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Background: Analyses of sensitivity of Global Food Security (FS) score to a key set of supply or demand factors often suggest population and water supply as being the most critical and on which policies tend to focus. To explore other policy options, we characterized the nexus between GFS and a set of supply or demand factors including population, agricultural and industrial water uses, agricultural publications (as a surrogate for investment in agricultural research and development (R&D)) and corruption perception index (CPI), to reveal opportunities for attaining enduring GFS., Results: We found that despite being the primary driver of demand for food, population showed no significant correlation with FS scores. Similarly, agricultural water use was poorly correlated with GFS scores, except in countries where evaporation exceeds precipitation and irrigation is significant. However, FS had a strong positive association with industrial water use as a surrogate for overall industrialization. Recent expansions in cultivated land area failed to yield concomitant improvements in FS score since such expansions have been mostly into marginal lands with low productivity and thus barely compensated for lands retired from cropping in several developed economies. However, FS was positively associated with agricultural R&D investments, as it was with the CPI scores. The apparent and relative strengths of these drivers on FS outcome amongst countries were in the order: industrial water-use ≈ publication rate ≈ corruption perception ≫ agricultural water use > population., Conclusions: We suggest that to enshrine enduring food security, policies should prioritize (1) increased R&D investments that address farmer needs and (2) governance mechanisms that promote accountability in both research and production value chains. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry., (© 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.)

An undergraduate course in development economics presents an ideal opportunity to introduce students to the importance of gender differences in economic outcomes. The authors of this article argue that a systematic integration of gender into development economics courses based on standard textbooks is feasible and desirable. They provide a gendered narrative of how to engender a development economics course in the Global North using as examples topics that are commonly taught and show how gender-aware scholarly articles, classroom activities, and assignments can complement a course based on a standard textbook or set of articles. They engender three main sections of a prototype development economics course: meanings and measures of economic development; strategies for economic development; and salient issues in development; and they add a forward-looking section on creating equitable development.

Background: Non-degradable and persistent nature of Cadmium (Cd) poses high toxicity to human, plants and animals. Several industrial processes generated wastes are the main anthropogenic pathway through which Cd enters into the environment. Although, World Health Organization (WHO) has set the limit of Cd in drinking water is 0.005 mg L-1, the industrial activities release much higher concentrations of metal ions to the water stream than the prescribed limits, which leads to the increasing health hazards and environmental pollution., Objective: To address this issue, one of the major applicable solutions is the treatment or purification of contaminated water and effluents. The implantation of wastewater treatment systems aims to minimize environmental impacts, but ultimately generates waste materials, such as sewage sludge, which must be properly recycled., Method: In this review, we focus on the research efforts being made towards the removal of Cd (II) from waste waters using biological means with a special emphasis on the microorganism and agricultural based biosorbents., Results: Mechanistic pathway towards removal of Cd (II) ions from the wastewater, efficiency of the adsorbents and the factors affecting the process have been studied with specific examples. Also the recent patents related to this area have been taken into considerations to understand applicability of microorganism and agricultural based biosorbents., Conclusion: This overview presents various scientific reports towards low-cost microorganism and agricultural based biosorbents for efficient removal of Cd (II) by producing less toxic waste and the future perspective of the process., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.org.)

This paper introduces convergent innovation (CI) as a form of meta-innovation-an innovation in the way we innovate. CI integrates human and economic development outcomes, through behavioral and ecosystem transformation at scale, for sustainable prosperity and affordable universal health care within a whole-of-society paradigm. To this end, CI combines technological and social innovation (including organizational, social process, financial, and institutional), with a special focus on the most underserved populations. CI takes a modular approach that convenes around roadmaps for real world change-a portfolio of loosely coupled complementary partners from the business community, civil society, and the public sector. Roadmaps serve as collaborative platforms for focused, achievable, and time-bound projects to provide scalable, sustainable, and resilient solutions to complex challenges, with benefits both to participating partners and to society. In this paper, we first briefly review the literature on technological innovation that sets the foundations of CI and motivates its feasibility. We then describe CI, its building blocks, and enabling conditions for deployment and scaling up, illustrating its operational forms through examples of existing CI-sensitive innovation., (© 2014 The New York Academy of Sciences.)

Vizcaya was originally the private winter residence of industrialist James Deering and in the course of the last century has known many identities. In Vizcaya's recent process to refresh our mission and vision, we wondered: What should the role of James Deering be in our new vision? Why does he matter? Why does Vizcaya matter? In exploring Vizcaya's two founding stories -- the story of the founding of the estate and the story of the museum -- we envision Deering as a catalyst that enables us to embrace stories of people, place, preservation and innovation through the past, present and future. Through this process, Vizcaya has redefined its role which is to inspire cultural vitality and environmental sustainability and to establish its relevance as a museum in the urban core of twenty-first-century Miami.

