to be incongruent across sexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: More dimensions in anthropometric variables and dominance of the hand aid in bowler's success and is easier for coaches/teams to pick and hire on the basis of fast and spin bowlers. Little is known to date on the relationship between anthropometric measures and handgrip power in collegiate bowlers. Present study is an attempt to quantify the handgrip power of collegiate male cricketers, and to explore its correlations with some selected anthropometric variables. Methods: Forty fast and 37 spin bowlers, aged between 20-25 years (mean age= 22.7±1.2 years) were selected from match practice group of different colleges in Rahata taluka, Maharashtra. Body height and mass were measured to calculate body mass index. Handgrip strength was measured with standard dynamometer. Statistical analysis was carried out for each variable and independent t-test was used to analyze differences between the two groups. Pearson's correlation coefficient test was done to obtain relationship between handgrip strength and selected anthropomorphic variables. The significance was set at 0.05. Conclusion: Anthropometric variables were directly related to handgrip strength among bowlers in this study. Forearm lengths of spinners were longer than fast bowlers. Handgrip strength was more in dominant hand and spinners had more handgrip strength than fast bowlers. These parameters will help in future for talent identification in handgrip-related sports and/or clinical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: In the backdrop of the huge and increasing burden of noncommunicable diseases(NCD) and unaddressed needs among the marginalized population, the study was conducted for risk assessment of NCD among commercial sex workers(CSWs) and to find out the detrimental effects of its associates. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted for 6 months (July-December 2021) among 440 Kolkata-based CSWs, females and males, and intermediaries attending clinics run by the nongovernment organization providing outpatient department-based services inside the area. With systematic random sampling, every 3rd patient was interviewed with pretested questionnaire comprising sociodemographics, Community-Based Assessment Checklist for risk assessment of NCDs, and anthropometric measurement was done. The proportion was done for prevalence estimation, with SPSS Amos 26.0, structural equation modeling was done for testing the relation between high Community-Based Assessment Checklist score and risk factors. Results: Majority 411 (93.4%) of the study participants were female sex workers and 14 were men having sex with men (MSMs). Age of the female participants was 39.08 ± 5.02 years. More than two-third are smokers, and more than one-third are alcoholics on regular basis. For NCDs, a score =4 was found among 302 (68.6%) of participants, and a significant association (P < 0.05) was found with tobacco use, alcohol consumption, higher body mass index, and physical inactivity. Structural equation also shows a positive relationship with NCD risk factors. Conclusion: CSWs in Kolkata have a high prevalence of NCD risk with a significant association of lifestyle factors. More intensive screening and regular treatment are needed to lower premature mortality and morbidity among them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Telomeres and telomerase are considered cardinal biomarkers of cellular aging. Shorter telomeres and low telomerase activity have been associated with obesity and accelerated aging. Objective: To compare the effects of a yoga-based lifestyle intervention (YBLI) with the standard of care (SOC) on cellular aging by estimating telomere length (TL) and telomerase activity in obesity. Design and setting: A parallel, two-arm, randomized-controlled trial was conducted at the Integral Health Clinic, Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, from March 2017 to October 2019. Participants: Obese (n = 72), body mass index (BMI), 25-35 kg/m², aged 20-45 years, male (21), and female (51). Intervention: Seventy-two obese participants were randomized to receive either a 12-week SOC (n = 36) or YBLI (n = 36). SOC included management of obesity as per Indian guidelines including a hypocaloric individualized diet and physical activity. The pretested YBLI included asana (physical postures), pranayama (breathing exercises), and meditation. Methods: Blood samples were collected from both the groups at baseline, 2, 4, and 12 weeks. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. TL was measured by quantitative PCR, and serum telo-merase levels by immunoassay. Outcome measures: Primary outcome measures were the changes in the TL and telomerase levels between the two groups at week 12. Secondary outcome measures were the changes in TL and telomerase, and an-thropometric parameters (body weight, BMI, waist-to-hip ratio) at 2, 4, and 12 weeks of intervention in both SOC and YBLI groups. Results: There were no significant changes in TL and telomerase levels between the groups at week 12. The TL was significantly greater in the YBLI group versus the SOC group (p < 0.0001) at 2 weeks. The anthropometric and physiological parameters were influenced positively by both SOC and YBLI. Conclusion: The study did not meet the primary objective, although the results are suggestive of a positive impact of YBLI on aging in obesity as noted within the YBLI group. However, the results should be interpreted carefully, and in the light of other published data. Larger studies to better understand the possible positive benefits of YBLI on cellular aging are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various factors influence balance and mobility in older people. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of age, gender, and body mass index (BMI) on balance and mobility in Indian Community-Dwelling older people. Cross-sectional, observational study. Elderly men (n = 53) and women (n = 47) aged between 65 and 83 years were assessed using Berg balance scale (BBS), functional reach test (FRT), and timed up & go (TUG) test. Participants were categorized into normal weight, overweight, and obese. Age was significantly correlated with all the measures (BBS: r = −0.91; FRT: r = −0.46; TUG: r = 0.81). No significant difference was noted among weight groups in all the measures. Gender differences were found in BBS (p = 0.048) and FRT (p < 0.0001), but not found in TUG (p = 0.14). BMI had no influence on balance and mobility. Age was significantly correlated with all the measures. Gender differences were found in balance, but not in mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims and Objectives: Diabetes is a chronic health condition proving to be a major health challenge globally. Being a lifestyle-related disorder, psychosocial and behavioral factors are critical for its management, among which stress plays a contributory role. Diabetes is associated with increased risk of depression, anxiety, and stress due to its debilitating nature and complications. Stress not only affects glycemic control through biological pathways but also leads to unhealthy behavior such as binge eating, smoking, and alcohol. This study attempts to fill the lacuna between clinical and psychosocial aspects of stress and thereby determines the prevalence and impact of stress among type 2 diabetes individuals in a clinic population. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional, case-control study that includes individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) as well as those with normal glucose tolerance. Assessment of stress was done using a validated tool, the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (stress component). Sociodemographic characteristics, anthropometry, blood pressure, and biochemical parameters were collected in all the participants. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences statistical software. Results: The prevalence of stress was significantly higher in T2DM compared to normal glucose tolerance (NGT; 43% vs 13%, P < .001). Both among T2DM and NGT, stress levels were higher in younger individuals with higher education, higher income levels, and professionals. Stress scores decreased with age at diagnosis of T2DM (16.6 [=25 years] vs 15.6 [=26-40 years] vs 12.7 [=41 years], P < .001). T2DM was significantly associated with stress after adjusting for confounding factors. Conclusion: Individuals with T2DM had significantly higher prevalence of stress. Regular screening of stress could lead to better glycemic control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The different anthropometric indices have different predictive values of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in various populations. Since obesity is a common cause of NAFLD and diabetes, therefore, it is critical to correlate the various anthropometric indices as a risk factor in terms of NAFLD and diabetes in the Indian population. In view of reported association between obesity and NAFLD, the study was employed to analyze the relationship of various anthropometric indices (body mass index [BMI], a body shape index [ABSI], waist-height ratio [WHtR], etc.) with NAFLD and to comment, if possible, which among them has the highest predictive value in patients with type 2 diabetes. Material and Methods: Data of 220 diabetic patients (36–80 years) were analyzed. Anthropometric data were collected using standard methods. Routine biochemical investigations data were used. Ultrasonography was used to assess liver status for NAFLD. Results: Based on the results, Waist height ratio [WHtR] and BMI had better correlation with NAFLD than ABSI. The desirable WHtR cutoff value was 0.545 with 62% of sensitivity and 62% of specificity. The cut off for BMI and ABSI were 24.6 and 0.805, respectively, with 65% of sensitivity and 62% of specificity for BMI and 63% of sensitivity and 42% of specificity for ABSI. Conclusion: There is a strong association of BMI and ABSI with NAFLD in this study. Public health measures to limit overnutrition and management of obesity are essential to prevent NAFLD, and as its negative health effects on type 2 diabetes mellitus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adolescents with depression engage in unhealthy eating habits and irregular sleep patterns and are often at an increased risk for weight‐related problems. Improvement in these lifestyle behaviours may help to prevent depression, but knowledge about the associations between depression, sleep, eating habits and body weight among adolescents in India is limited. This cross‐sectional study investigated the prevalence of depression and its association with sleep patterns, eating habits and body weight status among a convenience sample of 527 adolescents, ages 10–17 years in Mumbai, India. Participants completed a survey on sleep patterns such as sleep duration, daytime sleepiness and sleep problems and eating habits such as frequency of breakfast consumption, eating family meals and eating out. Depression was assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire modified for Adolescents (PHQ‐A). Anthropometric measurements were also taken. Within this sample, 25% had moderate to severe depression (PHQ‐A ≥ 10) and 46% reported sleeping less than 6 h > thrice a week. Adolescents with moderate to severe depression had significantly higher body mass index than those with minimal depression (26.2 ± 6.6 vs. 20.2 ± 4.8 kg/m2). The odds of having clinically significant depression (PHQ‐A ≥ 10) was 4.5 times higher in adolescents who had family meals ≤ once a week, 1.6 times higher among those who were sleeping <6 h and 2.3 times higher among participants having trouble falling to sleep more than thrice a week. The findings indicated that a significant proportion of adolescents had depression symptoms; improving sleep and eating habits may present potential targets for interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim is to study the impact of nutritional status on outcomes and treatment-related complications in patients of neuroblastoma. Materials and Methods: Anthropometry (height, weight, weight for height [in <5 years], mid-arm circumference [MAC] [in <5 years], and body mass index [BMI]), hemoglobin level, and serum albumin level were recorded. Results: Twenty-four neuroblastoma patients, 16 males and 8 females, with a mean age of 42.7 months were treated and followed up over a period of 0.03–170 months. Of 24 patients, 16 survived (complete response - 9, partial response - 2, no response - 2, progressive disease - 3). Height <2 standard deviation [SD] was seen in 12.5% (3/24). Mortality and complications were found in 66.7% (2/3) and 100% (3/3), respectively. Weight <2SD was seen in 37.5% (9/24). Mortality and complications were found in 33.3% (3/9) and 67% (6/9), respectively. Weight for height <2 SD was seen in 35% (7/20). Mortality and complications were found in 42.9% (3/7) and 71.4% (5/7), respectively. MAC <2 SD was seen in 15.8% (3/19). Mortality and complications were found in 66.7% (2/3) and 66.7% (2/3). BMI <2SD was seen in 29.2% (7/24). Mortality and complications were found in 42.8% (3/7) and 28.6% (2/7). Anemia was seen in 62.5% (15/24), of which nine survived. Complications were seen in 58.3% (14/24) (P = 0.001). Hypoproteinemia was seen in 20.8% (5/24). Mortality and complications were 40% (2/5) and 80% (4/5). Conclusion: Neuroblastoma has poor outcome in Indian children, and there does not appear to be a major role played by nutrition in determining the response to treatment and survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]