In case of that human civilization was viewed as an integrated organism, the Periodic Table of the Civilizations (PTOC in short) has been formulated and recommended based on the development level and periodicity of core elements of human civilization. It divides the frontier process of the human civilization from the birth of humankind to the end of twenty-first century into 4 periods and 16 stages, and in which four periods include that of primitive culture, agricultural civilization, industrial civilization and knowledge civilization orderly, and each period includes four stages, that is, start, developing, maturing and transition stages sequentially. There are three approaches for the arrangements of the PTOC, that is, simple, vertical and horizontal tables. The big period of earth civilization refers to that from the primitive culture to the knowledge civilization, and then big period of space civilization will begin with the astronautic civilization. The first modernization witnesses the great changes and transformation from the traditional agricultural to the modern industrial civilization, and then second modernization from the modern industrial to the higher modern knowledge civilization. The periodic table, coordinate system and roadmap of human civilization and world modernization have been formulated to describe the relationship between them.

Western European societies, ecologies, and economies were significantly impacted by industrialization after WWII. Steadily increasing urbanization and the abandonment of traditional agricultural activities led to a rapid erosion of local environmental knowledge (LEK). We conducted 40 semi-structured interviews in Padua, one of the most industrialized areas of Italy, to identify changes and drivers of change in plant foraging. We documented the use of 56 plant, fungal, and animal taxa, including the most foraged Humulus lupulus, Silene vulgaris, and Papaver rhoeas. These are mainly prepared in risottos, frittatas, and boiled mixtures. During their lifetime, 68% of the interviewees redirected their foraging area, 25% completely abandoned their foraging practice, and 7% abandoned foraging but resumed it after retirement. Changes in the foraging area and foraging abandonment were mainly driven by increased pollution and lack of land accessibility, as well as partially related lifestyle changes and (micro)climate change. In the face of such changes and with the aim of re-establishing the connection between peri-urban communities and their land, some local committees are struggling to take back the unused spaces of the industrial area and prevent future loss of land accessibility and consequent loss of LEK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study develops a Malthusian model for the evolution of human society from hunting-gathering to agriculture and from agriculture to industrial production. Human society evolves across these stages as the population grows. However, under endogenous population growth, the population may stop growing at any stage. If it fails to reach the first threshold, the population remains as hunter-gatherers. If it reaches the first threshold, an agricultural society emerges. Then, if the population fails to reach the industrial threshold, it remains in an agricultural Malthusian trap without experiencing industrialization. Interestingly, high agricultural productivity triggers not only the Neolithic Revolution but also the subsequent industrialization. Using cross-country data to test this result, we employ an index of prehistoric biogeographic conditions that affect agricultural productivity as an instrument for the timing of transitions to agriculture and find that an earlier transition to agriculture has a positive effect on industrialization in the modern era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, rapidly increasing production, use and disposable of plastic products has become one of the utmost environmental issues. Our current circumstances in which the food supply chain is demonstrated as containing plastic particles and other plastic-based impurities, represents a significant health risk to humans, animals, and environmental alike. According to this point of view, biodegradable plastic material aims to produce a more sustainable and greener world with a lower ecological impact. Bioplastics are being investigated as an environmentally friendly candidate to address this problem and hence global bioplastic production has seen significant growth and expansion in recent years. This article focuses on a few critical issues that must be addressed for bioplastic production to become commercially viable. Although the reduction of fruit and vegetable waste biomass has an apparent value in terms of environmental benefits and sustainability, commercial success at industrial scale has remained flat. This is due to various factors, including biomass feedstocks, pretreatment technologies, enzymatic hydrolysis, and scale-up issues in the industry, all of which contribute to high capital and operating costs. This review paper summarizes the global overview of bioplastics derived from fruit and vegetable waste biomass. Furthermore, economic and technical challenges associated with industrialization and diverse applications of bioplastics in biomedical, agricultural, and food-packaging fields due to their excellent biocompatibility properties are reviewed. Review of the diverse types and characteristics of sustainability of biobased plastics Improved pretreatment technologies can develop to enhance greater yield Enzyme hydrolysis process used for bioplastic extraction & hasten industrial scale-up Focus on technical challenges facing commercialized the bioplastics Detailed discussion on the application for sustainability of biodegradable plastics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

First paragraphs: The Harvard Business School defines trans­formational changes as “changes that are typically much grander in scope than incremental, adaptive changes. Very often, transformational change refers to a dramatic evolution of some basic structure of the business itself—its strategy, culture, organization, physical structure, supply chain, or processes” (Harvard Business School Online, 2020, “Transformational Change,” para. 1). I have lived and worked through a period of transforma­tional change in American agriculture. I was born in 1939 and raised on a small family farm in southwest Missouri. The only farm ma­chin­ery in our community during the early 1940s was a steam engine that powered a threshing ma­chine that moved from farm to farm at harvest time. Everything on the farm was done with horse power or human power. We milked cows by hand, picked corn by hand, and plowed fields and culti­vated crops with horse-drawn equipment. Like most farmers in the U.S. at the time, most farmers in our community milked a few cows, raised a few hogs and chickens, and grew at least enough feed grains and forages for their livestock. They used crop rotations and livestock manure to manage pests and maintain soil fertility. Neighboring farmers shared their horse power and human power at harvest times—as a matter of necessity. I recall silo-filling crews of up to 40 farmers. Our commu­nity may have been a few years behind some other areas, but this was pretty much the state of agricul­ture in the U.S. in the late 1940s. . . .

Exploring the impact of economic modernization on carbon balance is an essential endeavor to achieve carbon neutrality and combat climate change. However, the spatial impact of economic modernization on carbon balance remains ambiguous. Therefore, this study aims to explore the spatial spillover effects of agricultural modernization, industrialization, and urbanization on carbon balance during the economic modernization process in China, taking 30 provinces and cities in China as examples from 2010 to 2021. This study utilizes the spatial Durbin model to derive the following results: In the past decade, the carbon balance ratio has shown a fluctuating and decreasing dynamic evolution trend. There is an increase in regions with serious carbon deficits. Further investigation into the spatial spillover effect of carbon balance unveils that for every 1% increase in the carbon balance ratio of a province, neighboring provinces experience a decrease of 0.833%. Additionally, the spatial spillover effects of the three modernizations in China on the carbon balance ratio behave differently. Agricultural modernization and urbanization demonstrate negative spatial spillover effects on the carbon balance in neighboring regions, while industrialization exerts a significant positive spatial spillover effect on the carbon balance of neighboring regions. Regarding control variables, the level of innovation solely contributes to local carbon balance realization without generating a trickle-down effect, whereas infrastructure development operates inversely. At the same time, there are differences in the spatial effects of agricultural modernization and industrialization on the carbon balance between the eastern region and the central and western regions. The study underscores the importance of economic modernization and development processes focusing on fostering synergistic growth between economic and environmental benefits within both local and neighboring areas.

The study examines the processes of development of the Kuban region’s industry and its production problems, which were addressed during the first five-year plans. The study presents the results of a comparative analysis of the industrial potential of the Kuban districts, and raises questions about their identification parameters, including directions of development, reconstruction processes, and outcomes. The study demonstrates that the main factors driving the growth of the region’s industry and the development of new sectors are the use of agricultural resources and their processing, expansion of fuel resources and construction materials, reconstruction, and improvements in technical equipment of enterprises. Special attention is given to the production growth and increased economic status of individual large factories and plants. The novelty of this research lies in the comprehensive analysis of industrial sector development in Kuban and their relationships, production growth, and realization of potential for the most significant enterprises in the context of modernization tasks during the first five-year plans. It is noted that four Kuban districts had traditionally played an important role in the economy, possessing a large raw material base specific to each district. The study shows that during the 1920s-1930s period, Kuban witnessed an increase in industrial production output, establishment of new industries (chemical, canning, machine-building, etc.), development of natural resources, and creation of a resort zone in the Kuban Black Sea region.

Rural industrial integration is the key to promoting the development of rural industrial restructuring and modernization, and plays a vital role in improving agricultural economic resilience. Based on the evaluation index system of agricultural economic resilience and the level of rural industrial integration development, respectively, this paper uses panel data from 30 provincial administrative regions in China from 2000 to 2020 to empirically test the impact of rural industrial integration development on agricultural economic resilience by using an individual fixed-effects model and a mediating-effects model. The results show that rural industrial integration significantly contributes to enhancing agricultural economic resilience, and the conclusion still holds after a series of robustness tests. There is dimensional and regional heterogeneity in the impact of rural industrial integration on agricultural economic resilience, and the strength of the promotion effect by dimension is in the order of adaptive adjustment capacity, transformation and innovation capacity, and resilience to recovery capacity. In the eastern and central regions, the promotion effect of rural industrial integration on agricultural economic resilience is more significant. In the main food-producing areas, the promotion effect of rural industrial integration on resilience to recovery is significantly slighter than that of non-food-producing regions. Mechanism analysis indicates that regional industrial structure optimization is an essential channel for rural industrial integration to enhance the resilience of the agricultural economy. On this basis, in order to strengthen agricultural economic resilience, provinces should actively explore differentiated industrial integration policies to enhance industrial structure optimization and upgrading, stimulate agricultural economic vitality, and foster the development of China's agricultural modernization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. This work evaluates the relationship between the processing of agricultural raw materials and the level of employment in the West African Monetary and Economic Union (WAEMU). Methodology / approach. The Dynamic Common Correlated Effects (DCCE) estimation proposed by Chudik and Pesaran (2015) is used. The data for this study come from the World Bank and the International Labour Office and cover the Consumer Price Index, human capital, trade openness, foreign direct investment, and agricultural manufacturing industry for the period 1990–2019. Results. The results show that agricultural manufacturing, human capital and foreign direct investment have positive influences on job creation in WAEMU countries in the long term, even if this impact remains small. On the other hand, trade openness and inflation lead to a decrease in employment level. Indeed, the specialization in the export of unprocessed agricultural raw materials with low benefit, the massive import of consumer goods and the delay in terms of global competitiveness in most of these countries justify such results. Therefore, in order to boost job creation, it would be expedient to accelerate the process of developing local industries and promote the production of consumer goods. Originality / scientific novelty. Previous studies on local processing of agricultural raw materials have mainly focused on the production process and related constraints. However, very little work has been done on their effects on economic growth and job creation. This study fills this gap. It extends the existing literature on the causal relationship between local processing of agricultural raw materials and job creation. Finally, the Dynamic Common Correlated Effects estimator is used to address this issue. Practical value / implications. The information generated will be useful to a number of organizations, including: research centers, universities, governments, governmental and non-governmental organizations, to better guide the development and implementation of policies and strategies for job creation and unemployment reduction. Finally, by knowing the existing relationship between local processing of agricultural raw materials and job creation, as well as the limitations of this raw material processing policy, the study provides the different ways to improve the capacity for job creation and unemployment reduction. Research on this issue is too important to inform policy makers on the structural transformation of their economies to achieve full economic growth and reduce the unemployment problem.

A decade after the 1955 Bandung Conference, China and Japan engaged in a competition for technological exports to Burma. 1 During this process, technocrats in Beijing and Tokyo mobilized non-governmental collaborators—local Chinese industrialists and Japanese businesses seeking overseas expansion—as proxies to maximize their technological output to Burma. The Burmese, on the other hand, used the competition between Beijing and Tokyo as a bargaining tool, and pressed the two regional powers to provide at Rangoon's request. The technical aid Burma received was also affected by its shifting visions for development. Factionalist struggles between 1958 and 1962 changed not only Burma's political landscape but also its leadership's mind-set regarding the economy: the nation moved away from aid-driven industrial modernization towards a self-reliant, agricultural economy based on limited foreign technologies. Consequently, the meaning of the term 'technological aid', though used throughout the decade, became flexible and indistinct, carrying vastly different connotations at different stages of the Burmese state-building process. In this way, Burma's experience as an aid-receiving country in Cold War Asia may speak to the flexible power dynamics between the aiding and the aided countries, and shed light on the diversified means through which states employed science and technology as diplomatic tools in Cold War competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is an inevitable choice in the new era to promote the integrated development of rural informatization, agricultural industrialization, and rural ecologicalization for realizing agricultural and rural modernization, which is also an essential basis in China to promote the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy. This study analyzed the coupling coordination relationships of rural informatization, agricultural industrialization, and rural ecologicalization in China. Based on the establishment of a related index system, this study also examined the comprehensive evaluation level and the characteristics and influencing factors of the spatio-temporal differentiation in coupling coordination at the provincial level in China from 2010 to 2019 using the entropy method, the coupling coordination degree model, the spatial correlation analysis, and the spatial panel regress model. The result showed that: 1 During the study period, the comprehensive evaluation level of China's rural informatization, agricultural industrialization, and rural ecologicalization presented an upward trend, with obvious regional development imbalance and systematic differences. 2 The coupling coordination degree of rural informatization, agricultural industrialization, and rural ecologicalization was not high, and its mean value was barely coordinated, but the overall trend was increasing. Moreover, the coupling coordination degree was obvious non-balanced in space, and the number of primary coordinated provinces increased from 3 to 11. 3 The coupling coordination degree presented significant positive spatial autocorrelation and spatial agglomeration characteristics. The main spatial correlation types were 'H-H' and 'L-L' agglomeration models. The cold-hot spots were characterized by aggregated planar distribution and transition. 4 The coupling coordination degree was significantly affected by per capita GDP, urbanization level, rural aging degree, agricultural fiscal expenditure, and the Engel coefficient of rural residents, and a spatial spillover effect existed. The influence of different factors on the coupling coordination degree had certain regional differences. In view of this, this study put forward some policy suggestions, such as adhering to the classification of policies and gradually narrowing regional and systemic differences of rural informatization, agricultural industrialization, and rural ecologicalization; strengthening cross-regional coordination and cooperation, enhancing coupled and coordinated development; and paying attention to multi-source drives to enhance the power of coupling and coordinated development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyses the interdependence between industry and agriculture sectors for socio-economic development and poverty reduction in Tanzania during the 1970-2018 period. The study used the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bound test approach and Granger causality test to uncover the relationship. The study found a stable short-run and long-run relationships between agriculture and industrial sectors. Gross fixed capital formation and trade openness have significant short-run and long-run relationship with the growth of the industrial sector. While inflation affect positively industrial growth in the short-run, its impact in the long-run is negative. Moreover, there is a bi-directional causality between agriculture and industrial sectors. Given the importance of agriculture to industrialisation and inclusive growth, the study recommends policies, strategies and further efforts to increase agriculture productivity, output and income. The industrialization policy, as broad as it may be, must build the nexus between the agriculture, manufacturing and other non-farm rural sectors. Equally important is the need to put in place a conducive environment for promoting investment in both industry and agriculture sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lanarkshire led in the manufacture of agricultural implements and machines from the late eighteenth century onwards. Helped by natural resources, the early and rapid rise of industrialization and infrastructure, businesses created innovative products that were in demand. This paper investigates the makers of agricultural implements and machines in Lanarkshire, especially outside Glasgow, as innovators and leaders in the trade. It looks at their character, why they were innovative and the implements and machines they were renowned for. Although activity began from the late-eighteenth century, the primary focus is on the mid-nineteenth to the early-twentieth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context/Objective: This article examines the role that an emerging sector of private commercial aviation firms played in the agricultural industry by providing aerial fumigation and cargo services in Chile from the post-WWII to 1973. Methodology: From a perspective centered on the formation and operation of individual firms, and using documentation from the Junta de Aeronáutica Civil (jac), newspapers, and technical bulletins, we analyze the expansion and then the contraction of this sector of private aviation firms and the results and problems of their operation in an initially lucrative and scarcely regulated market. Originality: Unlike most of the literature on the history of commercial aviation in Latin America, which focuses on the study of passenger airlines, this article examines commercial aviation's role in economic development, specifically in the agricultural sector and its contribution to agricultural modernization. Conclusions: Despite initial legal and operational problems, like scarcity of capital and equipment, the companies proliferated rapidly, developed a fumigation capacity well over the demand level, and diversified their cargo activity both in the national territory and towards other countries. Thus, in a period in which agriculture's lower growth and subordination to the industrialization-promoting state policy made it difficult to invest in technological innovations, private aviation firms made a significant contribution to agricultural modernization in Chile. They were the agents that carried out the rapid introduction and diffusion of one of the most important technological innovations worldwide: large-scale aerial fumigation of the principal commercial crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scientific evaluation of the development of rural industrial integration is of great significance to understanding the changes occurring in the industrial structure of China's agricultural sector. Combined with the practical problems related to the development of China's rural industrial integration on the basis of four dimensions, i.e., agricultural industrial chain extension, agricultural multifunctionality, agricultural service industry integration development and the economic effect of rural industrial integration, the level of China's rural industrial integration development is calculated for the period from 2008 to 2020 by means of the entropy method, and its spatial–temporal evolution characteristics and the regional heterogeneity of its driving factors are discussed on the basis of kernel density estimation, hotspot analysis and a fixed effect panel data model. The results showed the following: (1) From 2008 to 2020, the level of rural industrial integration development in 31 provinces in China improved to varying degrees. The growth rate of agricultural service industry integration was the highest, while the economic effect of rural industrial integration was second; the growth rate of the agricultural industrial chain extension was the lowest, and agricultural multifunctionality exhibited a fluctuating upward trend, peaking in 2017. In terms of spatial distribution, the representative provinces and cities with high and low levels of each dimension were different. (2) Rural industrial integration development in China was characterized by a regional imbalance, with polarization in the central and western regions. In terms of spatial distribution, an "east–middle–west" ladder pattern was obvious. The hotspots were mainly concentrated in the southeast region, and they showed a gradually expanding trend, while the coldspots were mainly concentrated in the northwest region, and they showed a trend of gradually decreasing size. (3) In terms of driving factors, the urbanization level, rural human capital, rural transportation facilities, rural ecological environment, intensity of financial support for agriculture and rural digitalization had significantly positive effects, while the degree of industrial upgrade had a significantly negative effect. Each driving factor had different effects on the rural industrial integration development in the eastern, central and western regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural industries are the foundation of the modernization of agricultural and rural areas in China. National Modern Agricultural Industrial Parks (NMAIPs) provides a considerable nationwide platform for agricultural industries. We take 200 NMAIPs in China as objects. Through spatial analysis, the Herfindahl–Hirschman index, and the SBM-DEA model, we analyzed the development characteristics and regional differences of NMAIPs from the muti-level perspective of national planning, provincial coordination, and county implementation to propose policy recommendations aimed at sustainable and high-quality development. The results are as follows: (1) Regarding geospatial characteristics, NMAIPs are unevenly distributed, with a decreasing gradient from east to west. The direction is east (northward) to west (southward), consistent with the direction of the Hu line. The distribution density shows that the east is dense and the west is sparse. (2) For industrial concentration, the leading industries in NMAIPs tend to be homogenous. The HHI indicates that the homogenization of leading industries is widely represented in each province. The low oligopolistic areas are in the central and eastern regions of China, while the highly oligopolistic locations are in the western and northeastern provinces. (3) In inputs–outputs efficiency, the comprehensive technical efficiency is high but not optimal, while the distribution of values is high in the south and low in the north. Ten provinces are non-effective. According to inputs and outputs, the ineffective contribution of population of townships covered, occupied area and the capital from the collective economy are development barriers, and the high output value of NMAIPs cannot fully drive the employment and income of farmers. Further improvements are needed in terms of both pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency, and adjustments to scale operations should be in response to different returns to scale. Our research results provide policy recommendations for NMAIPs, including the establishment of a multi-level management mechanism, balancing regional development, diversifying and coordinating regional leading industries, and improving the efficiency of utilization factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The digitization and general industrial development of Montenegro is a great challenge for engineering and science due to its special characteristics. As the accession of Montenegro to the European Union has been an ongoing agenda for over a decade now, and the accession of the country is expected by 2025, adapting the interconnectivity and smart automation of Industry 4.0 plays an essential role in reducing the current gap between Montenegro and EU member states. In this paper, we investigate the present and potential future digitization efforts in the fields of Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems (C-ITS), agriculture, and healthcare in Montenegro. Our work takes into consideration the characteristics of the country and analyzes the considerations and implications regarding the deployment of state-of-the-art technologies in the investigated fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Bulgaria the share of secondary production in GDP remained constantly low between c. 1870–1910. To explain the country's exceptionally weak growth, we use endogenous and unified growth theory. Gerschenkron and Palairet blame a self‐sufficiency‐oriented peasant economy for rising labour and raw material costs in industry, which destroyed the competitiveness of Bulgarian manufacturing and prevented industrialisation. We refute the existence of any long‐lasting cost increases in industry after 1878. Quite the opposite was true: the expansion of Bulgaria's secondary sector was restricted by detrimental changes on the demand side, for which peasants were not responsible. Recent research claims that, around 1910, Bulgarian textile production was significantly lower than in 1870. Our study brings to light new data and information that clearly disproves this view. Until around 1910, a booming modern manufacturing sector more than replaced the country's proto‐industries' textile outputs, which had plummeted dramatically during the early years of the newly founded Bulgarian state. However, as the rise of modern manufacturing in textile production coincided with the decline of the entire large sector of traditional manufacturing, secondary production as a whole stagnated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-grain” of cultivated land refers to the planting conversion from food crops into cash crops or others. The disorderly expands of “non-grain” cultivated land can greatly threat to regional food security. It is a high demand to scientifically measure the degree and spatial distribution pattern of cropland “non-grain”. In this study, the spatial differentiation characteristics of cropland “non-grain” were identified to reasonably control the influencing factors in the mountain counties using spatial correlation analysis. The land use data was first collected from the Xinfeng County of Jiangxi Province in China, according to the Third National Land Survey. The correlation factors and formation mechanism were then revealed for the spatial pattern of cultivated land “non-grain” using the correlation analysis and spatial econometric model.The research results showed that: 1) The “non-grain” rate of cultivated land was 30.28% in the study area, of which the “non-grain” area of plantation structure and the “non-grain” area of agricultural industry structure were 6 601.94 and 7 679.98 hm², with “non-grain” rates of 13.84% and 16.44% respectively. There was outstanding spatial heterogeneity for the distribution of cropland “non-grain” in different topographic areas. Specifically, the alpine hilly areas mainly showed the “non-grain” of agricultural industry structure, whereas, the low mountain hilly areas showed the “non-grain” of cultivated land cultivation structure. 2) There was the agglomerative pattern for the spatial distribution of cultivated land “non-grain”. The “non-grain” of planting structure was highly agglomerative in the central low hill and hill areas, whereas, the “non-grain” of agricultural industry structure was highly agglomerative in the eastern and northwestern high mountain and hill areas. 3) Some factors (such as the average plot size, the distance to water sources, and the density of rural road networks) posed positive effects on the “non-grain” production. The “non-food” production also received the inhibiting effects from the decision making on the permanent protection of basic farmland and grain production functional zones. 4) Since there was a spatial diffusion effect of the “non-grain” production, it is necessary to clarify the use and cultivation status of transferred cultivated land, in order to avoid the destruction of the cultivated layer of cultivated land. According to the natural resource conditions and industrial development, the control strategies of the “non-grain” production were proposed, in terms of region and category. 1) One strategy was to differentiate between the planting structure “non-food” and agricultural industry structure “non-grain”. There was a small impact of planting structure “non-grain” on the production capacity of cultivated land. By contrast, the large impact was found to be strictly prohibited in the agricultural industry structure “non-grain” on the production capacity of cultivated land. 2) High mountain areas were strengthen by the supervision of agro-industrial structure “non-grain”, whereas, the low hill areas were for the planting structure “non-grain”. 3) The “non-grain” production of agricultural industry structure can be curbed to increase the construction of farmland infrastructure in the high mountainous and hilly areas, particularly for the better farming conditions. 4) Much attention should be paid to those land types that converted from growing food crops to others. The potential cultivated land resources should be remediated in the stages to restore the cultivated land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For hundreds of years, conflicts in water sharing have existed all around the globe. Water-sharing disputes, like the one involving the Cauvery River in southern India, have historical underpinnings. The Cauvery conflict, stretching over 130 years, initially focused on agricultural water rights. However, late 20th-century industrialisation, population growth, and climate change-induced water shortages have reshaped its contours. Diminished rainfall has not only disrupted traditional water-sharing norms but also escalated political tensions. The study revisits the historical trajectory of the Cauvery dispute, incorporating diverse stakeholder viewpoints, from state governments to grassroots communities. It gets into the socio-economic and environmental repercussions of the protracted dispute. Besides it scrutinises the legal and policy frameworks, assessing their aptitude in managing and potentially resolving the contention. Through a refreshed perspective on this longstanding disagreement, this study seeks to inspire decisionmakers to champion sustainable and equitable solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reflects on the cooperative thinking of Alexander Chayanov and its application in two case studies in Argentina: the Agricultural Union of Avellaneda in Santa Fe and La Riojana in La Rioja. The importance of studying the material conditions of the members and the objectives of the cooperatives is highlighted, as well as the need to link organizational structures with the sociocultural context and economic needs of the peasantry. The contributions of Chayanov to agricultural cooperativism are analyzed, and the transformations and challenges of Argentine cooperatives are described. The Agricultural Union of Avellaneda has diversified its activities and has taken on the marketing and industrialization of various sectors, except partially in the poultry sector. La Riojana, on the other hand, is a wine cooperative that has obtained the Geographical Indication "Valles del Famatina" and has become the largest producer of organic wines in Argentina. [Extracted from the article]

Human social life is deeply embedded in ecological processes, and as Johan Goudsblom has stressed, the interdependencies between humans and their “natural” environment have changed in the course of history. According to Goudsblom, three great ecological transformations can be observed in the course of the civilising process: the control of fire, the transition from gathering and hunting to producing food by agriculture and animal husbandry, and industrialisation. In recent years, both scientists and the public of Western societies have become increasingly aware that a fourth ecological transformation (towards more sustainable consumption and lifestyles) is necessary in order to minimise the effects of climate change. However, although most people are aware of the need for more sustainable consumption, very little seems to change, and even consumers desperately struggling to change their lifestyle, seem to fail in their efforts. Using the example of the Berlin food market, I argue that the causes for this lack of change cannot be understood without understanding the structure and power balances in global value chains which are deeply rooted in history, which have evolved in the course of centuries, and which in the course of the third ecological transformation (industrialisation and urbanisation) not only became the keystone of modern capitalism but since then are also deeply engrained in material urban, transport routes and production infrastructures. These spatial arrangements not only stabilise a specific mode of production by forcing social processes into path-dependence. They also hide power balances and drive human social life to an unsustainable lifestyle. Knowledge plays a key role in maintaining both circulation along the commodity chain and the existing power balances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Human Review is the property of Eagora Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology (1008-0864) is the property of Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article considers the history of the territorial and economic development in the pre-Soviet, Soviet, and post-Soviet times of the northeastern sector of the Central area of Russia as part of Vladimir, Ivanovo, Yaroslavl, and Kostroma oblasts, as well as the ratio of the dynamics of the population of the regional centers and other settlements. The economic and psychic separation of large cities from the surrounding territories forced the authors to pay attention to the problems of the cultural heritage in the center of Russia. Yaroslavl oblast serves as a clear example of the influence of the geographical position near Moscow on the regional development, the accumulated traditions, sweeping Soviet industrialization, and modern directions of economic transformation. The rapid industrialization and urbanization of Yaroslavl oblast had begun almost half a century before the Soviet era, which stimulated the migration of the population. The history of the emergence and decline of industrial enterprises, the characteristics of some small towns with specific examples, and the contrasts of rural areas are considered. The evolution of rural settlement pattern in Yaroslavl oblast proves that the polarization of the populated space and its shrinkage are not phenomena of the post-Soviet or even late Soviet periods. Throughout history, there have been waves of expansion and shrinkage. The specificity of the modern period is the strengthening of rural depopulation with the active modernization of agriculture and its concentration. The features of the functioning of modern agro-industrial complexes between Moscow and Yaroslavl are considered. Attention is paid to the influence of the historical heritage on modern processes, including in the area of Lake Nero, as well as the activation of dacha use of the territory by Muscovites and residents of large cities and the formation of a shadow "dachas economy." The article is illustrated with graphs and photographs of some cities, enterprises, and rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Human Review is the property of Eagora Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Sand flat is an important part of agriculture in the Pearl River Delta, and it is also the land use mode with the most local characteristics of Guangdong. This paper takes the agricultural cultural heritage of Nansha sand flat as an example to study how to stimulate the new vitality of traditional cultural heritage. Nansha, located at the Pearl River Port, is a model of sand flat area in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area. Its formation is a history of continuous cultivation and expansion of sand flat. In the long history of reclamation of sand flat, Nansha people have created sand flat agricultural cultural heritage with rich connotation and unique characteristics. However, with the increasing industrialization and urbanization in recent years, the traditional sand flat farming culture is facing the disappearing crisis, so it is urgent to strengthen the inheritance and protection. For the inheritance and protection of agricultural cultural heritage in sand flat, Nansha, the primary core task is to activate the utilization. To adhere to the basic principle of "protection through utilization and utilization through protection", we can take measures such as strengthening publicity and education, promoting the application of sand flat agricultural heritage, strengthening government leadership and planning guidance, as well as advancing the integrated development of sand flat agriculture, culture and tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crassostrea nippona has recently been recognized as a preferred alternative to C. gigas in summer due to its firm flesh and high glycogen content. To promote industrial development, the mass selective breeding program was initiated to improve growth performance of C. nippona in 2014. Although a steady genetic gain of approximately 10% for growth traits was achieved in each of the first three generations of the selected strains, little is known about the cumulative genetic progress in desired traits contributed by the selective breeding in the genetic improvement program. In this study, the aquaculture performance of the selected population was comprehensively evaluated by comparing the production performance and reproductive traits of the progeny (WF1 and SF4) from the wild population and the third-generation selected line in commercial farming environments. The results showed that the diameters of eggs from both populations were at similar levels, but the fertilization and hatching rates of the progeny from the selected lines were significantly higher than those of the wild population (P < 0.05). At larval stages, the shell height and cumulative survival rate (CSR) of individuals from SF4 were consistently superior to that of WF1, especially on day 6 post-fertilization, in which CSR of the improved C. nippona was increased by 25.08% compared to that of wild oysters. Meanwhile, a significant 12.10% enhancement in the metamorphosis rate was observed in SF4 when compared with WF1. During the grow-out stage, SF4 displayed distinct advantages in growth performance and survival compared to the wild strain, with 23.19, 33.48, 34.18 and 79.11% improvement in shell height, body weight, CSR and final yield at harvest on day 800, respectively. Meanwhile, relative brood amount (RBA) associated with initial development of offspring was found to be significantly higher in SF4 compared with WF1 (P < 0.05). Remarkably, the gonadal development, sex ratios and biochemical composition of oysters from both populations were at similar levels at final harvest, implying that high-intensity artificial selection had no significant effect on reproductive characteristics and nutritional quality of C. nippona. The encouraging results in the present study suggest that the overall genetic progress contributed by genetic breeding is considerable in the fast-growing strain of C. nippona , and such gains are expected to continue to increase with further selective breeding. • Genetic progress obtained in C. nippona after three-generation mass selection is considerable. • Production performance of improved C. nippona was superior to that of wild individuals. • Survival of improved C. nippona was significantly enhanced, especially at the early larval stage. • Selection for growth had no clear effect on gonad development and nutritional quality of C. nippona. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the adverse effect of rapid industrialization around Bangladesh’s Dhaka Export Processing Zone (DEPZ) by analyzing Landsat satellite images captured between 1989 and 2019. Image classification was performed to separate built-up areas with machine learning algorithms in Google Earth Engine. Image analysis was conducted using ArcMap and ArcGIS Pro. Field observations, interviews, and the literature review provided information for explanations about the phenomenon observed from satellite image analyses. The findings reveal that when DEPZ started its operation in 1993, there was hardly any built-up area in the vicinity. Within three decades, over 25% of the land within a 5 km radius of DEPZ has been converted into a built-up area, triggering an almost seven-fold increase in population. Industrial and urban growth in the DEPZ area has caused significant soil and water pollution in the broader region. As a result, the quantity and quality of agricultural land has degraded. In the long run, the planned industrial development initiative has contributed to unsustainable urban growth and environmental consequences. Insights drawn from this article can guide policymakers to re-evaluate their policy for rapid and large-scale industrialization.

This article examines Friedrich List’s critique of the Methuen Treaty. The Methuen Treaty removed all restrictions on English wool entering Portugal and reaffirmed England’s commitment to import Portuguese wines at two-thirds the tariffs of French wines. Friedrich List argues that the agreement hurt Portugal’s textile industry and slowed Portugal’s economic growth. List’s critique of the Methuen Treaty is a strong representation of his resistance to Adam Smith and Jean-Baptiste Say, but it is isolated from his robust theoretical framework. One possible explanation for the discontinuity is that the knowledge problem undermines List’s theory. The lack of local data makes it difficult to conduct an accurate and straightforward policy analysis of the Methuen Treaty, making the analysis vulnerable to normative interpretations. Specifically, List’s disagreement with Adam Smith’s cosmopolitanism pushed him further away from a straightforward application of his theory.

One of the most important concerns facing the world today is financial inclusion. Organizations, financial institutions, and people in positions of responsibility are all demonstrating an interest in learning more about this. Several industrialized and emerging nations have recognized financial exclusion as a major socio-economic problem that needs to be addressed. This paper aims to examine the factors influencing smallholder farmers' financial inclusion in Zimbabwe. Using the logistic regression analysis, the results of the study pointed out that there was a considerable correlation between a household's size, off-farm income, agricultural extension service, distance, and transaction costs in a logit model, which was used to determine whether it had access to financial services. Government and financial service providers should strive to make it easier for people to get to their nearest banking institutions by establishing access points close to their residences. Filling stations and major supermarkets are examples of places where these access points could be positioned. As a result of greater access to formal financial services, small-scale farmers may benefit. Financial service providers must perform regular charge reviews as one of the factors that may deter families from utilizing financial services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature on development has long highlighted the role of international trade and developmental states as key factors in explaining divergent processes of economic development. A country's position in the world economy and its state's capacity to promote industrialization are seen as fundamental to understanding its development path. Yet, these approaches are often inadequate for explaining the actual contours of industrial and economic growth across the Global South. In this study, an in-depth case study of Brazil reveals the limits of the mainstream approaches and illustrates the centrality of the underlying agrarian economy for understanding the country's development path. Archival and quantitative data show that both the timing and location of industrialization in Brazil are better explained by the agrarian dynamics that unfolded in the country in the twentieth century. This has broader implications for understanding development processes throughout the Global South. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]